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Secondary Metallurgy for BOF Steelmaking

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 Secondary Metallurgy for BOF Steelmaking
Holger Arnold, Arne Vollmers – HKM, Germany
Christian Schrade, Markus Huellen, Dirk Talhoff, Zulfiadi Zulhan – Siemens VAI Fuchs,
Germany
ABSTRACT
Today’s production of high-quality steels along the
BOF route would be unthinkable without the
application of secondary metallurgy. Ultra-low
carbon, ultra-low sulphur, low nitrogen and
hydrogen contents, as well as a high degree of
steel cleanliness are achieved through the appli-
cation of vacuum degassing units. Depending on
the product mix, vacuum circulation plants (RH/RH-
TCOB) and/or vacuum tank degassers (VD/VD-OB)
are normally installed in BOF steel mills. An RH
plant is primarily applied to produce ultra-low
carbon steel for the automotive industry, e.g. for
the production of IF steels, whereas a VD/VD-OB
plant is installed to produce steel with low hydro-
gen and low sulphur contents, e.g. for pipeline
applications (HIC resistant steel) and high strength
steels, as well as for ultra-low carbon (ULC) steels.
The installation of VD plants to produce HIC
resistant and ULC steel grades at HKM is presented.
Keywords: High quality steels, RH, VD, oxygen
lance
INTRODUCTION
Prior to 1950, the application of ladle treatment
was limited to deoxidation, carburization and the
addition of some minor alloying elements.
Subsequently, due to higher demands on the steel
quality and consistency in its properties, various
kinds of liquid steel treatments in the ladle have
been developed which are considered as
“secondary metallurgy”.
Nowadays, the secondary metallurgy is the “heart”
of the production steps of modern steelmaking.
Before casting, all metallurgical requirements have
to be accomplished in secondary metallurgy. The
secondary metallurgy works as a multi-tasking unit
which includes a wide range of treatments: deoxi-
dation, deep decarburization, deep desulphuriza-
tion, dehydrogenation, denitrogenation, alloying,
heating, homogenization, inclusion modification,
control of steel cleanliness, and temperature set-
ting for casting. Due to the decarburization‒ and
Linz/Austria, October 2006
heating capability of modern vacuum degassing
units, steels tend to be tapped with higher carbon
contents and lower temperatures from BOFs.
Consequently, this increases the vacuum treatment
time and the task of the secondary metallurgy.
The quality of steel products and the number of
rejected steels substantially depends on the ladle
treatment during the secondary metallurgical
process. The selection of secondary metallurgical
units dictates more or less the steel grades to be
produced.
DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY
METALLURGY
The Perrin process was developed and industrially
used from the early 1930’s to the middle of the
1950’s [1]. This process was the forerunner of
modern secondary steelmaking. At that time,
dephosphorization, deoxidation and desulphuriza-
tion was enabled by pouring the liquid steel onto
molten synthetic slag which has previously been
added in the ladle.
In the 1950’s, vacuum degassing was commercially
established in the steel plants. The objective was to
lower the hydrogen content. Later on, the vacuum
degassing units were used for denitrogenation,
decarburization and deoxidation as well as for
desulphurization. Following that, oxygen blowing
devices were introduced and installed in the
vacuum degassing units.
In 1955, the inert gas stirring of steel melts in the
ladle was introduced to homogenize the tempera-
ture and the steel composition. In the course of
further improvements, the gas stirring became
operable for the mixing of additional deoxidation
and alloying materials, for the addition of cooling
scrap as well as for obtaining a better degree of
cleanliness.
The temperature drop caused by tapping, alloying,
adding of slag forming agents, vacuum treatment,
and ladle teeming during continuous casting led to
the development of the LF (Ladle Furnace).
Secondary Steelmaking Session – Paper No. 7.3 / Page 1 of 9
Variants of classic ladle furnaces can be combined In order to meet the requirements of steelmaking
with alloying equipment, wire injection facilities as industries, Siemens VAI Fuchs has constructed
well as with porous plug(s) for stirring and homog- roughly 100 RH/RH-TCOB and VD/VD-OB degassers
enization. This enables one unit to produce a wide worldwide since 1978, as shown in Figure 1.
variety of steel grades, which are relatively less re-
Table 2: Typical impurity content, after [3], [4]
stricted in terms of carbon and gas contents.
Steel product Max. impurity (in ppm)
Over the past years, customers continuously Inclusion size, D
increased their requirements on the steel quality, IF steel [C]≤10-30, [N]≤40-50,
which meant fewer impurities, more cleanliness T.O.≤40
(lower inclusion content), more stringent quality Automotive and deep [C]≤30, [N]≤30, D<100µm
drawing
steel (less variation of quality from cast to cast)
Drawn and ironed cans [C]≤30, [N]≤30, T.O.≤20,
and better surface quality as well as homogeneity. D<20µm
Thus steelmakers were forced to equip their steel Alloy steel for pressure [P]≤70
shop with modern secondary metallurgy facilities, vessels
which were able to reduce carbon, sulfur, oxygen, Alloy steel bars [H]≤2, [N]≤10-20, T.O.≤10
hydrogen, and nitrogen contents, as well as non- HIC resistant steel [S]≤10, [P]≤50
Line pipe [S]≤10-30, [N]≤35-50,
metallic inclusions in the steel to those strict
T.O.≤30, D<100µm
content degrees of customer fulfillment.
Sheet for continuous [N]≤30
The existence of these impurity elements annealing
decreases the physical and mechanical properties Plate for welding [H]≤1.5
Ball bearings T.O.≤10, D<15µm
of steel products. Oxygen and sulfur contribute to
Tire cord [H]≤2, [N]≤40, T.O.≤15,
the formation of non-metallic inclusions which af- D<10-20µm
fect the steel cleanliness. One example of the ef- Non-grain-oriented [N]≤30
fort to reduce impurities is summarized in Table 1. magnetic sheet
Heavy plate steel [H]≤2, [N]≤30-40, T.O.≤20
Table 1: Impurity content (in ppm) [2]
Dcluster <200µm, Dsingle
1960 1980 2000 Future inclusion <15µm

C 250 150 20 10 Wire [N]≤60, T.O.≤30, D<20µm

P 300 150 50 30 50
S 300 30 10 10 1978 - 1999
N 150 70 30 20 2000-2006
Number of Contract

T.O. 30 30 10 10 40

H 6 6 1 1
Total 1036 436 121 81 30

The typical maximum allowed impurity contents

for various steel grades are listed in Table 2. Due
to these requirements, most of these steel grades
have to be processed in vacuum degassing unit. In
the future, these impurity elements will be further
reduced, as shown in Table 1. Therefore continu-
ous improvements and developments of secondary
metallurgical processes will clearly be necessary.
VACUUM DEGASSING
Vacuum degassing processes refer to those
processes that expose the molten steel to a low-
pressure environment to remove mainly gas
(hydrogen, nitrogen), and subsequently also
oxygen and carbon from the steel. The vacuum
degassing can be classified as recirculation
degassing, vacuum ladle degassing, and stream
degassing.
20
10
0
RH / RH-TCOB VD / VD-OB
Figure 1: Number of RH and VD/VD-OB plants
which have been constructed by
Siemens VAI Fuchs
According to this, the demand for VD/VD-OB
exceeds RH/RH-TCOB plants. This difference results
from extra installations of VD/VD-OB plants in
addition to BOF shops at electric steelmaking
shops, stainless steelmaking shops and the
flexibility of VD/VD-OB plants to treat a small heat
size of steel (lower than 30 t).

Linz/Austria, October 2006 Secondary Steelmaking Session – Paper No. 7.3 / Page 2 of 9
The RH degasser, Figure 2, is the most widely-used
facility for recirculation degassing processes. In this
technique, two snorkels of the vessel are immersed
in the steel ladle. The pressure inside the vessel is
reduced by a strong pumping system. The steel is
encouraged to circulate up one snorkel and down
the other, through the injection of argon into the
“up” leg which lowers the apparent density of
liquid steel.
T-COB Lance Vacuum alloying
hopper
Vacuum vessel
Ladle
Argon tuyeres
Slide Gate
Figure 2: RH degasser
The steel circulation rate determines the decar-
burization rate inside the vessel, which depends on
the amount of injected argon, the pressure inside
Linz/Austria, October 2006
the vessel, as well as of the snorkel and vessel
diameter. The RH degasser can be equipped with a
Technometal Combined Oxygen Blowing (T-COB)
lance for oxygen blowing, vessel preheating,
chemical heating and skull removal.
The RH degasser is mostly used in BOF steel mills
because of its shorter vacuum treatment time
allowing rapid decarburization and high-alloy yield
with narrow tolerances. The installation of a RH
degasser in a BOF steel mill has the following
purposes [5]:
• Production of ULC IF steel grades,
• Reduction of nitrogen content,
• Production of heavy plates with minimum
hydrogen content,
• Increase of alloying output of elements with
high oxygen affinity (e.g. B, Zr, Ti),
• Treatment of steel grades with high
requirements on cleanliness.
The combination of the RH degasser in a BOF steel
mill is shown in Figure 3:
• BOF – RH – CC
• BOF – CHS – RH – CC
• BOF – LF – RH – CC
BOF
BOF CHS CC
RH
LF
Figure 3: RH degasser in BOF steel shop
In the first route, after tapping from the BOF, the
steel is transported to the RH station. In some
cases, trimming or bubbling stations exist along
this route. However, a relatively higher BOF tap-
ping temperature is needed to compensate the
temperature drop during tapping, alloying, slag
conditioning, and vacuum treatment. In the case
of lower BOF tapping temperature, chemical heat-
ing can be performed by the installation of a T-COB
Secondary Steelmaking Session – Paper No. 7.3 / Page 3 of 9
lance. The oxygen is blown into the steel to react The routes of VD in BOF steel shops are illustrated
with dissolved aluminum, thus transferring the in Figure 5 as follows:
heat of the reaction into the liquid metal. The • BOF – VD – CC
lance is also used for forced decarburization, vessel
• BOF – CHS – VD – CC
preheating, and skull removal.
• BOF – LF – VD – CC
In the second and third route, the tapping
temperature can be lowered due to the capability
of CHS and LF for heating. It was stated in [6] that
the BOF-LF-RH-CC route is used to produce steel
with high surface quality. To produce ULC with
lower sulphur content, the hot metal must be
desulphurized before BOF treatment.
CHS
In a vacuum tank degassing system (VD/VD-OB),
the ladle is placed into a chamber (tank) which is
then sealed off and evacuated, Figure 4. Inert gas
(argon) is injected through porous plugs integrated
BOF CC
in the ladle bottom in order to provide an effective VD
stirring performance and to expose the steel melt
to vacuum. The tank degasser operates active
slag/metal mixing. Therefore it can effectively be
used for desulphurization by providing the ladle
slag with a high desulphurization capability. The LF
process is also capable of denitrogenation, dehy- Figure 5: VD in BOF steel shop
drogenation and decarburization as well as of
As in the RH route described abbove, the steel is
removing non-metallic inclusions during the
transported to the VD station after tapping from
vacuum treatment. A lower level of nitrogen
BOF. This route can be equipped with trimming or
content can be achieved with a VD plant due to its
bubbling stations. It needs, however, a relatively
capability of desulphurization and maintaining
higher tapping temperature to compensate the
lower oxygen content in the steel melt.
temperature drop during alloying, slag
Bins for alloying
and fluxes
Oxygen and stirring lance
O2 / Ar / N2
conditioning, e.g. for desulphurization and vacuum
Wire injection treatment. The VD plant can be equipped with an
oxygen lance to make the heating of steel possible.
The lance can also be used for forced decarburiza-
Vacuum alloying hopper
Furnace camera tion in the case of a VD-OB plant.
In the second and third route, the tapping
Vacuum pump
temperature of the BOF can be lowered due to the
Ar / N2
capability of CHS and LF for heating.
Slide gate Bottom porous plugs
The vacuum tank degasser is implemented in BOF
Vacuum tank cover steel shops for the following purposes:
• Production of pipeline steel grades, especially
HIC (Hydrogen Induced Cracking) resistant pipe
steels for oil and gas transportation,
• Production of ultra low sulphur content steel
grades,
• Production of ULC IF steel grades,
• Reduction of nitrogen content,
Ladle • Production of heavy plates with minimum
hydrogen content,
Vacuum tank • Production of high strength steels,
• Treatment of steel grades with high
Figure 4: Vacuum tank degasser at HKM requirements on cleanliness.

Linz/Austria, October 2006 Secondary Steelmaking Session – Paper No. 7.3 / Page 4 of 9
In a VD plant, a wide range of different steel grades others
1% peritectic steel
can be treated as shown in the following section, micro - alloyed 7% carbon steel
8%
taking the Huettenwerke Krupp Mannesmann steel
34%
GmbH (HKM) as an example. unalloyed steel
12%
SECONDARY METALLURGY AT HKM
line pipe- heat treatable
Hüttenwerke Krupp Mannesmann GmbH (HKM) is steels steel
17%
an integrated iron and steel plant consisting of a 21%

sintering plant, coking plant, two blast furnaces a. Slabs

and the steel plant. The steel plant itself has a bearing steel
axles and profiles
forging steel 2% boilertube steel
capacity of 6 million t/a crude steel, thereby 2% 5%
4%
producing the input material for the three share conduit pipe steel carbon- and heat
treatable steels
holders, ThyssenKrupp Steel AG (50%), 26%
6%
Mannesmannröhrenwerke AG (30%), and steel for wheel rims
Vallourec Mannesmann Tubes (20%) [7]. oilfield tube- and 6%
gas bottle steel
The product range consists of slabs for heavy 18% high strength,
constructual steel alloyed fine grained
plates and hot strip mills, as well as of round steels
18%
strands for e.g. seamless tubes and forging prod- 13%

ucts. Details of the product mix and its production b. Round strands (21% share on total production)
shares are shown in Figure 6. Figure 6: Product mix at HKM

DeS slag BOF slag ladle slag

alloys + fluxes
HM-desulfurisation CaSi CaSi

HM mixers O2
alloys
BOF 2 sublance dart
CaC2 + Mg
Ar
N2
Alloys +
Ar
fluxes N2 / Ar N2 / Ar
VD 3 VD 4
N2 alloys + fluxes
CaC2 + Mg Ar Ar
N2 / Ar CaSi Ar
rail transport Tap Ar Bubbling 2
O2
N2 alloys
BOF 1 sublance dart Ar
reladle station N2 / Ar
N2
Ar
Alloys + Ar Bubbling 3
1
fluxes
2 alloys + fluxes
3 CaSi Ar Ar CaSi
rail transport charging boxes Ar Ar
N2 / Ar
Tap Ar Bubbling 1

N2 / Ar N2 / Ar

VD 1 VD 2
change vessel

Figure 7: Steel production line at HKM

Figure 7 shows the steel production line at HKM. top oxygen blowing and bottom inert gas stirring,
The steel plant is equipped with two hot metal three argon bubbling stands, and two twin-vessel
mixers and one reladle station, two hot metal vacuum tank degassing stations (VD).
desulphurization stations, two BOF converters with

Linz/Austria, October 2006 Secondary Steelmaking Session – Paper No. 7.3 / Page 5 of 9
The hot metal is transported with 100 t ladles
either to hot metal mixers or to the reladling
station to prepare the charging material for the
treatment in the steel plant. Depending on the
requirements on the steel composition, the hot
metal can be pretreated in two desulphurization
stations before charging into the BOF.
The scrap is sorted, prepared and charged to the
BOF converter as cooling material. The hot metal
and scrap is blown with oxygen and mixed by
bottom inert gas stirring. During tapping, the
converter slag carry -over is minimized by the
application of a dart and an infrared camera. A
minimum slag carry-over is essential for proper
ladle treatment in secondary metallurgy. The main
alloying and fluxes are added. The steel is then
transferred to secondary metallurgy facilities.
Figure 8 shows a typical ladle at HKM’s secondary
metallurgical plant.
Figure 8: 275 t steel ladle at HKM
The secondary metallurgy facilities provide the
connection between the BOF converter operation
and the continuous casting machines. There the
steel composition is finely adjusted by the addition
of alloys. Furthermore, final desulphurization,
improvement of steel cleanliness, the setting of
steel temperature for casting as well as enhancing
the casting ability of steel are performed in the
secondary metallurgy facilities.
The secondary metallurgical treatment widely
depends on the steel grades to be produced. In
order to improve the steel quality, the first VD
plant was installed at HKM in 1987. It was followed
Linz/Austria, October 2006
by the installation of the second VD plant and twin
VD plant in 1990 and 1998, respectively. As shown
in Figure 9, the amount of vacuum treated steel
increased from 34.7% in 1996 to more than 50% in
2005.
6
5
4 Total Steelproduction
Mio t/a
3 54.1%
2
34.7%
Vacuumtreated Steelproduction
1
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Figure 9: The amount of vacuum treated steel at
HKM
PRODUCTION OF ULTRA-LOW CARBON STEEL
The route to produce ULC steel at HKM is shown in
Figure 10. Before charging into the BOF converter,
the hot metal is desulphurized with the injection of
CaO and Mg until S ≤ 50 ppm is achieved. Scrap
with low tramp element contents is selected. After
argon bubbling treatment, the ladle is transferred
directly to the vacuum tank degasser in order to
conduct deep decarburization.
alloys
+
dart fluxes
alloys
Ar
Ar Ar
Al
Al / C
Ar
Figure 10: Production route of ULC steel
The vacuum vessel pressure, the argon flow rate
and the offgas composition (CO, CO2, O2, N2, H2,
Ar) during vacuum treatment is shown in
Figure 11. The offgas composition analysis is used
to monitor the decarburization and degassing
process online. As shown in Figure 11, the
decarburization starts after 1.5 minutes vacuum
treatment time. The total vacuum treatment time
is less than 25 minutes.
At the end of decarburization phase, burned lime is
added, which is followed by the addition of
aluminium for deoxidation. Subsequently, the
adding of stabilisation agents (Ti), fine alloying,
and rinsing are performed.
Secondary Steelmaking Session – Paper No. 7.3 / Page 6 of 9
 alloys
+
f luxes
dart
alloys CaSi
Ar
N2 Ar
alloys
Ar +
f luxes

Ar

Figure 13: Route for producing HIC resistant steel

for pipeline.
Figure 14 shows the vacuum vessel pressure, the
Figure 11: Offgas composition, pressure and argon argon flow rate and the off gas composition (CO,
flow rate during ULC production in VD CO2, O2, N2, H2, and Ar) during vacuum treatment,
where the hydrogen gas is observed after
Figure 12 shows the distribution of carbon
5 minutes of vacuum treatment.
contents of several heats after VD treatment. A
carbon content of lower than 30 ppm can be
achieved with a vacuum tank degasser.

120 100
90
Cumulative frequency, %

100
80
Number of heats, n

70
80
60
60 50
40
40
30
20
20
10
0 0
Figure 14: Offgas composition, pressure and argon
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 flow rate during HIC resistant
Carbon content, ppm production in VD

Figure 12: The distribution of carbon content after The sulphur content at the end of vacuum
vacuum treatment treatment is shown in Figure 15. A sulphur
content of 4 ppm can be achieved after vacuum
PRODUCTION OF HIC RESISTANT STEELS treatment.

Figure 13 shows the route for HIC resistant steel 400 100

Cumulative frequency, %
90
production. Before the BOF process, the hot metal
350
80
Number of heats, n

300
is desulphurized at the hot metal desulphurization 70
250 60
station by the injection of magnesium and CaO. At 200 50
the BOF, only scrap with low sulphur contents 150 40

should be charged. The aluminium for deoxidation 100

30
20
and the slag forming agents are added during 50 10

tapping. Main alloying is also processed at that 0 0

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
time. The ladle is then transported to the bubbling Final sulphur content, ppm
station where argon is blown by means of a top
lance in order to mix metal and slag for the Figure 15: The distribution of sulphur content after
purpose of desulphurization. Then, the ladle is vacuum treatment
transferred for vacuum treatment. The steel is The fine alloying can be processed during or after
stirred by bottom argon injection to assure deep vacuum treatment. It is carried out by CaSi wire
desulphurization and degassing. injection combined with soft bubbling for inclusion
modification treatment. After that, the steel is
prepared to be transported to the continuous
casting machine.

Linz/Austria, October 2006 Secondary Steelmaking Session – Paper No. 7.3 / Page 7 of 9
THE HEATING SYSTEM The thermal energy in the melt is generated by the
reaction of oxygen with the dissolved aluminum in
In 2004, Siemens VAI Fuchs supplied HKM with
the liquid steel. The oxygen is blown by a water-
two water-cooled oxygen blowing lances for
cooled top lance with a nozzle diameter of 31 mm
chemical heating on the tank cover No. 03 and 04,
onto the surface of the steel melt. The lance is
see Figure 16. In 2005, 1.8% of the production
positioned at a distance of 900 mm above the
was reheated by using this system. This equates to
surface during the blowing cycle. The oxygen
approximately one melt per calendar day. The
blowing rate is 40 Nm3/min.
chemical heating system is not used to reduce the
tapping temperature, but solely for the correction Figure 17 shows the correlation between the
of unscheduled temperature losses resulting from increase of steel temperature and the amount of
operational disturbances [7]. injected oxygen.
100
swivel drive lift drive
lance carriage

Temperature pick up (°C)

80

suppy of O2 60
and water
lift pillar 40

oxygen lance
trestle
20

0
0 200 400 600 800
3
Amount of injected oxygen (m )

buffer Figure 17: Correlation between temperature

increase and the amount of injected
oxygen
During the heating sequence, the bubbling gas
feed rate is set to 1,000 l/min. Lime must be added
to the slag in advance in order to compensate the
change of the slag composition in the ladle as a
result of the Al2O3 formation.
The mean temperature increase resulting from
reheating was 27°C per charge in 2005. An
average of 1.3 kg/t aluminum was needed for this
purpose, resulting in an increased production of
alumina of around 700 kg (2.6 kg/t), which is
balanced out through the addition of lime. This
technique maintains a slag composition that is
suitable for emulsification and is located at the
lime saturation point in the CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2
system [7].
The influence of steel cleanliness due to the
reaction of injected oxygen and dissolved
aluminum for chemical heating has been reported
in [7]. It is shown that the application of oxygen
blowing technology in VD has a capability of
producing steel with high oxide cleanliness
demands.
Figure 16: Oxygen blowing lance

Linz/Austria, October 2006 Secondary Steelmaking Session – Paper No. 7.3 / Page 8 of 9
 Based on the many years of experience with
operating VD plants at HKM, the advantages and
disadvantages of VD degasser are given as follows:
Advantages
• The installation of a VD plant in a steelwork
provides a high production flexibility of steel
grades (product mix)
• High applicability for desulphurization, good
degassing (de-N and de-H) and decarburization
performance
• The VD operation has a positive effect on the
steel cleanliness
• The degasser can be integrated with chemical
heating technology in a compact plant
Disadvantages
• Stringent stirring availability of porous plugs
• Risk of carbon pick up during ULC steel
production
• Longer treatment time of ULC production
SUMMARY
The secondary metallurgical equipment, especially
the vacuum degasser, are widely used to produce
high quality steel. The application of a VD plant in
a BOF steel mill provides high flexibility for pro-
ducing various steel grades. The installation of
oxygen blowing in a VD plant provides the possi-
bility of adjusting the unscheduled temperature
losses that result from operational disturbances.
REFERENCES
[1] Östberg, G.: Modernizing steelmaking. A
reappraisal of the Perrin process. Part I. La
Revue de Métallurgie-CIT. January. 2001. pp.
41/53
[2] Bannenberg, N.: Sekundärmetallurgie bei der
Dillinger Hütte, Gestern-Heute-Morgen.
Aachener Stahlkolloquium. 2000. pp.179/188
[3] Zhang, L.; Thomas, B.G.: State of the art in
evaluation and control of steel cleanliness, ISIJ
International. Vol. 43. No. 3. 2003. pp.
271/291
[4] Cramb, A.W.: Secondary steelmaking and
casting: the basis for control of steel
properties and quality. SJM. 1997. 26. pp.2/7
[5] Jungreithmeier, A.; Reisinger, P.; Jandl, K.;
Viertauer, A.; Pissenberger, E.: Vacuum
degassing at voestalpine Stahl. BHM. Heft 5.
2002. pp.138/144
[6] Jungreithmeier, A.; Pissenberger, E.;
Burgstaller, K.; Mörtl, J.: Production of ULC IF
steel grades at Voest-Alpine Stahl GmbH. Iron
and Steel Technology, April 2004. pp.41/48
[7] Schlüter, J.; Koschinski, A.; Klärner, A.; Arnold,
H.: Effect of VD-OB technology on product
quality, 5th European Oxygen Steelmaking
Conference, Aachen, 26-28 June 2006, pp.
375/381

CURRICULUM VITAE
Mr. Holger Arnold is currently working for Hüttenwerke Krupp Mannesmann
GmbH and is married to Dr. Heike Deneke-Arnold.
Between 1990 and 1997, Mr. Holger Arnold studied Metallurgical and Materials
Engineering at the Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technical College in Aachen where he
focused on Metallurgy.
He began his career as a plant engineer for steelmaking process technologies at
the steel plant of Krupp Mannesmann GmbH in Duisberg Huckingen in 1997.
In the year 2000, he moved on to become plant engineer at the treatment facility
and in 2002 was promoted to plant superintendent. As of January 2006, Mr.
Arnold is the process manager of secondary metallurgy.
During his employment with Krupp Mannesmann GmbH, he held several
speeches around the world and has published two articles.
Some of these dealt with monolithic lining systems; treatment of ULC, IF steels
and line pipe steels in tank degassers; steel treatment in vacuum metallurgy;
steel treatment in VD plants, VD-OB technologies, integration operative
disposition systems and aluminum-killed steels.

Linz/Austria, October 2006 Secondary Steelmaking Session – Paper No. 7.3 / Page 9 of 9

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