WRC-541 Part1 PDF

The Welding Research Council, Inc.
EVALUATION OF MATERIAL STRENGTH DATA FOR

USE IN CONJUNCTION WITH API 530
January 2011
M. Prager1, D.A. Osage2
1
Materials Property Council, PO Box 1942, New York, NY 10156
2
The Equity Engineering Group, Inc., 20600 Chagrin Blvd., Shaker Heights, OH 44122
WRC Bulletin 541

Evaluation of Material Strength Data for Use in Conjunction with API 530 1
ISBN No. 1-58145-548-8

Library of Congress
Catalog Card Number: 85-647116
Copyright © 2011 by
Welding Research Council, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U. S. A
WRC Bulletin 541

2 Evaluation of Material Strength Data for Use in Conjunction with API 530
FOREWORD
This WRC Bulletin entitled Evaluation of Material Strength Data for Use in Conjunction with API 530 is
one of a series of Welding Research Council (WRC) Bulletins intended to capture in detail the
technical information that supports important and widely used international codes and standards such
as those of ASME and API. WRC and its Materials Properties Council (MPC) and Pressure Vessel
Research Council (PVRC) have for over 50 years played instrumental roles in advancing the
technology needed to assure reliability and safety of pressure vessels and structures.
The data for this project were gathered and analyzed by MPC under API contract. It was logical that
MPC was selected for this study of properties applicable to high-temperature tubular materials
produced by modern steel making practices for petroleum refinery heaters designed to API 530. More
than 50 years ago Dr. George V. Smith acting under the auspices of MPC and its forerunner, the
ASTM-ASME Joint Committee on the Effects of Temperature on the Properties of Materials, collected
and evaluated much of the data that was used by API to support the design curves that would appear
in API 530. The Joint Committee and MPC later pioneered in development of statistically rigorous
computerized techniques for analyzing and extrapolating elevated time-dependent mechanical
property data. The methods developed were applied to optimize Larson-Miller Parameter (LMP)
stress-rupture constants for each material as desired by API for use in API 530. Optimization of the
LMP constant enhances the accuracy of property extrapolation for the purpose of life assessment as
well as design.
The polynomial expressions provided for the LMP parameters and all other mechanical properties in
this Bulletin are intended to support computerized design and life assessment activities. For further
details about tools for life assessment the reader is referred to API/ASME FFS-1. Detailed
presentations of solutions to the examples in this Bulletin facilitate implementation of the methods
used.
The assistance of Mary Buchheim and Tom Dirham of the Equity Engineering Group in carefully
documenting and checking the document is gratefully acknowledged.
Martin Prager
Executive Director
Welding Research Council
WRC Bulletin 541

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................7
2 Yield Strength .................................................................................................................................7
3 Ultimate Tensile Strength..............................................................................................................7
4 time-independent Allowable Stress .............................................................................................8
5 Larson-Miller Parameter ................................................................................................................8
6 time-dependent Allowable Stress ................................................................................................9
7 Rupture Exponent ..........................................................................................................................9
8 Applicable ASTM Specifications ................................................................................................10
9 Material Physical Properties .......................................................................................................10
10 Nomenclature ...............................................................................................................................10
11 Example Problems .......................................................................................................................11
11.1 Problem 1 – Calculate the minimum yield and the tensile strength at 400°F, for
2.25Cr-1Mo. .....................................................................................................................................11
11.2 Problem 2 – Determine the elastic design stress for 2.25 Cr-1Mo at 500°F. .................13
11.3 Problem 3 – Develop a plot of stress versus Larson-Miller Parameter (LMP) for
2.25Cr-1Mo. .....................................................................................................................................14
11.4 Problem 4 – Calculate the service life for 2.25Cr-1Mo at 975°F and 10 ksi stress using
the minimum and average Larson-Miller Parameters. ................................................................15
11.5 Problem 5 – Determine the service life for 2.25Cr-1Mo at 515°C and 100 MPa using the
minimum and average Larson-Miller Parameters. ......................................................................16
11.6 Problem 6 – Determine the Rupture Exponent, n , for 2.25 Cr-1Mo as a function of
temperature. ....................................................................................................................................17
11.7 Problem 7 – Develop a plot of stress verse service life for 2.25 Cr-1Mo at
temperatures of 1000°F and 1025°F based on the minimum Larson-Miller constant. ............19
11.8 Problem 8 – Determine the allowable design stress for 2.25 Cr-1Mo at 875°F for a
design life of 100,000 hours based on minimum properties. .....................................................21
11.9 Problem 9 – Determine the allowable design stress for 304L SS at 1050°F for a design
life of 100,000 hours based on minimum properties. .................................................................25
11.10 Problem 10 – Determine the allowable design stress for 347H SS at 1250°F for a
design life of 100,000 hours based on minimum properties. .....................................................27
11.11 Problem 11 – Develop a plot of service life as a function of stress and temperature for
2.25Cr-1Mo based on the minimum Larson-Miller Parameter. ..................................................29
11.12 Problem 12 – Develop a plot of rupture strength versus temperature for 2.25 Cr-1Mo
at a service life of 100,000 hours using both the average and minimum Larson-Miller
parameters. .....................................................................................................................................31
12 Tables ............................................................................................................................................33
13 Technical Basis ............................................................................................................................53
13.1 Overview ...............................................................................................................................53
13.2 Low Carbon Steel ................................................................................................................54
13.3 Medium Carbon Steel ..........................................................................................................58
13.4 C-0.5Mo .................................................................................................................................62
13.5 1.25Cr-0.5Mo ........................................................................................................................66
13.6 2.25Cr-1Mo ...........................................................................................................................70
13.7 3Cr-1Mo ................................................................................................................................74
13.8 5Cr-0.5Mo .............................................................................................................................78
13.9 5Cr-0.5Mo-Si.........................................................................................................................82
13.10 7Cr-0.5Mo .............................................................................................................................86
13.11 9Cr-1Mo ................................................................................................................................90
13.12 9Cr-1Mo-0.25V......................................................................................................................94
WRC Bulletin 541

13.13 Type 304L Stainless Steel ..................................................................................................98

13.14 Type 304 & 304H Stainless Steel .....................................................................................102
13.15 Type 316L Stainless Steel ................................................................................................106
13.16 Type 316 & 316H Stainless Steel .....................................................................................110
13.17 Type 317L Stainless Steel ................................................................................................114
13.18 Type 321 Stainless Steel ...................................................................................................119
13.19 Type 321H Stainless Steel ................................................................................................123
13.20 Type 347 Stainless Steel ...................................................................................................127
13.21 Type 347H Stainless Steel ................................................................................................131
13.22 Alloy 800 .............................................................................................................................135
13.23 Alloy 800H ..........................................................................................................................139
13.24 Alloy 800HT ........................................................................................................................143
13.25 HK-40 ..................................................................................................................................147
WRC Bulletin 541

ABSTRACT
Mechanical property data for alloys currently produced and used for petroleum refinery heater
applications have been gathered and analyzed using systematic computerized statistical data fitting
methods. Properties reported for each material are elevated temperature yield and tensile strength,
minimum and average stress-rupture strength and stress-rupture exponent at temperature. Data
gathered were representative of materials produced by modern production methods. The results of
the analyses were presented using polynomial equations for stress and temperature dependence of
the properties. Stress-rupture test results were used to develop Larson-Miller parameter relations
based on optimized constants for each alloy. Parameter plots for each alloy compare the properties
shown in API 530 with those obtained from the current analyses. Materials included are low and
medium carbon steels, carbon- 0.5mo steel, 1 ¼ Cr-1/2 Mo steel, 2 ¼ Cr-1 Mo, 3Cr-1 Mo steel and 5,
7 and 9 Cr-Mo steels , 9 Cr-1Mo-V steel, 304, 316, 317, 321 and 347 stainless steels (ordinary and H
grades where applicable), alloys 800, 800H and 800HT and HK-40. Examples are provided
demonstrating application of the polynomial equations to common problems such as determining
design life at temperature and design allowable stress.
WRC Bulletin 541

1 INTRODUCTION
The materials data presented in this publication were obtained from materials produced more recently
than those used in preparing prior editions of API RP530 for the design of fired heater tubes. The
data for this project were gathered by the Materials Properties Council (MPC) under API contract from
test results for materials produced and tested at facilities not in the United States (US). The data
collections for prior editions of API RP 530 were limited to US sources. The new data for each alloy
were evaluated using modern computerized statistical regression methods and the results compared
graphically to the previously published properties. The coefficients for the polynomials resulting from
the regression analysis of the newer materials are presented in tabular form in this document to
facilitate computer implementation for design and life assessment.
The material data required for a design calculation in accordance with RP530/ISO 13704 are yield
strength, ultimate tensile strength, stress-rupture exponent, and minimum and average stress rupture
properties as described using Larson-Miller Parameter equations. This information is used to obtain
the time-independent or elastic allowable stress and the time-dependent or rupture allowable stresses
used in determining the required wall thickness of a fired heater tube or bend for a specified service
life and temperature.
The sections that follow immediately below describe each of the properties presented for each of the
materials. A series of examples in subsequent sections illustrate application of the analytical
equations used to represent the properties. The final sections of this report provide in tabular and
graphical form the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and the minimum and average stress
rupture properties. Comparisons of the properties determined under this project with those in the
prior edition of API RP530/ISO 13704 are shown.
2 YIELD STRENGTH
Equation (1) is used to represent the yield strength as a function of temperature. The coefficients for
use in this equation for each of the materials in API RP530/ISO 13704 are provided in Table 1.
( ⎡C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 ⎤

σ ys = σ ysrt ⋅ 10⎣ ⎦
) ( ksi, F )
o
(1)
The yield strength at temperatures above room temperature may be calculated using this equation by
multiplying the yield strength value at room temperature by a temperature dependent ratio term. If
σ ysrt chosen for this equation is the specified minimum room temperature value of yield strength, then
the resulting value at a higher temperature can be taken as an estimate of the minimum value at that
temperature. If the average room temperature value of yield strength for a data set is used in
Equation(1), then the resulting value at the higher temperature can be taken as the best estimate of
the average value at that temperature. The ratios are deemed to be applicable over the range of
commonly provided and heat treatments and compositions for the respective materials.
3 ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH

Equation (2) is in the same form as Equation (1) and is used to represent the ultimate tensile strength
as a function of temperature. The coefficients also are provided in Table 1.
σ uts = σ uts
rt
(
⋅ 10 ⎣
⎡C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 ⎤
⎦
) ( ksi, F )
o
(2)
The ultimate tensile strength at temperatures above room temperature may be calculated using this
equation by multiplying the ultimate tensile strength value at room temperature by a temperature
dependent ratio term presented in the parenthesis. If the specified minimum room temperature value
of ultimate tensile strength is used in Equation (2), then the resulting value at temperature is an
estimate of the minimum value at a higher temperature. If the average room temperature value of
ultimate tensile strength of a data set is used in Equation (2), then at a higher temperature one
obtains an estimate of the corresponding average value.
WRC Bulletin 541

4 TIME-INDEPENDENT ALLOWABLE STRESS

As shown in Table 2 and Equation (3), the time-independent or elastic allowable stress for each alloy
is proportional to the yield strength over a specific range of temperatures.
S e = Fed ⋅ σ ys (3)
5 LARSON-MILLER PARAMETER
The Larson Miller Parameter (LMP) provides a relationship between stress, time to failure (taken here
to mean test, service or design life, Ld ,) and temperature. The basic expression for the Larson-Miller
Parameter is given by Equation (4) and Equation (7).
LMP (σ ) = (T + 460 ) ( C + log10 [ Ld ]) ( hours, ksi, F )

o
(4)
Equations (5) and (6) are alternate forms of the same equation. In Equation (5) the test time, service
or designlife is shown as a function of applied stress and temperature. In Equation (6), the
temperature is a function of the applied stress and service life.
⎡ LMP (σ ) ⎤
⎢ −C ⎥
Ld = 10 ⎢⎣ (T + 460 ) ⎥⎦
( hours , ksi, F )
o
(5)
LMP(σ )
T=
( C + log10 [ Ld ])
− 460 ( hours, ksi, F )
o
(6)
The C coefficient in Equations (4), (5), and (6) is the Larson-Miller Constant. The Larson-Miller
constant has been optimized for each material in this study by statistical regression of the repective
test results using log time as the dependent variable and log stress and the reciprocal of the absolute
temperature as the independent variables. In MPC’s software a value of C is obtained for each lot
of material in the data set and then minimum and averages are computed. In Table 3 the somewhat
larger values shown the minimum constant entries are appropriate to represent the variance expected
at a 95% confidence interval.
In this document, the Larson-Miller Parameter for each material is presented as a polynomial in log10
of stress in the form given by Equation (7). The coefficients of Equation (7) for each material are
provided in Table 3. The Larson-Miller constant, C , applicable to the average and minimum
properties for each material is also shown in Table 3.
LMP = A0 + A1 ⋅ log10 [σ ] + A2 ⋅ ( log10 [σ ]) + A3 ⋅ ( log10 [σ ])

2 3
(7)
The equations for the Larson-Miller Parameter should not be used for temperatures outside the
limiting metal temperature ranges shown for each material in Table 3.
Note that this treatment of the Larson-Miller Parameter is different from that in API RP530/ISO 13704
6th Edition. In that document, non-optimized Larson-Miller Constants are used for broad material
groups, C = 20 for ferrous materials and C = 15 for high alloy and nonferrous (high-nickel)
materials. Here alloy specific, optimized Larson-Miller Parameter constants are provided so that the
equations represent minimum and average behavior more precisely. Also, extrapolation of behavior
with temperature is sensitive to the constant used and the optimized constant should be used .
WRC Bulletin 541

6 TIME-DEPENDENT ALLOWABLE STRESS

The time-dependent allowable stress, σ , may be determined from the Larson-Miller Parameter given
by Equation (7). The solution is given by Equation (8).
σ = 10− X (8)
The exponent X in Equation (8) is computed exactly as follows based on the values of the
coefficients in Equation (7) as shown below for the cases where first, second and third order
polynomials were obtained for the stress dependence of the LMP..
a) Case 1 – First order. A1 is not equal to zero and A2 and A3 are equal to zero:
A0 − LMP
X = (9)
A1
b) Case 2 – second order (quadradic) polynomial. A2 is not equal to zero, A3 is equal to zero, and
A1 can be any value including zero:
A1 + A12 − 4 A2 ( A0 − LMP )
X= (10)
2 A2
c) Case 3 – third order polynomial A3 is not equal to zero, and A1 and A2 can be any values
including zero:
A2 Q
X = −S− (11)
3 A3 S
where,
1 ⎡⎛ A2 ⎞ ⎛ A ⎞⎤
2
Q = ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 3 ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎥ (12)
9 ⎢⎝ A3 ⎠ ⎝ A3 ⎠⎥⎦
⎣
3
⎛A ⎞ ⎛AA ⎞ ⎛ A − LMP ⎞
2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ − 9 ⎜ 2 2 1 ⎟ + 27 ⎜ 0 ⎟
R= ⎝ A3 ⎠ ⎝ A3 ⎠ ⎝ A3 ⎠ (13)
54
( )
⎛ R⎞
1
S = − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ R + R 2 − Q3 3
(14)
⎝ R⎠
7 RUPTURE EXPONENT
The rupture exponent can be obtained from the first derivative of log time with respect to stress at any
temperature. For the design calculation procedure in API RP530/ISO 13704 the rupture exponents
were determined between the 60,000-hour and 100,000-hour times for the minimum rupture
strengths determined from the Larson-Miller parameter curves. The following equation was used to
calculate for the rupture exponent, n , at various temperatures.
log10 [100,000] − log [ 60,000]

n= (15)
log ⎡⎣ S100,000 ⎤⎦ − log ⎡⎣ S60,000 ⎤⎦
WRC Bulletin 541

the values of the rupture exponents so obtained were fitted with up to a a fifth order polynomial as
shown in Equation (16). The resulting coefficients are presented in Table 4. It should be noted that
the r2 value for each fit was always very close to 1.
n = C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 (16)
8 APPLICABLE ASTM SPECIFICATIONS

The applicable ASTM specifications for the generic material types that data are provided for are
shown in Table 5.
9 MATERIAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Physical properties for materials that may be required in heat transfer and stress calculations (i.e.,
modulus of elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity) may
be obtained from WRC 503 for the materials covered in this document.
10 NOMENCLATURE
A0 → A5 coefficients used to determine the minimum and average Larson-Miller parameter as a
function of stress, as applicable.
C Larson-Miller Constant, average or minimum value as applicable.
Cavg Larson-Miller Constant, average properties.
Cmin Larson-Miller Constant, minimum properties.
C0 → C5 coefficients used to determine the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and rupture
exponent as a function of temperature, as applicable.
Fed elastic allowable stress design factor.
Ld service or design life in hours.
LMP Larson-Miller Parameter.

n rupture exponent.
T Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
S 60,000 stress to cause rupture in 60,000 hours.
S100,000 stress to cause rupture in 100,000 hours.
X time-independent allowable stress parameter.

Q time-independent allowable stress parameter.
R time-independent allowable stress parameter.
S time-independent allowable stress parameter.
σ applied stress in ksi.
σ ys yield stress in ksi.
σ uts ultimate tensile strength in ksi.
σ ysrt minimum specified yield strength in ksi at room temperature.
σ uts
rt
minimum specified ultimate tensile strength in ksi at room temperature.
WRC Bulletin 541

11 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
11.1 Problem 1 – Calculate the minimum yield and the tensile strength at 400°F, for 2.25Cr-
1Mo.
a) STEP 1 – Obtain he minimum specified yield strength at room temperature from Table 1. Note
that this procedure is applicable to other room temperature strength values.
σ ysrt = 30 ksi (17)
b) STEP 2 – Determine the minimum yield strength at 400°F using Equations (1) and(18).
Equation (18) is also shown in the notes section of Table 1.
⎡C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 ⎤
σ ys = σ ysrt ⋅10 ⎣ ⎦
(18)
The coefficients, C0 through C5 for 2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 1.

C0 = 2.1540371E-02
C1 = -3.2503600E-04
C2 = 2.2155200E-07
(19)
C3 = 4.1358400E-10
C4 = -6.4839900E-13
C5 = 1.5027000E-16
Substituting these values into Equation (18) results in:
σ ys = 26.032 ksi (20)
or for a value in SI units:
⎛ MPa ⎞
σ ys = 26.032 ksi ⎜ 6.894757 ⎟ = 179.5 MPa (21)
⎝ ksi ⎠
c) STEP 3 – Determine the minimum specified ultimate tensile strength at room temperature from
Table 1.
σ muts
rt
= 60 ksi (22)
d) STEP 4 – Determine the tensile strength at 400°F using Equations (2) and (23). Equation (23) is
also shown in the notes section of Table 1.
⎡C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 ⎤
σ uts = σ uts
rt
⋅10⎣ ⎦
(23)

C0 = 1.4704266E-02
C1 = -1.9874800E-04
C2 = -2.9115300E-07
(24)
C3 = 2.0040500E-09
C4 = -2.2341400E-12
C5 = 5.9263200E-16
WRC Bulletin 541

σ uts = 55.451 ksi (25)
or for a value in SI units:
⎛ MPa ⎞
σ uts = 55.451 ksi ⎜ 6.894757 ⎟ = 382.3 MPa (26)
⎝ ksi ⎠
WRC Bulletin 541

11.2 Problem 2 – Determine the elastic design stress for 2.25 Cr-1Mo at 500°F.
a) STEP 1 – Determine the minimum specified yield strength at room temperature from Table 1.
b) STEP 2 – Determine the yield strength at 500°F using Equation (28). This equation is also
shown in the notes section of Table 1.
⎡C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 ⎤
σ ys = σ ysrt ⋅10 ⎣ ⎦
(28)changed

C0 = 2.1540371E-02
C1 = -3.2503600E-04
C2 = 2.2155200E-07
(29)
C3 = 4.1358400E-10
C4 = -6.4839900E-13
C5 = 1.5027000E-16
σ ys = 25.551 ksi (30)
c) STEP 3 – Determine the elastic allowable stress factor from Table 2.

2
Fed = (31)
3
d) STEP 4 – Determine the elastic allowable design stress.
⎛2⎞
S e = Fed ⋅ σ ys = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 25.551 ksi = 17.034 ksi (32)
⎝3⎠
or in SI units:
⎛ 6.894757 MPa ⎞
S e = 17.034 ksi ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 117.4 MPa (33)
⎝ ksi ⎠
WRC Bulletin 541

11.3 Problem 3 – Develop a plot of stress versus Larson-Miller Parameter (LMP) for 2.25Cr-
1Mo.
a) STEP 1 – The equation for the Larson-Miller Parameter as a function of stress is given by
Equations (7) and (34). This equation is also shown in the notes section of Table 3, and can be
used for both average and minimum properties.
LMP = A0 + A1 ⋅ log [σ ] + A2 ⋅ ( log [σ ]) + A3 ⋅ ( log [σ ])

2 3
(34)
The coefficients, A0 through A3 for 2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 3.

A0 = 4.3946400E+04
A1 = -8.3900000E+03
(35)
A2 = 0.0
A3 = 0.0
b) STEP 2 – Develop a table of stress versus the Larson-Miller Parameter, see Table 11.3E. Then
plot the Larson-Miller parameter on the x-axis and the stress on the y-axis, see Figure 11.3E.
Table 11.3E – Larson-Miller Parameter as a Function of Stress
Stress, σ (ksi) Larson Miller Parameter, LMP (x10-3)
1 43.946
5 38.082
10 35.556
15 34.079
20 33.031
25 32.218
30 31.553
35 30.992
40 30.505
100
Stress (ksi)
10
2.25Cr-1Mo
1
30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
-3
LMP (x10 )
Figure 11.3E – Stress verse Larson-Miller Parameter
WRC Bulletin 541

11.4 Problem 4 – Calculate the service life for 2.25Cr-1Mo at 975°F and 10 ksi stress using the
minimum and average Larson-Miller Parameters.

2 3
(36)
The Larson-Miller constant, C , for minimum properties, and the coefficients A0 through A3 for
2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 3.
C = 1.9565607 E + 01
A0 = 4.3946400 E + 04
A1 = -8.3900000 E + 03 (37)
A2 = 0.0
A3 = 0.0
The Larson-Miller constant, C , for average properties, and the coefficients A0 through A3 for
2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 3. In this case, the parameter C is the only value that
differs between the minimum and average material properties. The Larson-Miller constant, C ,
for average properties is given by Equation (38).
C = 1.8918100E+01 (38)
b) STEP 2 – The service life, Ld , can be determined with the information in STEP 1 and Equation
(39), which is shown below.
⎡ LMP (σ ) ⎤
⎢ −C ⎥
⎣⎢ (T + 460 ) ⎦⎥
Ld = 10 (39)
For a temperature and stress of 975°F and 10 ksi, the Larson-Miller Parameter and the
associated service life, Ld , based on minimum properties are:
LMP = 35556.4 (40)
Ld = 16069.3 hours (41)
For a temperature and stress of 975°F and 10 ksi, the service life, Ld , based on average
properties is:
Ld = 724234.3 hours (42)
WRC Bulletin 541

11.5 Problem 5 – Determine the service life for 2.25Cr-1Mo at 515°C and 100 MPa using the
minimum and average Larson-Miller Parameters.
a) STEP 1 – Convert the temperature and stress to US Customary units.
T = 1.8 ( 515 o F ) + 32 = 959 o F (43)
⎛ 1 ksi ⎞
σ = 100 MPa ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ = 14.504 ksi (44)
⎝ 6.894757 MPa ⎠
b) STEP 2 – The equation for the Larson-Miller Parameter as a function of stress is given by
Equations (7) and (45). This equation is also shown in the notes section of Table 3.

2 3
(45)
C = 1.9565607E+01
A0 = 4.3946400E+04
A1 = -8.3900000E+03 (46)
A2 = 0.0
A3 = 0.0
2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 3. In this case, the parameter C is the only value that
differs between the minimum and average material properties. The Larson-Miller constant for
average properties, C , is given by Equation (38).
C = 1.8918100E+01 (47)
c) STEP 3 – The service life, Ld , can be determined with the information in STEP 1 and Equation
(48), which is shown below.
⎡ LMP (σ ) ⎤
⎢ −C ⎥
⎣⎢ (T + 460 ) ⎦⎥
Ld = 10 (48)
For a temperature and stress of 515°C (959°F) and 100 MPa (14.393 ksi), the Larson-Miller
Parameter and service life, Ld , based on minimum properties is:
LMP = 34202 (49)
Ld = 34434 hours (50)
For a temperature and stress of 515°C (959°F) and 100 MPa (14.393 ksi), the service life, Ld ,
based on average properties is:
Ld = 152929 hours (51)
WRC Bulletin 541

11.6 Problem 6 – Determine the Rupture Exponent, n , for 2.25 Cr-1Mo as a function of
temperature.
a) STEP 1 – The equation for the Rupture Exponent, n as a function of temperature, T , is given
by Equations (16) and (52). This equation is also shown in the notes section of Table 4.
n = C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 (52)
b) STEP 2 – The coefficients, C0 through C5 for 2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 4.
C0 = 1.6116223E+01
C1 = -2.2988479E-02
C2 = 2.1835770E-05
(53)
C3 = -1.2833734E-08
C4 = 4.2012778E-12
C5 = -5.8449546E-16
c) STEP 3 – Develop a table of the Rupture Exponent, n , verse temperature, T , using Equations
(52) and (53), see Table 11.6E. Then plot the temperature on the x-axis and the rupture
exponent on the y-axis, see Figure 11.6E.
Table 11.6E – Rupture Exponent as a Function of Temperature
Temperature, T ( oF ) Rupture Exponent, n
800 6.659
850 6.405
900 6.169
950 5.950
1000 5.747
1050 5.556
1100 5.378
1150 5.211
1200 5.054
WRC Bulletin 541

7.0
6.5
Rupture Exponenet, n
6.0
5.5
2.25Cr-1Mo
5.0
800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
Temperature (oF)
Figure 11.6E – Rupture Exponent as a Function of Temperature
WRC Bulletin 541

11.7 Problem 7 – Develop a plot of stress verse service life for 2.25 Cr-1Mo at temperatures
of 1000°F and 1025°F based on the minimum Larson-Miller constant.
a) STEP 1 – The equation for the Larson-Miller Parameter as a function of stress, σ is given by

2 3
(54)
C = 1.9565607E+01
A0 = 4.3946400E+04
A1 = -8.3900000E+03 (55)
A2 = 0.0
A3 = 0.0
b) STEP 2 – The service life, Ld , can be determined with the information in STEP 1 and Equation
(56).
⎡ LMP (σ ) ⎤
⎢ −C ⎥
⎣⎢ (T + 460 ) ⎦⎥
Ld = 10 (56)
Using Equations (54), (55), and (56), the Larson-Miller parameter and service life, Ld , can be
computed as a function of stress. Data points for 2.25Cr-1Mo at 1000°F and 1025°F, based on
the minimum Larson-Miller parameter are shown in Table 11.7E. These data are subsequently
used to create the plot shown in Figure 11.7E.
Table 11.7E – Sample of Tabulated Values Used to Plot Figure 9.7E
Design Life, Ld ( hours )

Stress, σ ( ksi ) LMP
1000 o F 1025 o F
2 4.142E+04 6.3793E+08 2.1240E+08
4 3.890E+04 1.1882E+07 4.2305E+06
6 3.742E+04 1.1560E+06 4.2806E+05
8 3.637E+04 2.2131E+05 8.4260E+04
10 3.556E+04 6.1389E+04 2.3883E+04
12 3.489E+04 2.1531E+04 8.5258E+03
14 3.433E+04 8.8788E+03 3.5686E+03
16 3.384E+04 4.1219E+03 1.6782E+03
18 3.341E+04 2.0948E+03 8.6268E+02
20 3.303E+04 1.1434E+03 4.7569E+02
WRC Bulletin 541

Figure 11.7E – Rupture Stress as a Function of Temperature, Using the Minimum LMP
WRC Bulletin 541

11.8 Problem 8 – Determine the allowable design stress for 2.25 Cr-1Mo at 875°F for a design
life of 100,000 hours based on minimum properties.
a) STEP 1 – Determine the allowable stress based on time-independent or elastic properties.
1) STEP 1.1 – Determine the minimum specified yield strength at room temperature from
Table 1.
2) STEP 1.2 – Determine the yield strength at 875°F using Equations(1) and (58). This
equation also appears in the notes section of Table 1.
⎡C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 ⎤
σ ys = σ ysrt ⋅10 ⎣ ⎦
(58)

C0 = 2.1540371E-02
C1 = -3.2503600E-04
C2 = 2.2155200E-07
(59)
C3 = 4.1358400E-10
C4 = -6.4839900E-13
C5 = 1.5027000E-16
Substituting these values in Equation (58) results in:
σ ys = 22.8005 ksi (60)
3) STEP 1.3 – Determine the elastic design factor from Table 2.

2
Fed =
3
4) STEP 1.4 – Determine the allowable stress based on time-independent properties using
Equation (3), the elastic design stress.
⎛2⎞
S e = Fed ⋅ σ ys = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ 22.8005 ksi = 15.2 ksi (61)
⎝3⎠
b) STEP 2 – Determine the allowable stress based on time-dependent properties.
1) STEP 2.1 – The equation for the Larson-Miller Parameter as a function of stress is given by
Equation (7) and (62). This equation is also shown in the notes section of Table 3.

2 3
(62)
The Larson-Miller constant, C , for minimum properties, and the coefficients A0 through
A3 for 2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 3.
WRC Bulletin 541

C = 1.9565607E+01
A0 = 4.3946400E+04
A1 = -8.3900000E+03 (63)
A2 = 0.0
A3 = 0.0
2) STEP 2.2 – The larson-Miller parameter may be computed using Equation (4).
LMP (σ ) = (T + 460 ) ( C + log10 [ Ld ]) (64)
or,
LMP = ( 875 + 460 ) (19.565607 + log10 [100, 000 ]) = 32795 (65)
Using Equations (8) and (9), Case 1 in paragraph 6, from the procedure outlined in
paragraph 6.0 we have
A0 − LMP ( 4.39464 E 4 − 32795 )

X = = = −1.32912 (66)
A1 −8.39 E 3
− ( −1.32912 )
St = σ = 10 = 21.34 ksi (67)
Equation (62) can be solved iteratively for the design stress, σ , which is the independent
variable in the Larson-Miller Parameter given by Equation (62), or by using a graphical
solution by constructing a plot of stress versus the Larson-Miller Parameter.
Data points for 2.25Cr-1Mo at 875°F based on the minimum Larson-Miller parameter are
shown in Table 11.8E. These data are subsequently used to create the plot shown in
Figure 11.8E. The stress corresponding to the Larson-Miller parameter given by (65) is:
St = 21.34 ksi (68)
WRC Bulletin 541

Table 11.8E – Sample of Tabulated Values Used to Plot Figure 11.8E
LMP Stress, σ ( ksi )

32853 21.00
32844 21.05
32836 21.10
32827 21.15
32818 21.20
32810 21.25
32801 21.30
32795 21.336
32793 21.35
32784 21.40
32776 21.45
32767 21.50
32759 21.55
32750 21.60
32742 21.65
32734 21.70
32725 21.75
32717 21.80
32708 21.85
32700 21.90
32692 21.95
32683 22.00
WRC Bulletin 541

100
Stress (ksi)
10
1
30000 32000 34000 36000 38000 40000 42000 44000
LMP
Figure 11.8E – Graphical Solution to Problem 8

c) STEP 3 – The allowable design stress is determined by taking the minimum value of the time
dependent and time independent stress values obtained from STEPS 1 and 2, respectively.
S = min [ S e , St ] = min [15.2 ksi, 21.34 ksi ] = 15.2 ksi (69)
WRC Bulletin 541

11.9 Problem 9 – Determine the allowable design stress for 304L SS at 1050°F for a design
Table 1.
⎡C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 ⎤
σ ys = σ ysrt ⋅10 ⎣ ⎦
(71)
The coefficients, C0 through C5 for 304L SS are determined from Table 1.

C0 = 4.5888791E-02
C1 = -6.9508400E-04
C2 = 5.7950900E-07
(72)
C3 = -2.1178000E-10
C4 = 6.5466400E-15
C5 = -1.2730800E-17
σ ys = 12.5732 ksi (73)
Fed = 0.9
S e = Fed ⋅ σ ys = ( 0.9 ) ⋅12.5732 ksi = 11.32 ksi (74)


2 3
(75)
A3 for 304L SS are determined from Table 3.
C = 1.8287902E+01
A0 = 4.6172960E+04
A1 = -8.4187000E+03 (76)
A2 = -1.4620000E+03
A3 = 0.0
2) STEP 2.2 – The larson-Miller parameter may be computed using Equation (4).
WRC Bulletin 541

LMP (σ ) = (T + 460 ) ( C + log10 [ Ld ]) (77)
or,
LMP = (1050 + 460 ) (18.288 + log10 [100, 000 ]) = 35165 (78)
Using Equations (8) and (10), Case 2 in paragraph 6, from the procedure outlined in
paragraph 6.0 we have
-8.42E3 + (-8.42E3)2 − 4(-1.462E3)(46170 − 35165)

X= = −1.09791 (79)
2(-1.462E3)
− ( −1.09791)
St = σ = 10 = 12.529 ksi (80)
WRC Bulletin 541

11.10 Problem 10 – Determine the allowable design stress for 347H SS at 1250°F for a design
Table 1.
⎡C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 ⎤
σ ys = σ ysrt ⋅10 ⎣ ⎦
(83)
The coefficients, C0 through C5 for 347H SS are determined from Table 1.

C0 = 4.9734437E-02
C1 = -8.6863733E-04
C2 = 2.5602354E-06
(84)
C3 = -4.5554196E-09
C4 = 3.7224192E-12
C5 = -1.0967259E-15
σ ys = 19.3 ksi (85)
Fed = 0.9
S e = Fed ⋅ σ ys = 0.9 ⋅19.3 ksi = 17.4 ksi (86)


2 3
(87)
A3 for 347H SS are determined from Table 3.
C = 1.417E+01
A0 = 3.9536020E+04
A1 = -1.2225330E+04 (88)
A2 = 6.7502400E+03
A3 = -2.8722460E+03
2) STEP 2.2 – The Larson-Miller parameter may be computed using Equation (4).
WRC Bulletin 541

LMP (σ ) = (T + 460 ) ( C + log10 [ Ld ]) (89)
or,
LMP = (1250 + 460 ) (14.17 + log10 [100, 000 ]) = 32781 (90)
Using Equations (8) and (11), Case 3 in paragraph 6, through (14) from the procedure
outlined in paragraph 6.0 we have
1 ⎡⎛ A2 ⎞ ⎛ A ⎞⎤
2
Q = ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 3 ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎥
9 ⎢⎝ A3 ⎠ ⎝ A3 ⎠ ⎥⎦
⎣
(91)
1 ⎡⎛ 6.75 ×103 ⎞ ⎛ -1.223 ×104 ⎞ ⎤
2
Q = ⎢⎜ ⎟ − 3⎜ ⎟⎥ = -0.8051
9 ⎢⎝ -2.87 ×103 ⎠ ⎝ -2.872 ×103 ⎠ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
3
⎛A ⎞ ⎛AA ⎞ ⎛ A − LMP ⎞
2 ⎜ 2 ⎟ − 9 ⎜ 2 2 1 ⎟ + 27 ⎜ 0 ⎟
R= ⎝ A3 ⎠ ⎝ A3 ⎠ ⎝ A3 ⎠
54
⎛ ⎛ 6.75 ×103 ⎞ 3
⎡ 6.75 ×103 × -1.22 × 104 ⎤ ⎞
⎜ 2⎜ 3 ⎟
− 9 ⎢ ⎥ +⎟
⎜ ⎝ -2.87 × 10 ⎠ ⎣ (-2.87 ×103 ) 2 ⎦ ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 27 ⎡ 3.95 ×10 - ( 32781) ⎤
4
⎟
⎜ ⎢ × 3 ⎥ ⎟
⎝ ⎣ -2.872 10 ⎦ ⎠ = 0.010465
R=
54 (92)
( )
⎛ R ⎞
1
S = − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ R + R 2 − Q 3 3
⎝ R ⎠
( )
1
⎛ 0.010465 ⎞
( 0.010465 )
3
S = − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 0.010465 + − ( −0.8051) = -0.90162
2 3
⎝ 0.010465 ⎠ (93)
A2 Q
X = −S −
3 A3 S
6.750 × 10 3 −0.8051
X = − (-0.90162) − = -0.77472
3 × (-2.872 × 10 )
3
-0.90162 (94)
− ( -0.77472 )
St = σ = 10 = 5.953 ksi (95)
WRC Bulletin 541

11.11 Problem 11 – Develop a plot of service life as a function of stress and temperature for
2.25Cr-1Mo based on the minimum Larson-Miller Parameter.
a) STEP 1 – The relation for the Larson-Miller Parameter as a function of stress is given by

2 3
(97)
C = 1.9565607E+01
A0 = 4.3946400E+04
A1 = -8.3900000E+03 (98)
A2 = 0.0
A3 = 0.0
An equation that provides the service life as a function of stress and temperature can be
obtained by combining Equation (5) and Equation (97).
⎡ A + A ⋅log [σ ]+ A ⋅( log [σ ])2 + A ⋅( log [σ ])3 ⎤
⎢ 0 1 10 2 10 3 10
−C ⎥
⎢ ( T +460) ⎥
Ld = 10 ⎣ ⎦
(99)
b) STEP 2 – Develop a table of the service life, Ld , for 20,000, 40,000, 60,000, and 100,000 hours
versus stress using Equation (99), see Table 11.9E. A plot of the service lives versus stress is
shown in Figure 11.9E.
Table 11.11E – ServiceTemperatures for indicated Service Lives

Service life , hours
Stress, σ ( ksi )
20, 000 40, 000 60,000 100,000
5 1136 1116 1104 1090
10 1030 1011 1001 987
15 968 950 940 927
20 924 907 897 885
25 890 873 863 851
30 862 846 836 824
35 839 822 813 802
40 818 802 793 782
WRC Bulletin 541

Stress (ksi) 100
10
20,000 Hours
40,000 Hours
60,000 Hours
100,000 Hours
1
800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
Temperature (oF)
Figure 11.1E – Service Life as a Function of Stress and Temperature
WRC Bulletin 541

11.12 Problem 12 – Develop a plot of rupture strength versus temperature for 2.25 Cr-1Mo at a
service life of 100,000 hours using both the average and minimum Larson-Miller
parameters.

2 3
(100)
C = 1.9565607E+01
A0 = 4.3946400E+04
A1 = -8.3900000E+03 (101)
A2 = 0.0
A3 = 0.0
2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 3. However, C is the only value that is unique between
minimum and average parameters. The Larson-Miller constant for average properties, C , is
given by Equation (102).
C = 1.8918100E+01 (102)
An equation that provides the temperature as a function of stress and design life can be obtained
by combining Equation (6) and Equation (100).
A0 + A1 ⋅ log10 [σ ] + A2 ⋅ ( log10 [σ ]) + A3 ⋅ ( log10 [σ ])

2 3
T (σ , Ld ) = − 460
( C + log [ L ])
(103)
10 d
For 100,000 hours, Equation (104) becomes:

2 3
T (σ , Ld ) = − 460
( C + log [100, 000])
(104)
10
b) STEP 2 – Develop a table of temperature versus stress based on the minimum and average
properties using Equation (104), see Table 11.12E. The data in this table are plotted in Figure
11.12E. In Table 11.12E, the temperatures in the column labeled Minimum Properties are
determined using Equation (104) with the Larson-Miller constant for minimum properties in
Equation (104), and the temperatures in the column labeled Average Properties are determined
using the Larson-Miller constant for average properties, or from Eqaution (104):

2 3
T (σ , Ld ) = − 460
(C + log10 [100, 000])
minimum (105)
properties min

2 3
T (σ , Ld ) = − 460
(C avg + log10 [100,000] )
average (106)
properties
WRC Bulletin 541

Table 11.12E – Rupture Stress vs. Temperature for a Service Life of 100,000 Hours
Temperature, T ( F)
o
Stress, σ ( ksi )
Minimum Properties Average Properties
5 1090 1132
10 987 1027
15 927 965
20 885 921
25 851 887
30 824 859
35 802 836
40 782 815
100
Stress (ksi)
10
Average LMP
Minimum LMP
1
800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
Temperature (oF)
Figure 11.12E – Rupture Stress vs. Temperature for a Service Life of 100,000 Hours
WRC Bulletin 541

12 TABLES
Table 1 – Minimum Yield and Tensile Strength as a Function Of Temperature (°F)
Material Parameter Yield Strength (ksi) Tensile Strength (ksi)
σ rt
26 47
C0 1.4088389E-02 1.0807518E-01
C1 -1.9932341E-04 -2.3290664E-03
Low Carbon Steel C2 -2.0694516E-08 1.2941407E-05
C3 -1.0013720E-10 -2.6166794E-08
C4 0 2.2225699E-11
C5 0 -7.0569264E-15
σ rt 35 60
C0 1.4088389E-02 1.0807518E-01
C1 -1.9932341E-04 -2.3290664E-03
Medium Carbon Steel C2 -2.0694516E-08 1.2941407E-05
C3 -1.0013720E-10 -2.6166794E-08
C4 0 2.2225699E-11
C5 0 -7.0569264E-15
σ rt 30 52
C0 1.3089229E-02 1.1433749E-01
C1 -1.9903245E-04 -2.4719083E-03
C-0.5Mo C2 1.8433603E-07 1.3823832E-05
C3 -1.7552202E-10 -2.7995759E-08
C4 0 2.3927060E-11
C5 0 -7.5170846E-15
σ rt 30 60
C0 2.1540371E-02 1.4704266E-02
C1 -3.2503600E-04 -1.9874800E-04
1.25Cr-0.5Mo C2 2.2155200E-07 -2.9115300E-07
C3 4.1358400E-10 2.0040500E-09
C4 -6.4839900E-13 -2.2341400E-12
C5 1.5027000E-16 5.9263200E-16
WRC Bulletin 541

σ rt 30 60
C0 2.1540371E-02 1.4704266E-02
C1 -3.2503600E-04 -1.9874800E-04
2.25Cr-1Mo C2 2.2155200E-07 -2.9115300E-07
C3 4.1358400E-10 2.0040500E-09
C4 -6.4839900E-13 -2.2341400E-12
C5 1.5027000E-16 5.9263200E-16
σ rt 30 60
C0 4.4186141E-02 4.3741544E-02
C1 -7.1542041E-04 -7.3028160E-04
3Cr-1Mo C2 1.2664132E-06 1.6372698E-06
C3 -9.3458131E-10 -1.9656642E-09
C4 3.6214293E-13 1.2727055E-12
C5 -1.6088326E-16 -4.6917217E-16
σ rt 30 60
C0 1.2855425E-02 -1.5076613E-03
C1 -1.9373113E-04 1.6602155E-04
5Cr-0.5Mo C2 1.2449247E-07 -2.4425324E-06
C3 3.0404621E-10 5.7486446E-09
C4 -3.5555955E-13 -4.9777060E-12
C5 -5.7953915E-18 1.3635365E-15
σ rt 30 60
C0 1.2855425E-02 -1.5076613E-03
C1 -1.9373113E-04 1.6602155E-04
5Cr-0.5Mo-Si C2 1.2449247E-07 -2.4425324E-06
C3 3.0404621E-10 5.7486446E-09
C4 -3.5555955E-13 -4.9777060E-12
C5 -5.7953915E-18 1.3635365E-15
WRC Bulletin 541

σ rt 30 60
C0 1.3532100E-01 9.9054977E-03
C1 -2.5870657E-03 -1.7559652E-04
7Cr-0.5Mo C2 1.0664886E-05 5.5881927E-07
C3 -2.0092622E-08 -1.0648485E-09
C4 1.7366385E-11 5.6685649E-13
C5 -5.6740415E-15 -1.9197713E-16
σ rt 30 60
C0 1.3571242E-02 2.1597188E-02
C1 -1.7082315E-04 -3.1031668E-04
9Cr-1Mo C2 -4.3400952E-07 -6.1394577E-08
C3 1.6036654E-09 1.3545273E-09
C4 -1.5678560E-12 -1.6448546E-12
C5 3.6386453E-16 4.1818392E-16
σ rt 60 85
C0 3.3650472E-02 1.8096292E-02
C1 -5.5446746E-04 -2.5065398E-04
9Cr-1Mo-V C2 1.0944031E-06 -1.9394875E-07
C3 -5.7019722E-10 1.2610086E-09
C4 -1.9770030E-13 -1.3855450E-12
C5 0 3.4264520E-16
σ rt 25 70
C0 4.5888791E-02 7.7361661E-02
C1 -6.9508400E-04 -1.2718700E-03
Type 304L SS C2 5.7950900E-07 2.4999900E-06
C3 -2.1178000E-10 -1.7023100E-09
C4 6.5466400E-15 1.2739600E-13
C5 -1.2730800E-17 7.2563700E-17
WRC Bulletin 541

σ rt 30 75
C0 9.8188514E-03 6.7196226E-02
C1 -5.0551619E-05 -1.1080527E-03
Type 304/304H SS C2 -1.4866719E-06 2.2413756E-06
C3 3.0912775E-09 -1.8350694E-09
C4 -2.3688742E-12 5.9804933E-13
C5 6.0840262E-16 -1.2196459E-16
σ rt 25 70
C0 4.947300E-02 2.825000E-02
C1 -7.820685E-04 -3.814120E-04
Type 316L SS C2 9.205307E-07 -1.664940E-07
C3 -9.753774E-10 1.406040E-09
C4 7.836576E-13 -1.341640E-12
C5 -2.709835E-16 3.241850E-16
σ rt 30 75
C0 1.2001323E-02 3.2859229E-02
C1 -8.8000344E-05 -5.1714106E-04
Type 316/316H SS C2 -1.5040192E-06 4.6118780E-07
C3 3.1425000E-09 6.1438157E-10
C4 -2.4201238E-12 -9.2054227E-13
C5 6.4067530E-16 2.2901104E-16
σ rt 25 70
C0 4.947300E-02 2.825000E-02
C1 -7.820685E-04 -3.814120E-04
Type 317L SS C2 9.205307E-07 -1.664940E-07
C3 -9.753774E-10 1.406040E-09
C4 7.836576E-13 -1.341640E-12
C5 -2.709835E-16 3.241850E-16
WRC Bulletin 541

σ rt 30 75
C0 6.863218E-02 6.278852E-02
C1 -1.184702E-03 -1.080116E-03
Type 321 SS C2 3.244156E-06 2.863153E-06
C3 -4.905795E-09 -3.697114E-09
C4 3.536365E-12 2.478506E-12
C5 -9.654898E-16 -7.256524E-16
σ rt 25 70
C0 1.0112716E-02 5.1423451E-02
C1 -1.4446737E-04 -8.3118863E-04
Type 321H SS C2 0 1.4451218E-06
C3 0 -9.5441766E-10
C4 0 2.5659891E-13
C5 0 -8.2941763E-17
σ rt 30 75
C0 4.9734437E-02 6.9844688E-02
C1 -8.6863733E-04 -1.2173646E-03
Type 347 SS C2 2.5602354E-06 3.4825694E-06
C3 -4.5554196E-09 -5.2044883E-09
C4 3.7224192E-12 3.8869832E-12
C5 -1.0967259E-15 -1.1567466E-15
σ rt 30 75
C0 4.9734437E-02 6.9844688E-02
C1 -8.6863733E-04 -1.2173646E-03
Type 347H SS C2 2.5602354E-06 3.4825694E-06
C3 -4.5554196E-09 -5.2044883E-09
C4 3.7224192E-12 3.8869832E-12
C5 -1.0967259E-15 -1.1567466E-15
WRC Bulletin 541

σ rt 30 75
C0 3.4030711E-02 3.4512216E-02
C1 -5.9044935E-04 -6.1931709E-04
Alloy 800 C2 1.6819983E-06 2.0239806E-06
C3 -2.9084079E-09 -3.3262726E-09
C4 2.4078033E-12 2.7021246E-12
C5 -7.5887806E-16 -8.8727065E-16
σ rt 25 65
C0 9.1352894E-03 8.4274949E-04
C1 -6.7153045E-05 8.2765885E-05
Alloy 800H C2 -1.0330418E-06 -1.5893549E-06
C3 1.9114308E-09 3.5471048E-09
C4 -1.1936454E-12 -2.7606359E-12
C5 2.1862178E-16 6.5642052E-16
σ rt 25 65
C0 3.4727533E-02 9.1734120E-03
C1 -5.3949644E-04 -4.3023314E-05
Alloy 800HT C2 6.3686186E-07 -1.5560083E-06
C3 -2.3816323E-10 4.5571519E-09
C4 -7.1132721E-14 -4.2665496E-12
C5 -4.2576695E-18 1.1882810E-15
WRC Bulletin 541

σ rt 35 62
C0 4.3689351E-03 4.7208139E-03
C1 4.5144996E-05 -1.3979452E-07
HK-40 C2 -1.7279747E-06 -1.1239086E-06
C3 2.8459599E-09 2.4482148E-09
C4 -1.6093404E-12 -1.8461449E-12
C5 2.7808712E-16 4.2367166E-16
Notes:
1. In the parameter column, the term σ rt is used to represent the room temperature value of the
yield strength, σ ysrt , and the room temperature value of the ultimate tensile strength, σ uts
rt
.
2. The yield strength as a function of temperature is computed using Equation (1).
3. The tensile strength as a function of temperature is computed using Equation (2).
WRC Bulletin 541

Table 2 – Elastic Allowable Stress Factor and Applicable Temperature Range
Elastic Allowable Applicable Temperature Range (°F)

Stress Design Factor
Material
Fed Minimum Maximum
Low Carbon Steel 2/3 70 1000

Medium Carbon Steel 2/3 70 1000
C-0.5Mo 2/3 70 1050
1.25Cr-0.5Mo 2/3 70 1200
2.25Cr-1Mo 2/3 70 1200
3Cr-1Mo 2/3 70 1200
5Cr-0.5Mo 2/3 70 1200
5Cr-0.5Mo-Si 2/3 70 1200
7Cr-0.5Mo 2/3 70 1200
9Cr-1Mo 2/3 70 1300
9Cr-1Mo-V 2/3 70 1300
Type 304L SS 0.9 70 1500
Type 304/304H SS 0.9 70 1500
Type 316L SS 0.9 70 1500
Type 316/316H SS 0.9 70 1500
Type 317L SS 0.9 70 1500
Type 321 SS 0.9 70 1500
Type 321H SS 0.9 70 1500
Type 347 SS 0.9 70 1500
Type 347H SS 0.9 70 1500
Alloy 800 0.9 70 1500
Alloy 800H 0.9 70 1650
Alloy 800HT 0.9 70 1850
HK-40 0.9 70 1850
WRC Bulletin 541

Table 3 – Minimum and Average Larson-Miller Parameters as a Function of Stress

Larson-Miller
Larson-Miller
Constant and
Constant and
Material Parameter Parameter vs.
Parameter vs. Stress:
Stress: Average
Minimum Properties
Properties
Temperature Range (˚F) 700-1000
C 1.8150000E+01 1.7700000E+01
A0 3.5093240E+04
Low Carbon Steel A1 -3.6037901E+03
A2 -1.9136590E+03
A3 -250
C 1.5600000E+01 1.5150000E+01
A0 3.2068370E+04
Medium Carbon
Steel A1 -3.3755550E+03
A2 -1.5933910E+03
A3 -3.0000000E+02
C 1.9007756E+01 1.8725370E+01
A0 3.8792100E+04
C-0.5 Mo A1 -4.9502240E+03
A2 0
A3 0
C 22.054 21.558
A0 4.6354380E+04
1.25Cr-0.5Mo A1 -6.9466030E+03
A2 -3.4367510E+02
A3 0
C 1.9565607E+01 1.8918100E+01
A0 4.3946400E+04
2.25Cr-1Mo A1 -8.3900000E+03
A2 0
A3 0
WRC Bulletin 541


Larson-Miller
Larson-Miller
Constant and
Constant and
Stress: Average
Minimum Properties
Properties
C 1.5785226E+01 1.5381060E+01
A0 3.7264510E+04
3Cr-1Mo A1 -7.9439300E+03
A2 0
A3 0
C 1.6025829E+01 1.5589280E+01
A0 3.7264510E+04
5Cr-0.5Mo A1 -7.9439300E+03
A2 0
A3 0
C 1.6025829E+01 1.5589280E+01
A0 3.7264510E+04
5Cr-0.5Mo-Si A1 -7.9439300E+03
A2 0
A3 0
C 2.0437460E+01 1.9620550E+01
A0 4.5219510E+04
7Cr-0.5Mo A1 -1.0217000E+04
A2 5.2679960E+00
A3 -6.3855690E+00
C 2.6223587E+01 2.5859090E+01
A0 5.4758000E+04
9Cr-1Mo A1 -6.1891000E+03
A2 -1.7309000E+03
A3 -6.7715000E+02
WRC Bulletin 541


Larson-Miller
Larson-Miller
Constant and
Constant and
Stress: Average
Minimum Properties
Properties
C 3.0886006E+01 3.0364230E+01
A0 6.3450000E+04
9Cr-1Mo-V A1 -1.3800000E+03
A2 -5.1395320E+03
A3 0
C 1.8287902E+01 1.7550000E+01
A0 4.6172960E+04
Type 304L SS A1 -8.4187000E+03
A2 -1.4620000E+03
A3 0
C 1.6145903E+01 1.5521950E+01
A0 4.3539460E+04
Type 304/304H SS A1 -9.7318000E+03
A2 0
A3 0
C 1.5740107E+01 1.5200000E+01
A0 4.1483380E+04
Type 316L SS A1 -6.0606000E+03
A2 -1.7620000E+03
A3 0
C 1.6764145E+01 1.6309870E+01
A0 4.4933830E+04
Type 316/316H SS A1 -9.4286740E+03
A2 0
A3 0
WRC Bulletin 541


Larson-Miller
Larson-Miller
Constant and
Constant and
Stress: Average
Minimum Properties
Properties
C 1.5740107E+01 1.5200000E+01
A0 4.1483380E+04
Type 317L SS A1 -6.0606000E+03
A2 -1.7620000E+03
A3 0
C 1.332500E+01 1.280000E+01
A0 3.571361E+04
Type 321 SS A1 -5.655000E+03
A2 -7.640000E+02
A3 0
C 1.5293986E+01 1.4759580E+01
A0 4.0541580E+04
Type 321H SS A1 -6.5212870E+03
A2 -9.7543650E+02
A3 0
C 1.4889042E+01 1.4250000E+01
A0 3.7960000E+04
Type 347 SS A1 -7.1172160E+03
A2 3.1133520E+03
A3 -2.3000000E+03
C 14.17 13.65
A0 3.9536020E+04
Type 347H SS A1 -1.2225330E+04
A2 6.7502400E+03
A3 -2.8722460E+03
WRC Bulletin 541


Larson-Miller
Larson-Miller
Constant and
Constant and
Stress: Average
Minimum Properties
Properties
C 1.7005384E+01 1.6508780E+01
A0 4.3171030E+04
Alloy 800 A1 -8.1470000E+03
A2 0
A3 0
C 1.6564046E+01 1.6042270E+01
A0 4.5864990E+04
Alloy 800H A1 -9.2709340E+03
A2 -1.9293220E+03
A3 7.0913170E+02
C 1.3606722E+01 1.3234100E+01
A0 4.0112700E+04
Alloy 800HT A1 -9.0816690E+03
A2 0
A3 0
C 1.0856489E+01 1.0489900E+01
A0 3.4132000E+04
HK-40 A1 -7.7078820E+03
A2 -9.4500000E+02
A3 0
Note: The average and minimum Larson-Miller Parameter is computed using Equation (7) with the
appropriate coefficients from this table.
WRC Bulletin 541

Table 4 – Rupture Exponents as a Function of Temperature
Material Parameter Rupture Exponent – n

C0 2.3405940E+01
C1 -2.4087544E-02
Low Carbon Steel C2 4.4283728E-06
C3 0
C4 0
C5 0
C0 2.9832967E+01
C1 -4.8908169E-02
Medium Carbon Steel C2 3.3126428E-05
C3 -1.0132081E-08
C4 0
C5 0
C0 8.98300
C1 -1.1316171E-02
C-0.5 Mo C2 9.0861459E-06
C3 -4.3999472E-09
C4 1.1678546E-12
C5 -1.3028530E-16
C0 1.7939223E+01
C1 -2.6358008E-02
1.25Cr-0.5Mo C2 2.2487501E-05
C3 -1.1762993E-08
C4 3.3765405E-12
C5 -4.1070388E-16
WRC Bulletin 541


C0 1.6116223E+01
C1 -2.2988479E-02
2.25Cr-1Mo C2 2.1835770E-05
C3 -1.2833734E-08
C4 4.2012778E-12
C5 -5.8449546E-16
C0 1.1607134E+01
C1 -8.5353735E-03
3Cr-1Mo C2 2.3722609E-06
C3 0
C4 0
C5 0
C0 1.1770651E+01
C1 -8.8389784E-03
5Cr-0.5Mo C2 2.5108933E-06
C3 0
C4 0
C5 0
C0 1.1770651E+01
C1 -8.8389784E-03
5Cr-0.5Mo-Si C2 2.5108933E-06
C3 0
C4 0
C5 0
WRC Bulletin 541


C0 1.4536269E+01
C1 -1.0232458E-02
7Cr-0.5Mo C2 2.7034326E-06
C3 0
C4 0
C5 0
C0 4.04893689E+01
C1 -4.58475585E-02
9Cr-1Mo C2 1.52674903E-05
C3 -1.35165711E-09
C4 0
C5 0
C0 3.1524887E+03
C1 -1.4781109E+01
9Cr-1Mo-V C2 2.7852967E-02
C3 -2.6205892E-05
C4 1.2291955E-08
C5 -2.2995921E-12
C0 3.8310366E+01
C1 - 7.6035759E-02
Type 304LS C2 8.5397605E-05
C3 - 5.5768707E-08
C4 1.9173301E-11
C5 -2.7104077E-15
WRC Bulletin 541


C0 1.3035950E+01
C1 -8.3130608E-03
Type 304/304H SS C2 1.9505879E-06
C3 0
C4 0
C5 0
Temperature Range 900-1500
C0 3.1313017E+01
C1 -5.3186547E-02
Type 316L SS C2 5.3079687E-05
C3 -3.3897226E-08
C4 1.2195544E-11
C5 -1.9272376E-15
C0 1.2629907E+01
C1 -8.0541256E-03
Type 316/316H SS C2 1.8898310E-06
C3 0
C4 0
C5 0
C0 3.1313017E+01
C1 -5.3186547E-02
Type 317L SS C2 5.3079687E-05
C3 -3.3897226E-08
C4 1.2195544E-11
C5 -1.9272376E-15
WRC Bulletin 541


C0 1.645017E+01
C1 - 1.766063E-02
Type 321 SS C2 8.225988E-06
C3 -1.612134E-09
C4 0
C5 0
C0 1.5128673E+01
C1 -1.0738718E-02
Type 321H SS C2 2.0390552E-06
C3 0
C4 0
C5 0
C0 1.105274E+01
C1 4.019553E-02
Type 347 SS C2 -6.916989E-05
C3 2.599652E-08
C4 0
C5 0
C0 2.6091589E+02
C1 - 1.0769332E+00
Type 347H SS C2 1.9246050E-03
C3 - 1.7559313E-06
C4 7.9665773E-10
C5 -1.4196157E-13
WRC Bulletin 541


C0 1.4784080E+01
C1 -1.8623974E-02
Alloy 800 C2 1.4953835E-05
C3 -7.2413632E-09
C4 1.9220365E-12
C5 -2.1442147E-16
C0 6.9797821E+00
C1 2.5834678E-03
Alloy 800H C2 -2.4115193E-06
C3 0
C4 0
C5 0
C0 1.5182940E+01
C1 -1.5959900E-02
Alloy 800HT C2 9.6990330E-06

C3 -3.1060390E-09
C4 4.0509520E-13
C5 0
C0 1.4332073E+01
C1 -9.2105347E-03
HK-40 C2 1.7274314E-06
C3 0
C4 0
C5 0
Note: The average and minimum Larson-Miller Parameter is computed using Equation (16) with
the appropriate coefficients from this table.
WRC Bulletin 541

Table 5 – Material Designation and Applicable ASTM Specifications
Material Applicable ASTM Specifications

Low Carbon Steel A161, A192
Medium Carbon Steel A53 Grade B (seamless), A106 Grade B, A210 Grade A-1
C-0.5Mo A161 T1, A209 T1 A335 P1
1.25Cr-0.5Mo A213 T11, A335 P11, A200 T11
2.25Cr-1Mo A213 T22, A335 P22, A200 T22
3Cr-1Mo A213 T21, A335 P21, A200 T21
5Cr-0.5Mo A213 T5, A335 P5, A200 T5
5Cr-0.5Mo-Si A213 T5b, A335 P5b
7Cr-0.5Mo A213 T7, A335 P7, A200 T7
9Cr-1Mo A213 T9, A335 P9, A200 T9
9Cr-1Mo-V A213 T91, A335 P91, A200 T91
A213 Type 304L, A271 Type 304L, A312 Type 304L, A 376 Type
Type 304L SS
304L
A213 Type 304, A271 Type 304, A312 Type 304, A 376 Type 304
Type 304/304H SS A213 Type 304H, A271 Type 304H, A312 Type 304H, A 376 Type
304H
A213 Type 316L, A271 Type 316L, A312 Type 316L, A 376 Type
Type 316L SS
316L
A213 Type 316, A271 Type 316, A312 Type 316, A 376 Type 316
Type 316/316H SS A213 Type 316H, A271 Type 316H, A312 Type 316H, A 376 Type
316H
Type 317L SS A213 Type 317L, A312 Type 317L
Type 321 SS A213 Type 321, A271 Type 321, A312 Type 321, A 376 Type 321
A213 Type 321H, A271 Type 321H, A312 Type 321H, A 376 Type
Type 321H SS
321H
Type 347 SS A213 Type 347, A271 Type 347, A312 Type 347, A 376 Type 347
A213 Type 347H, A271 Type 347H, A312 Type 347H, A 376 Type
Type 347H SS
347H
Alloy 800 B407 UNS N08800
Alloy 800H B407 UNS N08810
Alloy 800HT B407 UNS N08811
HK-40 A608 Grade HK-40
WRC Bulletin 541

13 TECHNICAL BASIS
13.1 Overview
For each of the materials included in this document, the following four graphs are provided.
a) Yield and ultimate tensile strength as a function of temperature. Values for the yield and ultimate
tensile strength as a function of temperature are based on new test results above room temperature
and are anchored to the specified minimum yield and ultimate tensile strength properties at room
temperature. The new values shown are compared to the elevated temperature values given for the
yield and ultimate tensile strength in RP530/ISO 13704, Revision 6. Note the elevated temperature
values in RP530/ISO 13704, Revision 6 are anchored at 300°F or 400°F depending on the material.
b) The average and minimum stress rupture strengths as functions of the Larson-Miller Parameter. The
proposed relationship between rupture stress for minimum and the average materials are presented
using optimized Larson-Miller Parameter constants based on recent analysis of material properties
for virgin materials. The new parameter curves are shown and compared to the curves given in
RP530/ISO 13704, Revision 6. Note that presentation using separate curves for average and
minimum properties follows the presentation of stress rupture design curves in RP530/ISO 13704,
Revision 6 where separate curves for average and minimum properties are provided for use with a
single Larson-Miller constant that depends on the class of material, usually 15 or 20. For the new
plots when using the average and minimum curves for computations, the optimized average Larson-
Miller Constant from Table 3 is used to adjust all the lines so they may be compared. The test
results used to calculate the proposed curves are shown on these plots. Again they are calculated
using the optimized average constant in each case. Properties for service-exposed materials were
not included at the specific directive of the API committee which cited the historical use of only virgin
(unexposed) material in assembling the property data base. Thus, the Larson-Miller Parameter
equations and constants provided herein are not the identical to those for the same materials as
presented in API 579-1/ASME FFS-1 on fitness-for-service. Equations presented for use in
determining fitness-for-service of service-exposed materials were established by testing materials as
near as possible to design level stresses and temperatures with an emphasis on identifying creep
strain rates and a creep damage parameter referred to as Omega, see API 579-1/ASME FFS-1, for
the properties developed under service conditions. Changes in materials during service affect both
the time-dependent and time-independent properties, identified in item a) above, of these materials.
Additionally, the materials properties for the MPC Omega Method found in API 579-1/ASME FFS-1
were not intended to and do not represent material behavior at stresses and temperatures outside
the range of design conditions.
c) Design Curve Showing the Larson-Miller Parameter as a Function of Stress in US Customary Units.
A single curve is provided for the relationship between stress and Larson-Miller parameter. The
differentiation between minimum and average time-dependent properties is accounted for by using
the respective Larson-Miller Constants shown on each plot; Cmin to calculate the minimum properties
and Cavg to calculate average properties.
d) Rupture Exponent versus Temperature A plot of rupture exponent versus temperature is provided
for each material. The rupture exponent is the slope of the (log) time vs. (log) rupture stress relation
at a particular time specified by API. For most materials then, this plot is a shows a slope changing
with temperature and usually decreasing with increasing temperature (decreasing stress). This is
expected if a Larsen-Miller parameter is used for correlating data since absolute temperature
appears in the denominator of the terms in the slope defining equation.
However, the microstructures of some of the alloys vary with temperature and the ruptureexponent
may increase or decrease with increasing temperature. The same may be true of ductility. To
capture this variable relation between creep rate and ductility second or third order polynomials are
needed to describe the shape of the parameter plot. The rupture exponent then may be a second
order polynomial which may show inflections, minima (or even a maxima) in the range of interest.
The microstructure /temperature changes that lead to an inflection in the rupture exponent curves at
the time specified by API can be seen in the plots for Type 347 SS, Type 347H SS, Alloy 800H and
Alloy 800 HT. There is nothing in nature to preclude that possibility.
WRC Bulletin 541

13.2 Low Carbon Steel

The data base compiled was limited to tubular components and the typical low tensile strengths
associated with normal heat treatments. For this study test results at very high stresses were eliminated
to avoid imposing unfounded curvature on predicted low stress behavior. The resulting database was
well fit by a linear expression, but the scatter is undeniable. The current use of a Larson Miller constant
of 20 in API 530, Revision 6 in comparison to the appropriate value in the range of 17-19 results in too
high design stresses when test results are extrapolated to typical carbon steel operating temperatures.
100
S
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
PROPOSED TENSILE
K STRENGTH
PROPOSED YIELD STRENGTH
s
i EXISTING RP 530 TENSILE
EXISTING RP 530 YIELD
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000
TEMPERATURE, F
Figure 13.2-1: Yield and Ultimate Tensile Strength as a Function of Temperature – Comparison of
Existing RP530 Data and Proposed New Data in US Customary Units: Low Carbon Steel
WRC Bulletin 541

100
PROPOSED AVERAGE
PROPOSED MINIMUM
S EXISTING RP 530 AVERAGE
T EXISTING RP 530 MINIMUM
R RUPTURE DATA
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
26 28 30 32 34 36
LARSON‐MILLER PARAMETER/1000
Figure 13.2-2: The Average and Minimum Stress Rupture Strengths as Functions of the Larson-
Miller Parameter – Comparison of Existing RP530 Data and Proposed New Data in US Customary
Units Based on the Average Larson-Miller Constant: Low Carbon Steel
WRC Bulletin 541

100
Cavg = 17.70
S
Cmin= 18.15
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
26 28 30 32 34 36
Figure 13.2-3: Design Curve Showing the Larson-Miller Parameter as a Function of Stress in US
Customary Units. The Minimum Larson-Miller Constant (Cmin) is used to Calculate Minimum Time-
Dependent Properties and the Average Larson-Miller Constant (Cavg) is used to Calculate Average
Time-Dependent Properties: Low Carbon Steel
WRC Bulletin 541

9.00
8.00
RUPTURE EXPONENT, n
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
TEMPERATURE, F
Figure 13.2-4: Rupture Exponent as a Function of Temperature: Low Carbon Steel
WRC Bulletin 541

13.3 Medium Carbon Steel

As with low carbon materials the Larson Miller constant is well below 20 and results in more conservative
stresses at expected operating temperatures as compared to the current document. The data used in the
analysis was mostly from overseas sources for tubular products. Within this data set a clear beneficial
effect of molybdenum on strength is seen at levels of only 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02% Mo. Data on heats with
higher Mo content was typically eliminated because of its strong biasing effect.
100
S
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
PROPOSED TENSILE
K STRENGTH
s
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000
TEMPERATURE, F
Existing RP530 Data and Proposed New Data in US Customary Units: Medium Carbon Steel
WRC Bulletin 541

100
PROPOSED AVERAGE
PROPOSED MINIMUM
R RUPTURE DATA
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Units Based on the Average Larson-Miller Constant: Medium Carbon Steel
WRC Bulletin 541

100
Cavg = 15.15
Cmin= 15.6
S
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Time-Dependent Properties: Medium Carbon Steel
WRC Bulletin 541

9.00
8.00
RUPTURE EXPONENT, n
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
TEMPERATURE, F
Figure 13.3-4: Rupture Exponent as a Function of Temperature: Medium Carbon Steel
WRC Bulletin 541

13.4 C-0.5Mo
Data for the very high stresses at which this strong alloy can be tested were eliminated because, absent
data at low, realistic design level stresses, the polynomial fit would tend to show an inflection and
nonconservative strength values at design levels. The resulting design lines from this analysis do not
differ much from the current API 530 values. However, there is very little foundation for the design
stresses at temperatures much above 950 F.
100
S
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
PROPOSED TENSILE
K STRENGTH
s
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEMPERATURE, F
Existing RP530 Data and Proposed New Data in US Customary Units: C-0.5Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

100
PROPOSED AVERAGE
PROPOSED MINIMUM
R RUPTURE DATA
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
30 32 34 36 38 40
Units Based on the Average Larson-Miller Constant: C-0.5Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

100
Cavg = 18.72537
Cmin= 19.007756
S
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
30 32 34 36 38 40
Time-Dependent Properties: C-0.5Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

4.60
4.40
4.20
RUPTURE EXPONENT, n
4.00
3.80
3.60
3.40
3.20
3.00
700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050
TEMPERATURE, F
Figure 13.4-4: Rupture Exponent as a Function of Temperature: C-0.5Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

13.5 1.25Cr-0.5Mo
Most prior curves in API 530 were taken from Smith's work for MPC in the 60's and 70's. For this material
new data were obtained primarily from Japan. The superior behavior predicted at low stresses is based
on MPC's Project Omega studies in which the material did not suffer from severe oxidation in tests at
temperatures used in the low stress range. The trends are demonstrated by the equations and
coefficients found in Annex F of API 579-1/ASME FFS-1. These validate the more linear curve shape for
these low alloy steels.
100
S
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
PROPOSED TENSILE
K STRENGTH
s
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEMPERATURE, F
Existing RP530 Data and Proposed New Data in US Customary Units: 1.25Cr-0.5Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

100
PROPOSED AVERAGE
PROPOSED MINIMUM
R RUPTURE DATA
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
34 36 38 40 42 44
Units Based on the Average Larson-Miller Constant: 1.25Cr-0.5Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

100
Cavg = 21.387
Cmin= 21.891803
S
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
34 36 38 40 42 44
Time-Dependent Properties: 1.25Cr-0.5Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

7.00
6.50
RUPTURE EXPONENT, n
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
TEMPERATURE, F
Figure 13.5-4: Rupture Exponent as a Function of Temperature: 1.25Cr-0.5Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

13.6 2.25Cr-1Mo
Most prior curves in API 530 were taken from Smith's work for MPC in the 60's and 70's. New data were
obtained primarily from Japan. The superior behavior predicted at low stresses is based on MPC's
Project Omega studies, in which the tested material did not suffer from severe oxidation in tests at
temperatures used in the low stress range. The trends are demonstrated by the equations and
coefficients found in Annex F of API 579-1/ASME FFS-1. These validate the more linear curve shape for
these low alloy steels.
100
S
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
PROPOSED TENSILE
K STRENGTH
s
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEMPERATURE, F
Existing RP530 Data and Proposed New Data in US Customary Units: 2.25Cr-1Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

100
PROPOSED AVERAGE
PROPOSED MINIMUM
R RUPTURE DATA
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
30 32 34 36 38 40
Units Based on the Average Larson-Miller Constant: 2.25Cr-1Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

100
Cavg = 18.9181
Cmin= 19.565607
S
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
30 32 34 36 38 40
Time-Dependent Properties: 2.25Cr-1Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

7.00
6.50
RUPTURE EXPONENT, n
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200
TEMPERATURE, F
Figure 13.6-4: Rupture Exponent as a Function of Temperature: 2.25Cr-1Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

13.7 3Cr-1Mo
The 3 Cr-1Mo alloy is not widely used and very little test data of any type, new or old, is available. It is
believed that there is a continuum of behavior from annealed 2 ¼ Cr-1Mo to the 5 Cr alloys. The sparse
stress rupture data was inadequate, on its own for analysis. Combining the available data with new data
for the 5 Cr alloy tubes showed the lower Cr alloy be slightly stronger as expected because of richer Mo
and lower Cr. MPC software permits identifying the behavior of the 3Cr-1Mo in the general population.
The average and minimum values represent that unique subset. No new tensile data were available.
The current API trend was adopted but indexed to the specified minimum properties. This resulted in
slightly lower curves when the curve was ratioed to those specified values.
100
S
T
R
E
S
S 10
,
PROPOSED TENSILE
K STRENGTH
s
1
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
TEMPERATURE, F
Existing RP530 Data and Proposed New Data in US Customary Units: 3Cr-1Mo
WRC Bulletin 541

100
PROPOSED AVERAGE
PROPOSED MINIMUM
R RUPTURE DATA
E
S
S 10
,
K
s
i
1
24 26 28 30 32 34
Units Based on the Average Larson-Miller Constant: 3Cr-1Mo
WRC Bulletin 541


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The Welding Research Council, Inc.

EVALUATION OF MATERIAL STRENGTH DATA FOR

M. Prager1, D.A. Osage2

WRC Bulletin 541

ISBN No. 1-58145-548-8

WRC Bulletin 541

WRC Bulletin 541

WRC Bulletin 541

13.13 Type 304L Stainless Steel ..................................................................................................98

WRC Bulletin 541

WRC Bulletin 541

( ⎡C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 ⎤

3 ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH

WRC Bulletin 541

4 TIME-INDEPENDENT ALLOWABLE STRESS

LMP (σ ) = (T + 460 ) ( C + log10 [ Ld ]) ( hours, ksi, F )

LMP = A0 + A1 ⋅ log10 [σ ] + A2 ⋅ ( log10 [σ ]) + A3 ⋅ ( log10 [σ ])

WRC Bulletin 541

6 TIME-DEPENDENT ALLOWABLE STRESS

log10 [100,000] − log [ 60,000]

WRC Bulletin 541

n = C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 (16)

8 APPLICABLE ASTM SPECIFICATIONS

9 MATERIAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Cmin Larson-Miller Constant, minimum properties.

Ld service or design life in hours.

LMP Larson-Miller Parameter.

S100,000 stress to cause rupture in 100,000 hours.

X time-independent allowable stress parameter.

σ uts ultimate tensile strength in ksi.

σ ysrt minimum specified yield strength in ksi at room temperature.

WRC Bulletin 541

σ ysrt = 30 ksi (17)

The coefficients, C0 through C5 for 2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 1.

σ ys = 26.032 ksi (20)

or for a value in SI units:

The coefficients, C0 through C5 for 2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 1.

WRC Bulletin 541

Substituting these values into Equation (23) results in:

σ uts = 55.451 ksi (25)

or for a value in SI units:

WRC Bulletin 541

σ ysrt = 30 ksi (27)

The coefficients, C0 through C5 for 2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 1.

σ ys = 25.551 ksi (30)

c) STEP 3 – Determine the elastic allowable stress factor from Table 2.

WRC Bulletin 541

LMP = A0 + A1 ⋅ log [σ ] + A2 ⋅ ( log [σ ]) + A3 ⋅ ( log [σ ])

The coefficients, A0 through A3 for 2.25Cr-1Mo are determined from Table 3.

Figure 11.3E – Stress verse Larson-Miller Parameter

WRC Bulletin 541

LMP = A0 + A1 ⋅ log [σ ] + A2 ⋅ ( log [σ ]) + A3 ⋅ ( log [σ ])

LMP = 35556.4 (40)

Ld = 16069.3 hours (41)

Ld = 724234.3 hours (42)

WRC Bulletin 541

T = 1.8 ( 515 o F ) + 32 = 959 o F (43)

LMP = A0 + A1 ⋅ log [σ ] + A2 ⋅ ( log [σ ]) + A3 ⋅ ( log [σ ])

LMP = 34202 (49)

Ld = 34434 hours (50)

Ld = 152929 hours (51)

WRC Bulletin 541

n = C0 + C1T + C2T 2 + C3T 3 + C4T 4 + C5T 5 (52)