Angles PDF

Chapter 6
Angles, triangles and polygons

This chapter will show you how to
4 describe a turn, recognise and measure angles of
different types
4 discover angle properties
4 use bearings to describe directions
4 investigate angle properties of triangles, quadrilaterals
and other polygons
4 understand line and rotational symmetry
6.1 Angles
Turning
If you turn all the way round in one direction, back to your
starting position, you make a full turn .
The minute hand of
11 12 1 11 12 1
a clock moves a
10 2 10 2
quarter turn from Minute hand makes 14 turn.
9 3 9 3
3 to 6. Time taken: 14 hour.
8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5
6 6
The minute hand

11 12 1 11 12 1
of a clock moves a 10 2 10 2
half turn from 9 3 9 3 Minute hand makes 12 turn.
4 to 10. Time taken: 12 hour.
8 4 8 4
7 5 7 5
6 6
The hands of a clock turn clockwise.

This fairground ride turns anti-clockwise .
1
2
turn anti-clockwise
142 Space and shape
M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 142 9/6/09 16:51:44

EXERCISE 6a
1 Describe the turn the minute hand of a clock makes

between these times.
(a) 3 am and 3.30 am (b) 6.45 pm and 7 pm Look at the clock examples on
page 142.
(c) 2215 and 2300 (d) 0540 and 0710
2 Here is a diagram of a compass. N
NW NE
You are given a starting direction W E

and a description of a turn.
What is the finishing direction in SW SE
S
each case?
Starting direction Description of turn

(a) N 1
4 turn clockwise
(b) SE 1
4 turn anti-clockwise
(c) SW 1
(d) E 3
(e) NE 1
4 turn clockwise
(f) W 1
2 turn clockwise
(g) NW 3
4 turn clockwise
(h) S 1
Space and shape 143

Describing angles
An angle is a measure of turn. Angles
11 12 1
are usually measured in degrees. 10 2
A complete circle (or full turn) is 360°. 9 3
The minute hand of a clock turns 8 4
through 360° between 1400 (2 pm) 7 5
6
and 1500 (3 pm).
You will need to recognise the following types of angles.
acute n angle between 0°
A
and 90°, less than a
1 turn.
4
right angle n angle of 90°,
A
a 14 turn.
A right angle is usually

marked with this symbol.
obtuse n angle between 90°

A
and 180°, more than
1 turn but less than
4
1 turn.
2
straight line n angle of 180°,
A
a 12 turn.
reflex n angle between

A
180° and 360°, more
than 12 turn but less
than a full turn.
You can describe angles in three different ways.

AB, BC, PQ and QR are called line
A
• ‘Trace’ the angle using capital letters. segments.
Write a ‘hat’ symbol over the middle
` B
letter: ABC
C
• Use an angle sign or write the word P The letter on the point of the angle
always goes in the middle.
‘angle’: PQR or angle PQR Q
R
144 Space and shape

• Use a single letter.
EXAMPLE 1
State whether these angles are acute, right angle, obtuse or reflex.
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
The ‘box’ symbol shows the angle

is 90°.
(a) right angle
More than a half turn.
(b) reflex
(c) acute Less than 90°.
(d) obtuse
More than 90° but less than 180°.
(e) reflex
Almost a full turn.
EXERCISE 6B
1 State whether these angles are acute, right angle,

obtuse or reflex.
(a) (b) X Z (c) L M

C
A
B N
Y
(d) D
F (e) Q (f) W
U V
R P
E
Space and shape 145

2 Describe each of the angles in question 1 using three For example
`
letters. /GHK GHK angle GHK
Measuring angles
You use a protractor to measure angles accurately.
Follow these instructions carefully.
1 Estimate the angle first, so you don’t mistake an angle
of 30°, say, for an angle of 150°.
2 Put the centre point of the protractor exactly on top of
the point of the angle.
3 Place one of the 0° lines of the protractor directly on
top of one of the angle ‘arms’.
If the line isn’t long enough, draw it longer so that it
reaches beyond the edge of the protractor.
4 Measure from the 0°, following the scale round the edge
of the protractor.
If you are measuring from the left-hand 0°, use the
outside scale.
If you are measuring from the right-hand 0°, use the
inside scale.
5 On the correct scale, read the size of the angle in Use your estimate to help you
degrees, where the other ‘arm’ cuts the edge of the choose the correct scale.
protractor.
C L
136°
M N
72° B Angle NML � 136° Centre point
A
of protractor
Angle ABC � 72° Centre point
of protractor
Measuring from the left-hand 0°. Measuring from the right-hand 0°.
6 To measure a reflex angle (an angle that is bigger than

180°), measure the acute or obtuse angle, and subtract
this value from 360°.
146 Space and shape

EXERCISE 6C
1 Measure these angles using a protractor.
(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Space and shape 147

2 Draw these angles using a protractor. Label the angle in For example
each case. P
(a) angle PQR 5 54°
(b) angle STU 5 148°
54°
(c) angle MLN 5 66° Q R
(d) angle ZXY 5 157°

(e) angle DFE 5 42°
(f) angle HIJ 5 104°
Angle properties
You need to know these angle facts.
Angles on a straight line add up to 180°.

b c
a d
These angles lie on a straight line,
so a 1 b 1 c 1 d 5 180°.
Angles around a point add up to 360°.

q
r
p s
t
These angles make a full turn,

so p 1 q 1 r 1 s 1 t 5 360°.
Vertically opposite angles are equal. u

h k
v
In this diagram h 5 k and u 5 v.
Equal angles are shown by

matching arcs.
Perpendicular lines intersect at
90° and are marked with the
right angle symbol.
148 Space and shape

EXAMPLE 2
Calculate the size of the angles marked with letters.

(a) (b)
100° 40°
p
132° 73° q
15°
(c) (d)
130°
s
r
t
35°
122°
(a) p 1 100° 1 132 5 360° (angles around a point) Solve this equation to find p.
p 5 360° 2 100° 2 132° Use Chapter 5 to help you.
p 5 128°
(b) q 1 73° 1 40° 1 15° 5 180° (angles on a straight line)

q 5 180° 2 73° 2 40° 2 15°
q 5 52°
(c) r 5 130° (vertically opposite)

s 1 130° 5 180° (angles on a straight line)
s 5 180° 2 130° 5 50°
(d) t 1 122° 1 35° 1 90° 5 360° (angles around a point)

means 90°.
t 5 360° 2 122° 2 35° 2 90°
t 5 113°
EXERCISE 6D

1 2 3
300°
a 150° b 60° c
Space and shape 149

4 d 5 e 6
95°
45° 45° f
7
1 82 9 3
115°
k i
a l 135°
64°
73° 69° 65° 34°
h 80° 157°
1 1 10 2 211 312
3
aa 64° k k l l
64°
64°
73°
73° 69°
69°j 34°
34°
80°157°
80° 157°
13
4 145 15 6
29° n
58° o
52°
66° 42° n p
m 33° 45° 108° 57°
16
7 178 18 9
q
r 2r 3s
q 2s 4s
s
150 Space and shape

Angles in parallel lines

Parallel lines are the same distance apart
all along their length. You can use arrows
to show lines are parallel.
A straight line that crosses a pair of parallel lines is called a
transversal.
A transversal creates pairs of equal angles.
a e
c g
h
b f
d
a 5 b c 5 d
a and b
c and d j
are corresponding angles The lines make an F shape.
e
c g
h
f
d
e 5 f g 5 h
e and f
g and h j
are alternate angles. The lines make a Z shape.
In this diagram the two angles are not equal, j is obtuse and
k is acute.
The two angles lie on the inside of a pair of parallel lines. k
j
They are called co-interior angles or allied angles.
Co-interior angles add up to 180°. k
This angle � k
j (corresponding angles)
j 1 k 5 180° j � k � 180° (angles
on a straight line).
k
Corresponding angles are equal.

Alternate angles are equal.
Co-interior angles add up to 180°.
Space and shape 151

EXAMPLE 3

(a) (b) y
w
x
65°
u
126° 100°
v
(a) Method A
You could use method A or
u 5 65° (alternate) method B.
v 5 65° (vertically opposite)
Method B
v 5 65° (corresponding)
u 5 65° (vertically opposite)
(b) w = 100° (corresponding)
x 1 126° 5 180° (co-interior angles)
x 5 180° 2 126°
x 5 54°
y 5 54° (vertically opposite)
EXERCISE 6E

1 2 3
62°
c
b
a 115°
109°
4 5 6
e 75°
63°
d
110° h g
f
152 Space and shape

7 8 9
i r
q
74° p m l
j n 127°
105°
k
82°
6.2 Three-figure bearings

You can use compass points to describe a direction, but in
Mathematics we use three-figure bearings.
A three-figure bearing gives a direction in degrees.

It is an angle between 0° and 360°. It is always measured N
from the north in a clockwise direction.

N
The diagram shows the cities of Marseille and Rome. 110°
The bearing of Rome from Marseille is 110°. Marseille
The bearing of Marseille from Rome is 290°.
Rome
A bearing must always be written with three figures. 290°
A bearing of 073° You write 073° because the bearing

N must have three figures.
73°
A bearing of 254°
N
254°
You need to be able to measure bearings accurately using a Your answer needs to be within 1°
protractor. of the correct value.
Space and shape 153

EXAMPLE 4
(a) Write down the bearing of N

Q from P.
(b) Work out the bearing of
P from Q. Q
80°
P
If you stand at P and face north,

(a) 080° you need to turn through 80° to
face Q.
(b) N
N
Draw in the north line at Q.
This angle is the bearing of P from

x Q.
80° Q
P
The two north lines are parallel, so
80° 1 x 5 180° (co-interior angles)
80° 2 80° 1 x 5 180° 2 80°
x 5 100°
Bearing of P from Q 1 x 5 360° (angles around a point)
Bearing of P from Q 1 100° 5 360°
Bearing of P from Q 5 260°.
EXERCISE 6F
1 For each diagram, write down the bearing of Q from P.

(a) N (b) N (c) N
Q
44° 63°
Q
P P P
) N (a) N (d)
(b) N (b) N (b) N (c) (e)
(c) N (c) N (d) N Q(d) (f)
(d)
QN QN N
Q Q Q
° 65° 65°
115° 115° 115° P P P P P P
P P P P P 225° 225° 225° 325° 325° 325°
Q Q Q
Q Q Q
154 Space and shape

2 For each diagram work out the bearing of B from A.

(a) N (b) N (c) N (d) N
B
B
212°
A A 135° A
A
28°
314° B B
(e) N (f) N B (g) N (h) B

N
A 63°
B A
49°
48°
A A
B 200°
3 Draw accurate diagrams to show these three-figure

bearings.
(a) 036° (b) 145° (c) 230° (d) 308°
(e) 074° (f) 256° (g) 348° (h) 115°
4 The diagram shows the peaks, P, L and M, of three
mountains in the Himalayas.
N
Use your protractor to find these bearings.

(a) L from P (b) M from P (c) M from L
Space and shape 155

5 In each diagram work out the bearing of X from Y.
(a) N
N (b) N (c) N
N
N
136° X
Y X 254°
76°
X
Y
Y
(d) N (e) N (f) N
N 34°
N
N
Y
X
X
72°
X
149°
Y
Y
6 In each case
• Sketch a diagram to show the bearing of D from C
• Work out the bearing of C from D
Bearing of D from C
(a) 037° (b) 205° (c) 167° (d) 296°
156 Space and shape

6.3 Triangles
Types of triangle
There are four types of triangle. They can be described by
their properties.
Triangle Picture Properties
scalene The three sides are
different lengths.
The three angles are
different sizes.
isosceles A Two equal sides.
AB 5 AC
Two equal angles The marks across the sides of the
(‘base angles’) triangles show which sides are equal
and which sides are different.
B C angle ABC 5 angle
ACB.
equilateral All three sides are
60° equal in length.
All angles 60°.
60° 60°
right-angled X One of the angles is a

right angle (90°).
Y Angle XZY 5 90°.
Z
Angles in a triangle
1 Draw a triangle on a piece of paper.
2 Mark each angle with a different letter or shade them
different colours.
3 Tear off each corner and place them next to each other
on a straight line.
Space and shape 157

You will see that the three angles fit exactly onto the You are not proving this result, you
straight line. are simply showing that it is true
for the triangle you drew.
So the three angles add up to 180°.
You can prove this for all triangles using facts about See page 151.
alternate and corresponding angles.
B
b
D
x y
a c
A E
C
For the triangle ABC:

1 Extend side AC to point E.
2 From C draw a line CD parallel to AB.
Let BCD 5 x and DCE 5 y.
x 5 b (alternate angles)
y 5 a (corresponding angles)
c 1 x 1 y 5 180° (angles on a straight line at point C )
which means that c 1 b 1 a 5 180°.
The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
EXAMPLE 5

(a) (b) (c) f
63° d
48° a b c 145°
70° e
(a) a 5 180° 2 63° 2 48° n means ‘triangle’

63° (angle sum of n)
a 5 69°
48° a b b 5 180° 2 69°
(angles on a straight line)
b 5 111°

Continued...
158 Space and shape

(b) c 5 180° 2 145°
d
(angles on a straight line)
c 5 35°
c 145° d 5 180° 2 90° 2 35°
(angle sum of n)
d 5 55°
(c) e 5 70° (base angles isosceles n)

f f 5 180° 2 70° 2 70°
(angle sum of n)
f 5 40°
70° e
EXERCISE 6G

1 2 b
3 j i
c
60° 53°
30°
d 42° 76°
a 34° 66°
50° e
p
4 5 6
53° f g
30°
50° e 52° 134°

h
p
7 j i
8 9 65° m
c 70°
37°
76° k l
q
10 11 j i 12
53° c
30°
30°
37°
d o 42°
n n 76°
50° e q
p
Space and shape 159

13 14 15
u u b
t t w w
62° 6
r s s
36° 36° a 46°
a 46°
75° 75° v v c
16 17 18
68°
u b
t x w
62°
s
y
36° z a 46°
75° v c
Interior and exterior angles in a triangle

The angles inside a triangle are called interior angles.
An exterior angle is formed by extending one of the sides
of the triangle.
Angle BCE in this diagram is an exterior angle. B
b
Let BCE 5 d
then c 1 d 5 180° (angles on a straight line) a c d
E
but c 1 b 1 a 5 180° (angle sum of nABC) A C
which means that d 5 a 1 b
In a triangle, the exterior angle is equal to the sum of

the two opposite interior angles.
Sometimes you need to calculate the size of ‘missing’ angles This helps make your explanations
before you can calculate the ones you want. clear.
You can label the extra angles with letters.
160 Space and shape

EXAMPLE 6
Calculate angles g and h.

Let the third angle of the
triangle 5 x.
24° g h
g 1 x 1 24° 5 180° (angle sum of n)

x
g 1 x 5 180° 2 24°
g 1 x 5 156°
g 5 x (base angles isosceles n) 24° g h
1}}
so both g and x 5 2 of 156° (or 156° 4 2)
g 5 78°
h 5 180° 2 78° (angles on a straight line) 156 4 2 5 78.
EXAMPLE 7
Calculate angle i.
i
42°
x 5 42°
x i (base angles isosceles n 1) Label the unknown angles x, y and z.
y 5 42° 1 42°
1 2 (exterior angle of n 1) Label the two triangles 1 and 2.
42° y z y 5 84°
z 5 84°
(base angles isosceles n 2)
i 5 180° 2 84° 2 84°
(angle sum n 2)
i 5 12°
Space and shape 161

EXAMPLE 8
Calculate angle j.
58°
j
Label the ‘missing’ angles x, y and z.

x 5 180° 2 58°
(co-interior angles, parallel lines)
x 5 122°
58° x y 5 122° (vertically opposite)
y j
z 1 j 5 180° 2 122° (angle sum of n)
z z 1 j 5 58°
z 5 j (base angles isosceles n)
so both z and j 5 }21} of 58° (or 58° 4 2) 58 4 2 5 29.
j 5 29°
EXERCISE 6H
Copy the diagram and label any
‘missing’ angles.
1 2 c
33
b e
80°
d 53° f
44° a
70° 32°
96°
4 h 28° 5 i 66
41°
30°
24°
g 66° 37° j k
7 7 88 8
n m n m
86° 86°
p p
l l 62° 62° 72° 72°
162 Space and shape

6.4 Quadrilaterals and other

polygons
Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a 2-dimensional 4-sided shape.

This quadrilateral can be divided into 2 triangles:
f
b e You can divide any quadrilateral
into 2 triangles.
c d
In each triangle, the angles add up to 180°,

so a 1 b 1 c 5 180°
and d 1 e 1 f 5 180°
The 6 angles from the 2 triangles add up to 360°. a, (b 1 f), e, c 1 d are the angles
a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e 1 f 5 360° of the quadrilateral.
In any quadrilateral the sum of the interior angles is 360°.
Some quadrilaterals have special names and properties.

Quadrilateral Picture Properties
square Four equal sides.
All angles 90°. Bisect means ‘cut in half’.
Diagonals bisect
each other at 90°.
rectangle Two pairs of equal
sides.
All angles 90°.
Diagonals bisect
each other.
Space and shape 163

Quadrilateral Picture Properties
parallelogram Two pairs of equal
and parallel sides.
Opposite angles
equal.
Diagonals bisect
each other.
rhombus Four equal sides. Lines with equal arrows are parallel
Two pairs of parallel to each other.
sides.
Opposite angles
equal.
Diagonals bisect
each other at 90°.
trapezium One pair of parallel
sides.
kite Two pairs of

adjacent sides equal.
One pair of opposite Adjacent means ‘next to’.
angles equal.
One diagonal bisects
the other at 90°.
EXERCISE 6I
1 Write down the name of each of these quadrilaterals.

(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e) (f)
2 Write down the names of all the quadrilaterals with

these properties:
(a) diagonals which cross at 90°
(b) all sides are equal in length
(c) only one pair of parallel sides
164 Space and shape

(d) two pairs of equal angles but not all angles equal
(e) all angles are equal
(f) two pairs of opposite sides are parallel
(g) only one diagonal bisected by the other diagonal
(h) two pairs of equal sides but not all sides equal
(i) the diagonals bisect each other
(j) at least one pair of opposite sides are parallel
(k) diagonals equal in length
(l) at least two pairs of adjacent sides equal.
Polygons
A polygon is a 2-dimensional shape with many sides and
angles.
Here are some of the most common ones.
Pentagon (5 sides) Hexagon (6 sides) Octagon (8 sides)
Polygon means ‘many angled’.
A polygon with all of its sides the same length and all of
its angles equal is called regular.
Regular pentagon Regular hexagon Regular octagon
Space and shape 165

The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°.
You can explain this result like this. Exterior angle
If you ‘walk round’ the sides of this hexagon until
you get back to where you started, you complete a
full turn or 360°.
The exterior angles represent your ‘turn’ at
each corner, so they must add up to 360°.
On a regular hexagon, all 6 exterior
angles are the same size. 360° 360°
6 5 number of sides
For a regular hexagon:
360°
exterior angle 5
6
5 60°
For a regular octagon
360° A regular octagon has 8 equal
exterior angle 5
8 exterior angles.
5 45°
For a regular polygon,

exterior angle 5 360°
number of sides
You can use this equation to work out the number of sides
in a regular polygon.
For a regular polygon,

number of sides 5 360°
exterior angle
In a regular polygon with exterior angles of 18°:

360°
number of sides 5 5 20
18°
Once you know the exterior angle, you can calculate the
interior angle. Interior angle
At each vertex, the exterior and interior angles lie next to
each other (adjacent) on a straight line. Exterior
angle
In a polygon, each pair of interior and exterior angles

adds up to 180°.
166 Space and shape

So, for any polygon In a regular polygon all the exterior

angles are equal. So all the interior
interior angle 5 180° 2 exterior angle angles are equal.
For example,
• regular hexagon interior angle 5 180° 2 60° 5 120°
• regular octagon interior angle 5 180° 2 45° 5 135°
When a polygon is not regular the interior angles could
all be different sizes. You can find the sum of the interior
angles.
These diagrams show how you can divide any polygon into
triangles.
s es Draw dotted lines from the vertices.

ide l
4 s iang 6 sid
t r es
2 5 sides 4 tria
s
3 triangle ngle
s
You can see that the number of triangles is always 2 less

than the number of sides of the polygon.
The sum of the interior angles for each polygon is given

by the formula
You should learn this formula.
(n 2 2) 3 180° where n is the number of sides of
the polygon.
Name of Number Number of Sum of interior

polygon of sides triangles angles
Triangle 3 1 1 3 180° 5 180°
Quadrilateral 4 2 2 3 180° 5 360°
Pentagon 5 3 3 3 180° 5 540°
Hexagon 6 4 4 3 180° 5 720°
Heptagon 7 5 5 3 180° 5 900°
Octagon 8 6 6 3 180° 5 1080°
Nonagon 9 7 7 3 180° 5 1260°
Decagon 10 8 8 3 180° 5 1440°
Space and shape 167

EXAMPLE 9
Calculate the size of the angles marked with letters in each of You could use the fact that the sum
these diagrams. of the angles of a quadrilateral is
360° to calculate q.
(a) q p 5 118° (opposite angles of
118°
parallelogram are equal
p q 5 62° (
p and q are co-interior
angles, so p 1 q 5 180°)
Sum of the interior angles
(b)
110° 124°
r 5 540° 2 (the sum of the other of a pentagon (5 sides) 5
4 angles) 3 3 180° 5 540°.
r 5 540 2 (95° 1 110° 1 124° 1 73°)
95°
73° r 5 138°
r
Sum of interior angles of
(c) x 1 x 1 133° 1 79° 5 360° quadrilateral 5 360°.
79°
133° 2x 5 360° 2 133° 2 79°
x 2x 5 148°
x 5 74°
x
EXAMPLE 10
Exterior angle of
(a) Calculate the size of the exterior and interior angles of a 360°
regular polygon 5 number of sides
regular polygon with 20 sides.
(b) How many sides has a regular polygon with interior angle
168°?
Exterior angle
(a)
Interior angle
360°
Exterior angle 5 } } 5 18°
20
Interior angle 5 180° 2 exterior angle
5 180° 2 18°
5 162°
(b) Exterior angle 5 180° 2 interior angle
5 180° 2 168°
5 12°
360
Number of sides 5 }} 5 30
12°
168 Space and shape

EXERCISE 6J

1
1 2
2 55°
3
3 111°
84°
115°
b c d
69° a
4 55 160° 119°
66 g
69°
132° g
e e
f
83° 114°
155°
7 h 112° 8 9 l
85°
j
i m
k 72° 50°
116°
80° 143°
10 2p
11 r 1212 142°
118° 80°
94°
120° h
q
116° t
103°
p
13 14
14
x
55° y
58°
104° 52°
68°
u
w
15 Calculate the interior angle of a regular polygon with

18 sides.
16 Can a regular polygon have an interior angle of 130°?
Explain your answer.
Space and shape 169

6.6 Symmetry
Line symmetry
A kite is symmetrical.
If you fold it along the dashed line, one half fits exactly The dashed line is called a line of
onto the other. symmetry.
A line of symmetry divides a shape into two halves.

One half is the mirror image of the other.
Some shapes have more than one line of symmetry.

Rectangle … 2 lines of symmetry You can draw lines of symmetry
with solid lines.
Equilateral triangle … 3 lines of symmetry
Regular hexagon … 6 lines of symmetry
170 Space and shape

Some shapes have no lines of symmetry.

A parallelogram has no lines of symmetry.
The dashed line is not a line of
symmetry. If you reflect the
parallelogram in it you get the red
parallelogram.
These shapes have no lines of symmetry.
EXERCISE 6K
Copy these shapes and draw in all the lines of symmetry

(if any).
1 22 3
4 55 6
7 Copy and complete these grids so that they are

symmetrical about the dashed line.
(a) (b)
(b) (c)
Space and shape 171

Rotational symmetry
Look again at the shapes before Exercise 6K.
They have no lines of symmetry but they have rotational
symmetry.
You can turn them and they will fit exactly into their
original shape again.
The order of rotational symmetry is the number of times a
shape looks the same during one full turn.
A
J P
M Q
C
B K
L
If A turns to If J turns to J, K, If P turns to positions

any of the L or M the shape P or Q the shape will
positions A, will look exactly look exactly the same.
B or C the the same. Rotational symmetry
shape will look Rotational of order 2.
exactly the symmetry of
same. order 4.
Rotational
symmetry of
order 3.
Some shapes have line symmetry and rotational symmetry.
2 lines of symmetry. 3 lines of symmetry.

Rotational symmetry of Rotational symmetry of
order 2. order 3.
172 Space and shape

EXERCISE 6L
1 Which of these shapes has rotational symmetry.

A B C D E F G H
2 Write down the letters of the shapes that have

rotational symmetry of order
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
A B C D E F
G H I J K L
2 Shade one more square in each grid to make shapes with

rotational symmetry of order 2
(a) (b) (c)
3 Copy and complete this table
Name of shape Order of rotational symmetry

3
Square
Pentagon 5
4 Eight squares have been shaded in this grid to make a

shape with rotational symmetry of order 4. Find other
ways of shading eight squares to make shapes with
rotational symmetry of order 4.
Space and shape 173

EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
P Q
(a) Write down the number of lines of symmetry of shape

(i) p, [1]
(ii) q. [1]
(b) Write down the order of rotational symmetry of shape q. [1]
(CIE, Paper 1, Jun 2000)
Q S
2 u°
84° 119°
t°
P
v°
R
In the diagram the lines PQ and RS are parallel.

Calculate the values of t, u and v. [3]
(CIE Paper 1, Jun 2000)
3 MATHEMATICS
(a) In the word above
(i) Which letters have two lines of symmetry? [2]
(ii) Which letter has rotational symmetry but no line symmetry? [1]
(CIE Paper 1, Nov 2000)
174 Space and shape

Ch6 EQ4
Insert drawing Nov 2000) Paper1 Q13 – find in folder and renumber as question 4
????
Ch6 EQ5
Insert drawing Paper 3 Q6 Jun 2001)– find in folder and renumber as question 5
???
6 D C
A B
(Copy and) draw accurately the lines of symmetry of the rectangle ABCD. [1]
7 North Samira (S) and Tamara (T) walk towards each other.
Samira walks on a bearing of 140°.
S 140° North
Find the bearing on which Tamara walks. [2]
Space and shape 175

8 (a) Write down the name of the special quadrilateral which has rotational symmetry
of order 2 but no line symmetry. [1]
(b) Draw, on a grid, a quadrilateral which has exactly one line of symmetry but no rotational
symmetry.
Draw the line of symmetry on your diagram. [2]
Y X
9 (a) p°
D 140°
A
q°
150° r°
B C
In the diagram, AX and CY are straight lines which intersect at d.

BA and CY are parallel.
Angle CDX = 40° and angle ABC = 150°.
(i) Find p, q and r. [3]
(ii) What is the name of the special quadrilateral ABCD? [1]
(b) (i) A nonagon is a polygon with nine sides.
Calculate the size of an interior angle of a regular nonagon. [3]
(ii) Each angle of another regular polygon is 150°.
Calculate the number of sides of this polygon. [3]
10 A
128°
B C
In the triangle ABC, AB = BC.

(a) What is the special name of this triangle? [1]
(b) Angle BAC = 128°. Work out angle ABC [2]
11 Find the size of one of the ten interior angles of a regular decagon. [3]
176 Space and shape

12
For the shape shown, write down

(a) the number of lines of symmetry, [1]
(b) the order of rotational symmetry. [1]
13 (a) (i) What is the special name given to a five-sided polygon? [1]
(ii) Calculate the total sum of the interior angles of a regular five-sided polygon. [2]
(iii) Calculate the size of one interior angle of a regular five-sided polygon. [1]
14 Reflex Right Acute Obtuse

Use one of the above terms to describe each of the angles give.
(a) 100°,
(b) 200°.
15 Write down the order of rotational symmetry of each of the following shapes.
(a) (b)
Equilateral triangle Rhombus
Space and shape 177

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Chapter 6

Angles, triangles and polygons

The minute hand

The hands of a clock turn clockwise.

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 142 9/6/09 16:51:44

1 Describe the turn the minute hand of a clock makes

You are given a starting direction W E

Starting direction Description of turn

Space and shape 143

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 143 9/6/09 16:51:45

A right angle is usually

obtuse  n angle between 90°

reflex  n angle between

You can describe angles in three different ways.

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 144 9/6/09 16:51:45

• Use a single letter.

(a) (b) (c)

The ‘box’ symbol shows the angle

1 State whether these angles are acute, right angle,

(a) (b) X Z (c) L M

Space and shape 145

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 145 9/6/09 16:51:46

letters. /GHK GHK angle GHK

6 To measure a reflex angle (an angle that is bigger than

146 Space and shape

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 146 9/6/09 16:51:46

1 Measure these angles using a protractor.

Space and shape 147

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 147 9/6/09 16:51:47

(d) angle ZXY 5 157°

Angles on a straight line add up to 180°.

Angles around a point add up to 360°.

These angles make a full turn,

Vertically opposite angles are equal. u

In this diagram h 5 k and u 5 v.

Equal angles are shown by

148 Space and shape

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 148 9/6/09 16:51:47

Calculate the size of the angles marked with letters.

(b) q 1 73° 1 40° 1 15° 5 180° (angles on a straight line)

(c) r 5 130° (vertically opposite)

(d) t 1 122° 1 35° 1 90° 5 360° (angles around a point)

Calculate the size of the angles marked with letters.

Space and shape 149

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 149 9/6/09 16:51:49

150 Space and shape

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 150 9/6/09 16:51:51

Angles in parallel lines

Corresponding angles are equal.

Space and shape 151

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 151 9/6/09 16:51:52

Calculate the size of the angles marked with letters.

Calculate the size of the angles marked with letters.

152 Space and shape

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 152 9/6/09 16:51:53

6.2 Three-figure bearings

A three-figure bearing gives a direction in degrees.

from the north in a clockwise direction.

A bearing of 073° You write 073° because the bearing

Space and shape 153

M06_CMC_SB_IGCSE_6850_U06.indd 153 9/6/09 16:51:54

(a) Write down the bearing of N

If you stand at P and face north,

obtuse n angle between 90°

reflex n angle between

6.4 Quadrilaterals and other