Stiffness Coefficients and Allowable Loads

H. D. BILLIM0R1A
Stress Analyst.
for Nozzles in Flat-Bottom Storage Tanks
The stiffness coefficients presented in this paper simulate the actual local translational
J. HAGSTROm and flexural restraint of the nozzle connection due to the attached tank shell. These
Manager, coefficients can be conveniently incorporated into the analysis of the attached piping
Mem.ASME system to determine the imposed reactions at the pipe to nozzle junction. It is felt
Stress Analysis Division, that including the stiffness coefficient will have an appreciable effect on the results of
Chicago Bridge and Iron Co.. the piping analysis and will give a realistic prediction of the end forces at the nozzle
Oak Brook, III. 60521
connection. The acceptability of these end forces can be evaluated using the proposed
criteria. The stiffness curves given in this paper can also be utilized to determine the
elastic deformations of the tank shell for the calculated end forces at the nozzle connection
due to the attached piping.

Introduction system and the "end reactions" at the pipe-nozzle junction.

This can often lead to unnecessary redesign of the piping system
The design of a piping system connected to a thin-walled, and the nozzle to shell attachment.
large-diameter, cylindrical storage tank is a frequently en- Resolution of this problem is complicated by the fact that
countered engineering problem for designers in the petrochemical separate organizations are usually responsible for the design
and refining industry. Although somewhat flexible, these tanks of the tank and the piping system. Communication between
can exert considerable forces on the connecting pipeline. Many the two organizations is also often complicated by the limits
of these connections are made with nozzle penetrations near on contractual obligations and boundaries on design respon-
the bottom of the storage tank. sibility.
Free body movements of these low-type nozzles can be deter- The purpose of this paper is to furnish local stiffness co-
mined by the tank designer or owner. These elastic move- efficients for the nozzle-shell connection that can be used in
ments consist of a radial deflection (normal to tank shell) and the design of the piping system. The restraint of the nozzle
meridional rotation at the nozzle-shell connection due to product connection can be simulated by including these coefficients in
head, pressure, uniform temperature or differential temperature any conventional piping flexibility analysis program. The loads
between the tank shell and bottom. The rotation of the nozzle imposed on the piping system and on the nozzle to shell attach-
is due to the restraint of the bottom against the radial expan- ment can be determined. The piping designer can evaluate
sion of the lower shell region due to the above loadings (except these loads and determine whether they are acceptable using
uniform temperature growth). The piping designer must ac- the piping design criteria for loads in the piping and the nozzle
comodate these movements in the flexibility of his piping design. neck and using suggested criteria that are included in this
Tank designers to date do not usually furnish the "local paper for evaluating the loads at the nozzle shell junction.
flexibility" of these low-type nozzles to the users. In order to
evaluate the flexibility, piping designers assume that such a
nozzle connection forms a rigid anchor to the end of the con- Scope
necting piping. However, ignoring the local flexibility of the Fig. 1 illustrates the geometry of the two types of nozzle
nozzle-shell connection in the piping flexibility analysis can connections considered in this paper. These are:
result in a significant overestimate of the rigidity of the piping
Reinforcing in Nozzle Only. The curves, for this case, are ob-
tained for an unreinforced tank shell (without any reinforcing
Contributed by the Pressure Vessels and Piping Division and presented a t pad plate or insert). The reinforcing that is considered consists
the Energy Technology Conference and Exhibit, Houston, Texas, September of an increase in the nozzle wall thickness.
18-22, 1977, of T H E AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. Manu-
script received a t ASME Headquarters, May 26, 1977. Paper No. 77-PVP-19.
Reinforcing on Shell. This case covers nozzle connections
NOTE: Appropriate SI Conversion Units—1 in. = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 0.3048 which are reinforced with a pad plate or an insert plate. The
m, °F = 1.8 (°C) + 32,1 psi = 6.895 X 103 Pa, 1 lb/ft = 1.49 kg/m, 1 ft-lb/rad
= 1.355 J/rad. width of the reinforcing zone on each side of the nozzle center-

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology NOVEMBER 1978, Vol. 100 / 389

Copyright © 1978 by ASME

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 centerline to be located at a distance equal to 1.5 X (nozzle di-
IY ameter) from the tank bottom (Z//2a=1.5).
R M C =My Curves for determining stiffness coefficients are given for
R/t ratios up to 2400 and a/R ratios from 0.005 to 0.04. For
FL= Fv> intermediate values of R/t and a/R, the stiffness values are
,. found by interpolation from the curves. Based on experience,
V"' FR=FX _^ X the ranges of the ratios R/t and a/R given in the curves should
adequately encompass the majority of low-type fittings. Other
1 1 V " * ^ . - • • i •
VMT=MX
values of L/2a can be approximated.

< - *-t Loads. Although three primary forces and three primary
J moments may be applied to the midsurface of the tank shell
f at a nozzle connection, only one force and two moments are
REINFORCING IN NOZZLE ONLY considered significant in causing shell deformations. These three
ARos AND - e L o s ARE THE RADIAL types of loading as applied to the tank shell as shown in Fig. 1
are: radial thrust FR, moment ML on a vertical plane through
GROWTH AND DOWNWARD ROTATION the center of the nozzle, and moment Mo in a horizontal plane
OF TANK SHELL-NOZZLE CONNECTION through the center of the nozzle.
DUE TO FREE BODY MOVEMENT ^ R In addition to deformations due to piping loads, there will
OF TANK SHELL CAUSED BY be free-body deflections and rotations of the tank shell as pre-
PRESSURE 8 THERMAL
viously described. These are shown in Fig. 1, as well.
LOADING ON TANK.
Definition of Stiffness Coefficients
The relationship between the elastic deformations of the tank
shell-nozzle connection and the external loads can be expressed
in the following linear form (see Fig. 2).
REINFORCING ON SHELL
FB = (KB) (AR) (1)
Fig. 1 Types of nozzle connections
ML - (KL) (OL) (2)
Mo = (Kc) (6c) (3)
line is prescribed as 2a and the thickness of the reinforcing KR, KL, and Kc are stiffness coefficients evaluated from the
plate is assumed equal to the tank shell thickness. curves shown in Figs. 8 to 19 of this paper.
For both types of nozzle connections, the distance from the The stiffness coefficient values are given in nondimensional
tank bottom is described in terms of L/2a. One case considers form. In determining the pertinent values, a consistent system
the nozzle centerline at a distance of L equal to the nozzle of units should be utilized; either the English or the Metric
diameter (L/2a = 1.0), while the other considers the nozzle (SI) system can be applied.

-Nomenclature-
2a outside diameter of the nozzle connection.
E Young's modulus of tank shell material
FR radial thrust applied at midsurface of
tank shell at nozzle connection
1 = moment of inertia of cross section of at-
tached piping
KR = stiffness coefficient of tank shell-nozzle
connection for radial thrust load; the
radial force required to produce a unit
radial deflection of the nozzle
KL stiffness coefficient of tank shell-nozzle
connection for a longitudinal moment;
the meridional (vertical) moment re-
quired to produce a unit meridional
rotation of the shell-nozzle connection
Kc = stiffness coefficient of tank shell-nozzle
connection for a circumferential mo-
ment; the circumferential (horizontal)
moment required to produce a unit
horizontal rotation of the shell-nozzle
connection
vertical distance of centerline of nozzle
connection from tank bottom
ML = meridional moment applied to midsurface
of tank shell at nozzle connection
Mc = horizontal moment applied to midsurface
of tank wall at nozzle connection
R = mean radius of tank
Sa, S,,, Sab, Saa, Su, = summed shape coefficients for piping flexi-
bility analysis reference [1]
/. = tank shell thickness at nozzle connection;
exclusive of reinforcing pad thickness
or extra thickness of insert plate
t,, = thickness of reinforcing pad plate (as-
sumed = t)
AH = radial deflection of tank at nozzle con-
nection due to radial load
6L = rotation of shell meridian in a vertical
plane at nozzle connection due to longi-
tudinal moment
8c = shell rotation in the horizontal plane at
nozzle connection due to circumfer-
ential moment
Ao.s = deformation vector representing the free
body deformations of the midsurface of
the tank shell at center of nozzle con-
nection, point D
A0p = deformation vector representing unre-
strained displacements of the attached
piping at point D
XF = coefficient for determining acceptable ra-
dial load on nozzle
XL = coefficient for determining acceptable me-
ridional moment on nozzle
Xc = coefficient for determining acceptable cir-
cumferential moment on nozzle

390/ V o l . 100, N O V E M B E R 1978 Transactions of the ASME

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Fig. 2 Loads considered on tank
Development of Curves
The work of Bijlaard [2J liS presented by Wichman, et al.
[:~J i~ widely used in indust.ry t.o evaltllLte the effects of con-
eentmted loads on cylinders and spheres.
The numerical data from which the curves are plotted are
obt·ained from a CBI proprietary shell analysi~ computer pro-
gram. The program calculates the stresses and displacements
in thin-walled e\a~tic shells of revolution, when subjected to
edge, stu'face and temperature loads with arbitrary distribution
over the surface of the shell. The geometry of the shell must
be symmetric but shape of the meridian is arbitmry. Since
the program is based on linear classieal theory, it hus t.he sallie
limi tations, nalllely:
Displacements are very slllall such that effects of dis-
tortion on equilibrium can he neglected.
2 The shell thickness is slllall in eomparison to its minimum
radius of eurvature.
:1 During deformation, normals to the middle surface of the
shell remain normal to it and undergo no e1umge in length.
4 The normal stress in the thickness direction is negligible.
The first assumption insures along with the use of Hooke's
Law that the resulting theory is linear, the second restricts
attention to thin shells, I\nd the thinl implies that transverse
shear deformation effects are not important.
The method of solution is the one used by Kalnins [4J. \1:s-
senti ally the progmm solves the basic shel! equations by con-
verting the.~e into a systmll of eight ordinary difTerential equa-
tions. The computational method is a hybrid one, incorporating
favorable featum~ of both the forward integration method and
boundary-value elimination method. . u72 tri!LIlgular elements intereonnected at :180 nodes. Each
The repre.~entation of the local mechanical loading applied
to the shell by t.he at.tached piping syst.em is depicted by the
Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology
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Fourier Reries met.hod. Thus t.he given loading is expressed as
It SUIll of several separnte 10adingR (Fourier coefficients for each
harmonic term of the series) and the analysis is carried out
for each harmonie. For all the three types of loading, t.he load
is applied to the :-;hell ;;mfllce as :~ rndial pressme loading and the
Fourier coeflieients for any particular harmonic denote the
radial pressure load on the shell for t.hat harmonic. The radial
load and longitudinal moment are developed !is even coefficient.s
of a Fourier eosine series while t.he circumferential moment was
represent.ed by odd functions of a. Fourier sine series. These
loading series converge Rlowly bllt. adeqllately represent the load
insofar as it.s effect on displacements and st.resses are concerned
if mllny terms (several !nmured for very HIIlall a/ R ratios) of the
series are used. In order to limit. the computational effort needed
to obtain accllrate stresses and displacements, a technique was
developed for using a greatly abbreviated series as described in
[.1]. This reference provides a method of evaluating the error
in the variable (displacementH, stress and moment resultant.s)
at a given point, on the shell due to truncating the Fourier
series describing the load. For various common loading situ-
!Ltions, cut off points for the abbreviated Fourier series are
determined where the truncation error is zero.
Experimental Program. In order to confirm the modelling and
t.he shell theory assllmptions IIsed in the program a serie.~ of
structural test.s were performed on a large thin-walled simply
support,ed cylindrical vessel [6]. The vessel has a nominal
diameter of a10.1> in., nominal shell thickness of 0.:n25 in. and
an unstiffened shell height of 134.4 in.
In one test, a a-in. nominal-diameter pipe (0.187 in. thick)
was welded through !t 3.5-in. hole in the cylindrical wall 55 in.
from the base. In a subsequent test, an 8-in. nominal diameter,
schedule 40 pipe was welded through an H.625-in. hole in the
shell at t.he same location. For both t.he tests, a radial load,
longitudinal moment, and circumferent.ial moment were applied
independently using hydraulic jacks acting through load cells.
The longitudinal and circumferential moments were applied as
vertical and horizontal loads ading on t.he end of the nozzle,
24 in. away from the shell.
The shell region adjoining the nozzle attachment wa.'l exten-
sively monitored with st.min gages (roset.tes and double element
gages) attache(i back to haek as also with deflection dial gages.
Rt,rain gage and deflection readings were taken at several load
increments up to the maximum load. The entire test was run
three times fill" c(l.ch load ease. Goo<l repe!ttability wus achieved
for all ca.~es. The overall quantitative agreement between the
calculated stresscs (both membrane and surface) obtained from
the shell analysis computer program and the corresponding
values obtained from the strain gage measurements for all three
loading conditions for the two tests conducted wa.~ very good.
Finite Element Idealization of Model. A finite element analysis
of the model was (:ondueted in order to present repre.~entative
comparison of re.~ults obt.ained from shell !lnalysis program and
the experimental t(~~t.ing re.~ults.
Since the longitudinal plane through the axis of the cylinder
and the centerline of the nozzle is a plane of symmetry only
one-hulf of the nozzle shell assembly wus modelled. The model
was generated using flat. plate elements. It is realized that
certain approximatiolls are introduced by representing the true
eurvcd surface by a faceted structure. In order to diminish
the errors ussociat.ed wit.h these approximations, a fme mesh
si"e is used throughout the model. An extra fille mesh layout
was made for the nozzle and the region of the cylindrical shell
extending about 6 in. radially on all sides of the shell-nozzle
junction. The average dimension of the side.~ of any element
in t.his region WI~S less thall (0.1 hlRt. The model consisted of
node on the eylindrical shell can have a maximum of five degrees
of freedom, neglecting the rotat.ion normal to the shell surface.
NOVEMBER 1978, Vol. 100/391
 Also at the junction nodes for the nozzle-cylinder intersection,
only two rotational degrees of freedom were considered.
The stiffness formulation for the triangular elements was
obtained by superposition of the CST (constant strain triangle)
membrane element and the HOT reference [7] plate bending
element. The comparison of these particular finite element
results with the results obtained from the shell analysis pro-
gram and the experimental test results show very good overall
agreement.
Allowable Loads for Reinforced Nozzles
The following is a suggested procedure for evaluating the
acceptability of calculated nozzle reactions, moments and radial
force for a given shell-nozzle configuration. It is assumed that
the nozzle shell reinforcing and the thickness of the nozzle
neck meets minimum API Code (Standard 620 or 650) re-
quirements.
The hoop stress due to the product head is taken into con-
sideration in formulating the criteria. When the nozzle loads
are acting to produce tension in the areas of the tank which
experience hoop tensile stresses due to product head, the criteria
for allowable nozzle loads are more restrictive than when these
nozzle reactions act in the opposite direction and their effect
is mitigated by the product head.
The stresses due to the product head at a particular elevation
on the tank are related to the distance from the tank bottom.
Thus, it is possible to express their effect in terms of a non-
dimensional distance from the bottom. It is also possible to
express the effect of the nozzle loads in terms of a nondimen-
sional length by normalizing the reactions using the pressure
force on the cross-sectional area of the nozzle as the normal-
izing divisor.
The nomograms have been constructed by limiting the total
maximum calculated hoop membrane stress due to product
head and nozzle loads to 110 percent of design allowable stress.
Also the maximum calculated surface stress has been limited
to three times the allowable design membrane stress. The
allowable load parameters have been adjusted in cases where
the bending stress is the governing factor. These criteria are
suggested only for low-type nozzle-shell configurations as de-
scribed herein. Any set of dimensional units can be used with
the criteria; however, the nozzle reactions, pressure due to
maximum product head and the length parameters must bo in
consistent units.
The effect of the nozzle loads on the reinforced shell-nozzle
connection can be determined using the curves given in Figs. 20
and 21. Note that the results for both nozzle elevations and
for both neck reinforced and pad reinforced nozzles have been
condensed into one curve for each load.
Depending on the directions of the forces and moments for
a particular loading case, the critical point on the nozzle-shell
junction may be A, B, C or C shown in Fig. 3.
Also depending on the direction and relative magnitude of
the forces, the controlling consideration may be compressive
stress (inward movement) or tensile stress (outward movement)
at the critical point as shown in Table 1.
Because of the multiple possibilities and because a piping
analysis usually involves several loading cases, the following
graphical procedure (nomograph) is suggested for establishing
allowable load criteria for any low-type nozzle configuration.
Note that it only takes two nomographs for each nozzle con-
•iguration regardless of the number of loading cases considered.
The nondimensional stresses due to FR, ML and Mc are
proportional to the quantities.

2XF \ F? J aXL\FP ) aXc \FP )

respectively, where
a/VRt
2
Fp = pira , the pressure end load on the nozzle for the pressure
due to design product head at the nozzle centerline
Fig. 3 Critical points on shell-nozzle junction elevation
XF, XL, XC = the coefficients determined from the computer
Table 1 Load combinations
results and given in Figs. 20 and 21

SUMMARY OF LOADING POSSIBILITIES = is the nondimensional quantity plotted on the

2XP abscissa of the "allowable load" nomograms.
DEFLECTION DUE
ERECTION CRITICAL TO LOAD AT COMBINES WITH
OF M/F B POINT CRITICAL POINT OR OPPOSES
PRODUCT HEAD O-XL \ Fp ) axe \ Fr J
ML FR Mc
POS/NEG A in in OPPOSES are plotted on the ordinates; one nomogram for each com-
or MOMENT bination of radial load and moment
B out in COMBINES
Construct Nomograms as Follows:
POS/POS B out out __ COMBINES
or MOMENT
Step 1 Determine the nondimensional quantities XA./\/JUI
A in out OPPOSES XB/VRt and Xc/VRt for the nozzle-tank configuration
NEG/POS A out out — COMBINES
under consideration. XA, XB, and Xc are as shown in
Fig. 3.
NEG/NEG B in in OPPOSES
or : MOMENT Step 2 Lay out two sets of orthogonal axes on a graph paper
A out in COMBINES as shown in Fig. 4.
POS/NEG C in in OPPOSES
Step 3 Construct four boundaries for the top nomogram and
or MOMENT
C in out COMBINES two boundaries for the bottom as shown in Fig. 4.
Boundaries 6t and 62 are constructed as 45-deg lines
POS/POS C — out out COM8INES between the abscissa and the ordinate intersecting the
Is^.

392 / Vol. 100, NOVEMBER 1978 Transactions of the ASME

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 THE GREATER OF.I Step 1 Using the values FR, ML and Mc from the piping
0R{I.0-.75XB/VR1) analysis determine the quantities,

an
\FP )' O,XL\ FP ) aXc \FP /
Step 2 Plot the point,

2Xf \FP)' aXL\FP J

on the nomogram constructed as shown in Fig. 5(a).
-THE GREATER OF.I Step 3 Plot the point,
OHUO-.75XA/VRT)
A / >L?\ J^ /Mo\
2X"\FP ) ' aXc \FP )
THE GREATER OF.I on the nomogram constructed as shown in Fig. 5(6).
OR(I.O-.75Xc//Rl)
The calculated load combinations for FR, ML and FR, Ma are
acceptable if both points lie within the boundaries of the nomo-
grams constructed for the particular nozzle-tank configuration.

•'•° ••* FIG.4bj -5 L0 Summary

Fig. 4 Method of constructing nomogram The stiffness coefficients presented in Figs. 8 through 19 can
be conveniently used by piping designers to calculate the local
translational and flexural restraint of a low-type nozzle in a
cylindrical tank with a flat bottom. By including this measure*
of support rigidity at the tank shell-nozzle connection in the
analysis of the attached piping system, the nozzle reactions
as well as rotations and deflections of the tank shell can be
_oX,/Fp' calculated more accurately.
COMPRESSION AT The nozzle load parameters given in Figs. 20 and 21 can be
A CONTROLS +FR,+ML utilized with the suggested criteria to evaluate the acceptability
TENSION AT of the nozzle reactions. It is anticipated that the resulting
B CONTROLS design procedure will make it possible for piping designs to be
made to accomodate connections to flat-bottom cylindrical
storage tanks that are usually constructed before the piping
*A
10 2XF T p designs are made.

*FR.-ML Acknowledgments
TENSION AT
COMPRESSION AT A CONTROLS Dr. John Endicott's contribution in developing the computer
B CONTROLS program which was used in calculating values for the plots of
Mc stiffness coefficients and allowable load factors is gratefully
FIG.5al acknowledged. The authors would also like to thank Messrs.
L. P. Zick and Cyrus Clark for their suggestions and comments
COMPRESSION AT which have been incorporated in this paper.
C CONTROLS
•FR,iMc
TENSION AT
C CONTROLS References
1 The M. W. Kellogg Company, "Flexibility Analysis by the
General Analytical Method," Design of Piping Systems, Re-
vised Second Edition, Wiley, New York, 1967, pp. 115-197.
"5 FIG.5b| «5 10 2Xp V 2 Bijlaard, P. P., "Stresses from Local Loadings in Cy-
Fig. 5 Use of nomogram lindrical Pressure Vessels," TRANS. ASME, Vol. 77, 1955, pp.
805-816.
3 Wichman, K. R., Hopper, A. G., and Mershon, J. L.,
"Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to Ex-
ternal Loading," Welding Research Council Bulletin 107, 1965.
4 Kalnins, A., "Analysis of Shells of Revolution Subjected
to Symmetrical and Nonsymmetrical Loads," ASME Journal
unit values. Boundaries ci, c2 and c3 are constructed of Applied Mechanics, Vol. 31, 1964, pp. 467-476.
as 45-deg lines passing through the calculated value 5 Endicott, J. S., "Analysis of Piping Loads on Shells of
indicated in Fig. 4 plotted on the positive abscissa. Revolution," to be presented at the Fourth International Con-
ference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology.
Step 4 Label the abscissa and ordinate as shown in Fig. 5. 6 Chicago Bridge and Iron Company Report 74-9453, "Ex-
perimental Testing Program for Nozzle Connections in Cylin-
Use Nomograms as Follows: To use the nomograms, the appro- drical Shells," 1976.
priate load combinations of FR, ML and Mc must be calculated 7 Clough, R. W., and Tocher, J. L., "Finite Element Stiff-
ness Matrices for the Analysis of Plate Bending," Proceedings
in terms applicable to the nomograms and the plotted point of Conference on Matrix Methods in Structural Mechanics, Report
must lie within the boundaries of the applicable nomograms. No. AFFDL-TR-66-80, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 1966.

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology NOVEMBER 1978, Vol. 100 / 393

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 APPENDIX Shell thickness = 1.5 in.
Operating temperature = 150°F (80°F above ambient of 70°F),
Flexibility Analysis of Piping Tank Combination Modulus of elasticity E a t operating temperature = 27.7 X 108
—Example Problem psi
In order t o illustrate t h e interrelationsliip between a piping Outward radial growth = ARos = 0.66 in.
system and t h e connecting tank nozzle, the following idealized Downward rotation = —0.036 rad
two-dimensional example problem is presented. T h e more Downward rotation and outward growth are due to hydrostatic
general form of flexibility equations for a piping system in a product head and temperature differential of 80°F; it is as-
space connected to a tank can be found in reference [1]. sumed that the bottom is restrained from movement by fric-
Assume end 0 in Fig. 6 is t o be fully anchored. T h e com- tion forces.
patibility equations of this piping system considering t h e elastic
Details of Low-Type Nozzle in Tank:
restraint of the tank can be expressed in t h e form
Nominal pipe diameter = 10-in. schedule 40
O.D. = 2a = 10.75 in.
FR - (Sab)FL + ( Sb - ~ ~ \ ML Distance of nozzle centerline from bottom = L = 16 in.
Reinforcing has been provided in shell.
= El{AR0p - ARos} (4) Details of Connected Piping: Refer t o Fig. 6 for pipe config-
uration details and Table 2 for calculations for flexibility co-
(SabW* + (Saa)FL - (Sa)ML = El{AL0P} (5)
efficients S, Sa, Saa, • • ., etc., (obtained using reference [1]).
EI Mean coefficient of thermal expansion = 6.25 X 1 0 - 6 in./in.
per °F.

AROP = - (I) (a" (AT) = - (40 X 12) (6.25 X 10-6) (g 0 )

= EI\6LOP — Qtos)
= - 0.24 in.
Sa, Si, Sab are t h e summed shape coefficients of t h e piping
system as determined b y the procedure outlined in reference [1]. ALop = - (20 X 12) (6.25 X 10-6) (80) = - 0.12 in.
FR, FL, ML are t h e redundant radial and vertical force and Step 1: Calculate Stiffness Coefficients for Nozzle-Tank Con-
vertical moment a t point D . EI is t h e flexural rigidity of the
nection
attached piping.
R/t = 1080/1.5 = 720
AROP, ALop are t h e unrestrained expansions and SLOP is t h e
unrestrained rotation of t h e piping a t point D . ARos, OLOS a r e a/R = 5.375/1080 = 0.00498 use curves for a/R value of 0.005
the outward growth in the radial direction and downward ro-
tation in t h e meridional direction of t h e t a n k shell-nozzle con- L/2a = 16/10.75 = 1.488 use curves for L/2a value of 1.50
nection due to thermal and pressure loading only. These de- From Fig. 11 for radial load:
formations are furnished b y t h e tank designer or owner to t h e
piping designer. KR
9 X 10"*
Solving these three simultaneous equations yields t h e values E{2a)
of FR, FL, and ML- T h e deformation of t h e t a n k shell due t o
the reaction FL is neglected as it is assumed t h a t the tank KR = (9 X 10-4) (27.7 X 106) 10.75 = 268000 lb/in. = 3.2IH
shell-nozzle connection is extremely rigid in t h e longitudinal X 106 l b / f t
direction. T h e effect of very large upward FL loads would be
to pick u p a large portion of t h e t a n k shell and a portion of From Fig. 12 for longitudinal moment:
the bottom. Conversely a large downward FL load would add
KL
load t o a portion of t h e foundation. = 2.8 X 10-=
E{2af
Example Problem. T h e following problem exemplifies the use
(2.8 X IP" 3 ) (27.7 X IP 6 ) (10.75) 3
of the curves in calculating the local translational and flexural KL =
12
rigidity of a tank-nozzle connection. The calculated values
can be incorporated into t h e analysis of t h e piping system as = 7.17 X 106 ft-lb/rad
shown.
27.7 X 106 x 160.7
Details of Flat-Bottom Tank: EI = 30.91 X 106 lb-ft 2
144
Cylindrical t a n k diameter = 180 ft
Height of stored product = 70 ft. (s.g. = 1.0)

Table 2

AL MEMBER D-l 1-0 £ D-0

4 I 40.0 20.0

4 •#-AR
h
V
1 2 /I2
20.0
0.0
133.3
40.0
10.0
33.3
S % 40.0 20.0 60.0
XML jf SQ (h)(S) 800.0 800.0 1600.0
Sb (vMS) 0.0 200.0 2oo;o
D»3} —^> to^—a Q I
Sab (v)(Sa) 0.0 8000.0 8000.0
40' SQQ (h)(Sa)+(S)tz/l2 21332.0 32000.0 53332.0
Fig. 6 Flexibility analysis of example problem Sbb (v)(Sb)+(SHz/l2 0.0 2666,0 2666.0

394/ Vol. 100, NOVEMBER 1978 Transactions of the ASME

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 REINFORCING ON SHELL
TT

-FINAL LONGITUDINAL
/ROTATION OF TANK SHELL

FINAL RADIAL -RADIAL TRANSLATION

TRANSLATION DUE TO FR ,M L
OF TANK SHELL AR=-.I5"

eL=.55
ROTATION DUE TO
IMPOSED REACTIONS
FR AND M L
LOS

A R 0 S = OUTWARD GROWTH DUE TO HYDROSTATIC

HEAD AND TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL
e L 0 S = DOWNWARD ROTATION DUE TO HYDROSTATIC
HEAD AND TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL
Fig. 7 Final deformation of tank shell-nozzle connection

30.91 X 106
EI/KB = 9.61 ft«
3.216 X 106 Fig. 8

3
miK, - °jn. * 1 0 ! - 4.81 ft
7.17 X 106
EI EIL REINFORCING ON SHELL
= 7.21 ft2 = 5.75 ft 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
LKR KL

EI EIL
Average of ——- and —— = 6.48 ft2
LKR KL
I' -2
*•">

(Note: Average value is used to insure necessary symmetry SxKT

of stiffness matrix.)

Step 2: Solve Compatibility Equations to Determine FR,

FL, ML- Substituting values in the equations (4), (5), and (6)
gives:

(2666 + 9.61)F B - (8000)F £ + (200 - 6.48)ML

V
= 30.91 X 106 { - 0 . 0 2 0 - (0.055)}
- ( 8 0 0 0 ) F n + (53332)Fz, - ( 1 6 0 0 ) M L = 30.91 X 106 ( - 0 . 0 1 )
(200 - 6A8)FR - (1600)Fz, + (60 + 4.31)Mi z
y
= 30.91 X 106 { - ( - 0 . 0 3 6 ) } o
u.
Solving these linear algebraic equation yields: glxloT-,
FR = 580 lb, FL = 2160 lb, ML = 69320 ft-lb

Step 3: Determine Deflections. The deformations due

the calculated loads from the piping are combined with
to
the
I
fctalOl ' ' ' ' '
8
movements of the nozzle acting with the cylindrical shell
to hydrostatic head and temperature differential. These
due
are
I f- CO 0> o

Fig. 9
summarized in Fig. 7.
Deflection of Tank Shell Due to Imposed Reactions:

Deflection due to FR:

Deflection due to ML'-
FR _ 580
AR = 0.0022 in. (-»-)
KR ~ 268000 X 57.3 = 0.5540 deg ( A )
KL 7.17 X 106
-tan
AR = - 1 6 t a n (0.554) = - . 1 5 4 7 in. (-)

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology NOVEMBER 1978, Vol. 100 / 395

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 REINFORCING ON SHELL
REINFORCING ON SHELL
z : i r' i—r i i i 1""
s
i o
s
_l
- -^•1.50
•

«t -2
zixlO
Q •

3 :
K ~ •
111
O - .
at - .
o " -2.= .005 •

u _i

«ixio _
u.
3
-

;
H
_
•

:
-r-02
•

Ul
v
. -«
- >
Ul -4
"SIxlO
£lxO - -:
(- ; '
z
Ul - •
- -

FICI
UJ • \ 0 .04 •
o
u. u.
Ul •«
olxlO
«wdt o z •

o CO - R. ;
in
tn </>
Ul
1
2 •
UJ
U. ~
z u. " *
Suicr kuoT 1 L L_l 1 1 1 ,1
J. I IJ o O
8 88 8 8 O 8888 O
O O
So v Si ro
8 h- CO 0> O CM

CO 01 O F i g . 1Z

Fig. 10
REINFORCING ON SHELL
REINFORCING ON SHELL
-r-T

Fig. 11

396 / Vol. 100, NOVEMBER 1978 Transactions of the ASW1E

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 REINFORCING ON NOZZLE ONLY REINFORCING ON NOZZLE ONLY
UJ
—-j-™—
_J
N r~"~n—1—1—rr—
N
O - 4 " 1.0
Z 2o
z
o
§»»»'

s
J
5
<
KlxIOl
o
u.
"3
CM

«
*» ^
K|XK)

ui
D
E

glxK
CO
v>
UJ
z
u.
u.
UlO* •1 J I In I t
888 O
CM
to O) g
Fig. 16
Fig. 14

REINFORCING ON NOZZLE ONLY REINFORCING ON NOZZLE ONLY

UI -™™""™"
1 "" I1 1 T 1 I - 1 ' 1 " 1
OZZL

2
•
I 4s-=1.50
•

z 2a ;
z
O .2
QWO. T~ _
<
O : '
•

_l *
- •
_J * *
< "
s - •

— |s.005
s«f
K
O ;
• ;
u. ;
0
. -
CM •
*_<•

X
*
- a «
*»" ».02 ^ S .
R
x - ;
1-
z
- -
UJ * "
0 "- '*
„
tx .
V 0 .04
fcrf I
0 •

52 ~ R ^
Y\ _ •-
z - t **
u. .
u.
UK? 1 1 1 , JL. 1 I I , , ' . 1,
o o O
8 o 88 88 O
O
8 S D 0>O CM

Fig. IS Fig. 17

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology NOVEMBER 1978, V o l . 100 / 397

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 REINFORCING ON NOZZLE ONLY Z REINFORCING ON NOZZLE ONLY
T UJ T T T T
o

Fig. 18 Fig. 19

Total deflection due to both FR and ML: Longitudinal rotation = OLOS + QL= —2.06 + 0.55 = —1.51 deg
Radial translation Afl = +0.0022 -0.1547 = -0.15 in. (—) (f)
Longitudinal rotation = 6L = -0.0077 +0.5540 = +0.55 deg Check Acceptability of Calculated Loads From Example Problem
Using Suggested Criteria
Final displacement of tank shell—nozzle connection:
VRt = Vl080(1.5) = 40.25
Radial displacement = ARos + AR = 0.66 - 0.15 = 0.51 in.
(-)

2/3 OF THE REQUIRED REINFORCED

2 / 3 OF THE REQUIRED REINFORCED AREA MUST BE LOCATED WITHIN
AREA MUST BE LOCATED WITHIN 0 + .5VRT OF NOZZLE CENTERLINE-
<J+. 3VRt OF NO/^ZLE CENTE RLINE->,

30 1'
20 • -

10
-J \ , ^~°^ :

0£ 5
O
- -
u.
8 -' >v •
2

X F - /
1

7 1 J 1 C U - L11
.2 ,3 4 .5.6.7.8.91.0 2.0
5l=a/VRt = §<VT
Fig. 20 Fig. 21

398 / Vol. 100, NOVEMBER 1978 Transactions of the ASME

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 5.375
0.13
J^ /ML \ _ 0-13 / 832000 \
X = = 0.5
VRI 40.25 a%h \FP ) ~ (5.38) (15) \_ 2700~ )
62.4
FP p(ira?) = (70 - 1 . 3 3 ) T T ( 5 . 3 7 5 ) 2 = 2700 lb The nomograph shown in Fig. 5(a) has been drawn for this
144 nozzle configuration. The point (0.004, 0.5) lies within the
for X = 0.13; Xf = 3.4; XL = 15.0 (refer to Fig. 20) boundaries; therefore, the calculated nozzle loads are acceptable
for this nozzle-tank configuration.
= (16 + 5.375)/40.25 = 0.53
VRI Check Stresses in Nozzle Neck. (Assume nozzle wall thickness
= 0.5.)
XB_
= (16 - 5.375)/40.25 = 0.26
y/Rt
S
Xc = L = 16 in. does not apply for sample problem, Mc = 0 2-Kat A I

Calculated end forces at nozzle-shell connection are: 2700 580 832000 X 5.4
+ +
FR = 5801b ML = 832000 in.-lb 2 X r X 5.4 X .5 IGTO " 212.0

X / FE\ 0.13 /580_ = 159 + 36 + 21192

= 0.004
2X< \FP ) (2) (3. 4) ^ 2700 = 21387 psi

Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology NOVEMBER 1978, Vol. 100 / 399

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