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ICP-OES determination of metals present in textile materials

Article  in  Microchemical Journal · January 2007

DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.06.010

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 Microchemical Journal 85 (2007) 46 – 51
www.elsevier.com/locate/microc

ICP-OES determination of metals present in textile materials

Iva Rezić a,⁎, Ilse Steffan b
a
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Textile Technology, University of Zagreb,
Prilaz Baruna Filipoviæa 30 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
b
Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria
Received 13 January 2006; received in revised form 14 June 2006; accepted 14 June 2006
Available online 24 July 2006

Abstract

The aim of this work was to quantify the content of elements present in textile materials since it is known that textiles containing metals may
represent a health hazard to consumers. Determination of metal content can be also useful to the textile industry since some metals present in
textiles may contribute to problems during textile production. Extraction of metals from different textile materials was performed in an artificial
acidic sweat solution according to the Öko Tex standard for materials coming into direct contact with the skin. After extraction from textile
products made of cotton, flax, wool, silk, viscose, and polyester materials, all elements were determined by means of inductively coupled plasma-
optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results in the sweat extracts (minimum–maximum in μg/mL) were: Al 0.11–1.58, Cd 0.02–0.05, Cr
0.01–0.32, Cu 0.05–1.95, Mn 0.01–2.17, and Ni 0.05–0.10. Concentrations of other elements were bellow detection limits. The total amount of
metals present was determined after microwave assisted acidic digestion of textile materials with 7 M nitric acid. According to the results, the
majority of the detected elements were below the concentration limits given by the Öko Tex, and for this reason the textile materials investigated
do not represent a health hazard to consumers.
© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Textiles; ICP-OES; Öko Tex Standard

1. Introduction Determination of metal content of different textile materials

People are often exposed to different allergenic and toxic
chemicals coming from textiles due to daily contact with clothes,
bed linen and similar products. Many textiles contain chemicals
that may represent a health hazard to consumers. The major
chemical pollutants on textiles are dyes containing carcinogenic
amines, toxic heavy metals, pentachlorophenol, chlorine
bleaching, halogen carriers, free formaldehyde, biocides, fire
retardants, and softeners [1]. Heavy metals are often present in
different textile processes [2]. The reagents mostly used are:
metal complex dyes, dye stripping agents, fastness improvers,
oxidizing compounds, and finishers like water repellants, flame
retardants, antifungal and odor-preventive agents [3]. Raw
textile materials may also contain heavy metals [4]. Cotton, flax
and hemp sometimes adsorb very large amounts of metals from
the environment [5,6], and can be used as bio-absorbers [7].
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +385 1 4597209; fax: +385 1 3712 599.
E-mail addresses: iva_rezic@net.hr, iva.rezic@ttf.hr (I. Rezić).
0026-265X/$ - see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.microc.2006.06.010
is very important not only for the safety of consumers, but also
for the textile industry. It is known that some metals present in
cotton may contribute to problems in yarn manufacturing,
bleaching and dyeing, and processing quality [8]. Problems
reported from dyeing processes are related with metal
contribution to the light-induced yellowing of whitewashed
denim. Manganese and ferrous ions are readily air-oxidized to
compounds that cause yellowing. In addition, transition metals
catalyze organic reactions and function as mordant that strongly
bind many organic compounds to cotton [9]. For this reason the
textiles treated in those processes should be monitored for the
presence of different metals (aluminum, calcium, copper, iron,
magnesium, manganese, and titanium) and their presence has to
be reduced by applying different production methods [10].
Metals are most frequently used in textile wet processing,
although some of them are extremely toxic to many organisms.
The use of chromium based dyes is essential for the fast black
dyeing on wool and nylon, but in the future it will probably be
replaced by newly developed dyes containing less toxic metals
like iron [11]. Cobalt, chromium and occasionally copper and
 I. Rezić, I. Steffan / Microchemical Journal 85 (2007) 46–51 47

nickel form part of the most commonly used dyes, especially dyes Table 2
for leather materials, nylon and wool. While chromium is gen- Instrument parameters for ICP-OES Optima 3000 XL
erally used, cobalt has found selected applications. As a group, View Axial view
metal complex dyes offer good overall fastness properties [12]. Optical system Echelle
Detector Solid state detector
Because of their wide application, metals are frequently present in RF frequency/MHz 40.68
textile dyeing wastewaters as free ionic metals or complex metals, Power/W 1 300
which contributes to the environmental concerns [13]. Cobalt and Plasma gas flow/L min− 1 15.0
chromium dyes are applied particularly in dyes for wool: there is Auxiliary gas flow/L min− 1 0.5
no wool mordant dye that does not use chromium compounds. Nebulizing chamber Cyclone
Nebulizer Excentric ⁎
The chromium dye C.I. Mordant Black 11 is one of the most Sample flow rate/mL min− 1 0.8
widely used dyes in the world [14]. Copper salts are used to fix
⁎ Nebulizer (excentric) was produced by CPI, International, P/N 4060-010588.
direct dyes and to enhance the light fastness on the nylon.
Antimony improves wash fastness properties on nylon fibers [15].
Cationic dyes contain zinc as well as trace concentrations of Toxic effects of heavy metals on human health are very well
mercury, cadmium and arsenic as impurities from intermediates. known: damages of organs, disorders in the respiratory tract and
Zirconium, aluminum and other salts are also used extensively in lung diseases, dysfunction of heart, blood and blood producing
textile processing [16]. Usual concentrations of heavy metals in organs, disorders in nervous system, skin diseases, abnormalities
dyes are (in μg/g): 1.0 to 1.4 (As), up to 1.0 (Cd), 3.0–83.0 (Cr), in fertility and pregnancy. Accumulation of heavy metals in body
1.0–3.2 (Co), 33.0–110.0 (Cu), 6.0–52.0 (Pb), 0.5–1.0 (Hg), tissues and binding to enzymes may disrupt the functioning of
and 3.0–32.0 (Zn) [17]. cells, which may also lead to development of tumors or cancers

Table 1
Textile samples
Number Sample description Sample picture Number Sample description Sample picture
1 Red cotton 9 Green silk

2 Green cotton 10 Blue silk

3 White cotton 11 Red wool

4 Red/blue cotton 12 Brown wool

5 Black/coloured 13 Pink viscose/

cotton polyester

6 Yellow flax 14 Yellow viscose/

polyester

7 Black flax 15 Blue polyester

8 Green flax 16 Orange polyester

48 I. Rezić, I. Steffan / Microchemical Journal 85 (2007) 46–51
[18]. To prevent those effects, different standards are now in use:
MST (Markenzeichen schadstoffgeprüfter Textilien), Öko Tex
Standard (Internationale Gemeinschaft für Forschung und
Prüfung auf dem Gebiet der Textilökologie), Clean fashion,
Steilman, Commitextile, EC Approach, EPG (The European
Product Guarantee) and Ecomarc Scheme [19]. According to the
requirements of Öko Tex the goods are controlled for pH, fastness
properties, formaldehyde, carcinogenic dyes, dyes that can break
down into carcinogenic aryl amines or can cause allergic reactions
to the skin, extractable harmful heavy metals, halogenated carriers
or contaminations with pentachlorophenol and pesticides [20].
Textile is categorized according to its utilization into products for
babies, products with direct contact to skin, products without
direct contact to skin, and decorative materials [21]. The limits for
heavy metals vary depending upon the degree of the contact of a
fabric to consumer's skin as well as on the toxicity of the heavy
metal [22]. The limits do not involve the total amount of metals
present in the fabric, but the part which can be extracted [23].
According to current standards, the use of metals and metal
complex dyes is not prohibited in textile industry because their
abandoning would result in a loss of some important shades like
turquoise, brilliant green, violet, blue or navy shades [11].
The majority of problems arise when metals are extracted from
the fabrics by perspiration. Because metals may represent a health
hazard to consumers by causing allergenic skin reactions, and due
to the fact that metals present in textiles may contribute to prob-
lems during processing, the aim of our study was to quantify the
content of metals present in different textile materials.
2. Experimental
2.1. Samples
The tests covered 16 textile samples of different origin
(Table 1). All the samples taken for the purpose of this
investigation were processed in the Croatian textile industry.
The origin of the materials was known before analysis, but not
the dye composition of the painted layer.
2.2. Chemicals and standard solutions
All the chemicals (nitric acid, sodium chloride, ammonium
chloride, sodium hydroxide, acetic acid, lactic acid and urea)
Table 3
Detection limits in the artificial acidic sweat solution ⁎
Element Limits of detection/μg/L in acidic sweat solution (λ/nm)
Al 0.8 (308.215), 9.7 (309.271), 3.1 (396.152)
As 14.0 (193.696), 14.1 (197.197), 3.9 (228.812)
Cd 1.4 (214.438), 0.2 (226.502), 3.2 (228.802)
Co 2.0 (228.616), 3.0 (231.160), 2.4 (238.892)
Cr 0.3 (357.896), 2.0 (267.716), 1.6 (205.560)
Cu 1.7 (324.754), 0.1 (327.396), 0.1 (224.700)
Fe 19.7 (259.940), 1.7 (238.204), 1.9 (239.562)
Mn 1.8 (257.610), 1.7 (260.569), 3.3 (279.482)
Mo 1.6 (202.030), 1.4 (204.598), 3.9 (281.615)
Ni 6.4 (221.647), 3. 8 (232.003), 2.8 (341.476)
⁎ Bold values refer to selected lines.
Table 4
Detection limits calculated for 7 M nitric acid ⁎
Element Limits of detection / μg/L in 7 M nitric acid (λ/nm)
Al 28.3 (308.215), 171.3 (394.401), 37.9 (396.152)
As 5.4 (188.979), 8.9 (193.696), 10.8 (197.197), 1.3 (228.812)
Be 0.3 (234.861), 9.2 (265.045), 0.4 (313.042), 0.2 (313.107)
Bi 7.3 (190.178), 8.6 (222.825), 3.2 (223.061), 42. 9 (406.772)
Co 3.0 (228.616), 0.2 (230.786), 1.5 (231.160), 0.5 (238.892)
Cr 0.7 (205.560), 1.7 (206.149), 0.1 (267.716), 0.4 (357.896)
Cu 8.2 (213.598), 86.6 (224.700), 121.8 (324.754), 110.5 (327.396)
Fe 1.0 (234.349), 0.3 (238.204), 0.5 (239.562), 0.1 (259.940)
K 32.0 (310.179), 116.7 (310.205), 0.4 (766.491)
Mg 11.6(202.582),0.5(279.079),0.3(279.553),0.3(280.270),
0.3(285.213)
Mn 0.1 (257.610), 0.1 (260.569), 0.6 (279.482), 0.9 (294.920)
Mo 0.8 (203.844), 2.4 (204.598), 1.6 (281.615)
Ni 2.2 (221.647), 2.0 (231.604), 2.6 (232.003), 1.1 (341.476)
Si 0.6 (212.412), 0.5 (251.611), 4.1 (252.851), 0.8 (288.158)
Sn 12.3 (189.933), 31.7 (235.484), 33.7 (242.170), 33.2 (283.999)
Tl 3.5 (190.800), 2.7 (276.787), 10.6 (351.924)
Zn 0.5 (202.548), 2.8 (206.191), 0.6 (213.856)
⁎ Bold values refer to selected lines.
and 1000 μg/mL standards (Al, As, Be, Bi, Co, Cr, Fe, K, Mg,
Mn, Mo, Ni, Si, Sn, Tl) used for this research work were of p.a.
grade, supplied by Merck, Darmstadt, Germany and by Perkin
Elemer (Cd, Cu, and Zn). The liquid reference materials NIST
1640 (trace elements in water) and NIST 1643 (trace elements in
natural water) were used for checking the accuracy of the
measurements by ICP-OES. A certified comparative reference
material for cotton trace element analysis IAEA-V-9 was used
for checking the accuracy of the digestion procedure as well as
the confirmation of the results.
2.3. Instrumentation
The inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer
used was a Perkin Elmer Optima 3000 XL. The instrument was
equipped with a standard one piece extended torch with a quartz
injector tube, a cyclone spray chamber and an excentric1 nebulizer
(Table 2).
2.4. Sample preparation
2.4.1. Extraction in the artificial sweat solution
Textile samples were dried for 48 h at 60 °C before analysis,
and afterwards cut and weighed. 1.5 g of a sample was mixed for
2 h at 40 °C with 25 mL of artificial sweat solution, which was
prepared according to the ISO 3160/2 standard. After filtration,
the solutions were analyzed for all the elements by inductively
coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).
2.4.2. Microwave digestion
For the determination of the total metal content of textile
materials, the samples were dried for 48 h at 60 °C, cut and
weighed. 0.5 g of dried samples were put into the digestion
vessels of the microwave oven and digested with 8 mL of 7 M
1
Excentric nebulizer — page 23 attached to the Covering Letter.
 I. Rezić, I. Steffan / Microchemical Journal 85 (2007) 46–51 49

nitric acid. A closed-vessel microwave digestion system MLS Table 6

1200 Mega (produced by Milestone) equipped with a Accuracy data of IAEA V-9 reference material for microwave digestion, n = 9
temperature control was used for the sample digestion. The Element Certified/μg/g 95% confidence interval Found/μg/g SD
temperature program was as follows: 5 min at 150 °C (power Al 44 13–53 43.19 2.55
250 W), 15 min 180 °C (300 W) and 20 min at the maximum As – – 3.84 0.39
temperature of 200 °C (350 W). The resulting solutions were Be – – 3.97 0.15
Bi – – 0.22 0.06
cooled, filled up to 10 mL with 7 M nitric acid and analyzed by
Co – – 2.02 0.59
ICP-OES. The reference material for cotton trace element Cr 0.11 0.08–0.14 0.12 0.04
analysis IAEA-V-9 was digested in the same way. Cu 0.59 0.47–0.94 0.67 1.20
Fe 11 7–15 12.51 3.06
2.4.3. Line selection Mg 53 46–67 64.57 6.51
Mn 0.15 0.12–0.21 0.52 0.20
After sample preparation, line selection was performed in
Mo 0.034 0.030–0.049 0.029 0.01
order to select the optimal spectral lines for measurement. Multi- Ni 0.09 0.07–0.18 0.06 0.01
element standard solutions in different matrix systems (acidic Si – – 69.25 5.36
artificial sweat solution and 7 M nitric acid) were scanned by ICP- Zn – – 3.41 0.45
OES over the selected wavelength range of interest to monitor line
interferences. The chosen lines are presented in Tables 3 and 4.
measurements were performed using an excentric nebulizer and
2.5. Calibration and statistics an axial viewed torch system. This configuration was chosen
due to many advantages, such are reducing interferences,
For calibration, mixed standard solutions were prepared improving the detection limits and achievable linear dynamic
from the stock standard solution of 1000 μg/mL by dilution range [24]. Excentric nebulizers are great replacements for the
with the artificial sweat solution and with 7 M nitric acid. concentric nebulizers, because they increase sensitivity and are
The ranges of the calibration curves (7 points) were selected ideal for the analysis with the limited sample amounts.
to match the expected concentrations (0–5 μg/mL) for all the
elements of the samples investigated. Linearity was checked 3.2. Line selection
in the range of 0–40 μg/mL. Detection limits were calculated
as the concentrations of an element that gave a signal equal Line selection was performed with regard to the complex
to three times the standard deviation of a series of eleven matrix. This was a very important step because different inter-
successive measurements of the blank solution at the element ferences occurred in monitored complex systems, in sweat
peak. solution and nitric acid. To define the interferences, single and
multi element standards were measured, and afterwards com-
3. Results and discussion pared to the literature data [25]. For example, OH molecular
interference with Al in very low concentration levels at
3.1. General 308.215 nm was defined by measuring a single element stan-
dard, and also the spectral interference of the As (228.812 nm)
Since the threats to human health may be linked to the and Cd (228.802 nm) were detected in multi element standards,
presence of metals on textile products, the aim of the study was as well as many others [26,27]. Lines selection was performed
to quantify the content of metals present in different textile for the analysis of elements in the artificial sweat extracts and
materials by extraction and digestion experiments. ICP-OES the nitric acid: 10 different elements were chosen for the
preparation of the multi element standard used for the extraction
Table 5 experiments. These elements are expected to be present on
Accuracy data for the ICP-OES measurements textile materials. For their determination 29 different lines were
NIST 1640 NIST 1643 tested for their applicability (Table 3). Another multi element
standard consisting of 17 elements was prepared for measure-
Element Certified/μg/mL Found/μg/mL Certified/μg/mL Found/μg/mL
ments of the digestion samples. In this case 64 lines were tested
Al 0.052 0.051 0.141 0.131
for their applicability (Table 4). For the digestion experiments
As 0.027 0.020 0.060 0.046
Bi – 0.003 0.014 0.016 other additional elements were expected because of the com-
Cd 0.022 0.023 0.006 0.029 position of the natural fibers, cotton and flax.
Co 0.020 0.017 0.027 0.021
Cr 0.038 0.033 0.020 0.025 3.3. Reference materials
Cu 0.085 0.088 0.022 0.014
K 0.994 1.650 2.034 1.91
Mn 0.121 0.124 0.038 0.032 Calculated detection limits and selected spectral lines (bold
Mo 0.047 0.057 0.121 0.118 values) are presented in Tables 3 and 4. The data obtained for the
Ni 0.027 0.038 0.062 0.067 reference materials NIST-1640 and 1643 are reported in Table 5.
Si 4.73 4.37 – 0.027 They are in agreement with the available certified values. In all
Sn 0.013 0.018 0.058 0.070
experiments the precision of the measurements was specified
50 I. Rezić, I. Steffan / Microchemical Journal 85 (2007) 46–51

Table 7
Heavy metals extracted from textile materials after 2 h of mixing in an artificial sweat solution at 400 °C (concentrations are expressed in μg/mL)
Samples 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Element
Al 0.13 0.14 0.11 0.13 0.17 0.18 1.58 0.16 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.29 0.27
As⁎ <0.014 <0.014 <0.014 <0.014 <0.014 <0.014 <0.014 <0.014 0.09 <0.014 <0.014 <0.014 0.02 <0.014 <0.014 <0.014
Cd⁎ 0.04 0.04 <0.002 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03
Cr⁎ <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.32 0.02 0.02 0.02 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 0.01 <0.003 <0.003
Cu⁎ 0.12 0.15 0.05 0.213 0.07 0.05 0.10 0.06 1.95 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05
Mn 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.14 <0.002 0.01 0.32 0.05 0.24 <0.002 0.36 0.31 2.17 1.17
Ni⁎ 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.06 <0.004 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.08
⁎ Restricted metals according to the Öko-tex, ⁎ Values higher then allowed, ⁎⁎ Mo, Fe and Co were <LOD.
⁎⁎⁎ Samples are described in the Table 1.

with a relative standard deviation within 0.2–2.2%, and the 4. Conclusion

relative standard deviations for three digestion replicates of each
sample were in the range from 2% to 17%. In order to compare
the extractable part with the total amount of metals present, a
microwave acid digestion of the reference cotton material IAEA
V-9 was performed. The results reported in Table 6 are in a good
agreement for the majority elements investigated.
3.4. Acidic artificial sweat extraction
The extraction experiment was performed according to
standards for textiles used in direct contact with the human
body. The results obtained for the textile materials extraction
after 2 h of mixing in the artificial sweat solution at 400 °C are
presented in Table 7. For some materials the concentration
values found were above the limit values prescribed by different
ecological standards (Table 9). Those values are marked as bold.
3.5. Microwave digestion
Results obtained digestion of the textile materials in 7 M nitric
acid are presented in Table 8. According to the results obtained
after microwave digestion and the literature data for elementary
composition of cotton and flax [3,28], the majority of the present
unwanted metals are resulting from textile processing, and may
be extracted from textiles during use.
People are exposed to different chemical substances coming
from textile materials due to daily contact with textiles like
clothes, bed linen and similar products. Many of the chemicals
applied on textiles may represent a health hazard for consumers,
so it is crucial that the quantity of those substances is as low as
possible. The metal content of natural fibers is also important for
textile industry, because many elements contribute to problems
during processing of textiles.
A fast and simple method for quantification of the metal content
in textile materials is described in this paper. An extraction pro-
cedure in artificial acidic sweat solution followed by microwave
digestion using 7 M nitric acid and quantification with ICP-OES is
reported. The most important advantage of the ICP-OES method is
its ability to analyze a larger number of elements simultaneously,
with low detection limits of the investigated trace elements.
The described extraction method was applied for the de-
termination of many elements present on 16 different textile
materials. Their concentrations did not exceed the permissible
values according to different standards (Table 9) and for this
reason the investigated textile materials are no health hazard for
consumers. The concentrations of particular elements were above
the prescribed limits: zinc and cadmium were found in cotton
(samples 4, 5) and polyester samples (samples 13, 14, 15, 16);
Chromium was detected in flax, silk and polyester samples (6, 7,

Table 8
Microwave digestion in 7 M nitric acid (concentrations expressed as μg of metal/g of textiles)
Samples⁎ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Al 25.75 31.00 13.09 26.36 29.57 30.44 24.52 15.86 19.34 8.59 8.66 9.38
As 2.03 0.97 3.55 0.04 0.36 2.64 1.41 2.39 8.39 6.47 6.99 7.12
Be 0.10 0.30 0.38 <0.0004 0.20 0.08 0.06 0.08 6.37 4.93 5.43 5.48
Bi 5.29 5.65 4.96 4.02 5.11 2.76 6.22 7.29 <0.0429 <0.0429 <0.0429 <0.0429
Co 1.81 0.19 0.16 0.16 0.18 0.08 0.02 0.02 4.79 4.09 5.07 5.23
Cr 0.26 0.36 0.18 0.62 0.32 10.71 0.09 0.06 8.04 4.55 5.07 4.93
Cu 0.36 193.9 <0.0082 22.74 28.36 4.37 98.91 89.5 6.25 5.04 5.55 5.58
Fe 12.52 14.85 7.38 325.9 33.2 25.15 15.12 6.98 8.36 5.69 5.17 5.26
K – – – – – 47.08 69.89 33.00 54.04 41.67 45.94 0.72
Mg 219.3 232.6 450.6 207.2 163.7 79.54 61.92 58.19 40.65 10.54 47.33 4.22
Mo 0.64 0.64 1.19 0.80 0.58 0.10 0.12 0.04 6.81 4.51 9.93 2.63
Ni 2.35 1.53 1.15 1.63 2.55 1.29 23.03 1.49 6.77 5.22 5.62 5.62
Si 1086.52 1810.77 797.9 1358.2 86.48 527.5 302.5 39.36 210.3 157.6 519.3 204.2
Zn 8.37 9.56 2.96 8.55 4.73 4.40 4.17 2.44 5.40 4.42 5.01 2.77
 I. Rezić, I. Steffan / Microchemical Journal 85 (2007) 46–51 51

Table 9 [3] D.E. Brushwood, H. Perkins, Text. Chem. Color. 26 (1994) 32.
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[5] S. Citterio, A. Santagostino, P. Fumagalli, N. Prato, P. Ranalli, S. Sgorbati,
Heavy metals/μg mL− 1 Öko Tex EPG Eco-tex TOX PROOF M.U.T.
Plant Soil 256 (2003) 243.
Antimony (Sb) – – 0.2 – [6] P. Linger, J. Müssig, H. Fischer, J. Korbert, Ind. Crops Prod. 16 (2002) 33.
Arsenic (As) 0.2 – 1.0 0.01 0.01 0.2 – [7] V. Angelova, R. Ivanova, V. Delibatova, K. Ivanov, Ind. Crops Prod. 19
Cadmium (Cd) 0.1 0.005 0.005 0.1 – (2004) 197.
Chromium III (Cr) 1.0 – 2.0 0.1 0.1 1.0 0.5 [8] D.E. Brushwood, Am. Assoc. Text. Chem. Color. 5 (2002) 20.
Chromium VI (Cr) 0.0 – 0.0 0.0 0.1 [9] J.W. Rucker, H.S. Freeman, W.N. Hsu, Text. Chem. Color. 24 (1992) 66.
Cobalt (Co) 1.0 – 4.0 0.2 0.2 1.0 – [10] J.W. Rucker, H.S. Freeman, W.N. Hsu, Text. Chem. Color. 24 (1992) 21.
Copper (Cu) 25 – 50 3.0 3.0 20.0 0.5 [11] H.S. Freeman, Text. Chem. Color. 27 (1995) 13.
Lead (Pb) 0.2 – 1.0 0.04 0.04 0.8 – [12] N.E. Houser, Text. Chem. Color. 18 (1986) 11.
Mercury (Hg) 0.02 0.001 0.001 0.02 – [13] W.E. Hill, S. Perkins, G.S. Sandlin, Text. Chem. Color. 25 (1993) 26.
Nickel (Ni) 1.0 – 4.0 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.5 [14] J.R. Aspland, Text. Chem. Color. 3 (1993) 55.
Zinc (Zn) – 5.0 3.0 20.0 2.0 [15] Delaware Valley Section, Text. Chem. Color. 22 (1990) 23.
[16] K.K. Leonas, L. Michael, Am. Dyest. Report. 3 (1994) 26.
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[19] S. Kirin, R. Èunko, Tekstil 48 (1999) 299.
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This research work was supported by the Austrian Academic [23] R. Èunko, Tekstil 45 (1996) 1.
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Törvényi for his advice and help. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980 Vol.1 and Vol.2.
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