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10 5923 J Arch 20170704 04 PDF
10 5923 J Arch 20170704 04 PDF
DOI: 10.5923/j.arch.20170704.04
1
Department of Art and Architecture, Rafsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rafsanjan, Iran
2
Department of Art and Architecture, Shahrbabak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrbabak, Iran
Abstract Attention to the architectural aesthetic aspects has an especial importance, because its users do not have the
same aesthetic perception and the space does not necessarily meet all spectra of these perspectives. There are different
perceptions between different age groups about the perception of the architectural aesthetics of the environment. And priority
of the variables related to the architectural aesthetics is different in the two age groups of children and adults. The architecture
along with different sciences such as psychology has associated with passing the time and the progress of the sciences and
becomes the current mode. The children architecture is a branch of the architecture that has the importance greatly in the
perception of people about architecture and it has various influences on their life. The purpose of this paper is the
categorization of the children in different stages of age and the investigation of the characteristics of each stage by
considering the psychology of children, aesthetics and the design elements as well as expressing the beauty of the child living
room space impacts on the children. In fact, the beauty of the child living room space impacts on the child's creativity,
feelings and confidence. The design of the child’s space has been done according to the child psychology approach includes
growth, age and so on. Items such as creativity and emotions play a special role in this model. This research in terms of data
is qualitative and in term of the objective, is applied, that the data is collected through the interviews with experts in the field,
field observation and library study. The raised issue in this paper is about the beauty of the child living room space impacts on
the child’s creativity, feelings and confidence.
Keywords Architectural aesthetics, Child, Child psychology
psychology with the urban aesthetics as well as the different necessity of the study it from this aspect is important
psychological characteristics in the different age groups, the (Porteous, 2010).
Conceptual Self-esteem
Aesthetics
Flourishing
Sociability
Value & Respect
Assistance
Physical
Needs
Security
Physical
There are a number of different elements to the interior book, namely “The Republic”, referred to the innate
designing, when putting these elements together, in addition differences of the children and said that the talents of the
to the functional aspect of the elements, it should be children should be recognized (Ahmadvand, 2007).
considered their aesthetic aspect and creating this harmony
requires special knowledge. Animals, like humans build
shelter for themselves, but, the difference between the 4. Division of the Children Age Periods
humans and animal is this that the humans, not only build the
shelter for their own safety, but he seeks the peace and relief • From the birth to age three
and when the shelter design is with the interior design as well It can be said with certainty, that the family is the most
as attention to the human tendency for the beautiful important factor to form the child's personality. Children
environment, this sense of relief will be doubled. spend the sensitive years of his life in the family and home
The interior design includes the planning, composition environment and each of the above two factors (family and
and design of the interior spaces within the building. In fact, home environment) impact on the child’s behavior and
the physical environments can meet the people’s basic needs generally on the child's character (Sharidan, 2003).
for the shelter and protection. Prepare the ground for the Child growth at the time after the birth (especially to three
work environment. And on how these activities affect. The month age) is the foundation for its later life. This period is
environment prepares the way for the acts and affects the known as breastfeeding, the child grows up in different
way of performing them as well as bringing up the ideals and aspects, until it reaches to the higher stages of the growth.
expresses the intentions of the performances and also affects The five senses of children are roughly active against the
the person’s attitude, mood and personality. Therefore, the various stimuli, and give appropriate responses to stimuli. A
aim of the interior design is to improve the performance and very important factor that regulates the activities of the
richness of the aesthetic principles and the psychological child's body is the sleep and rest. Newborn babies sleep
correction of the interior spaces (Cheng, 2007). about 98 percent of a day and with increasing age its sleep
The effective factors in the interior design include the time decreases. Need of children for sleeping is different in
interior design, employer and the elements of the interior the various ages and many factors are involved in this issue,
design. Since the employer is the child in this paper, it should including the disease, excitement, noise and other factors
be specially paid attention to its features as well as the (Nejati, 2011).
physical and emotional needs in design-time. Plato in his The aim of the environment at this stage is to create the
Architecture Research 2017, 7(4): 159-167 161
make-decision in the child, so, the environmental approach nature. Thus, creating such an environment is very important
must be a way that the child can be guided for the for children.
autonomous decisions and without doubt in its dynamic The desirable goal of the around the world of the child at
spaces (Omranipour, 2011). this stage is, to create a concept of the purpose in the child. A
During this period, the child begins to walk. Accordingly: targeted approach must provide the initiative field in the
A) Physical proportions and dimensions of the space in child and gets it away from the guilt feeling. During this
which a child can move into it should be period when the child has the tendency to the initiative and
commensurate with the child's movements and also the imagination develops in it, the childish games play a
activities. basic role as an environmental factor in its growth. Because
B) The existing risks in the child movement space must he/she can independently choose the game and during the
be removed. The use of dangerous furniture should be game can think and fantasize as well as perform and
avoided. The wall and floor coverings should be accomplish its imagination in a real environment
chosen, that there is no risk for the child. (Omranipour, 2011).
C) Selecting the children tools and furniture for sleeping • Between the age of six to eleven
or playing should be commensurate, such a way the During the third period that called the school-aged child,
child feels somewhat independence and freedom of Children enter the school and begin their formal education.
action. During this period, Children have faster mental growth and
Since the child at this age start to walk, the defined space gradually learn the reading, writing and counting and enter
for it should be such a way that the child be encouraged to into a wider world. During this period, children have a more
walk. For example, designing the furniture and the space in logical mode and function and show more dignity. They have
terms of proportions, texture and color should be such a way a clearer picture of itself and understand better their position
which the child can take help of this design for walking and in their around and act somewhat as the adults (Ibid).
choosing its path. Theorists such as "Piaget" and "Brunner" believe that the
• Between the age of three and six kids are active to learn and they learn by working. That is
why that the game often make the children to revise about the
The second period of the childhood that called the
personal experience, illustration and emerging the creativity
preschooler period includes between the age of three and six.
of them with the social customs. Piaget is taken into account
During this period, the child is vibrant and shows tendency to
as one of the main theorist for the cognitive development
the freedom and independence. Although he has no fixed
theory about children. His work on the cognitive
position and move as a pendulum between the period of the
development was based on the following four-step sequence:
past and the present is fluctuating, but child likes more
freedom and expressing itself. The child is not disability • The sensory-motor stage (from birth to age 2)
during this period as the past. It has some general ideas about • The preoperational stage (from 2 to age 7)
the life and shows its emotions and imagination of the life • The concrete operational stage (from 7 to age 12)
and environment in the various forms, especially through the • The formal operational stage (from 12 to adulthood)
children's games. During this period, growth is faster in all (Amir Hosseini, 2009)
areas. Its social activities increase and gradually decrease its The appropriate surroundings in the mentioned stage are
monopoly. The child's curiosity increases in the period and defined with the aim of reaching to the person's ability. The
many questions come to its mind and asks a great number approach of these surroundings related to applying skill and
question about what he/she hears and sees. In these years, the child’s intelligence to follow and complete the assignments
child achieves to understand the concepts of the space and and hard work (Omranipour, 2010). In this stage, The child
the time and its world becomes a sensible and objective enters into the socialization phase and looks for the creativity
world (Nejati, 2011). in all issues due to the presentation in the school and seeing
The child can distinguish between the home and elsewhere their classmates and participating in the school activities.
and likes the painting and drawing. Whatever the age of the The child’s surroundings should provide a bed that can
child is added, its reactions get more specific. To create a increase their creativity.
favorable environment for the child's play, dedicating a Anything the child does or says can be taken into account
space on the wall for children to fit a child's drawing (even a as an innovation if the two criteria provide; first it should be
small place), considering the points about the environmental different in comparison to all pervious things that he/she has
aesthetics commensurate with the child’s age are some of the done, seen and heard. Second, in addition having difference,
most important tasks of the parents and educators. The this action also should be correct and in order to achieve a
environment should not be outside the real-world of Children. goal as well as they should be attractive and meaningful for
And this principle must always be respected. Children have a children. Finally, it should be noted that novelty and having
keen interest in nature and this main principle must be target are two criteria of the creative behavior. The creativity
always observed. Children love the nature and like to contact is a capability that all people have, but it needs training and
with it and experience and touch what that they see in the supporting to reach the flourishing (Amir Hosseini, 2010).
162 Hossein Sardari Ghasemabad et al.: Investigation of the Architectural Aesthetics
and Its Impact on the Children in the Psychology of the Child
Aesthetic Theory
Environmental Aesthetics
8. Environmental Aesthetics from the the red, yellow, green, blue and gray. Based on these
studies, it is possible to conclude that even newborns
Child's Perspective have the ability to see the colors. The ability to
In the knowledge of Environmental Psychology, whatever perceive the color and to distinguish between them
embraces the mankind and his spiritual and physical increase with an appropriate speed during the early
existence called environment. From this view, a set of infancy. Even most skeptic scientists agree generally
physical and skeletal factors of the concepts such as social, that at two months old, the newborn can understand
culture and even the self is among the environment the difference between the three main colors. More the
(Omranipour, 1390). fundamental aspects of the understanding colors are
Psychologists believe that until before age two, the most similar to adults.
important feature for the child’ space is security and stability, • Hearing Sense
because each change and removal in this space means the
Now, it is specified that newborns can hear and respond to
destruction of that object in the child's mind. So, the child
the sounds even before the birth, unlike the initial theories
cannot have properly a mental map of its surroundings, as a
that believe the newborns are born "deaf".
result, if there is no stability, the child would not feel the
relief and cannot have a good relationship with the space. In A) Determine the area: Despite the limitations, babies are
the normal children, there are the five main senses of sight, surprisingly sensitive to sounds. Several studies have
hearing, touch, taste and smell. The idea that the children are shown that infants have the ability to locate the sound.
the passive creatures and their minds can be compared with a Two to four days old Infants return their heads to the
raw CD is not accepted anymore. Now, it is believed that the place of sound, though for reasons that are not entirely
children have been somewhat programmed at the birth time understood the ability to orientation toward the sounds
to participate actively in their experiences of the life. declines apparently during the second and third
Children interact with the environment through their senses; months of the birth. This ability re-appears in four
as a result the senses play an important role in children's months old and it becomes more complete.
perception of the surrounding space. B) Voice recognition: Newborns are able to recognize the
different sounds with height, volume and continuity.
• Sight Sense
Apparently, newborns are more aware of the sounds
A) Visual acuity and Accommodation: Infant’s eyes are which have the moderate durability in the ratio of the
shorter and smoother than the eyes of adults. The less durable or intermittent sound. The infants prefer
ciliary muscles that control the lens cannot work well. the sounds which are in the range of the human voice.
This feature affects the ability of the child for seeing It is observed that the babies move its arms and feet
the objects clearly (acuity and accuracy) and for commensurate with the sounds and tend to listen to the
bringing the objects at the focus of the lens for music that accompanied with the verbal sound. The
different distances (Accommodation). newborn prefers his mother's voice to the voices of
B) Looking for and seeing carefully: Newborns can other women. They like to hear the voice of a woman
follow and locate the place a single moving object than a man's voice, although they prefer their father's
with their eyes for almost ninety degrees. However, voice than the other masculine voices.
tracking of the eyes is slow and irregular, but the
• Taste Sense
tracking movements will be calmer and more
harmonious commensurate with increasing the age. In It seems that at the birth time the sense of taste has been
most infants the ability to follow an object from a side well grown. When a drop of water is poured on the tongue of
to other side grows in the three months old. a baby, it smiles and in response to a drop of lemon juice or
C) Visual preferences: Some preliminary studies showed salt solution, the infant frowns reluctantly on it. Hence, they
that the newborns prefer to look to the human figures recognize to four main tastes (sweet, salty, sour, bitter) as
more than other stimuli. They also prefer the real adults respond to them. When the sweet taste is given to the
figures than the face images and mannequins. newborns, their hearts beat faster, and they suck stronger and
Newborns are capable to respond to the brightness longer. Apparently, when a solution is sweeter, babies love
changes of the lights. them more. Even premature babies prefer the sweet liquids to
D) Depth perception: More researches about the vision non-sweet one.
capabilities of the newborns have been directed in • Smell Sense
order to find out that when the depth perception is A few researches have been carried out about the growth
developed. The depth perception requires things like of the smell sense during the infancy period. Some
seeing the objects in three dimensions, decision about researchers argue that the ability to detect the odors does not
the sizes and the distance of the objects and the heights develop until the age of one month. Although, much of the
perception of the falling risks. evidence shows that newborns have the ability to smell at
E) Color vision: Adams and Maurer found in his research least to some smells. In any case, the sense of smell can play
in 1894 that the three days old newborns can recognize an important role in shaping people's interest in the cause, as
164 Hossein Sardari Ghasemabad et al.: Investigation of the Architectural Aesthetics
and Its Impact on the Children in the Psychology of the Child
Picture 2. Color variation for the soundings of children (Falahat & Tajali, 2015)
of the child space, according to the effect of the beauty The necessity of applying the principles of the
factors. The obtained results, include as follows: Environmental Psychology is inevitable in the interior
For children up to one year of age, the space design should design of the child’ space according to the factors such as
not be crowded. Relatively a free space is needed from age color, texture, light that are the subset of the effective factors
one to age three to walk, play and other activities. From age to improve the child's behavior. Because of the sensitivity of
three to five age, the child’s room should be designed such a the subject, the interior architecture designer must have the
way that the child plays comfortably with your friends in this background of the study and research about the children in
space and gets preparation for entering the larger the different ages as well as about the color, culture, color
environment like the school. From six ages to eleven ages, psychology and spatial perception of the color, light and
this space should have the independent spaces to do the main texture for reaching useful results in the use of color, light
tasks of the child, a more private space than the previous and texture in the space of designing. Given the
stages of the child growth, that the child can understand its psychological differences in children, It should be noted
independence. which cannot be named a specific color as a girlish color or
According to the child development and its different needs as a boyish color. Each child can choose its desired color
in different age periods, the child space must be designed according its interest and desire, but it is not true about the
such a way that meets the spiritual and physical needs of the light, because each space needs a certain standard given the
child and helps the growth and creativity of it. specified use of it.
Environmental Aesthetics
Cohesion Flooring
Decoration
Architecture Research 2017, 7(4): 159-167 167
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