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What are the building blocks?

Subatomic particles
➢ Protons
Atoms
➢ Electrons
➢ Carbon
• s orbital Molecules
➢ Hydrogen
• p orbital ➢ Methane
➢ Oxygen
• Hybrids ➢ Formaldehyde
➢ Nitrogen
➢ Hydrogen
➢ Phosphorus cyanide
➢ Chlorine ➢ Phosphorus
pentachloride

1 2

3 4

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The Energies involved:

Bond Angles
Electron (orbital) Potential Energy:

3d 4p 109.5o
4s 120o
ENERGY LEVEL

3p
3s
90o
2p 180o
2s

1s

5 6

1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3

Promotey Hybridize

Px Px 109.5o
z
Pz Pz

Py Py
Methane: Carbon

7 9

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10 11

CH2O

120o

12 13

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1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz sp2 sp2 sp2 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz sp2 sp2 sp2
Promoted Hybridized Hybridized
Lone Pairs

120o 120o

Trigonal Trigonal
120o 120o
Planar Planar

2s + 2px + 2pz 2s + 2px + 2pz

Formaldehyde: Carbon Formaldehyde: Oxygen

14 15

Formaldehyde

 bond Sigma bond

16 17

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1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz sp sp

Promoted Hybridized

Linear

2s + 2px

Hydrogen Cyanide: Carbon

20 21

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1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz sp sp

Hybridized

 bond
Linear
 bond

2s + 2px

Hydrogen Cyanide: Nitrogen

22 23

Bond Length and Bond Angle

• The carbon–carbon triple bond of ethyne
is shorter than the carbon–carbon double
bond of ethene, which in turn is shorter
than the carbon–carbon single bond of
ethane.
• The reason is that bond lengths are
affected by the hybridization states of the
carbon atoms involved.

24 25

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Bond Length and Bond Angle

• The greater the s orbital character in one
or both atoms, the shorter is the bond.
This is because s orbitals are spherical
and have more electron density closer to
the nucleus than do p orbitals.
• The greater the p orbital character in one
or both atoms, the longer is the bond. This
is because p orbitals are lobe-shaped with
electron density extending away from the
nucleus.

26 27

Bond Length and Bond Angle Sample Problems

• Bonds involving sp hybrids are shorter • What is the hybridization of each carbon
than those involving sp2 hybrids, which are atom in acetonitrile, CH3CN?
shorter than those involving sp3 hybrids.
This trend holds true for both C-C and C-H
bonds.

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Sample Problems Sample Problems

• What values do you expect for the
indicated bond angles in each of the
following molecules, and what kind of
hybridization do you expect for the central
atom in each?
• What values do you expect for the
indicated bond angles in each of the
following molecules, and what kind of
hybridization do you expect for the central
atom in each?

30 31

Sample Problems Sample Problems

• What kind of hybridization do you expect
for each carbon atom in the following
molecules?
• Propose structures for molecules that
meet the following descriptions:
(a)Contains two sp2-hybridized carbons and
two sp3-hybridized carbons
(b)Contains only four carbons, all of which
are sp2-hybridized

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