PR O B L E M S I N A L T E R N A TIN G

CU R R E N T MA CH I N E R Y

BY

W ALD O V LY ON .

IN S T R U C TO R IN E L E C T R I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G M A S S A C H U S ETT S
.

I N S T I T U TE O F TE C H N O LO G Y .

F I RS T E D I T I O N

—
M c Q RA W H ILL B OO K C O M PA N Y , I N C .

239 W ES T 3 9 T H ST R E E T , N E W YO R K
e B O U VE R I E S T RE E T . LO N DO N . E c
. .

1 91 4
 C O PYR I G H T , 1 9 1 4 , B Y TH E
M C G R A W H I LL B OO K
-
C O M P AN Y ,
IN C .

T H E o M A P L E o P R E S S -Y O R K P A
 PR EF A C E

T h ese prob lem s chiefl y co n cer n the theory of the operatio n o f

alte rn ati n g curre n t mac hi n ery a n d a r e such as we give t o the
,

fourth year stude n ts i n electrical e n gi n eering i n this subj ect .

I n each chapter the problems of a similar n ature are grouped

together and those o f each group are th en arra n ged i n the
,

approxim ate ord er o f their difficulty The g r oups i n e ach chapt er

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f ollow each other i n as logical a n order as possible both f r om poi n t,

o f diffi cul ty a n d the prese n tatio n o f th e subj ect .

I n order that this collectio n o f problems may be us e ful among

d iff e rent cl ass es o f stude n ts a la r ge va r i e ty has been includ e d ,

ra n g in g f r om the very simple t o those of co n side r abl e di fficulty .

W herever it is esse ntial the data have bee n take n f r om actual

apparatus This was possible through the court e sy o f two of
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th e large ma n ufacturi n g compa n ies I n some o f the probl e ms

.

s o fe w data are give n that approx imate methods o f solutio n

must be used but care h as bee n taken to s o state them that

,

the errors thus i n troduced n eed n o t be l arge This lack of data

.

i s freque n tly met i n practic e .

I t h as bee n thought best n ot t o give i n troductory paragraphs

for each chapter as was do n e i n the precedi n g vol ume o f prob
l e ms i n asmuch as they woul d have to be of co n siderable le ngth
t o be o f much value .

Th e a ns wers t o the problems will probably be ready f o r

publicatio n i n the fall o f 1 9 1 4 T h ey will be available t o all
.

but un dergraduate stud en ts at a n omi n al price Un de r graduat e .

stu d e n ts ca n obtai n them o n ly o n the recomme n datio n o f thei r

instructors .

W A L DO V LY O N
. .

M A SS A C H U S E TT S I N S T x T U T S O F T E C H N O L O G Y
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Decem b er 1 9 l 3
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 CO N T EN T S
C H AP TE R
I . T R AN S F O RME RS ( 98 PR OB LEMS )
I ron l oss ,
urrent num ber o f t ur ns eff ec tive res ist
m ag n eti z in g c , ,

ance an d reac tance co pper l oss re g ulati on effi ciency a ut o

, , , ,

trans form er indu c ti o n r eg u l at or p ar alle l o perati on

, ,
.

11 . S YN CH R O N O U S G E N ER A TO RS ( 99 PR OB LEMS )
G enerated el ectro m o t i ve f or ce f o rm fac t or h arm o n i cs co n cen , , ,

t rat ed a n d distr i buted wi ndi n gs l eak age reac t ance ar m atur e , ,

—
reacti on sync hrono us reac tan c e v o lt ag e re gu l ati on co m p aris o n
, ,

o f m eth o ds e ffe c t o f p o wer fa c t o r e ffi c ienc y p arall el o perati on

, , , ,

hun t in g .

I II . S YN C H R O N O U S M OTO RS (50 PR OB LEMS )

E x cit ati o n effi c iency p o wer fac t o r m axi m u m c urrent break
. , , ,

d o wn efi cct o f a d de d resist an ce an d reac tan ce trans miss i o n line

’

, ,

regul ati on p o wer f ac t o r co m pens ati o n

,
.

IV . I N D U C T I O N M OTO RS ( 80 PR OB LE MS ) .

F lux d istributi o n ex c iti ng c urrent iro n l oss wind i n g pit ch

, , , ,

st art in g c urrent t o rque speed re g ul ati o n breakd o wn t orque

, , , ,

effe c t o f added resist ance an d reac tance H eylan d d i a gram , ,

c al c ul ati o n o f ch arac terist i cs c o nca tenati o n i nd u cti on gen , ,

erat or ne cessary s y nch r o no us app aratus

, cal c u l ati o n o f c h ar ,

act eris t ics .

V . R OT A RY C O NV ER TE RS (6 1 P R OB LE MS )
V o lt age rati o , e ff ect o f " ux di stribut i o n, rel ative o utputs trans ,

fo r m er cap acit i es ar m ature reac ti o n , ,

ex cit ati on ser i es field ,

tur ns effi c iency

,
.

VI . PO L Y 1 H A S E C I R C U I T S (7 5 PR OB LEMS )
>
.

D elt a an d Y co nne cti o n b al anced an d u n b al anced l o ads

, ,

neutral c urrent p o wer m easure men t wi th unb al anced l o ads

, ,

transfo r m er connec ti ons an d rel ative cap acit i es aut o trans ,

-

for m ers trans mi ss i on l ine re gul at i o n an d effi c ienc y co m bined

, ,

effi c ienc y an d re g ulat i on o f generat o r line an d transfo r m ers , ,

i nd u cti o n an d sy n c hrono us m o t or l oads .

V II . N O N S rN O s o m A L W AV ES (44 PR OB LEMS )
-
.

Ph ase an d line v o l tages t wo p h ase t o t hr ee~ p hase trans fo r m a ,

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t i on neutral c urrent p o wer m easure m en t e ff ec t o f i ndu c tanc e

, , ,

a n d c a p ac i t y c y c li c o rder o f v o lta g es unb al anc ed l o ads tra n s

, , ,

fo r m er conne c t i ons .
 I N T R O D U C TI O N

The great imp ortance o f probl e m work in the training o f stu

dents of e n gin eering is n o w generally recogn iz ed N o other w o r k
.

so e ffi cie n tly develops analytical p ower a n d clear logical think,

ing so n ecessary t o succ ess in the engineering p r o f ession Y et

,
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n otwithsta n di n g the imp ortance o f problem wo r k in g e neral the ,

first consiste n tly developed b ook o f e lect r ical e n gineering prob

lems was that prep ared by M r Lyo n i n 1 908 its wide use b eing
.
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co n cl usive evi de n ce of th e n eeds that were f e lt amo n g b oth

teachers and students for such a work and of the appreciatio n of
,

the i mporta n ce of the trai n in g which it exemplifies .

I t req uires a sp ecial g ift t o origi n at e and d e velop problems

which shall gi v e sound training i n the fu n dam e ntals o f engineering
and whose solution sha ll n o t only interest the student b ut develop ,

his in te llectual p ower as w e ll I n ge n eral the problems must b e

.

closely related t o engine e ri n g practice gr aded as t o diffi culty

, ,

a n d must carefully avoid being m e r e mathematical p uzzles M r . .

Lyo n as his ea r lier b ook also shows h as a most unusual ability i n

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the prep aratio n of problems for the electrical e ngineering fi eld .

T he prese n t collectio n of problems relating to electrical

machin e r y more p a r ticularly in th e fi eld of alt e r n ating c urre n t
,

e ngineeri ng h as bee n prepared with the same poi n t of view as

,
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was M r Lyo n s earlier work and should likewi se prove most
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,

us eful t o both inst r uctor and stude n t .

H E CL I F F O R D
. . .

H A RV A R D U N IV E RS I T Y
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Decemb er 1 9 1 3
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 PR O B L E MS I N A L T E R N A T I N G
CU RRE N T MA CH I N E R Y

C H A PT ER I

T RA N S F O RM ER S

1 . The iro n loss in a reactor is 24 0 watts of which 4 8 watts is

due t o eddy curre n ts I f the amou n t o f ir o n i n the magneti c
.

circui t were doubl e d by doubli n g the cross sectio n o f the core

-
,

what would be the iro n loss for the same impressed voltage and
freq ue n cy ? N eglect the resista n c e drop .

2 The iro n loss i n a reactor is 3 1 2 watts of which 8 6 watts is

.

du e to eddy curre n ts I f a similar reactor were constructed i n

.

whi ch laminatio n s o f twi ce the thick n ess were used what woul d ,

be the ir o n loss fo r the same impressed voltage a n d freq uency ?

Ne glect the resista n ce drop .

3 Whe n 1 1 0 volts at 3 0 cycles is impressed o n a reactor the

.

iro n loss is 27 6 watts of which 204 watts is due to hysteresis I f .

the impresse d voltage and freq ue n cy are both doubled what will
be the iro n loss ? N eglect the resista n ce drop .

4 W he n 1 1 0 volts at 60 cycles is impresse d on a reactor the

.
,

iro n loss is 248 watts of which 25 per ce n t is due to edd y currents

. .

( )
a Wh at w i ll be the iro n loss when 2 20 volts at 6 0 cycl e s i s
impresse d o n the reactor ? (b ) Wh at wi ll be the iron loss wh en
1 1 0 V olts at 30 cycles is impress e d on t h e reactor ? Ne glect th e
r e sista n ce drop.

5 A reactor h as t wo electric circuits havin g the same n umb e r

.

of tur ns which may b e co nn ect e d i n series or i n parallel Wh en .

th ey are co nn ecte d i n serie s across 220 volt 6 0 c y cl e mains the

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,
-

i ro n loss is 3 26 watt s o f which 8 9 watts i s du e to e ddy cu r re n ts

,
.

What wi ll be the iro n lo ss i f the coils are co nn ec te d i n parallel

acro ss the same ma i ns ? N e g lect th e resi sta n ce d rop .

6 W it h 4 25 volts at 25 c y cles impresse d o n the lo w te n sion

.
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wi n di n g o f a tra nsformer 2500 watts is supplied at n o load I f .

the freq ue n c y o f thi s impre sse d voltag e is i n cre ased to 4 0 cycles

2 PR O BLEMS I N A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

w ithout cha n gin g its r oot mean sq uar e valu e o r form factor 2020
- -
,

watts is supp li e d at no load Wh at is the divisio n between th e

.

e ddy curr e nt and hyst er esis loss e s at 25 cycles ?

7 With 4 4 0 volts at 5 0 cycles impr e ss e d on th e low tension
.
-

w ind ing of a t r ansfo r m er 64 1 watts is supplied at no load If .

t h e f re q u e ncy and voltag e a r e each r e duced 5 0 p e r ce n t without .

changing the f o r m f acto r 27 8 watts is suppli e d at no load .

What is th e division b e tween th e eddy curr e nt and hyste r esis -

l osse s at 5 0 cycl es ?
8 With 4 4 0 volts at 60 cycl e s i m press e d o n the lo w tension
.
-

winding o f a t r a n sfo rm e r 3 7 1 watts is supplied at n o load I f the .

voltage is r educ e d 5 0 per ce n t without changing th e f r eq uency o r

.

th e f o r m factor 1 1 4 watts is supplied at n o load Wh at is the di .

v ision between th e eddy curr e nt and hyst e r e sis losses at 4 4 0 volt s ?

9 I f a simpl e ha rm onic e l e ct r omotiv e f o r c e o f 2200 volts at
.

6 0 cycles is imp r essed o n the lo w tension winding o f a t r ansfo r mer - '

th e co r e loss i s 94 0 watts 23 per ce n t o f which is due t o eddy

,
.

currents ( a) What will b e th e core loss if an electromotive

.

fo r ce o f the same e ffectiv e value and f requency b ut with a fo r m

f actor o f is impressed o n the lo w tensio n winding ? (b ) -

What will b e the core loss if a n electromotive fo r ce o f the same

e ffective value a n d f re q u e ncy but with a f o r m f actor of is
impress e d on th e lo w tensio n winding ? -

1 0 The magnetic circuit o f a t r ansformer has a mea n length

.

of i n a n d an av er age c r oss section o f

. sq in Th e -
. .

low t e nsio n winding has 399 turns Find the co re loss th e no

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.
,

load curre n t and th e p ower facto r at n o load when 23 00 volts at

,

60 cycles is imp r essed on the low t en sion winding The curve of -

.

—
core loss at 6 0 cycles a n d flux density a n d th e B H curve are ,

gi v en by the data o n th e followi ng page :

1 1 A magneti c circuit has a mea n l e ngth o f
. in and a n .

ave r age cross sectio n o f sq i n I t is wound with a coil o f

-
. .

94 tu r ns A co nstant voltage of 4 4 0 volts at 5 0 cycl e s is im

.

p r essed o u this coil H o w long a n air gap would it be necessary

.
-

to cut i n the magneti c circuit in o r der that the coil would take a
current 20 tim e s as great ? What is the power f actor be f o r e a n d
after cutting the air gap ? N eglect the resista n ce o f the coil and
-

use the mag n etic data give n i n problem 1 0 Assume that the core .

loss at 5 0 cycles is 8 0 per ce n t o f the loss at 6 0 cycles . .

1
Flat t opped .

2
Peaked .
 T R A NSFO R MERS

O r d i nates A b s c issaa
Mm iC o re l o ss
fig
et n fo rce
Flux d ens i t y vj
at 60 c y c l es
Kilo lin es per sq in . H W atts per cu . in .

10
.

40 0 . 2 0
53 0 . 3 0
61 5 . 4 0 .

5 0

8 0 -0
86 0 . 15 0
8 9 -6

T his d at a is f o r a g o o d g rade o f sheet stee l .

F o r a ll o f the pro ble m s t o whi c h this d at a ap p li es assu m e th at a t the

w orki ng flux densit y the jo i nts in the m agneti c c ir c uit require 7 5 additi onal
am pere t ur n s .

’
12 The mag n etic cir cuit of a 5 000 k v a tra ns former has a
.
-
.
- .

mea n le n gt h of 1 4 0 i n a n d a n averag e c ross s e ctio n o f 6 1 3 sq

.
-
.

in. Th e number of turns i n the hig h te n sio n wi n di ng is such that -

with the rated voltage of volts at 5 0 cycles impressed o n

this wi n ding watts is suppli e d at n o load H ow ma ny
, .

t ur n s has the high te n sio n wi n d ing ? What are the n o load cur
- -

re n t a n d p ower factor ? U se the magn etic data give n in problem

10 . As sume that the core loss at 5 0 cycles is 8 0 per ce n t o f th e .

loss at 6 0 cycles .

1 3 I f the transform e r described in problem 1 2 is connected to

.

a volt 5 0 cycle ci r cuit wh at will be the n o load curre n t

-
,
-
,
-

a n d power ?
1 4 The mag n etic circuit of a l OOO k v a transform e r has a
.
- .
-
.

m e an l ength o f 95 in a n d a n average cross sectio n of 278 sq i n

.
-
. .

This t r ansformer is d e sig n ed t o operate from a volt -

,

6 0 cycle c ircuit
-
I f the maximum fl ux de n sity is to b e
.

li n es p e r sq uare i n ch h o w ma ny tur n s should th e hig h te n sio n -

wi n di ng hav e ? What are the n o load curr e nt a n d pow e r ? Us e -

th e m ag ne tic data give n i n problem 1 0 .

—
At no load a 5 00 k v a tra ns form e r tak e s a curre n t of .
-
.

1
th at the o r i g in al " ux d ensity is 70 kilo lin cs per sq in a n d th a t
A ssu m e . .
,

the re l ati on between the fl ux dens i t y a n d the per m eab i l i t y fo r th i s qu al it y

o f iro n i s expressed b y

B 1 02 —0 0 l 7p
.

between B equ als 4 5 k ilo lin es an d 8 equ al s 95 kilo lin eS per S q in I n pro b . .

le m s where th i s ap p lies the e ffe ct o f the jo ints in the m agnet i c circ uit wi ll
be negl e cted .
4 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

amp ere s and a powe r of 296 0 watts whe n the voltage ,

impres se d o n th e high te n sion side is

-
volts at 6 0 cycles .

What cu rre nt and power will this tra n sformer take at no load if
volts at 6 0 cycles is impressed o n the high tensio n wi nding ? -

Assume that the core loss varies as the p ower o f the fl ux

d e nsity .

A 5 0 k v a tra n sfo r me r takes a current o f

-
.
-
. ampere and
a pow e r o f 64 1 watts at no load whe n volts at 5 0 cycl e s is
i m pressed o n the high — t en sion winding What current a n d pow er
.

will this t r a n sformer take at n o load if volts at 60 cycl e s is

impr e ssed o n the high te n sio n wi n di n g ? Assume that the core
-

loss v a r ies as th e power of the freque n cy a n d the pow er of

the fl ux d e nsity .

1 7 The r esista n ce t o direct cu rr e n t of a reactor which has a

.

lam inated magnetic circuit is o hm Whe n 1 1 0 volts at 60

cycl e s is impressed o n this reactor the curre n t is 1 0 amperes a n d
the p ower is 55 0 watts What are the appare n t resista n ce a n d
.

reactance o f the reactor ? W hat is the actual i n ducta n ce of the

r eacto r at thi s voltag e an d fre quency ?
Wh e n 1 1 0 volts at 6 0 cycles is impressed o n a reacto r
which has a laminated magneti c circuit it absorbs 500 watts At .

t his ti m e t h e in ductance o f t he r eactor is 25 mil henrys a n d the -

resi stance is negligibly small ( a) Wh at are the curre n t and

.

po wer facto r ? What are the apparent resista n ce a n d reactance

o f the r e acto r ? (b ) I f 1 4 6 volts at 6 0 c y cles is impress e d o n
this r eacto r wh at will be the cu rre nt a n d power factor ? Wh at
w ill be th e apparent resista n ce and reactanc e o f the reacto r ?
Assum e that the i r on loss varies as the p ower of the fl ux
density .

1 9 A r e acto r with a laminated mag n etic circuit h as a negligibly

.

small r esistance to direct curre n t When 1 1 0 volts at 25 cycl e s

.

is imp re ss e d o n this reactor the curre n t is 20 amperes a n d the

power is 1 000 watts I f a very small air gap is cut in the mag
.
-

A ssu m e th a t the ori g n al " ux d ensit y i s 7 0 ki lo lin es per sq in an d th a t

. .
,

the rel a ti on between the " ux d en sit y an d the per m eabi l it y f o r this qu al i t y
o f ir o n is expresse d b y :

B 1 02 —0 0 1 7 1
: ;

between B equ als 4 5 k ilo lin es an d B equ als 95 k ilo lin es per sq in I n pro b
. .

lem s where this applies the effe ct o f the jo i nts in the m agnet i c circuit will
be n e g le c ted
.
 T R A NSFO R MERS

netic circuit the curre n t becomes 1 00 amperes B y wh at amou n t .

are the appare n t resista n ce a n d reacta n c e o f the reactor cha n ged

by the i n troductio n o f the air gap ? -

20 A reactor wi th a lami n ated mag n etic c i rcuit has a resista n c e

.

t o direct curre n t o f o hm
. Wh e n 1 1 0 volts at 6 0 cycles is
impressed o n this reactor the appare n t resista n ce a n d reacta n c e
are ohm s a n d ohms respectively What is the actual in
.

d u ct an ce o f the r e actor at this voltag e ?

21 At n o load with 220 volts at 6 0 cycles impressed o n a
.

tra n sformer the ratio o f eddy curre n t loss t o hysteresis loss is

What is this ratio if 220 volts at 50 cycles is impressed o n
the tra n sformer ?
22 At n o load wi th 220 volts at 6 0 cycles impressed o n a
.

t r ansformer the ratio o f eddy current loss to hysteresis loss is

What is this ratio if 1 1 0 volts at 60 cycles is impressed o n the
transformer ?
23 At no load with 1 1 0 volts at 60 cycles impressed o n a trans
.

form e r the curre n t is amperes a n d the p ower is 5 2 watts .

What will be the n o load curre n t a n d power take n by a tra n s

-

former similar to this in every particular excep t that the cross ,

sectio n o f the magnetic circuit is double when 220 volts at 60 ,

cycles is impressed o it n ?

24 At no load wi th 1 1 0 volts at 3 0 cycles impressed o n a tra n s

.

former the curre n t is ampe re s a n d the power is 5 3 watts o f ,

which 1 4 watts is dissipated i n eddy currents W hat will be the .

curre n t a n d p ower at no load if 220 volts at 60 cycles is impressed

o n this tra n sformer ?

25 The high tension wi n di n g of a transformer co nsists of two

.
-

coils which may be co nn ected i n series o r i n parallel Whe n .

the se coils are conn e cted i n se ries across 2200 volts at 6 0 cycles
t h e current is amp e res a n d the pow e r is 1 4 0 watts o n ope n
circuit What is the no load curre n t a n d powe r if the coil s ar e
.
-

connec ted in parall e l across 1 1 00 volts at 6 0 cycles ?

26 .
l
I n probl e m 25 wh at is the n o load curre n t and powe r wh e n
-

the coils are co nn ec te d in parall e l across 1 55 0 volts at 6 0 c y cles ?

A ss u m e th a t t h e o ri g i nal " ux dens i t y i s 7 0 kilo lin es p er sq in an d th a t
. .
,

the rel ati o n between the fl ux dens i t y a n d t h e permeab i l i t y fo r th i s qu ali t y

o f iro n i s expresse d b y :

B —0 0 1 7 1
:

between B e q u al s 4 5 kilo lin es an d B equ als 95 k ilo lin es per sq in I n p ro b

. .

le m s where t h i s ap plies the e ffe ct o f the jo i n ts in the magnet i c c irc u i t w i l l

be n e gl e cted.
6 PROBLEMS IN A L T ERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

Assume that th e core l osses vary as the power o f the fl ux

density .

27 Th e high tensio n wi n ding o f a transforme r co n sists o f

.
-

t wo coils which may be co nn ected i n se r i e s o r i n p arallel Whe n .

these coils a r e co n nected in parallel across volts at 60

cycles the no load cu r rent is
-
ampe r es a n d the power is 3 7 1
watts 28 per ce n t of which is eddy curre n t loss What are th e
,
. .

no load curre n t a n d pow e r wh en the coils are co nn ected i n series

-

across volts at 3 0 cycles ?

28 At n o load with 4 6 0 volts impressed o n the primary o f a
.
,

tra n sformer the current is

, ampere and the power is 1 22
watts Another transformer is similar to this o n e except that
.

the prima r y winding has twic e as ma ny turns a n d the cross sec -

tio n of th e magn e ti c ci r cuit is o n e half as g r eat What no load

-
.
-

current and power will this tra n sformer tak e with 4 60 volts im
pr e ss e d o n its primary winding ?
29 I n a transform er having a ratio of tra n sformatio n o f N 1 : N 2
.

the windings a r e so desig n ed that the curr e nt densities in th e

primary a n d seco n dary are the same What is the ratio o f p r i
.

mary to secondary resista n ce if b oth windings have the sam e

mea n l e ngth per tur n ? W hat is this ratio if the mea n length
per tu rn o f the primary is 1 5 pe r c e nt gre ate r tha n that o f th e
.

secondary ? (b ) I f the current density i n the prima ry had been

1 5 per cent greater tha n in the seconda r y what would have
.

b ee n this ratio of the resi sta n ces if the windings had the same
mea n length per turn ?
30 I n a transformer having a ratio of trans f o r mation o f N 1 I N z
.

th e wi ndings are so desig n ed that the heating losses i n the pri

mary and seco n dary are the same What is the ratio of prima ry
.

to secondary re sistance if b oth wi n dings have the same mea n

l e ngth per tur n ? Wh at is this ratio if the mea n le ngth per tur n
of the primary wi n di n g is 1 5 per ce n t greater tha n that o f the
.

secondary ? ( b ) I f the heating loss in the p r imary had bee n 1 5

per cent greater tha n i n the secondary what would have be en
.

this ratio if both windings had the same mea n length pe r tur n ?
31 What e ffect will be produc e d o n the iro n losses o f a trans
.

form er a n d o n the kilowatt rati n g o n the basis o f the same total

,

losses b y doubli n g the n umber o f t urns i n the p r ima ry and s e con

,

dary windings a n d halvi n g the cross section o f the wires : first

-
,

when the impressed voltage is doubled ; and s e cond when the ,

impressed vo l tag e is u n cha nged a n d the cross sectio n o f the mag

-
8 PROBLEMS I N A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

thi r d greater th an the iron loss e s of th e first The same si z e o f .

w i r e is used i n winding both t r ansforme r s b ut the mean l e ngth

o f o n e tur n is 5 pe r cent greater in the s e co n d o n accou n t of th e .

la rg e r magnetic core Assume that the iron losses vary as the .

power of the fl ux density B oth transform er s have the same .

voltag e rating The first transformer has a full load capacity of.
-

1 00 kw and a full load e ffi ci e ncy o f

. per cent at unit pow e r -
.

factor O n the basis o f th e same total losses what should be the

.

full load r ating o f the s e cond tra n sforme r ? What is the ratio
-

o f the iro n losses t o the C opper losses at full load i n the seco n d

t r ans f orme r ?
3 6 Th r ee equal 1 0 t o 1 transfo r mers each o f 1 00 k v a
.
, .
-
.

c apacity a r e a rr a n ged with both th e primari e s a n d secondari e s

,

—
in Y to receive p ower from a 3 phase 2 00 volt ci r cuit The
2 -
, .

losses i n e ach transf ormer at full load are 1 960 watts o f which 94 0
a r e core losses I f these tra n sformers are co n nected in delta to
.

this circuit what p ower wi ll they deliver without exc e eding their
,

full load heating losses ? Assume that the iro n losses vary as
-

powe r o f the fl ux d e nsity .

3 7 The name plate o f a t r a n sforme r gives the followi n g

.

data : 1 00 k v a 6 600 : 220 volts 25 cycles The perce n tage

. .
, , .

distrib ution o f the losses at full load is : copp e r loss p e r ce n t ; , .

e ddy current loss per cent ; hyst e resis loss per ce n t I f ,

.

i
.

the insulation o f the transformer will safely stand double volt

age what should b e its rating on the b asis of the same total
heating losses when taki ng power from a n volt 5 0 cycle -
.
-

circuit ?
38 The n ame plate o f a t r a n sformer gives the followi n g data
.

500 kv a . 4 00 volts 5 0 cycles

-
.
,
At full load the copp er ,
.

loss is 4 60 0 watts and the iron lo ss is 28 00 watts Of the latt er 22 .

per ce n t is due t o eddy currents I f this tra n sform e r is to receive

. .

power f r om a n volt 60 cycle circuit what should b e it s -

,
-

full load rating o n th e b asis o f the same total h e ating losses ?

-

39 A 1 0 k w lighting transformer takes 1 22 watts o n op en

.
-
.

circuit a n d 1 7 8 watts o n short circuit With f ull load cur re nt in the -

windings This t r ans former is connected to the supply ci r cuit

.

continuously I t delive r s its rated load howeve r du r ing but 6

.
, ,

hours each day a n d is idle the r e maining 1 8 hours Wh at is the .

all day e ffi ciency ?

-

4 0 A 1 00 k v a trans f ormer suppli e s a lighting and p ow e r

.
-
.
-
.

load Th e iro n loss is 1 0 1 0 watts and the copper loss is 1 004 watts
.
 T R A NSFORMERS

wi th full load current This tra nsformer is con nected t o the

-
.

supply circuit continuously D uring 7 hours the load is 6 0 k w .

at p ower factor a n d for the remai ni ng 3 hours o f the work

,

ing day the load is 8 0 kw at power factor The rest o f the

. .

time n o load is supplied What is the all day effi cie n cy ? .

-

4 1 A 5 00 kv a power tra n sformer is con n ecte d t o the supply

.
-
.
-
.

circuit f o r 1 2 hours each day T he iro n loss is 3330 watts a n d .

the c opper loss is 4 68 0 watts wi th full load curre n t D uring 5 -

.

hours it delivers 4 00 kw at p ower factor a n d duri ng 4 hours

.
,

25 0 kw at . power factor T he remai n i n g hours it is idle . .

Wh at is the all day effi ciency - ?

The magn e tic core o f a tra n sformer has a mea n l e ngth o f

7 7 3 i n and a cros s sectio n of
. . sq i n H o w ma ny t ur n s
-
. .

should there b e in th e high t ensio n windi ng if the applied voltage -

is volts at 60 cycles ? The max imum fl ux de nsity t o be

us e d is lines per sq uare inch at which the permeability o f ,

the iron i s 1 60 0 The core loss p er cubic i n ch o f iro n at thi s flux

.

de nsity and freq ue n cy is watts What are the n o load .

-

high te nsio n curre n t a n d power factor ?

-

The mag n eti c core o f a 25 kv a tra nsformer h as a c ross -

.
-
.

s e ctio n of sq i n a n d a n average len gth of

. . i n Th e .

h igh tensio n winding is desig n ed for a n impressed voltage o f

-

volts at 60 cycl e s a n d fo r a max imum fl ux d en sity i n the

mag n etic circuit o f li n es per sq ua r e inch At this fl ux .

de n sity the permeability is 1 8 60 and the iro n loss is 0 3 7 watts

per c ubic i n ch H o w ma ny turns S hould there be i n the hig h
.

t en sio n wi n di n g ? What are the n o load curre n t a n d p ow e r -

factor ?
A small experim e ntal t r a n sformer has a mag ne tic circuit
wi t h a n e t cros s sectio n of sq i n a n d a m e a n length o f . .

i n Assume that the perm e ability o f t he iro n is 1 8 00 Th e re ar e

. .

four coils each o f which h as 23 2 tur n s a n d a resista n ce o f

, ,

o hm ( a) I f all o f the coils are con n ec ted for a 2 : 1 ratio o f tra ns

.

form atio n wh at is the mag n etizi n g compo n ent o f th e n o loa d -

curre n t when 2 0 volts at 60 cycles is impr ssed n the primary

2 e o ?

( b ) I f the edd y cu rr en t a n d h y steresi s lo s s e s are 5 0 watts wh at

is the n o load curre nt ? ( 0 ) W hat is t he e ffi ci en cy of this tra n s
-

fo rmer whe n th e seco n da ry delivers 20 amper e s at 1 1 0 volts a n d

1 00 per ce n t power factor ? .

Assu m e th at at this fl ux de ns i t y 7 5 add i t i onal am pere turns a re required

because o f the jo in ts in the m agn et i c c ir c ui t .
 10 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y
T R A N S F O R M E R DA T A .

( a) H ow many turns should there b e in the high a n d

lo w tension windings i n ord er that the maximum flux density
-

shall be lines p er sq uare inch in tra n sfo r mer N o A ? What .

is th e co r e loss ? Wh at is the ratio o f th e n o load current t o the

‘
-

f ull load cu rren t ? U se the mag ne ti c data give n i n problem 1 0

-
.

b
( ) H ow many tur n s should there b e i n the high a n d low t en sio n -

windings in o r der that the maximum fl ux de n sity shall be

lines per sq uar e inch in trans f ormer N o C ? What is th e core lo ss ?
.

What is the ratio o f the n o load current t o the full load curre n t ?
- -

U se th e magneti c data give n in problem 1 0 ( o) H o w ma n y .

turns shoul d there be i n the high a n d low tension wi n di n gs i n -

order th at th e maximum flux density shall b e li n es p er

sq ua r e inch i n t r ans f ormer N o E ? What is the core loss ? Wh at
.

is the ratio o f th e n o load curr en t t o the full load curre n t ? U se

- -

the magn e tic data giv e n in problem 1 0 .

( a ) What a re the no load current a n d co r e loss i n tra n s

-

former N o B ? U se the magneti c data given i n problem 1 0 (b )

. .

What are the n o load cur re nt and core loss i n t r a n sformer N o D ?

-
.

U se the magneti c data give n in problem 1 0 ( c ) What are the .

n o load cur r ent and core loss i n tra n sformer N o

-
F ? U se the . .

magneti c data given in problem 1 0 .

T R A N S F O R M E R D ATA

( a ) What are th e maximum flux density the pe r meability , ,

a n d t h e i r on loss i n watts per cubic i n ch for transforme r N o G ? .

b
( ) Wh at are the maximum fl ux density the
, pe r meability and ,

A ssu m e th at a t this " u x den sit y 7 5 ad d iti o n al a m pere turn s are requ i re d
be cause o f the jo i n ts in the m agneti c c ircu i t .
 TR A N S F OR M E RS

the iro n loss in watts p er cubic inch for tra n sfo r m e r N o H .

?

( c ) Wh at are th e maximum fl ux density the perm e ability and , ,

the iro n loss i n watts per cubic inch for trans former N o I ? .

48 A 1 00 kv a
. 1 1 0 00 z 2200 volt 60 cycl e trans f ormer ha s
-
.
-
.
, ,
-
,
-

primary a n d seconda ry resista n c e s o f ohms and oh m

respectively and primary a n d secondary leakag e re actanc e s o f

,

1 6 ohms a n d o h m resp ectively Wh at is the maximum p e r .

ce n tage ch ange that ca n occur in the mutual fl ux f r om no load to -

f ull load current

- ? At what power factor wo uld this occur ?

N eglect the n o load current -

.

4 9 A 500 k v a
.
-
: 23 0 0 volt
.
-
6 0 cycle transformer ha s
.
,
-
,
-

prima ry and seco n dary resistanc e s of ohm and ohm

respectively a n d primary a n d seco n da ry leakage reactanc e s o f
,

o hm a nd o h m respectively W ith the lo w tension wind .

-

ing short circuit e d what voltag e should be imp re ssed o n th e high

f
te nsio n wi n di n g so that the curr e nt wi ll have its ull load v alue ? -

N eglect the n o— load current .

50 A . kv a 208 0 208 volt 6 0 cycle transfo r m e r has th e

-
.
-
.
,
-
,
-

follo wing co nstants

r1 = ohms x 1 ohms
ohm ohm
'

x 2

The core loss with 208 volts impress e d on the secondary is 200
watts N eglect the exciting curr e nt ( a) Wh at is th e r e gula
. . .

tio n o f this t ra n sformer fo r f ull load current at

-
pow e r factor ? -

( b ) What is the effi cienc y o f the t r ansform er for this loa d ?

5 1 A 5 0—
. kv a 4 4 0 volt 5 0 cycl e transform e r has th e
.
-
.
,
-
,
-

followi n g co n sta n ts :
1 20 ohm s x 1 = 4 28 ohm s
rz o hm 1 32 ohm
The iro n loss at the rat e d voltage is 6 4 1 watts N eglect th e .

exciti n g curren t ( a) What is the regulatio n of thi s tra n s

.

f orm e r for a load of 4 0 kw at pow e r factor ? ( b ) What is .

,

t h e e ffi cie n cy o f th e tra n s form e r for this load ?

52 A 5 00 kv a
. 1 3 200 z 4 25 V olt 25 cycl e tra n s form e r ha s
-
.
-
.
, ,
-
,
-

pri mary a n d seco n dary res ista n c e s of o hms and ohm

r es p ec tively a n d p rima ry a n d secondary l e akag e r e acta n c es o f
,

ohms a n d o h m resp e ctiv e ly At no load with 4 25 .

volts impres se d o n the lo w te n s ion wi n di n g th e powe r i s -

kw a n d the k ilo v o lt am p eres are

. Ne glec t any change in
f
12 PROBLEMS IN A L T ERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

th e exciting cu rre nt w ith chang e in the load Cal culate ( a) th e .

re gulation and ( b ) the e ffi ciency o f this t r a n s former wh e n 4 00

kw is suppli e d to the high tensio n winding at
.
-
volts and
pow e r factor U se th e complete t r ans f ormer diagram in th e
.

sol ution o f this p r oblem ( 0 ) Calculate the regulatio n and e ffi

.

c ien cy of this t r ansfo r mer for the same load o n the assumption

that th e no load cu r re n t is n egligible a n d that the cor e losses a r e

-

constant .

53 Th e following data are give n concerning a 1 000 k v a

.
-
.
-
.
,

: 66 0 0—
V olt 6 0 cycle tra n sformer
,
-

Assume that th e primary a n d secondary resista n ces are equal

wh en reduce d to the same side and that the p r imary and secon
dary leakage reactances are similarly equal Assume that the .

magnetizing current varies as the generat e d voltage a n d that the

core loss varies as the sq ua r e o f this voltage .

Calculate ( a) th e r e gulatio n a n d ( b ) th e e ffi ciency when the

seconda r y delive r s full load current at -
p ower facto r a n d a
te r minal voltage of 668 0 volts ( 0 ) Calculate the r egulatio n and
.

e ffi cie n cy of this transform e r for the same load o n the assumption

that the n o load cu rre nt is negligible an d that the core loss e s are
-

constant .

T R A N S F O R M E R D ATA

22 0 00 440 37 1 1 0 20 1 1 36 35 1
30 0 00 440 64 1 1 36 0 665
1 1 00 0 2 20 0 94 0 310 9 1 .

1 1 0 00 2 300 2 9 60 34 5
1 3 200 4 25 2 5 00 1 1 00
6 6 0 00 6 6 00 9 300 3 24 0 15 15.

5 5 0 00 6 6 00 1 3 9 4 0 2 35 0 60 6 .

5 2 00 0 3 3 0 0 0 1 7 5 0 0 1 80 0 151 5

54 C alculat e ( a) the regulatio n a n d ( b ) the e ffi ciency of th e

.
2

t r ansfo rmer N o " fo r a load o f 22 kw at

. power factor and .

rat e d v oltage .

F ull l oad curren t

-
.

2
N e g le c t the ex c i ti n g c urrent .
 T R A NSFORMERS
‘
55 . Cal culate ( a) the regulatio n a n d ( b ) the effi ciency o f th e
tra n sformer N o K fo r a load o f 4 0 kw at
. power factor
a n d rated voltage .

5 6 C alculate ( a) the regulatio n and ( b ) th e e ffi cie n cy o f the

.
‘

tra nsform e r N o B fo r a load o f 1 0 0 kw at

. power factor a n d .

rated voltage .

5 7 C alc ulate ( a) the regul atio n a n d ( b ) the efficie n cy of the

.
‘

tra nsformer N o C for a load of 4 6 0 kw at

. power factor .

a n d rated voltage .

58 C alculate ( a ) the regulatio n and ( b ) the effi cie n cy o f the

.
‘

tra n sformer N o D for a load o f 5 0 0 kw at

. p ower factor .

a n d rated voltage .

59 Calculate ( a) the regulatio n a n d ( b ) the effi cienc y o f the

.
‘

tra nsformer N o H for a load o f 1 1 00 kw at u n it power fac tor a n d

. .

rated voltage .

‘
60 Calculate ( a) the regulatio n a n d ( b ) the e ffi cie n cy o f the
.

t r a nsformer N o F f o r a load o f 350 0 kw at u ni t p ower factor

. .

a n d rated voltage .

6 1 C alculate ( a) the regulatio n and ( b ) the effi ciency o f the

.
‘

tra nsforme r N o I fo r a load o f 5 1 00 kw at

. .

p ower factor and rated voltage .

62 The resista n ce o f the high te n sio n wi n d

.
-

i ng ( a c) of a-
autotra nsformer is ohms
—
a n d that o f the low te nsi o n wi n din g ( b c) is
-

ohm s The leakage reacta n ce o f the low te n sio n

.
-

wi n di ng is ohm a n d that of the remai ning

p ortio n o f the wi n di ng (a b ) is o hm If F1 G 1
-
.

. .

a n e lectromotive forc e o f 1 2 volts at the rated

freq ue n cy is i mpressed o n the high te n sio n windi n g a n d the lo w -

te nsio n win d i n g is short circuited wh at will be th e curre n t a n d

~

pow e r take n from the li n e ?

63 The r e sista n ce o f the high tens io n windi n g ( a c)
.
— —se e -

.
—
Fi g 1 o f a 25 k v a -
volt auto tra nsformer is
.
-
.
,
-
,
-

—
o hm and that o f the lo w te ns io n wi n di n g ( b c) is ohm
-
.

The l e akage reacta n ce o the wind i ng ( b ) is

f a — ohm a n d th at
of th e low te n sio n wi n ding is
-
o hm
—
I f th e winding (a b ) .

is short circuite d what percentage o f the rated voltage should

-

—
b e applied to the lo w te n sio n wi n di n g (b c) i n ord e r that full
-

load current should exist i n the wi n d i n gs ? What pow e r would be

s upp h ed ?
N e gl ec t the ex ci tin g cu rrent .
14 PROBLEMS IN A L T ERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

The resi s tanc e o f the high t e nsion winding ( — —

64 .
) s e e Fig
-
a c .

l — of a 5 0— k V a 4 4 0 : 1 1 0 volt auto trans f orm e r is

.
-
.
,
-
ohm -

and that o f low ten s ion winding (b c) i s

-
ohm Th e -
.

leakage reactanc e of the winding (a b ) is — and that o f the

lo w te nsion winding is
-
ohm I f the high tension winding .
-

i s sho r t ci r cuit e d wh at voltage sho uld b e impress e d o n th e low

-
,

te nsion wi nding in orde r that the r e wi ll b e full load cu rr ent i n -

the windings ? Wh at p owe r woul d b e suppli e d ?

65 Calculat e the regulation o f the auto t r a n s f o r mer d e sc r ibed
.
-

in p r obl e m 6 3 for a load o f 22 kw at p ower f actor on th e .

low t e nsion side I f the core loss at th e r ated voltage is 28 8

-
.

watts wh at is the effi ciency of the transfo rme r at this load ?

66 Calculat e the regulation of the auto t r a n sfor m e r describ e d
.
-

i n p r obl e m 6 4 f o r a load o f 4 6 kw at p ower factor o n the .

low t en sion sid e

-
I f th e c or e loss is 5 1 2 watts at th e rated
.

voltage what i s the e fficiency o f the tra n sform e r at this load ?

A U T O T R A N S F O R M E R D ATA
-

S h o r t c ir c ui t

67 C alc ulate the regulatio n

. of
the auto transformer N o A for -
.

a load o f 1 0 kw at u nit power factor o n th e lo w tensio n side

.
-
.

What is the e ffi c iency o f the transformer at this load ?

68 C alculat e th e r e gulatio n o f the auto transformer N o B
.
-
.

f o r a load of 1 6 kw at power factor on the high te n sion side

.
-
.

What is th e efficiency o f th e tra n sform e r at this load ?

69 Calculate the r e gulation o f the auto t r ansformer N o C
.
-
.

for a load o f 22 kw at power factor o n the high tension

.
-

side What is the e fficie n cy o f the t r ansformer at this load ?

.

70 Calculate the regulatio n o f the auto t r ans f o r mer N o D

.
-
. .

f o r a load of 5 5 kw at unit pow e r factor o n th e low tension side

.
-
.

What is the e ffici e ncy o f th e t r an s f ormer at this load ?

7 1 Calc ulate th e re gulation of th e auto trans f o r m e r N o E
.
-
.

fo r a load of 93 kw at power f acto r o n the low tension si d e

.
-
.

What is the e ffi ciency o f the tra n sform e r at this load ?

T h e lo w te n si o n wi n d i n g is sh ort cir c uited an d v o ltage is applied t o the
- -

h i g h tens i on w i n ding so th at there i s f ull l oad c urrent in the w i nd i ngs

- -
.
16 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

all o f the coils a r e connecte d to f orm a regular trans f o r me r with a

ratio o f transformatio n o f and i n the s e co n d case they a r e
—
co nnect e d t o form an auto tra n sfo r m er with the same ratio o f
t r a ns formation Whe n connecte d as a r e gular t r a n sfo r mer with
.

the low tension winding short circuited the curr e nt voltage and
-
,

power measured o n the high tensio n side are 8 amp er es 5 2 volts

,
-
, ,

and 5 9 watts respectively O n O pen ci r cuit with 220 volts

.

impressed o n the high tensio n side the core loss is 26 watts

-
.

Assume that the paths o f the leakage fl ux a r e the same f o r each

co n nection Comp are ( a) the reg ulations a n d ( b ) the effi
.

c ien cies o f this transformer f o r the two cases given above f o r a

load of kw at . power factor and 1 1 0 volts o n the low tensio n -

side .

78 Two transformers o n e co n nected as a r e gula r a n d the

.
,

other as a n auto transforme r have id e ntical magneti c cores and

-
,

th e sam e amount o f copper in their windings E ach o f the t r ans .

f orm e rs gives a ratio o f transformatio n o f 3 30 2 20 volts a n d the ,

wi n dings are so designed that the core losses in each a r e 1 22 watts

when 330 volts is impressed o n their p r imaries The p r ima r y a n d .

seconda r y resistances of the regular transforme r are ohm

and ohm r e spectiv e ly The r e sistanc e of the auto

.

t r ansformer measu r ed o n the low tension sid e is also -

ohm .

The leakage reacta n ce of the p r i m a r y wi n ding o f the regular

t r ansfo r mer is ohm Assume that all of the wi n dings have
.

the same mea n length per tu r n and that the leakage reactanc e o f
,

the coils va ry as th e squ a r e of the n umber o f tu r ns ( a) O n th e .

basis o f the same total heating losses what is th e ratio o f the o ut ,

p uts o f these t wo t r ansform e rs ? (b ) What is the r e gulation a n d

e fficie n cy of eac h tra n sformer f o r a load of 1 0 kw at p ow er .

factor and 220 volts ?

79 Two transformers o n e co nn ected as a re gular and the
.
,

other as a n auto tra n sforme r hav e i dentical magneti c co re s and

-
,

th e same amount o f c ep p er i n their windings E ach o f th e se .

t r ansfo r me r s gives a ratio of transfo r mation o f volts and

the windings a re so designed that th e co r e losses o f each a re 37 1
watts wh e n 330 volts is imp r essed o n thei r prima ries T he pri .

ma ry and seco n da r y resistanc e s o f the regula r transfo r mer are

o h m and o h m r e spectively The r e sistances o f the .

auto — transf orm e r measured o n the high and lo w tension sides a re -

an d ohm respectively The equival e nt l e akage .

reactance o f the r e gula r transformer referred to the high te n sio n -

 T R A NSFORMERS

si de is o hm Assum e that th e l e akag e reactances o f th e

.

wi n dings va ry as th e square o f the n umber o f t urns in them .

( a) I f the high tensio n wi n di ng of the regular transform e r h as

-

1 8 6 tur n s h o w many turns are there i n each of the other wi ndings

o f the regular a n d au t o t r a nsformer ? -

b
( ) The regular tra n sformer is rated to deliver 25 kw at 1 1 0 .

volts I f the losses at full load are the same for both t r ansfo r me r s
.

f
what is the kilovolt ampere rating o the auto tra nsformer
- ? -

( c ) What is the regulatio n and effi cie n cy of each t r a n sform e r

whe n it is delivering its rated ful l load curre n t at powe r fac
-

to r a n d its rat e d voltage ?

8 0 T wo tra n sformers o n e co n nected as a r egular and the
.
, ,

other as a n auto t r ansformer have ide n tical magn e tic co r es and

-
,

the same amount o f copper in their windi ngs E ach o f these .

tra ns f orm e rs gives a ratio o f trans f ormation o f 5 5 0 2 20 volts and

the wi n dings ar e so designed that the volts pe r tu r n a re the sam e
for each With 25 volts impressed o n the high tension windi n g
.
—
o f the regular tra n sformer a n d with the low tension winding -

sho r t ci r cuited th e current a n d p ower are 9 1 amp e res and 6 65

watts At the rated voltage the core loss i n the regular t r ans
.

fo r mer is 64 1 watts Assume that the resista n ces and l e akage

.

r e acta n ces of all of the windi ngs vary as the sq ua r e of th e n umbe r

o f turns i n them .

( a) The regular transformer is rated to deliver 50 k v a at .

-
.

220 volts I f the losses at full load are the sam e for both
.

tra n sformers wh at is the kilovolt amper e rati n g o f th e auto

,
-

tra n sformer ?
b
( ) What are the regulatio n and e ffi cie n cy o f each transfo r me r
wh e n it is d e livering its rated full load powe r at pow e r factor ?
-

8 1 T wo t r ansformers o n e con n ected as a regular and th e

.
,

other as a n auto transformer have id en tical magneti c core s and

-
,

the sam e amo un t o f copper in their winding s E ach of th ese .

t r a ns form e rs gives a ratio o f tra n sformation o f volt s ,

and th e w i n di n gs ar e so design e d that the vol ts p e r tur n ar e th e

s am e for each With 1 4 volts impre sse d o n th e high tensio n
.
-

windi ng o f th e r e gular tra nsform e r a n d with the low tension wind -

i n g short circuited the current is 227 amp e r es a n d the powe r i s

1 004 watts Th e core loss o f this tra ns form er at rated impr esse d
.

voltage is 1 0 1 0 watts Assum e that t he r es is t an c e s a n d leakag e

.

reacta n ces o f all o f the wi n dings vary as t h e S q ua r e of th e n umb e r

o f tur n s i n them .
18 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

( a ) Th e r e gular t r ans f o r mer is

rate d to deliv e r 1 0 0 k w a at .
-
.

1 1 0 volts I f the losses at full load are the same f o r both

.

transformers what is the kilovolt— , amper e rating of th e auto

transfo r me r ?
( b ) What voltage should be impresse d o n the high tension -

wi n dn of the auto tra n sfo r mer so that there will b e full lo ad

- -

current i n the short circuited lo w tensio n wi nding ? - -

( 0 ) What a r e the re gulation and e ffici e ncy of each t r ans f o rme r

f o r f ull load cu rr e n t at
-
p ower factor ?
8 2 A 1 0 k v a and a 25 k v a trans f ormer each of which has
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
-
.
,

a ratio o f trans f ormatio n o f have thei r prima r i e s connected i n

parallel across an 1 1 0 0 volt ci r cuit Thei r seconda r i e s a r e -
.

also co n n e cted in parallel a n d supply 1 5 2 ampe r es at power

factor to an i n ductio n motor R ef er red to the seconda r y sides .

the equivalent r e sistances are ohm and 0 027 2 ohm ~

.

r espectively and the eq uivalent reactances ar e o h m and

o h m respectively .

What cur r e n t does each tra n sformer take f r om the ci r cuit ?

C ompa r e these cur r e n ts with their rated full load values -
.

8 3 The following short circuit data are given o n two 1 00

.
-

k v a 1 1 000 z4 60 volt transformers :

.
-
.
, ,
-

T y pe A m peres ‘

C o re 9 1 .

S hell 9 1 .

These tra n sformers are co nn ected i n parallel o n both th e high

a n d low tensio n sides a n d supply a load o f 1 8 6 kw at
-
power .

factor W hat percentage o f its full load curre n t does each trans
.
-

former supply ?
84 The following S hort circuit data are give n o n t wo tra n s
.
-

formers which have a ratio o f transformation o f 1 1 000 z2300 ,

volts :

T y pe A m peres ‘
V o lts I W atts
C ore 9 1 . 265 1 004
C o re 45 5 . 34 5 33 7 5

These t r a n sforme r s are con n ected i n parall e l on both the high

a n d low tensio n sid e s and supply a total cu r rent o f 293 amper e s
-

at p owe r factor o n the low tensio n side What is the current -

. .

F ull l oad c urrent

-
.
 T R A NSFO RMERS

i n e ach tra nsforme r Comp are the copper losses with their full ?

load values .

8 5 The followi n g short circuit data are given o n t wo 5 0 0

.
-

k v a 1 1 0 00 z230 0 V olt transformers :

.
-
.
, ,
-

I V o lt ag e I W atts
34 5 337 5
4 68 0

These t r a nsformers are co nn ected in p arallel o n both the high

a n d low tensio n sides a n d supply a total current of 4 5 2 amp eres at
-

0 95 p ow e r f actor o n the lo w te n sio n side

.
.
Wh at curre n t does -
.

e ach transformer supply ?

8 6 The followi n g short circuit data are give n o n three
.
-

6 6 0 0 volt tra n sformers : -

No .
I Kv .
-
a .
I T y p e I A m peres ‘
I V o lts I W atts

These t r a ns f ormers are co nn ected i n parallel o n both their

high and low tensio n sides a n d supply a load o f 9200 kw at -
, .

a power factor o f a n d their rated voltage C omp are the .

di visio n o f the total curre n t betwee n the tra nsformers with their
ratings .

87 The following short circuit data are give n o n three

.
-

1 :4 6 0 volt tra nsformers -

Kv .
-
a .
I T y pe I A m peres ‘
I V o l ts I W atts

These tra n sform e rs are co nn ecte d i n parallel o n both the h i g h

a n d low t e n s io n s id e s a n d supply a load o f 7 5 4 kw at 0 88 power
-
, .

factor a n d thei r rated voltages W hat curre n t do e s each tra n s .

?
form e r supply Compar e the copper loss i n each tra n sformer
wi th the copper loss at full load .

88 C o nsid e r the tra n sformers N os B and C describ e d i n

.
,
.
,

problem 8 6 T h e high te ns io n wi n di ngs r e ceive power from the

.
-

same volt circuit while t he lo w te n sio n wi n di ng s deliver

-
,
-

power to i ndepe n de n t circuit s E ach tra n sformer delivers its .

F u ll l o ad c urrent - .
20 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

rat e d full load cu r rent the first at unit p ower factor and the s e c
-
,

ond at powe r f actor I f the low t e nsio n circuits are now

.
-

connect e d in p arallel what is the curre n t i n each tra n sformer ?

Co m par e thes e cu rre nts with their full load values -
.

Assu m e that the curre n ts take n by the lo w t e nsion circuits a n d -

th e pow e r facto r s at which they operat e remai n unchanged .

.
—
8 9 Two 5 0 k w t r ansformers are connected i n parall e l o n
.

both the high a n d lo w tensio n sides Their co n sta n ts are given

-
.

in the f ollowing table :

Th e y ar e alike except f o r the di ff erence i n their ratios of trans

f ormation These t r ansformers supply a combi n ed load of 93
.

kw at. power factor o n the lo w te n sio n side at a terminal-

voltage of 2300 volts Wh at is the current in e ach tra n sformer ?

.

90 The following data are give n o n two t r a n sformers which

.

l —
a re ope r ating with both their high and ow tensio n windings
in p a r all e l :
S h o r t c ir c ui t

26 5

Th e ratios o f tra n sformation a r e slightly di ff e re n t These t r ans .

fo r me r s ta k e a combined p ower o f 4 6 0 kw at p ower factor .

f r om an volt ci r cuit
-
.

( a) Wh at is the cu r rent in each tra n sformer ?

(b ) I f the ratios of transformatio n are made eq ual by the
re m oval o f a few tu r ns from the high te n sion winding o f the 5 00
-

kw t r ansforme r wh at is the curre n t take n by each tra n s f ormer

.
,

f o r this load ? Assume that the short circuit data would be

unch anged .

91 The following data are given on two t r ans f orm e rs which

.

are op er ating i n pa r allel o n b oth the high and low tension sid e s : -

S hor t c i r c ui t

5 00 37 9 . 4 13
5 00 33 2

F ull l o ad c urren t
-
at rated v o lt ages .
 T R A NSF ORMERS

T h e ratios o f trans f ormatio n are s lightly d iff erent Th e se

.

transforme r s take a combi n ed p ower o f 96 0 kw at . p ower

factor from a -
volt circuit .

a Wh at is the current i each tra sformer ?

( ) n n
( b ) I f the ratios o f transformatio n are made eq ual by r e movi n g
a f e w tu r ns from the high te n sio n wi n ding o f the shel l typ e trans
- -

forme r wh at is the current take n by each tra nsformer for this

load ? Assume that the short circuit data would be unchanged
-
.

92
. Conside r the transforme r s d e scrib ed i n problem 8 2 .

Th e y a r e operating in parall e l o n both the high a n d low te nsio n -

sid e s Wh at are the least values o f resista n ce and reactance that

.

should be add e d to each tra nsformer o n the low te n sion side i n

-

ord e r that th e cu r r e nts supplied by the tra nsformers S hall b e in

p h ase and in propo r tio n t o their capacities ?
( b ) Fo r a gi v en load o n the tra n sfo r mers comp are the total
h eating in the transformers and reactors with that i n the tra ns
form e rs alon e b efore the additio n o f the reactors .

93
. Cons id e r the tra ns formers described i n problem 83 .

They are Op erating i n parallel o n both the high and lo w te nsio n -

sides .

( a) Compare the sum of their rated outp uts with the kilovol t
ampere load they ca n deliver without overloading e ither of them .

( b ) A reactor of n egligible resista n ce is added o n the low

tens io n side o f o n e tra n sformer o f such a value that the resultant
imp e dance volts o f the tra n sformer and reac tor o n short circuit
wi th full load current is the same as that o f the othe r tra n sformer
-

alone whe n it also carries full load c urrent Wh at is the imped

-
.

ance o f this reactor ? B y wh at amou n t ca n the combi n ed outp ut

o f th e tra n sformers be i n creas e d by th e additio n of this reactor

without overloading eith e r tra nsform e r ?

94
. Consid e r the t r a n s formers described i n prob l em 8 4 .

Th e y ar e op e rati n g i n parallel o n both the high a n d low t e n s io n

-

sid e s
.

( a) Compare the sum of their rated outputs with the great es t

kilovolt amp e re load th e y ca n deliv e r without overloading eith e r
-

o f th e m.

( b ) A reactor o f n egligibl e r e sista n ce is add e d o n the low t en-

s io n side o f one tra n s f orm e r of such a value that the resul ta n t

impeda n ce volts o f the tra ns form e r a n d r e ac tor o n short circuit
with full load curre n t is th e same as that o f the other tra n sform e r
-

alo n e whe n it also carries full load curre n t Wh at is the imped

-
.
22 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

anc e o f this reacto r ? B y wh at amou n t can the combined outp ut

o f th e t r ansfo r mers be increas e d by the additio n of this r e acto r

without ov e rloading e ither trans f o r mer ?

95 The following data a r e give n o n two t r a n sfo r mers which
.

a r e O p e rating i n parall e l o n b oth their high an d low te n sion -

sid e s :
Vo l t a g e S ho r t c ir c ui t

15 15

These tra n sformers are delive ri n g a combined load o f 4 333

k v a at 66 00 volts
.
-
. A reactor of n egligible resista n ce is added
.

in series with o n e of these tra n sforme r s on the low tensio n side -

so that th e y divide this load i n prop ortio n to their ratings As .

sum e that this does n ot e ff ect the low te n sio n volt ag e -

.

a
( ) What per c e nt of i t s.rated capacity i s the lo ad o n each

transformer b efore the r e actor is added ?

( )
b Wh at is the rac t an c e of this reactor ? B y what amou n t is
th e total copper loss i n the tra n sforme r s reduced ?
96 T wo similar 5 kw lighting t r ansformers which give a
.
-
.

ratio o f transformatio n o f volts a re connected i n series

on b oth the high and low tensio n sides With b oth low tension
-
.
-

windings short circuited and with 3 26 v olts impressed o n the high

tension wi n di ngs co n n e cted i n series the current is amp eres
a n d the p ower supplied is 1 0 1 watts O n the low te n sio n side
.
-

these t r a n sform e rs supply pow e r to a three wire system The -

.

resistances o f the lamp loads on the two si des o f the n eutral a r e

ohms and O hms The high te n sion li n e voltage is 2200
.
-

volts Wh at is the current in the n e utral conductor ? What is

.

th e voltage across each lamp load ? I f each lamp takes ap p rox i

mately 5 0 watts how ma n y should b e tur n ed o ff o n o n e side i n
ord e r that all o f the lamps shall bur n with the same brilliancy ?
97 The trans f orm e rs desc r ibed in problem 96 are co n nect e d
.

in seri e s o n b oth the high and low te n sion sides a n d are delive r
-
,

ing power to a th r ee wire ci r cuit o n each side of which the r e are

-

two equal lamp loads taking 32 ampe r es at 1 1 0 volts .

Wh at is th e high te n sio n lin e voltage ? I f one o f these loads is

-

S hort circuited wh at will be the voltage across the other o n the

assumptio n that it s r e sistance and the high tensio n line voltage -

are b oth unch anged ?

1
F ull l oad c urrent
-
.
 C H A PT ER II

S YN CH R O N O U S G E N ERAT O R S

1 .With nor m al excitatio n the re sulta n t air gap fl ux in a 6 0 -

cycl e alt er nato r is 1 0 1ines p er p ole The flux de n sity is co n

6
.

stant unde r the p ole face a n d is z ero b e twee n the p ol e s .

I f the ratio o f pole arc t o p ole p itch is 5 a n d the coil pitch

is wh at is the ge n erated armature voltage p er tur n ? Wh at
is the form factor of this S ketch th e graphs o f th e
" ux density and th e e m f . . .

2 I n problem 1 if the ratio of pol e are t o p ole pitch is

. and
th e coil pitch wh at is the ge n erated armature voltage p e r
tur n ? Wh at is the fo r m factor of this S ketch th e
graphs of the fl ux de n sity an d the e m f . . .

3 I n p r oblem 1 if the ratio o f pole are to pole pitch is

. and
the coil pitch is wh at is the ge n erated a r matu r e voltage p er
tu r n ? Wh at is the form facto r o f this S ketch th e
graphs o f the fl ux de n sity a n d the e m f . . .

4 With normal excitatio n the resultant air gap in a 6 0 cycl e

- -
.

alt e rnator is 1 0 lines p er p ole Th e flux density is co n sta n t unde r

6
.

th e p ole face a n d dec r eases u n iformly to z e r o at poi n ts midway

b etween the p oles .

I f the r atio of p ole a r c t o p ole pitch is and the coil pitch

is wh at is the generated armature voltage per turn ? Wh at
is the form facto r o f this S ketch the grap hs o f the fl ux
density and the e m f. . .

5 I n p r oblem 4 if the ratio o f pole arc to pole pitch is

.

and th e coil pitch is wh at is the generated armature v o l

tag e pe r turn ? Wh at is the form facto r o f this S ketch
th e g r aphs o f th e fl ux d en sity and the e m f . . .

6 I n problem 4 if the ratio o f p ol e arc to p ol e pitch is

. and th e
coil pitch is wh at is the generat e d armatu r e voltage per turn ?
Wh at is the form factor o f this S ketch the g r aphs of th e
fl ux d e nsity a n d the e m f . . .

7 With no r mal e xcitatio n the resulta n t air gap fl ux in a 60

.
-

cycl e alt e rnator is 1 0 lines per p ole This fl ux is sinusoidally

6
.

distrib uted along the air gap -

.
 S YN CH R ON O US GENER A T ORS

the coil pitch is

If wh at is the ge ne rated armature v oltag e
p e r turn ? Wh at is the f orm facto r o f this
8 I n problem 7 if th e coil pitch i s
. wh at is the ge n erated
armature voltag e per t ur n ? What is th e f orm factor of this

I n problem 7 if the coil pitch is

9 . what is the g en erated
armature voltag e p e r turn ? Wh at i s the form factor o f this

With n ormal e xcitatio n the resulta n t ai r gap fl ux i n a

10 .
-

—
6 0 cycle al ternator is 1 0 li n es per p ole
6
The eq uatio n of the
.

curve which r epr e sents the fl ux de nsity i n the air gap is : -

s in x + B 3 sin

x is th e e lectrical a ngl e m e asu r ed from the point midway betwee n

the pol e s T ake B a = 0 3 B l
. . .

If th e coil pitch is what is the generated armature voltage

p e r tur n ? What i s the fo r m factor o f this
1 1 I n problem 1 0 if the coil pitch is
. what is the gene r at e d
a r mature voltage p er turn ? Wh at is the form factor o f this

I n probl e m 1 0 if the coil pitch is

12 . wh at is the g e nerated
armature voltage pe r turn ? W h at is the form facto r of this

13With no r mal excitatio n the resulta n t ai r gap flux in a

.
-

6 0 cycl e alternator is 1 0 li n es per p ole

-
6
The eq uatio n of the
.

c urv e which represents the fl ux de nsity i n the air gap is

sin x + B a sin M I
( -

9 °

:ci s th e e lect r ical angl e measured from th e point midway b e twee n

th e poles Take B a = 0 38 1
. . .

I f th e coil pit c h i s wh at is the g en erat e d armatur e voltag e

per tur n ? Wh at i s th e fo rm fa c tor of this
1 4 With n orm al e x c itatio n the resulta n t air gap fl ux in a 6 0
.
-

cycl e alte rna tor i s 1 0 lin es p e r pol e The eq uatio n of th e c u rve

6
.

wh ich r e pr ese nts th e fl ux d ensity i n th e air gap is : -

s in 1 34
-
3 3 s i n ( 31 : + 7r)

is th e el e c tri cal a ngle m e asured from th e poi n t midway b e twee n

:1:

the poles Tak e B a

.
 ’
26 PROBLEMS I N A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

I f the coil pitch is wh at is the ge n erated armature voltage

per tu r n ? Wh at is the form factor o f this
1 5 With no r mal excitatio n the resulta n t air gap fl ux m a 6 0
.
-

cycle alt e rnator is 1 0 li n es per p ole The equatio n of the curv e

6
.

which r epresents th e flux density i n the air gap is : -

B = B 1 S in x + B 5 sin 52:

a: the electri cal a n gle measured from the p oi n t midway betwee n

is
the poles Take.

I f the coil pitch is what is the ge n erated armature voltage

per tur n ? Wh at is the form factor of this
1 6 I n problem 1 5 if the coil pitch is
. what is the ge n erated
armature voltage per tu r n ? Wh at is the form factor of this

I n problem 1 5 if the coil pitch is

17 . wh at is the ge n erated
armature voltage per tur n ? W h at is the form factor of this

18With n ormal excitatio n the resulta n t air gap flux i n a

.
-

6 0 cycle alter n ator is 1 0 li n es p er p ole

- 6
The eq uatio n of the .

curve which represe n ts the fl ux de n sity i n the air gap is -

B = 3 1 Si n x — B s sin

a: is
the electrical a ngle measured from the poi n t midway between
the p oles .

I f the coil pitch is wh at is the g en erated armature voltage

per turn ? Wh at is the form factor of this
1 9 With normal excitatio n the resulta n t air gap flux i n a 6 0
.
-

cycle alte r nator is 1 0 lines per p ole The fl ux density is con

6
.

stant u n de r the p ole face and is zero b etwee n the p oles The .

armature h as 8 equally sp aced slots per pole The ratio o f p ole .

arc t o p ole p itch is and the coil pitch is

( a) I f the armature wi n ding co n sists o f 2 i n ductors l n ser i e s
per pol e placed i n adj ace n t slots what is the generated armature
,

voltage p e r pole ? W hat is the form factor o f this S ketch

the graphs of the fl ux de n sity a n d the e m f . . .

(b ) Comp are this e m f a n d form factor wi th what they

. . .

—
would have bee n had the winding bee n conce n t r ated i e with f

2 inductors i n series per pole placed i n the same slot

,
.

20 I n problem 1 9 if the armature wi n di n g consists o f 4 i n duc

.

tors in series per p ole pl ace d in adjace n t s l ots wh at is the gene ,

 S YN CH RO N0 US GENER A T O RS

rated armature voltag e p er p ole ? W h at is the form factor o f this

S ketc h the graphs of the fl ux de nsity and the e m f . . .

( b ) C omp are this e m f a n d form factor with wh at they would

. . .

—
have bee n had the wi n di ng been co n centrated 4 c with 4 i n duc ,

tors in series p e r pole placed i n the same slot .

21 I n problem 1 9 if the armatu r e wi n di n g co nsists o f 4 induc

.

tors i n series per p ole placed i n alter n ate slots wh at is the gene ,

rat ed armature volt age p er pole ? Wh at is the fo r m factor o f

th is S ketch the graphs o f the fl ux de nsity a n d the e m f . . .

( b ) Compare this e m f a n d form factor with wh at th e y would

. . .

—
have been had the wi n ding b ee n co n ce n trated i e wi th 4 i n duc f
,

tors in series per pole placed i n the same slot .

22 With n ormal excitatio n the resulta n t air gap fl ux i n a 60

.
-

cycle alter n ator is 1 0 li nes p er pole The fl ux de n sity is co n

6
.

stan t under the p ole face and decreases u n iformly t o z e ro at points

midway betwee n the p oles T he armat ure has 8 eq ually sp aced
.

slots per p ole The ratio o f pole arc t o p ole pitch is

. a n d the
coil pitch is
I f the armature windi n g co nsists o f 2 i n ductors i n series per
pole p l aced i n adj ace n t slots what is the ge n erated armatu r e
,

voltage p er p ole ? Wh at is the form factor o f this

S ketch the grap hs o f the fl ux de nsity a n d the e m f . . .

23 With n ormal excitatio n the resulta n t air gap fl ux i n a

.
-

6 0 cycle alter n ator is 1 0 li n es per p ole and is si n usoidally dis

- 6

tributed alo ng the air gap The armature h as 1 2 eq ually sp aced

-
.

slots per p ole The coil pitch is

.

( )
a I f the armature wi n di n g co n sists o f 6 i n ductors i n series
per pole placed i n alternate S lots what is the ge n erated armature
,

voltage per pole ? Wh at is the form factor o f this

( b ) C ompare this e m f wi th wh at it would have bee n had the
. . .

6 i n duc tors per pole bee n co n ce n trated i n o n e slot .

24 I n problem 23 if the armature wi n di ng co ns ists o f 1 2

.

i n duc tors i n se ri es per p ol e o n e i n each slot wh at is the ge n erated

, ,

arm atur e voltag e per pole ? Wh at i s the form factor o f th i s

( b ) C ompare thi s e m f wi th what i t would h ave be en h ad the

. . .

1 2 i n duc tors per pole bee n co n centrated i n o n e S lot .

25 I n problem 23 if the armature wi n di ng co nsists o f 8

.

i n ductors i n se ri es per pole placed i n adjace n t slots wh at is the ,

ge n erate d a rmat ure vol tage pe r pole ? Wh at is the form fac tor
o f thi s
28 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

b
( ) Comp ar e this e m f with wh at it would have b ee n had the . . .

8 inducto r s pe r pol e b een conc e ntr ated i n o n e slot .

26 With no r mal excitation the resulta n t air gap fl ux i n a 60

.
-

cycl e alte r nator is 1 0 lin e s per pol e The e q uation of the curve
6
.

w hich re p re s e nts th e fl ux d e nsity i n th e ai r gap is -

B = 3 1 sin x + B s si n 31 :

a: is the el e ctrical a n gle measur e d from a point midway betwee n

th e p oles Take .

( a) I f the a r matur e winding consists o f 3 e q ually sp aced

induc to r s per pole con n ected so as t o give a wi n ding which has a
sp r ead o f o n e third the pol e pitc h and a coil pitc h o f
-
wh at is
th e generated armature voltag e p er p ole ? Wh at is the f o r m
facto r o f this (b ) Comp are this e m f and fo r m factor . . .

with what th e y wo ul d hav e b een b ad the winding b ee n cone en

t rat ed i n o n e slot per p ole .

27 A single p hase turb o —

. alter n ator is rated to delive r 1 000
-

kv a at 5 200 volts whe n drive n at 1 5 00 r e v p er min

.
-
. The . .

armature has 4 8 slots 8 o f whi ch or 2 per pole ca r ry n o inducto r s, , , ,

s o that the sp r ead o f the wi n ding is I n each of the other

4 0 slots th e re are 4 inducto r s i n series W h at is the n o load .
-

te r minal voltag e whe n the air gap fl ux is 4 0 m eg alin es p er pole -

and the sp eed is 1 5 1 0 rev per mi n ? . .

28 A single p hase alt e rnator is rated t o deliver 25 0 k V a

.
-
.
-
.

at 220 0 volts whe n drive n at 3 75 reV per min The fi e ld stru e . .

tu r e has 24 p oles and the a r matur e 24 0 slots T h e spread o f th e ,

.

a r matur e wi n ding is and all o f the inductors are connect e d in

s eries The coil p itch is o n e I n any b elt each o f th e f our cen
. .

t r al slots co n tains 3 inducto r s whil e each o f the o uter slots co n

tains 2 i n ducto r s What is the n o load termi n al voltag e wh en t h e
.
-

air gap fl ux is
-
m eg alin es per p ole and the sp eed i s 3 7 0 r ev pe r .

min ? .

29 A two p hase water turbin e drive n generator is r ated t o

.
-

d e li v er 900 k v a at 5 00 0 volts The field structu re has 4 6 pol e s

.
-
. .

and th e armature has 2 slots p er pole per p hase Ther e are 1 1 .

i nducto r s in seri e s p er slot The coil pitch is o n e Wh at is . .

th e no load termi n al voltage when the air gap fl ux is

-
m eg alin es -

p er pole an d the gen e rator i s drive n at its normal speed o f 1 20

r e v p er min ?
. .

30 A 2 phase 6 0 cycl e e ngine d r i v en alternator is rated to

.
-
,
-
,

deliv er 35 00 k v a at volts The armature has 5 7 6

.
-
. .
 S YN CH R ON O US GENER A T ORS

slots with 5 i n ductors i n se r ies per slot The coil pitch is one . .

The fi eld structur e h as 96 poles Wh at is the ge n erated a r mature .

voltage whe n the resulta n t air gap fl ux is m egalin es per p ole

-

a n d the S peed is 7 4 rev per mi n ? . .

31 The armature o f a 3 p hase 5 0 cycle 1 2 pole alt e r n ating

.
-
,
-
,
-

curre n t generator h as 54 slots wi th 2 inducto r s per slot Th e .

i n ductors are arra n ged symmetrically in the following orde r which ,

rep eats its e lf fo r every pair of poles i s for every 9 slots I n the ,
. .
,
.

first third fourth s ixth seve n th and ninth slots both i n ducto r s
, , , ,

are i n p hases 1 3 2 1 3 a n d 2 respectively I n the s e cond

, , , ,
.
,

fifth a n d eighth slots the t o p inductors are i n p hases 3 1 a n d 2 , ,

respectively and the bottom i n ductors a r e i n p hases 1 2 and

, ,

3 resp ectively The i n ductors i n each phas e are conn e ct e d in

.

series a n d the p has es are co n nected in Y .

( )
a I f the resulta n t no load air gap fl ux is si-
n usoidally d is t rib -

u ted a n d has a value of 8 " 1 0 li n es per pol e what is the te r minal

5

voltag e ?
( b ) Wh at are the reductio n f acto r s fo r the fifth and seventh
harmo n i cs i n the phas e voltage ?

( c ) F o r wh at harmoni cs are the reductio n factors zer o ?

32 The armature core o f a 3 p hase alte r nating curre n t gen er
.
- -

ator has 1 2 slots p er pole E ach slot co n tai ns 2 coil sides so that
.
,

whil e there are 8 i n du ctors per slot each coil has 4 turns Th e
.
.

coil pitch is 1 0 slots .

What are the total reductio n fac to r s fo r the fu n dam en tal and
the third fifth and seve n th harmo nics i n the phas e voltage ?
,

33 A 3 p hase Y co nn ect e d 25 cycle alter n ating cu rre nt

.
-
,
-
,
-
,
-

ge n e r ator is rated t o d e liver 7 5 00 kv a at a t e rminal pot e ntial .

-

di ff ere n ce o f volt s The field structur e has 1 2 pol es and

.

t h e armature has 1 8 0 slots There are 4 inductors i n serie s pe r

.

s lot What is the n o load terminal voltage whe n th e air gap

.
- -

fl ux is 5 2 m eg alin es per pole a n d the ge n erator is driven at it s

ra t e d sp eed ?
34 ( a ) I n probl e m 27 w h at is the armatur e reac tion in
.
,

amp e re terms per pol e wh e n t he alte rnator is d e liv e ri ng it s rated

load at u n i t power fac tor ?
( b ) Wh at s th e leakag e reac ta nce voltag e at this load
i ? The
armature i n ductors are 4 1 i n lo n g Assume that th e l e akag e . .

fl ux is 7 li n e s per amp e r e p e r inch of i n ductor .

( c ) I f the armatur e winding had b e en eq ually di s tribu ted i n

5 adj ac e nt slots i n stea d of i n 1 0 wh at would hav e bee n th e l e akage
30 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

r e actanc e voltage at this load ? Assu m e 7 l e akage lin e s as

in ( b ) .

35 ( a ) I n p r obl e m 28 what is the armatu r e r eactio n in a m p e re

.

tu r ns p e r p air o f poles when the alternato r is delivering 200 kw

at p owe r factor and its rat e d voltage ?
,

( b ) Wh at is the l e akage reactanc e voltag e at this load ? The

a r matur e inducto r s are 23 in long Assume that the leakage
. .

fl ux is 8 lines per ampe r e pe r inch o f i n ductor .

( c ) I f the armatu r e winding had b e en equally distributed in

the four central slots with 4 inducto r s p er slot wh at would
, ,

have been the l e akage r eactanc e voltag e at this load ? Assum e

'

8 leakage li n es as in ( b ) .

36 ( a) I n problem 29 wh at is the armature r e action i n amp e re

.

tur ns per p ai r o f p oles wh en the alte r nator is deliv e ring full load -

kil ovolt amp er es ?

-

( b ) W h at is the leakage reactanc e V oltag e per p hase at this

load ? Assume that the leakage fl ux is 96 li n es per ampere per
inductor .

( c ) I f the a r matu r e winding h ad b een concentrat e d t e with ,

. .
,

one slot p er p ole p e r ph ase holding 22 inductors wh at would

-
, ,

h ave been the l e akag e reactance voltage ? Assum e the same

leakag e " ux per inductor as in (b ) .

3 7 ( a ) I n p r oblem 3 3 wh at is the armatur e r eactio n i n ampe r e

.

turns p er pol e wh e n th e alt e rnator is delive r ing 7 650 kw at .

pow e r facto r and its rated voltage ?

( b ) Wh at is the leakage r eactance voltage p er phase at this
load ? T he armature i n ductors are 4 8 i n long Assume that . .

th e leakag e fl ux is li n es p er ampere pe r inch o f inductor .

38 A th re e p hase Y connect e d alternating current generator

.
-
,
- -

which is r at e d t o delive r 7 6 0 k v a at 2200 volts has a n armatu r e

.
-
.

with 6 slots p e r p ole There are 3 i n ductors i n s e ries per slot

. .

Wh at a re th e cross— mag n eti z ing a n d d e mag n etizing amp e re

turns p er pole due t o armature reaction whe n the alt er nator
delivers its full load cu r rent ( a) if the power factor is such that
-

the current in any p hase reaches its maximum valu e 60 d e gre e s

a fter the inducto r s o f that p hase p ass th e c e nte r o f the p ole ?
( b ) if the pow e r factor is s uch that th e cu rr ent in an y phas e
reaches its maxi m um value of 3 0 deg re es befo r e the inductors of
that phas e p ass the cente r of the pole ?
39 A th r ee phase 1 5 00 k V a 5 5 00 volt alte r nating curre n t
.
-
,
-
.
-
.
,
- -

generator h as a fi el d structure with 7 2 poles a n d an armature

32 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

that the curre n t is lagging and has a value of of its maximum

value i n any phase when that p hase is opposite the ce n t e r o f
the p oles .

4 2 A 25 cycle alternating current ge n erator has an armatur e

.
- -

cor e with slots that are in wi de a n d in d e ep The r e are

. . .

f our inductors i n s e ries per slot ( a ) Calculate the slot reactanc e .

pe r inch o f slot o n the assumptions that the p ath o f the l e akage

fl ux across the inductors is p a r allel to the b ottom o f the slot ,

that th e perm eabilit y o f the iro n is great and that th e inducto r s

completely fill the sl ot .

( b ) I f the slot reactance is calculated o n the assumption that

all o f the leakage fl ux per slot is linked with all o f the inducto r s
in that slot what value of leakag e fl ux per ampere per inch o f
,

inductor will give the same slot reacta n ce as cal culated by the
prec e ding method ?
4 3 A 1 25 cycl e alternating curre n t generator has a n armatu r e
.
- -

co r e with slots that are i n wide a n d i n deep E ach slot

. . .

hol ds 1 2 i n ductors i n series which complete ly fi ll it ( a ) C al culate .

th e leakage reacta n ce per i n ch o f slot on the assum Mio n that th e

p ath of the leakag e fl ux across the i n ductors is parall e l to the
b ottom o f the slot and that the p erm e ability o f t h e i r o n is great
,
.

( b ) I f the 1 2 i n ductors fill the slot to a depth o f b ut in .

calculate the leakag e r e actance per i n ch o f slot o n the same

assumptions .

44 A 60 cycle alter n ating current ge n erator has an armat u re

.
- -

co r e with slots that are i n wide a n d in deep and 1 5 in

. . .

long T h ere are 6 inductors in series pe r slot which fill i t to a

.

depth o f in ( a ) Calculat e the slot reactance on the ass um p

.

tion that th e p ath o f t h e leakage fl ux b etw e e n the sid e s o f the

slot is parallel to the b ottom o f the slot and that the p e r m e a ,

b ility of the iro n is great .

( b ) I f the slot reacta n ce is calculated o n the assumptio n that

.

all o f the leakage fl ux per slot is link e d with all o f th e i n ducto r s

in that slot what value of leakage fl ux p e r amp e re per inch o f
,

i n ductor will give the same slot reacta n ce as calculat e d by th e

preceding method ?
4 5 A 3 phase 25 cycle alt en at o r is rated to deliv e r 8 50
.
-
,
-

kv a at 5 0 00 volts
.
-
. The slots in the armatu r e co r e ar e
.

in wide and
. i n deep The gross length o f the a rmatu re
. .

core is i n and the e ff ective length deducting f o r the v en

.
,

t ilat in g ducts and the insulatio n o n the laminations is ,

 S YN CH R ON O US GENER A TORS

i n There are 1 4 inductors in series per slot which oc cupy a

.

sp ace i n by .m The thickn e ss o f the insulation

.

betwee n the inductors a n d the armature core is th e same at the

sides a n d at the bottom of the S lot The mea n l e ngth o f o n e .

tur n is 93 i n E ach coil co nsists of 1 4 tur n s

. .

( a) Calculate the leakage reactance per coil o n the following

a ss umptions Where the i n ductors ar e embedded i n i r o n the
.

path o f the leak ag e fl ux b e tween the sides o f the slot is pa r all e l t o

the bottom o f the slot F o r the p ortio n s o f th e coil that are
.

n o t emb edded in the armature core the leakage fl ux links with

all of the tur ns i n that coil and has a value of li n e p e r ampere

per inch of turn .

( b ) I f the leak age reactance is calculated o n the assumptio n

that all o f the leakage fl ux per coil li n ks with all o f the tu r ns in
the coil a n d that th e length of the coil is b ut twice the length of
,

the i n ductor i s twi ce the gross length of the armature core

,
. .
, ,

wh at value o f l eak ag e fl ux p e r ampere per i n ch of i n ductor will

give the same value o f leakage r e actance as calculated by th e
prec e ding method ?
4 6 ( a) Calcu late the slot and coil end leakage reactance for
.

al ter n ator A ( see problem U se th e most exact m e thod at

yo ur comma n d for the data give n .

( )
b C alculate the slot a n d coil e n d leakage reacta n ce f o r

alter n ator B ( see problem U se the most exact method at

your comma n d for the data given .

4 7 A special 6 0 cycle generator h as a field structure with 6

.
-

poles and an a r mature with 7 2 slots There are 9 induc tors in .

series p e r slot The coils i n adj ace n t slots a re co nne ct e d i n

.

series by pairs so that e ach of the 6 indepe n d e nt armature wi n d

ings thus formed h as a spread o f on e s ixth a n d a pitch o f -

Wh e n the 6 windings are arrang e d to form a 3 p h asc Y con — -

,

nec t ed armatur e winding th e synchro n ous reacta n c e voltag e

,

i s 4 6 volts fo r a n armature curr e nt of 3 0 amp e r es Assu m e .

that t h e armature leak age fl ux is 7 2 lin e s per inductor p e r am

p e r e a n d that the app roximat e formula fo r armature rea c
,

Z
ti o n , holds exactl y 1n e v e ry cas e .

( a ) Wh at is t h e s y nchro n ous r e acta n c e voltag e with a n a n n a

t ure current o f 30 amp e r es wh en th e 6 armatur e wi n di n gs are
co nn ected in seri es to form a single phase op en c ir c uit armatur e -
.
-

wi n ding ?
34 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

( )
b The sy nchronous re actanc e voltag e is 24 per c e nt o f the .

O p e n ci r cuit phase voltage when t h e a r matu re winding is co n

-

n ec t ed in Y With the sa m e fi e l d current wh at p er cent o f the

. .

ope n c i r cuit a r matu re voltage will the synch r onous r e actanc e

-

voltage b e wh e n th e windings a r e connected to f orm a single

phase open circuit armatu re winding ?
,
-

4 8 I n problem 4 7 wh at is th e synchronous reactance voltage

.

f —
with a n a r matu r e cu r rent o 6 0 amp er es i e 30 amperes per f
,

—
inductor wh en the 6 windings are con n ected to fo r m a singl e
p has e 2—
,
circuit armature winding ?
( b ) With the same fi e ld cu rre nt as i n 4 7 (b ) wh at p e r cent of .

the op e n ci r cuit armatu r e voltag e will the sy n chronous r e act

-

ance voltage b e wh en the windings are co n n e cted to form a

single p hase 2 ci r cuit ar m ature wi n ding ?
-
,
-

4 9 I n problem 4 7 wh at is the synch r onous reacta n ce voltage

.

with a n armature cu r r e nt o f 3 0 ampe r es when the 6 wi n dings

are co n nected to form a 2 p hase armatu r e winding ? -

(b ) With the same fi eld cur r e n t as in 4 7 (b ) wh at per cent o f .

the op e n circuit a r matu r e voltage will the synchronous reactance

-

voltage b e whe n the wi n dings are con n ected t o fo r m a 2 phase -

armature winding ?
50 Two three phase 60 cycle alternating cu r re n t generators
.
-
,
- -

have the same cu rr ent a n d voltage rating Th e fi r st has 1 2 .

slots per p ole a n d the second has 9 slots per p ole E ach alter .

nator has the same n um ber of tu r ns p e r p hase The fi r st has .

4 p oles and the seco n d 6 b ut the dimensions of the magnetic

circuit ar e such that the same n umbe r o f ampere tu r ns o n the
fi eld produces the same fl ux per p ole in each The shape of th e .

armature slots is such that the l e akag e fl ux per ampe r e pe r

inductor is also th e sam e for e ach .

The armature leakage r e acta n ce and th e synch r o n ous react

ance of the fi r st alternato r a r e respectively ohms a n d
ohms Wh at are the co rr esp o n ding consta n ts o f the second
.

alter n ato r ?
5 1 A 3 phase delta —
.
-
co n nected alte rn ating cu r re n t generator
,
-

is r ated to deliv er 1 5 k v a at 230 volts whe n r unning at a sp eed

.
-
.

o f 1 20 0 rev per min

. Th ere ar e 6 fi eld p oles e ach o f which is
.

wou n d with 398 turns The armatu r e h as 7 2 slots with 8 induc

.
-

to r s i n series p er slot E ach inductor is 5 in long The hot

. . .

resista n c e of the a r mature measu r ed b e twee n any two te r minals

is ohm The e ff ec tive resistance is
. times the ohmic
 S YN CH R O N0 US GENER A TO RS

r esista n ce I n calculat in g the leakage reacta n ce assume 8

.

l e ak ag e lines per ampere per i n ch o f i n ductor The ope n a n d .

short c ircuit characteristics are give n by the followi n g data

-

F iel d c urrent

( a) C al culate the regulatio n o f this ge n erator by the g en eral

method fo r a n i n ductive load o f 1 5 kw at power factor
. .

Wh at is the fi eld curre n t calculated by this method ?

(b ) Calculate the regulatio n o f this ge nerator fo r the spec ifi ed
load by the sy n chro n ous impeda n ce method Wh at is the fi eld .

c urre n t calc ulated by this method ?

( 0 ) Calcul ate the regulatio n of this ge nerator fo r the specified

load by the magnetomotive fo rce method Wh at is the fi eld .

curre n t calc ulated by this method ?

52 A 7 6 0 kv a
.
-
2200 volt alter n ati n g curre n t generator
.
-
,
- -

delivers e n ergy d irectl y t o a 3 phase 5 0 cycle system The

-
,
-
.

n eutral of the ge n erator is grou n ded The fi eld structure

.

co nsists o f 64 poles each of which is wou n d with 50 t ur ns The .

armat ure core h as 384 slots with 3 i n ductors i n series per slot .

The length o f the armature co r e p arallel t o the shaft is 1 0 i n .

The e ff ective resistance of the armature wi n ding is o h m per

p has e I n calculati n g the l e akage reacta n ce assum e

. leakag e
lines per ampere per i n ch of slot p e r i n ductor T he ope n a n d .

shor t circuit charac teristics are give n by the followi ng data

-

F iel d c urren t
A r m ature c urren t
280
4 50

( a) Calculate the regulatio n of this ge n erator for 25 per ce n t .

ov e rload c urrent at u n it powe r factor b y th e g e n eral method .

Wh at is the fi eld c urre n t calculated b y th is me tho d ?

36 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

b
( ) C alculate the regul atio n o f this ge nerator for the specifi ed
load by th e synchro n ous imp e da n ce m e thod Wh at is the fi eld .

c u r rent calculated by this method ?

( 0 ) C alculate the regulatio n of this g e nerator f o r the sp e cifi ed
load by the magnetomotive force method Wh at is the fi eld .

cu r rent calcul ated by this m e thod ?

53 A 3 p has e Y co nn ected 1 5 00 k v a 5500 V olt alte rn ati n g
.
-
,
-
,
-
.
-
.
,
-

cur re nt gene r ator is d r ive n by a 2000 h p reciprocating engin e -

. .

that runs at 8 3 rev p er mi n at f ull load The fi el d structu re

. . .

h as 7 2 pol e s each o f wh ich is wound with 35 turns The armatu re .

c o r e has 1 slot per p ole p er p h ase with 1 2 inducto r s in se r i e s pe r

slot E ach inductor is 9 in long The armatu r e winding has
. . .

an e ff ectiv e r e sistance o f o h m per p has e I n calculating .

th e leak age r eacta n c e assume equivalent l e akage li n es p er

amp e re pe r inch o f inductor The data for the ope n a n d short
.

ci r cuit charact er istics a r e :

F ield c urren t

a
( ) Calculate th e r e
gu latio n o f this gene r ator by th e ge n eral
m e thod f o r 20 pe r c e nt ov e rload curr e nt at. p ower f acto r
( induction load) Wh at is the fi el d cur r ent calculated by this
.

m e thod ?
b
( ) Calculate the re gulatio n o f this g e nerato r f o r the specified

load by the synch r onous impeda n ce method What is the fi eld .

cu r r e nt calculat e d by this m e thod ?

( c ) Calculate th e r egulatio n o f this gen er ator for the specifi ed
load by the mag n etomotive forc e method Wh at is the fi eld
‘

cu rre nt calculat e d by this m e thod ?

54 A 3 7 5 0 k v a alt er nating cu rr ent gen e rator d e liv er s e n er gy
.
-
.
-
.
-

at 2200 volts to a 2 phase 30 cycl e syst e m The field structu r e

-
,
-
.

h as 20 poles each o f which is wou n d with 60 tu rn s The arma

,
.

ture has 360 slots with o n e inductor per slot E ach i n ductor is .

in long Th e armatur e resistance by di re ct cu rr ent measu r e

. .
-

°
m ent is ohm pe r phas e at 25 C Assume that th e ratio .

°
of e ffective resistance to ohmic resistance is at 25 C I n .
 S YN CH RON O US GENER A TORS

calculati n g the leakage reacta n ce ass um e that the le ak age fl ux

is lines per ampe r e per i n ch o f i n duc to r The data fo r the .

O pe n a n d short circuit characteristics are :

-

F iel d am pere t ur n s
per p o le

( a ) C alculate the regulatio n o f th is ge n erator for a c o n d ensiv e

load o f 35 00 kw at . power factor by the ge n eral method .

Wh at is the fi eld curre n t calculated by this method ? Ass ume

that the t e mperature o f the armatu r e wi n di n gs is 70 C °
.

( b ) Calculate the r e gulatio n o f this generator for the specifi ed

load by the sy nchro n ous imp eda n ce method Wh at is the fi eld .

current calculated by this method ?

( )
0 C alculate the regulatio n o f this ge n erator f o r the spec ifi ed
load by the mag n eto motive force method Wh at is the fi eld
-
.

current calculated by this m e thod ?

55 A 3 ph ase water wheel ge n erator whose armature wi n ding
.
- -

is Y con n ected is rated to deliver 5 000 k v a at 6600 volts

-
.
-
. .

N ormal sp eed is 24 0 rev per min The field structure has 3 0

. .

pol e s with tu rn s per p ole The armature core h as 3 60

.

slots with 2 inductors i n series per slot The le n gth o f th e .

armat ure core is i n The measured resista n ce o f the arma

.

o hm at 25
°
ture betwee n a ny t wo termi n als is C The .

°
ratio o f e ffe ctiv e r esistance t o ohmic resi s ta n ce is at 25 C .

I n calculating the l e ak age reacta n ce ass um ethat the leakage " ux

is lin es p e r ampere per i n ch o f S lot per i n ductor .

The ope n a n d short circuit charac te ri s tics are giv en by th e

-

follo w ing data :

O pen c irc u i t 1 S h o rt i rc uit
c
F i eld c u rren t
T er m i nal v o lt ag e I A r m ature c urre n t
4 800

a
( ) C alculat e th e r egulatio n of thi s g en era to r by th e g e neral
method for full load kilovol t —
-
a mpe re s at powe r fac tor ( i n duc
38 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T MA C HINER Y

tive load) Wh at is th e fi eld curre n t calculated by this method ?

.

Assume that the temperature o f the armature wi n dings is

°
70 C .

b
( ) Calculate the regulatio n o f this ge n erator for the specifi ed
load by the sy n chronous imp eda n ce method W hat is the fi el d .

current calculated by this method ?

( 0 ) C alculate the regulatio n of this ge n erator for the specifi ed
load by th e mag n etomotive force method W h at is the fi eld -
.

c u r rent calculated by this method ?

56 A 2 phase 6 0 cycle alter n ati n g curre n t gen e rator is rat e d
.
-
,
- -

t o deliver 1 00 k v a at 4 80 volts .
-
The armature has a n e ff ective
. .

resistance o f o h m a n d a leakage reactance o f ohm p e r

phase Whe n the p ower factor of the load is
. th e a r matu r e
demagn e tizing amp ere turns are and the cross magneti z ing -

ampere turns a r e per p ole per ampere The fi eld poles .

are each wou n d with 265 turns The data for the ope n circuit .

characteristi c are

O pen circuit v o lt age

-

4 00
5 00
5 60
5 98

Wh at is the regulatio n of this ge n erator wh e n deliv e ri n g full

load cur r e n t at p ower factor ( i n ductive load) ?
( )
a As sume that the c r oss mag n etizi n g a n d demagnetizi -
n g
amp ere tur ns act o n mag n etic circuits o f the same reluctance as
that of the resulta n t fi eld This is a mod ifi cation of the ge n eral
.

m e thod .

b
( ) Assume that the cross mag n etizi n g amp er e tu r ns act
-
on a
magn e tic circuit whose reluctanc e is determin e d by the lower
part o f the saturatio n curve a n d that the demagn e ti z ing ampere
,

tur n s act o n the same magnetic circuit as do the impressed field

ampere turns This is the B londel method
. .

57 A 3 phase 25 cycle alte r nating curre n t g ene rator is rated

-
,
- -

to deliver 8 5 0 kv a at 5 000 volts The armatur e wi n dings ar e

.
-
. .

connected i n Y a n d have an eff ective resistance of

,
ohm a n d
a leakage reactance of ohms pe r phase When the power .

factor of the load is unity the armature demagn e tizing ampere

t ur n s are a n d the cross magnetizi n g amper e tur n s are 3 1 per
-
40 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

O pen circ uit ter m i n al

-
Saturati on curve
Fiel d c urre n t
v o ltage 4 38 am p at z ero R F
. .

3 050
4 80 0
6 5 00
7 4 00
8 1 50

Wh at is the regulatio n fo r a n inductive load o f 5 00 amper e s

at p ower factor ?
60 A 3 phase Y connect e d alt er nating cu r re n t ge n erator is
.
-
,
- -

r at e d t o delive r 1 64 0 k V a at volts The a r mature has

.
-
. .

an e ff e ctive r esista n c e o f ohms per p hase and a sy n chro n ous

r eacta n c e o f oh m s p er phase .

( a) Wh at is th e re gulation of this alt ern ato r o n a n i n ductiv e

load taking 1 5 00 kw at p owe r f actor ?
.

b
( ) What is th e r e gulatio n on a c o n d en siv e load taking 1 5 0 0

kw at. p ower f actor ?

6 1 A 2 phas e alte r nating cur r ent gene r ator is rat e d to delive r
.
- -

35 0 0 kw at . volts The armatu r e has an e ff ective resist

.

ance o f o h m p er phase a n d a sy n chronous reactance of

ohms per p hase .

( a) Wh at is th e r e gulation of this alt er nato r o n a non induc -

tive load taking th e rated k V a ? — . .

b
( ) What is the r egulation o n a n inductive load taking th e
r ated k v a at z e r o pow e r factor ?
.
-
.

( )
0 Wh at is the r egulatio n o n a c o n d en s iv e load taking th e

r at e d k v a at z e ro p ower factor ?
.
-
.

62 A 7 60 k v a 220 0 volt 3 phase alternating cu rren t gen

.
-
.
-
,
-
,
- -

erat o r has an e ff e ctive armature r e sistance of ohm per p hase .

The armatu r e winding is co n nected i n Y W ith the armatu re .

sho r t ci rcuit e d th e arm atu r e curr e nt is 338 amperes whe n the

-

fiel d cur r ent is 60 ampe r es The open circuit characteristic .

-

data a re :

O pen circ uit ter m i n al v o ltage

-

1 060
1 650
1 950
2 1 60
24 20
26 50
 S YN CH R O N0 US GENER A TORS

( a ) Wh at is the regulatio n o f this ge n erator calculated by th e ,

mag n etomotive force method fo r a n i n ductive load which re

-
,

q uires full load curre n t at

-
power f actor ?
( b ) W h at is the regulatio n for a co n d en s iv e load which re

q uires full load curre n t at

-
p ower factor ?

63 A 3 ph ase A con n ected alter n ati n g curre n t ge n erator

.
-
,
- -

has a full load capacity o f 1 5 kV a at 230 volts The e ff e ctive

-
.
-
. .

armature resista n ce a n d sy n chro n ous reactance are respec tively

and ohms per p h ase Three reactors each o f which .

has a n e ff ective resistance o f ohms a n d a reacta n ce o f 1 0

ohms are connected i n A across the terminals of the ge n erator .

I f the terminal voltage is adj usted to its rated value to what will
it rise whe n the coils are removed ?
( b ) I f the coils are co nn ected i n Y a n d the termi n al voltage
adj usted as before to wh at will it rise wh e n the coils are removed ?
( 0 ) W h at is the power outp ut of the gene r ator i n each case ?
64 I n probl e m 6 3 if the ope n circuit voltage of the ge n erator
.
-

is a dj usted t o 3 0 0 volts to what will it fall whe n the coils are

c o nn ected i n A across the termi n als ? What is the p ower out
put o f the gen e rator ?

6 5 A 3 phase
.
-
1 5 00 k v a ,
5 5 00 volt alter n ating cu r r en t
-
.
-
.
,
- -

ge n erator deliv e rs full load current t o a n i n ductive load at

-

power factor Th e e ff ective resista n ce a n d sy n chro n ous react

.

a n c e o f this alter n ator are respectively and ohms p e r

phas e The armature wi n ding is Y co nn ected With the fi eld
.
-
.

e xcitation u n cha n g e d wh at will be the termi n al voltag e if the

alternator d e livers its rated curre n t t o a co n d en siv e load at
power factor ?

66 A special 6 pole 6 0 cycl e alter n ating curr e nt ge ne rato r

.
-
,
- -

h as six similar a n d i n depe n de n t armature wi n ding s Th e .

wi n ding s ar e e q ually s paced so that their voltages di ff e r by 30

d e gree s .

O n t h e bas is of eq ual armature a n d fi e ld hea ti n g losse s a n d o f

—
e q ual fre q uenci e s compar e the rated outp uts kilovolt amper e s -

—
a n d te rminal voltage o f thi s al te r n ator wh en the wi n di n gs ar e
co nn e c ted ( 1 ) for a n op en coil s i ngle phase wi n ding a n d ( 2) for a
- -

2 pha se windi n g
-
.

67 ( a ) I n probl e m 66 compar e th e rat e d output s o n th e sam e

.

basis when th e winding s ar e co nn ec ted ( 1 ) for a n op en c oil s i n gl e -

phase winding and ( 2) fo r a 3 ph ase mesh w i n di ng -

.

( b ) Compare th e rated outputs o n the same basis whe n the

42 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

windings a r e con n ected 1 ) fo r an open coil singl e phase wi n ding - -

and ( 2) for a 3 phas e sta r winding

-
.

68 I n probl e m 6 6 comp a re th e rated outp uts o n th e same

.

basis wh e n th e windings a r e con n ected ( 1 ) f o r a 2 phase winding -

and ( 2) f o r a 3 phas e star winding

-
.

69 Conce r ning the alter n ato r described in problem 5 1 the

.

following additional data a re giv en Th e field curre n t is sup .

plied at 1 1 0 volts The frictio n a n d windag e loss is 3 1 0 watts at

.

normal speed and the core loss due to r otatio n is 4 80 watts for
,

a n armatu r e generat e d voltage of 24 0 Assume that the core .

loss is consta nt What is th e e fficiency of this alt e r n ator at the

.

load described in problem 5 1 ? ( 1 ) Calculat e the field curre n t

b y the synchronous imp e da n ce method ( 2) by the mag n eto
'

motive forc e method

-
.

70 Concerning the alter n ator described i n problem 5 2 the

.

following additional data are given The resistance o f the fi eld .

circuit is ohm T h e f r iction and windag e loss is

. kw .

at normal speed The core loss d ue to rotatio n is

. kw at .

2 20 0 volts a n d may b e assumed to vary as the square of the

ge n e r ated armature voltag e .

( )
a Wh at is the e ffici en cy of this ge n erator at the load de
scribed in problem 5 2 ?
b
( ) W h at i s the effi cie n cy o f this ge n erator when delivering

the sam e cu r rent at power factor ?

C alculate the field cur r ent ( 1 ) by the gene r al method a n d ( 2)
by the magnetomotive fo r c e method -
.

7 1 Concerning the alternator desc r ibed i n p roblem 5 3 the

.

following additional data are give n The resistance o f th e .

fi eld ci r cuit is ohm T h e f r iction a n d wi n dage loss is

.

kw The co r e loss due to rotatio n is

. kw at 55 00 volts a n d .
,

shoul d b e assumed to v ary as the sq uare of the g en erated arma

ture voltage .

( )
a W h at i s th e e f ficiency o f the gene r ator at the load de
sc r ibed in p roblem 53 ?
( b ) Wh at is the effi cie n cy of this g e ne r ator whe n delivering
the sam e p owe r at u n it p ower factor ?
C alculate th e fi e l d curre n t ( 1 ) by th e sy n ch r onous impeda n ce
method and ( 2) by the magnetomotive force method
,
-
.

7 2 Th e full load capacity o f a 3 phase 25 cycle alter n ating

.
- -
,
-

cu r r en t gen e rato r is 8 5 0 k v a at 5 0 00 volts The a r matur e

.
-
. .

wi n dings are connected i n Y a n d hav e an e ffective resista n ce o f

 S YN CH R O NO US GENER A T ORS

ohm p er phase The sy n chro n ous reactan ce is

. ohm s
per ph as e With the armature short ci r cuited the armatur e
.
-

cur r e nt is 1 08 amperes whe n the fi eld current is 5 0 amperes .

The resistance o f the field c ircuit is ohm The friction a n d .

windage is kw The core loss due to rotation is

. kw .

at 5 200 volts a n d may be assume d t o b e consta n t The O pen .

circuit characteristic is give n by the followi n g data

I O pen c irc ui t ter m inal v o lt ag e

-

5 4 60
5 800
606 0

What is the effi ci en cy of this ge ne rator when deliv e ring 1 0 per

c e nt ove r load current at 0 8 0 power factor ( i n ductive) ?
.

C alculate the field curre n t ( 1 ) by the sy n chro n ous impeda n ce

method and ( 2) by the m ag en t o m o t iv e force method
,
.

73 C onc e r ni ng the alt er nato r desc r ibed in probl e m 54 the

.

fo llowi ng additional data a r e giv en T he resista n ce of the field

.

circuit is ohm The friction and wi n dage is 1 9 kw

. The .

co r e loss is give n by
T er min al v o l t age on o pen c ir c u i t I
1 3 60
2000
24 80

Wh at is the e ffi cie n cy o f this ge n erator for the load describ ed

in problem 54 ? C alculate the fi e ld curre n t ( 1 ) by th e ge n eral
method ( 2) by the sy n chro n ous impedanc e method a n d (3) b y
, ,

the m ag n etomotive force method -

.

7 4 C o n cer ni n g the alter n ator described i n probl e m 5 8 the

.

followi n g addi tional data are give n The resista n ce o f the field
.

circuit is o hm The fri ctio n a n d wi n d age loss is

. kw .

The core lo ss is give n by

Ter mi n al v o l t age on o p en c i rc ui t I

Wh at is the effi cie n cy of this g e nera t or fo r the load de s cribed

i n p roblem 5 8 ?
44 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

75 Con cer ning the alt e rnator described in problem 5 9 the

.

f ollo wing additional data are given The resi s tanc e o f the fi e ld .

°
ci r cuit is ohm at 25 C The temperature o f the fi eld .

°
u nd er load conditions is 6 8 C The friction a n d windage loss .

is 3 8 kw The core loss is give n by :

.

T er m in a l v o lt age o n o pen c ircuit I

4 800
6000
660 0
7 5 00

Wh at is the effi ciency o f this g e nerato r f o r the load described i n

p r oblem 5 9 ?
7 6 T wo alt er nators o f the same design a r e operating in
.

parallel The first delive r s 98 0 kw at

. p owe r factor a n d .
,

the s e co n d 7 20 kw at p ower factor Wh at adj ustments . .

should be made t o h ave these alt e r n ato r s ope r ate u n der the best
conditions ? Wh e n th e se have b e e n made what p owe r will each
deliv e r a n d at wh at p ower factor will it op e r ate ?
7 7 Two 3 phase alternato r s co nne cted i n p arallel a r e driv en
.
-

by shunt motors wh ose speed load cha r acteristics for p articula r

fi eld excitations a re giv en by the followi n g data : The sp eed o f
th e fi r st moto r f alls unifo r mly from 6 00 r e v per mi n at no load . .

t o 5 30 re v p e r m in at full load o f 1 00 kw on the alt e rnator

. . . .

Th e Sp eed o f the second motor falls u n iformly f r om 590 r ev per .

min at no load t o 5 5 0 rev p e r min at f ull load o f 1 00 kw o n the

. . . .

alter n ato r .

a
( ) F o r wh at load will the alternators divide the load eq ually ?
( b ) Wh at will b e the load o n each alternator wh e n their com
b in ed load is 20 0 k w ? .

( c ) Wh at is the g re atest load that ca n be delivered without

ov er loading either alternato r ?
7 8 A 3 p hase 2200 volt alt e r n ator which is rat e d to deliv er
.
-
,
-

7 60 k v a is conn e cted in p a r allel through t r ansform er s with a

.
-
.

3 phas e 5 5 00 volt alte r nato r which is r ated t o deliver 1 500

-
,
-

kv a .
-
Th e first alte r nato r has 64 p oles and is drive n by an
.

engine wh ose speed f alls f r om 94 rev per min at no load to . .

9 1 r ev p er min at full load o n th e alt er nato r

. The seco n d al
. .

t ern at o r has 7 2 pol e s an d is driven by a n engine whose speed falls

f r om 8 3 rev p er min at n o load to 7 9 rev per min at full load
. . . .

o n the alte r nator .

 S YN CH RON O US GENER A TORS

( a ) Wh at i s th e g r eat e st combi ne d load that t h e alte r nato r s

can deliver without overloading e ith e r by mo re than 25 p er
ce n t ?
.

( b ) Wh at is the load on each alt e rnator when the first is run

ning at rev per mi n .
? .

( )
c What is the f r eq uency wh en they are d e li v ering a c o m
b in ed load of 20 00 kw ? .

7 9 Two 3 p hase 60 cycle alt e rnating cu r rent ge n erato r s are

.
-
,
- -

O p er ating i n p a r al l e l T he fir s t has a capacity of 1 000 a n d th e

.

second a capacity of 1 5 0 0 k v a The fi r st is d r iv e n by a p r ime .

-
.

mover so adj usted that the f req uency falls from 6 1 cycles at no
load to cycl e s at full load Th e s e cond has a di ff e rent sp eed
.

load cha r acteristic the freq ue n cy falling f r om

,
cycles at no
load t o cycles at f ull load .

Whe n these alternators are j ointly d e live r ing 20 00 kw wh at i s .

the load o n each ? What is the freq uency ? I f the speed load -

charact e ristic of the s e co n d is shift e d p arallel to its e l f u n til th e

alternators divide this load properly what is the n ew valu e of th e ,

no— load f req uency o f this alter n ato r ? At wh at f r e q u e ncy will

w
they n o operate when delive r ing 0 0 k 2 0 w ? .

8 0 T wo 3 ph ase
.
-
volt 60 cycle alternating cu rre nt
,
-
,
- -

generators O p e rating i n p arallel are driven by p r ime move r s

, ,

which hav e the same sp e ed load charact e ristic The a r matu r e-

.

windings of the alter n ato r s are Y conn e cted a n d hav e a n e ff ecti v e -

resistance of ohm and a sy n chronous r eactance o f 5 6 ohm s p er

ph ase The total load supplied is 1 7 00 kw at
. power factor . .

The excitations are adj usted so that the t e rmi n al voltage i s

volts a n d o ne of them is operating at unit pow e r facto r .

What are th e e xcitation voltag e s a n d th e phas e angl e b e tween

th e m ?
8 1 Two id en tical 3 phase Y co nn ected alt e rnators operating
.
-
,
-

in p arall e l are dr i ve n by prim e movers that have such di s simila r

speed load chara c t e ri s ti c s that whe n th e fir s t alte rna t or i s
-

deliveri n g 4 00 kw at . powe r factor th e se cond i s ru n ning at

n o load ( a ) I f the e xcitatio ns of the alte rnato rs a re adj ust e d so
.

that the t e rmi n al voltage is 50 00 volts and th e armatur e current

o f th e s e cond alt e r n ator i s z er o wh at a re t h e e x c ita t io n v ol t ages
,

a n d th e ir ph as e displa e m e nt
c ?
( b ) I f t h e e x c i t ation s a re adj u s t e d
so that th e te rmi n al voltage is 5 000 v ol ts and th e total arma t ur e

copper loss is r e duc e d to its l e as t valu e wh at cu r r e nt will e a c h

al ter n ator deliv e r ? Th e e ff ec tiv e armatur e r e sistan c e and t h e
46 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

syn c hrono us reactanc e of each alt e rnato r a re r esp e cti ve ly

and oh m s p e r p has e .

8 2 Two id e ntical 3 phase alte r nato r s connected in pa r allel

.
-
, ,

a r e d r iv e n by p r ime movers that have dissimilar speed load -

cha r act er istics When the excitations of the alte r nators a r e

.

e q ual th e fi r st deliv er s 1 00 amperes at powe r facto r ( lagging)

and the s e cond 7 5 amperes at
, p o wer facto r ( lagging ) .

( a) Wh at p er cent o f the total load do e s e ach alte rn ator

.

deliv e r ?
( )
b What is the p owe r factor o f the load ?
( 0 ) I f the field e xcitatio n s are adj ust e d so that both alter
n at o rs op e rate at the sam e p ower facto r wh at curre n t will each

deliver ?
( d) I f the fi eld excitations are adj usted so that th e total
a r matu r e copp e r Io ss is r educed to its least value at wh at power
facto r will each alte r nator op e rate ?
83 T wo id e ntical 2 phase alt ern at o i s con n ected i n p arallel
.
-
‘

, ,

a r e d r iven by prime mov er s which hav e somewhat dissimilar

speed load charact e ristics The fi r st alte r nator deliv e rs 3 200
-
.

kw at 22 1 0 volts and has a n armature curr e nt o f 7 60 amperes

.
,

while th e seco n d delivers 37 00 kw at 22 1 0 volts a n d has an

.

a r mature cur r e n t o f 1 1 00 amper e s The e ff ective armature

.

re sistance and the synchronous reactance o f ea ch alte r nator are

respectively and ohms pe r phas e Th e excitations .

of th e alte r nato r s a r e n o w adj usted so as to r e duce th e total

armature coppe r loss t o its least value b ut th e t er minal voltage
,

is maintained at 221 0 volts .

( a) At what p ower facto r will each alternator b e O pe r ating ?

i
( b ) Wh at s th e reduction in the total armature coppe r loss ?

( c ) Wh at is the change in th e coppe r loss o f each alternato r ?

8 4 Two ide n tical 3 p has e alternato r s ope r ating in p arallel
.
-
,

on a bala n ced load a r e driven by prime move r s with di ffere n t

,

sp eed load cha r acteristics The p ower outp ut o f e ach alter

-
.

nato r is measu r ed by t wo wattm e te r s S how that when the .

di ffer enc e s betwee n the wattm e ter r eadings f o r each alt er nato r
a r e the same the total a r mature copper loss is reduced to its least
valu e f o r the give n load .

85 Two dissimilar Y conn e cted alt er nators

.
-
op er ating in ,

parallel supply a load o f 1 5 00 kw at

,
. p owe r f acto r and a
t er minal potential di ff er ence o f 50 00 volts The alt er nato r s .

being o f the same capacity are adj usted to d e liver eq ual loads .
48 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A TING C URREN T MA CHINER Y

synchronous r e acta n ce a re r es p e ctively and ohms p er

phas e Assum e that th e rotational loss e s both co r e loss an d
.
,

f r iction a re constant and eq ual

,
.

( a ) I f thes e alte r nators a r e delivering 2 0 0 0 kw at unit pow er .

f acto r and their rat e d voltag e by wh at amou n t ca n the load b e ,

shi ft e d f r om one to the other if their fi eld excitations a r e adj ust e d

s o that th ere is an inte r change cu r rent eq ual t o t h e full load -

cur re nt V i z 24 0 amp e r e s ?
,
.
,

( b ) I f these alternators ar e delivering 1 500 kw at powe r .

f actor and their rated voltage by wh at amount ca n th e load be ,

shi fted f r om o n e to the othe r if their fi eld excitatio n s a re adj ust e d

0 that there is a n int e rchange curr en t eq ual to the f ull load cu r -

r ent v iz 24 0 ampe r es
,
.
,
.

90 The alt ern ators d e scribed in p r obl e m 8 9 are op er ating in

.

p arallel with n o n inductive resistances o f

-
o h m ins er ted in

e ach ph ase o f each alter n ator .

( a ) I f the alternators are j oi n tly delivering 2000 kw at unit .

power factor and th e i r rated voltage to a load by what amount

can this load b e shi fted from o n e to the other if the excitatio n s
ar e adj usted so that there is a n inte r ch ange curre n t e qual to the
f ull load current V iz 24 0 amperes ?
-
,
.
,

( b ) I f the alte r nators are j ointly d e liv e ring 1 50 0 kw at .

power facto r and thei r rat e d voltage t o a load by wh at amount ,

ca n this l oad be shifted f rom o n e to the othe r if the excitations

are adj usted so that there is an int er change cu r r e nt e q ual to
the f ull load current V i z 240 amperes ?
-
,
.
,

91 T wo id e ntical 3 phase alte r nators rigidly coupl e d tog e the r

.
-
,

so that their ex citatio n voltages are i n p hase are driven by ,

a shu n t motor The e ff e ctive armature resista n c e an d the

.

synch r onous r e actance of each alter n ator a r e respectively

and ohms per phase The terminals o f the alte rn ato r s ar e .

electrically connected as they would b e for p arallel ope r ation but

no exte r nal load is supplied Wh e n the fi eld e xcitation s a r e a d .

j usted so that the excitation voltages are r e spectiv e ly 200 and

3 00 volts per phase what is the armatur e current ? I f th e
,

a r matu r e wi ndings are connected in d elta wh at is the t er minal

voltage ? What is the electrical outp ut o f th e alt er nato r
which is acting as a generator ? I f th e rotational loss e s are
suppli e d by the shunt motor what is the m e chanical outp ut o f
th e alt er nato r which is ac ting as a moto r ? I f th e rotational
losses are 1 620 watts wh at powe r do e s the shu n t motor supply ?
 S YN CH RON O US GENER A TORS

92 . If the alter n ators described in p r obl e m 9 1 are m e cha nically

coupl e d togeth e r so that their excitation voltag e s di ff er in p has e
by 3 0 degrees wh at will b e the armature current wh e n th e
excitation voltag e s are each 3 0 0 volts ? Wh at is thei r terminal
voltage ? What is the e lectrical outp ut of the alternator which is
acting as a g e n e rator ? I f the rotatio n al losses are supplied by
the shu n t motor what is the mecha n ical outp ut of the alternator
which is acting as a motor ? What power does the shunt motor
supply if the r otatio n al losses are 1 6 20 watts ?
93 Two ide n tical
. Y co nn ected 60 cycle alter n ato r s a re
,
-
,
-

rigidly coupled together and are drive n at th e ir r ated spe e d o f

1 200 rev p er min
. The alt e rnators have revolving fi elds and
.

the coupling is so made that th e n orth p oles of th e first are 1 0

d e gr ees ( m e ch a n ical ) ahead i s in the di re ctio n of rotatio n o f ,
. .
, ,

the corresp o n ding north poles o f the s e co n d Th e co r responding .

t e rmi n als are conn e cted through n o n inductive resistanc e s o f -

ohms each The e ff e ctive armature resistance a n d the

.

synchro n ous reactance of each alternator ar e respectively

an d ohms per phase The fi eld cu rre nts are adj usted so .

that the e xcitation voltages are resp e ctiv e ly 200 and 3 00 volt s
per p hase Wh at is the cur r ent ? Wh at is the electric al o ut
.

p ut o f th e alte r nato r which is acting as a gene r ato r ? I f th e

rotational losses ar e suppli e d by the driving motor wh at is th e
i
mechanical outp ut of the alte rn ator wh ich is act n g as a motor ?

I f the rotational lo s ses are 1 6 20 watts wh at is the outp ut o f th e

driving moto r ?
94 Two ide n tical 3 phase Y co nne cted alternators ; rigidly
.
,
-
,
-

c oupl e d to the sam e prime mover are operating i n p a r all e l a n d ,

supply 1 5 00 kw at . power factor and a t e rminal pote n tial

di ff e re n ce o f 5000 volts The e ff ectiv e a r mature r esista n ce and
.

th e synchronous r e acta n ce of eac h alter n ator are re s p e c tively

an d ohm s p e r ph as e Th e mecha n ical coupling is so .

made that th e excitation voltag e s are in p hase a n d the fi eld ,

curre n ts are adj ust e d s o that o n e o f th es e voltages is 5 0 per c e n t .

gr e ate r tha n the oth e r Wh at is the output of each alte rnator ?

.

95 Two 3 pha se Y con n ect e d alte r n ators each of which is

.
-
,
-
,

rated to d e liver 7 60 kv a at 2200 volt s a re rigidly coupled t o the

.
-
.
,

s am e prim e mov e r E a c h o f these al ternators h as 64 field pol es

.
,

an e ff ec tive armature r es i s tance of ohm and a sy n ch ro n ous

r e acta n ce of ohms p e r phase With eq ual fi el d excitatio n s .

they operate at full load with u n due h e ati n g a n d o n e xaminatio n

50 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

it is fou n d that their c orrespo n ding field poles are displaced by

an angle o f 1 degree and 6 mi n utes .

( a) Whe n th e y deliver 1 5 00 kw at p ower factor and .

their rated voltage what is the output o f each alter n ator if the
,

fiel d excita t ions are equal ?

( b ) I f this displaceme n t o f the fi eld poles is reduced to zero
wh at will b e the r e ductio n i n th e armature copper loss o f each
alternator ? The load delivered is still 1 5 00 kw at p ower .

factor a n d their rated voltage .

96 T wo ide n tic al 2 phase 3 7 5 0 k V a water wheel ge n era

.
,
-
,
-
.
-
.
-

tors operating in parallel are driven by prime movers wh ich have

, ,

the same speed load ch aracte r i stic The e ff ective armature r esis
-
.

tance a n d the synchro n ous reacta nc e o f these alternators a r e

respectively an d ohms per phase Th e alter n ators .

are j oi n tly delivering 7 5 00 kw at unit p ow e r factor and their

.

rated terminal p otential diff ere n ce o f 2200 volts The excita .

tions are eq u al .

In sta n ta n eous records show that due t o hu n ting th e maximum

displaceme n t o f their excitatio n voltages is 3 0 degrees What is .

the sy n chro n izing power at the time o f maximum displace

me n t ? Wh at is the maximum value of th e e ffective armature
c ur r e n t ?
97 I f the alternators described i n problem 96 are j ointly
.

deliveri n g 5 25 0 kw at. power factor and their rated voltag e

t o a n i n ductive load wh at is the sy n chro n izing power at the
,

time the displaceme n t o f their excitatio n voltages is 3 0 degrees ?

W h at are the e ff ective armature curre n ts at this time ?
98 I f the alternators described i n problem 96 are j oi n tly
.

deliveri n g 5 25 0 kw at. power factor and their rated voltage

to a co n d en siv e load what is th e sy n chro n izing p ower at the
,

tim e the displaceme n t o f their excitatio n voltages is 3 0 degrees ?

Wh at are the e ff ective armature curre n ts at th is time ?
99 Two ide n tical 3 phase Y co n nected alter n ato r s each of
.
-
,
-
,

which is rated to d e liver 1 64 0 k v a at volts are operating

.
-
.

i n p arallel The speed load characte r istics of the p r im e movers

.
-

are the same and the load req uires 7 0 amperes from each alter
n ator at p ower factor and the rated voltage The e ffective .

armature resistanc e and the sy n chronous r e acta n ce of the alter

n at o rs are respectively ohms a n d ohms per phase .

O scillograph reco r ds show that due to hu n ting the greatest

value o f the e ff ective armature current is 87 ampe r es .
 S YN CH R O N0 US GE NE R A T ORS

Wh at is the max i mum disp laceme n t b etwee n the excitatio n

voltages ?
Wh at is the sy n chro ni zi n g p ower at th i s maximum displace
me n t ?
 C H A PT ER I II

S YN CH R O N O U S M O T O R S

1 A 3 phase 60 cycl e
.
-
A co n n e cted alte r nating current
,
-
,
- -

gen er ato r is r ated to d e liv e r 1 5 k V a at 230 volts Th e fi e ld .

-
. .

st r ucture has 6 p ol e s each o f which is wound with 3 98 turns .

The a r matu r e co re has 4 slots per pole per phase with 8 i n ductors
in se r ies per slot E ach i n ductor is 5 i n long The hot resist
. . .

anc e o f the a r mature measured b e tw e e n any two t er minals is

ohm The e ff ective resista n ce is
. times the ohmic
r esista n ce I n calculati n g the leakage reacta n ce assume 8
.

l e akage lin e s per ampere p e r inch o f inductor The ope n a n d .

sho r t —
circuit charact er istics are given by the followi n g data :
O pen c ir c uit S h ort c ir c uit

This gene r ato r is ru n ning as a n ove r excited sy n chro n ous motor

a n d r ec e iv e s 1 5 kw at it s rated voltage and . p ower factor .

( a) C alculat e the fi eld curre n t by t h e ge n eral method .

( b ) Cal culate the fi el d curre n t b y the sy n ch r onous imp edanc e -

m e tho d .

'

( ) C alcu late the fi e ld cur re nt by the magnetomotive force

“

c -

m e tho d .

2 A 3 p h ase 5 0 00 volt 25 cycle sy n chro n ous motor has a

.
-
,
-
,
-

full load capacity o f 1 1 00 h p The fi e ld structu r e consists of 3 2

-
.

pol e s each o f which is wou n d with tu rns The a r matu r e .

c o re h as 1 92 slo ts with 1 4 i n d ucto r s in se r ies p e r slot The .

a r m atu r e winding is Y conn e cted The e ff e ctive r e sista n ce o f

-
.

th e a r matu r e wi n ding is o h m p e r phase I n c alculating the .

l e akage r eactanc e assum e 7 5 leakage li n es per ampere p e r

,

inductor Th e open and sho r t ci r cuit characteristic s are give n

.
-

by t h e following data :
 S YN C HRONO US MO TORS

O pen circ uit Sh o rt cir c ui t

This motor r ec e ives 7 6 0 kw at its rated voltage an d. power

f actor . The ex cit atl o n i s less tha n n o r mal .

a
( ) Calculate the field current by the ge n eral method .

( b ) C alculate the fi eld curre n t by the sy n chro n ous imp edance -

method .

( c ) Calculate the field curre n t by the mag n etomotive force -

me tho d .

.3 A 3 p hase 5 5 00 volt 5 0 cycle sy n chro n ous motor has a

-
,
-
,
-

full load capacity of 2000 h p

-
The field structure h as 7 2.

pol e s each o f which is wo und with 35 tur n s The a r mature core .

has o n e slot per p ole per p hase with 1 2 i n d uctors p e r slot The .

armature wi n di ng is co nn ected i n Y The armature resistanc e .

m e asu r ed betwee n a ny two termi n als is o h m a n d the ratio ,

o f e ff ective t o ohmic r e sista n ce is I n calculati ng the

l e akage r e actance assum e 6 7 leakage li n es per i n ductor per
ampere The data fo r the ope n and short circuit ch aracteristics
.
-

0 p en c irc uit S h o rt c ir c ui t
F ield c urrent

This motor r e ceiv e s 960 kw at it s rated voltage a n d. pow e r

factor The excitatio n is greater tha n n ormal
. .

( a) C alculate th e fi eld curre n t by th e g eneral method .

( b) C alculat e th e field curre n t by the sy n chronous imp e danc e -

method .

( )c C alc ulate t h e fi eld c urre n t by the m ag n etomotive forc e -

me thod .

4 A 3 p h ase 2200 vo l t 5 0 cy c lc syn chro n ous motor is rated

.
-
,
-
,
-

t o deliver 1 000 h p whe n op erati ng at u n it power factor

. Th e .
54 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

fi eld st r uctu r e has 64 poles each of which is wou n d with 5 0 tu r ns .

The r e sistance o f the field circuit is ohm Th e armature .

core has 384 slots with 3 i n ductors i n seri e s per slot E ach in .

ductor is 1 0 in long The hot resista n ce o f the armature meas

. .

ur ed b etw een termi n als is ohm T he ratio of e ff ective .

t o ohmic resistance is I n calculating the leakag e reactance

assume li n es per ampere per inch of i n ductor The armatu r e .

windings are conn e ct e d i n Y The O pe n a n d sho r t circuit

.
-

cha r act e ristics are given by the followi n g data

O pen c ir c uit S h o rt c ir c u i t

The rotational losses at n ormal voltage are kw .

This motor d eliv eres 1 000 h p a n d the excitatio n g r eater than

.

n ormal a n d is adj usted so that it is O perating from a 2200 volt -

ci r cuit at a p ow e r factor of
( a) C alculate the voltage impressed o n the field circuit U se .

the ge n eral method .

( )
b Calculate the voltage impr e ssed o n the fiel d circuit U se .

the sy n chro n ous impeda n ce method

-
.

( 0 ) C alculat e the voltag e impr e ss e d o n the field circuit U s e .

the magnetomotive force method -

.

5 A 2 pha se
.
-
, volt sy n chro n ous motor is rated t o deli ver
-

4 5 0 0 h p whe n operating at u n it p ower factor

. The armatu r e .

h as a n e ff ective resista n ce of o h m per ph ase The ope n .

a n d sho r t circuit characteristics are give n by the following data

-

O pen circ uit S h ort c ircuit

This motor is delive r i n g 3 7 6 0 h p with a n e fficiency exclusive.

,

of fi eld loss o f ,
per ce n t and th e fi eld curre n t is adj usted
.
,

so that it takes a leading curre n t at p ower factor .

56 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

normal sp eed is kw The core loss due t o rotatio n is

.

kw at 54 6 0 volts and may be assumed to va ry as the squa r e o f

.

the g e ne r ated armatu r e voltage What is the e fficiency o f .

thi s motor und e r the conditions desc r ib ed i n problem 2 ?

C alculate the field cur r ent ( a) by the g e ne r al method (b ) by ,

the synch r onous imp e da n ce method and ( c ) by the magneto

-
,

motive fo r ce method
-
.

1 0 Conce r ning the sy n chronous moto r described i n problem

.

3 th e f ollowing additional data a r e given The field circuit has .

a resistance of ohm T h e f r iction a n d windag e loss is

.

kw The co r e loss due to rota t ion is

. kw at 5 500 volts and .

may b e assumed to va ry as th e square of the ge n erated armature

voltage Wh at is the e fficiency of this motor u n d e r the co n ditio n s
.

desc r ib e d in problem 3 ?
C alculate the fi eld curre n t ( a) by general method (b ) by the ,

sy n chronous imp edanc e method a n d ( c ) by the magnetomotive

-
,

force metho d .

1 1 A 3 phase
.
-
2200 volt synchro n ous motor is rated to
,
-

d e live r 1 0 00 h p when O perating at u n it power factor The

. .

armature windings which are con n ected in Y have an e ff e ctive

, ,

r esistance o f o h m pe r phase The r e sistance of the fi e ld

.

ci r cuit is ohm The f r ictio n windage and cor e loss e s ar e

.
,

kw and m ay b e assumed co n stant The op en and sho r t

. .

circuit characteristics are give n by th e following data :

O pen circui t S h ort c ir cuit

What is the e ffi cie n cy of this motor when it deliv e rs 96 0 h p and .

is ope r ating at p owe r factor from a 2200 volt ci r cuit ( a) if -

th e e xcitation is g r eater than n ormal (b ) if the e xcitatio n is less,

than norm al ?
C alculat e the fi e ld curre n t by the synchronous imp e da n ce
method .

1 2 A 2 phase 2200 volt synch r o n ous moto r has a full load

.
-
,
- -

capacity o f 5 0 00 h p whe n ope r ating at unit power facto r The

. .

armature h as a n e ffective resista n ce of ohm per phase .

 S YN C HRONO US MO TORS

The resista n ce o f the fi eld c ircuit i s ohm The friction and .

windage loss is kw T h e core loss due to rotation is

.

kw at 2200 volts and may be assumed co nsta n t The ope n

. .

an d short circuit charac teristics are give n by the followi ng data

-

O pen circ uit S h ort cir c uit

F i eld c ur rent I
T er m inal v o lt ag e A r m ature c urrent
68 0
1 360

W h at i s the effi ci e ncy of this motor whe n it r eceives 3 200 kw .

at power factor ( a ) if the excitatio n is g re at e r tha n n ormal ,

( )
b if the e xcitation is less tha n n ormal ?

C alculate the field curre n t by the magnetomotive force -

method .

1 3 The f ollo wing t e st data are give n o n a 1 34 0

.

volt 3 phase synch r o n ous motor The a r mature e ff e c tive r es ist

,
-
.

a n ce is o h m per p has e a n d the r e sistance o f the fi eld wi n di n g

,

is ohms The a r matur e windings a r e co nn ected in Y

. .

O pen c irc uit ter T er m ina l v o lt ag e

m inal v o lt age ( V) fo r
,
I 0
= 60 , PF = 0

The friction and wind ag e loss is l1 p . .

What is th e efi c ien cy o f thi s motor whe n it rec e ives 68 amp e r es

p er termi n al at volt s if the excitatio n is greater than
n ormal an d is adj us ted so th at the power fa cto r is per ce n t ? .

1 4 The followi ng te st dat a are give n o n a 65 00 h p

. 66 0 0 -
,

v ol t 3 ph ase sy n chro n o us motor

,
- T h e efi ec t iv e resi stan ce of
.

the armature winding is O hm p er ph ase a n d t he re s i sta n ce

,

o f the fi e l d wi n di n g is O hm T he armature wi n d i ngs are

.

co nnecte d i n Y .
58 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

O pen cir c ui t ter T er mi n al v o lt age

m inal v o lt ag e ( V ) Ia 4 38 , PF 0
4 800 1 7 50
64 70 4 200
7 4 00 5 7 00
7 930 660 0
8 1 50 6900

Th e f r ictio n and windage loss i s h p . .

Wh at is the effi ciency o f this motor whe n it receives 4 5 0

amper e s at u n it power factor a n d its rated voltage ?
,

1 5 The following test data are give n on a 1 34 0

.

volt 3 phase synchronous motor The armature windings

,
-
.
,

which are co n nected i n Y have a n e ff ective resista n ce of

,

ohms per p hase The resista n ce of the fiel d circuit is

. ohm .

O pen circuit ter T er m inal v o ltage

m i n al v o lt age ( V ) I (1
= 42
, PF = 0

and wi n dage loss is

T h e f r i ctio n h p . .

Wh at is the effici e ncy of this motor whe n it delivers 1 200 h p .

if the excitatio n is greater tha n n orm al a n d is adj usted so that

th e motor takes a n armature current o f amp eres at a
te r minal voltage o f volts ?
1 6 A synchronous motor
. wh ose armature wi n ding s are
,

con n ected i n Y has a n e ffe c tive resistance of

,
o h m and a

synchronous reactance o f 5 6 ohms p er phase This moto r .

r eceives a line cu rr ent o f 6 0 amperes at a terminal p ote n tial

diffe r ence o f volts a n d the excitatio n is adj usted so that
the p ower factor is
Wh at p owe r does the moto r r e c e ive ? Wh at i s the ex ci
t at io n voltage ( a) if the excitatio n is greater tha n n ormal ,

( b ) if the excitation is l e ss than n o r mal ?

—
1 7 A 2 phase synchronous motor has a n e ff e ctive armature r e
.

s ist an c e o f o h m a n d a synchro n ous r e actanc e of 23 7 oh m s .

p er phas e The motor receives 3000 kw at a li n e pote n ti al

. .

di ff e r ence o f volts and t h e excitation adj usted so that

the line cu rr ent is 200 amperes .
 S YN C HRONO US MO TORS

At wh at p ower factor is this motor operati ng ? What is th e

excitatio n volta g e ( a) if the excitation is greater tha n normal ,

( b ) if the excitatio n is less than normal ?

1 8 A 5 000 h p syn chronous motor is O p e rated from a 220 0

.
-
.

volt 2 phase circuit The e ff ective resista n ce of the armature

,
-
.

is o hm per ph ase The field windi n g has 60 tur ns per pole

.

a n d a total resista n ce of ohm .

A m pere turns p er O pen c irc ui t ter m inal S h ort c irc u i t ar m ature

p o le v o lt age c urren t

6 80
1 3 60

At n o load this motor takes kw at 220 0 volts wh e n th e .

excitatio n is adj us ted so that it operates at 0 8 6 p ower fac tor .

H o w much must the excitatio n b e i n creased in order that the

mo tor wi ll de liver its rated load a n d O perate at this s ame power
factor ? U se the mag n etomotive force metho d for calculating -

the fi el d current .

1 9 A 3 p hase sy n chronous motor whose a r matu r e wi n dings

.
-
,

are con nected i n A has a n e ff ective resista n ce of

, ohm and
a synchro n o us reacta n ce o f o h ms per ph ase T h is mo t or .

receives a li n e cu r re n t of 4 0 amp eres at 230 volts and the fi eld

cu rre n t is adj usted so that the excitatio n voltage is 3 1 0 volts .

Wh at p ower does the motor receive ? At wh at pow e r factor

is it operati ng ?
20 A 24 0 0 volt 3 p h ase sy n chro n ous motor h as a full load
.
-
,
-
,
-

capacity o f 1 34 0 h p The e ff e ctive resista n ce o f the armature

.

is o h m p er ph ase a n d the sy n chronous reacta n ce is

o hms per phase The armature wi n di ngs are co nn ect e d i n Y

. .

The r e sista n ce of the fi eld ci rcui t is o hm The rotati ona l .

losses at normal volt ag e are kw .

This motor is operate d from a 24 00 volt circuit at p ow e r -

factor a n d is deliveri ng 1 220 h p Wh at is the line curre n t .

,

a n d what is the n eces sary excitatio n voltage ? C alculate the

excitatio n voltag e for both u n der a n d o v erex c ita t io n .

21 A 1 35 h p sy n chro n o us motor is operated from a 4 8 0 volt

.
-
. .
-
,
’
2 p h as e c ir cu i t
-
The efi ec tiv e resista n ce of the armature is
.

o hm per p h ase at n orm al ru nn i ng temperat ure T he .

rot atio nal lo ss e s at n o rmal vo l tag e are kw .

60 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A TING C URREN T Il[ A CH I N E R Y
/

F i el d c urre n t
T er m in a l v o lt age o n o pen A r m ature urre n t c on

c ir c u i t sh ort Ci r c u i t
397 1 58
5 27
60 0
65 5

With the g r eatest allowable e xcitation the moto r takes a

curre n t of 1 3 5 amp eres whe n d e live r ing its rated load At what .

power factor does it the n operat e ? Wh at is the fi eld cur r ent ?

U se what y o u consider the b e st method fo r calculating the fi e ld
current .

ase sy n chronous motor whose armatu r e windings ar e ,

Y h as a n e ff ective resistance o f
, 2 o h m and a
sy n chro n ous reactance of ohms per phase This moto r .

receives 7 5 0 kw at a line p otential di ff erence of 2200 volts

.
,

and the fi el d current is adj usted so that the excitation voltage

is 2800 volts .

What is the line current ? At what power factor is the motor

op e rati n g ?
23 A 220 0 volt 2 phase sy n chr onous motor h as a full load
.
-
,
- -

cap acity o f 5 000 h p The full load e ffi ci e ncy of the a r matur e

.
-
,

with the fi e ld current adj usted fo r unit pow e r factor is pe r ,

ce n t The armature winding has a n e ff ective resistanc e of

.

ohm and a synchronous reactance o f ohms per phas e .

The motor receives a consta n t power o f 3 000 kw at 2200 volts . .

I f the current is limited to 1 30 per c e nt o f its full load valu e .

-
,

wh at is the great e st allowable excitation voltage ? At wh at

power factor woul d the motor b e operating ?
24 A 3 p hase
.
-
volt sy n chronous motor is rated t o
,
-

d e liver 2200 h p whe n operating at u n it p ower factor The

. .

a r m atu r e has an e ff ective resistance of ohms per phas e .

The armatu r e windings are connected in Y .

O pen c i rc uit ter m i n al S h ort cir c uit ar m ature

F 1 el d c urrent
v o lt age c urren t

75
1 55
227

The rotatio n al losses at no r mal voltag e a re 68 h p .

I f the maximum allowable curr e nt is 1 25 per ce n t of the full .

 S YN C HR O N O US MO TORS

load c urrent over what ra nge should it b e p ossible to vary the

fi eld curre n t whe n the motor is delivering a co ns tant load of
200 0 h p ? U se the mag n etomotive force method fo r calculat-

in g the fi eld cu rr ent .

25 A 3 phase 230 volt sy n chro n ous motor whose armature

.
-
,
-
, ,
’

windings are con n ected i n A has a n efi ectiv e resista n ce o f

,

ohm a n d a synchronous reacta n ce o f ohms per phase The .

rotational losses are 7 5 0 watts and may b e assumed co n stant .

The motor delivers a consta n t load o f 20 h p Wh at is th e .

least excitatio n voltage with which the motor will run ? Wh at

is the armat ure curre n t at the insta n t o f break dow n ?
26 A 1 34 0
. 3 p hase sy n c h ronous motor receives a co n
-

stant power o f 8 6 0 kw from a n .volt circuit The arma -

.

ture wi n dings which are co nn ected i n Y have a n e ff ec tiv e

, ,

resistance o f o h m and a sy n chro n ous reactance of 5 6 ohms

per p hase .

O ver wh at ra nge ca n the excitatio n voltage b e varied so that

the current wi ll not exceed 1 35 p er ce nt of it s full load value .
-
,

which is amperes ?
27 A 3 phase 5 000 volt sy n chro n ous motor whose arm ature
.
-
,
-
,

windings are co nn ec ted i n Y has a n e ff ective resistance o f

,

o hm a n d a synchronous reacta n ce o f o h ms per p hase The .

rotat ional losses are 3 0 kw and may be ass ume d co ns ta n t The

. .

grea t est excitatio n voltage that ca n be obtai n ed is 35 20 volts per

phase .

Whe n the motor is deliveri ng its ful l load o f 1 1 00 h p over .

wh at range ca n the power factor be varied ? Wh at is the arma

ture curre n t at each o f the limiting co n ditio ns ? C omp are these
with the full load armature c urre n t
-
.

28 Ne gl e cting the fi eld copper loss the effi cie n c y of a 2200

.
,

h p 3 phase sy n chro n ous mo tor is

. .
,
-
p e r ce n t at full load .

wh en the motor is operati n g at u n it p ower factor Assume that .

the rotational loss e s ar e co n sta n t The armature wi n dings.

,

which are co n nec ted i n Y have a n e ff ec tive resista n ce o f

,

ohms a n d a sy n chro n ous reactance of ohms per pha se .

With the motor d e liv e ring 2000 h p the field curre n t i s adj ust e d
.

s o that th e mo t or takes a leading curre n t of 8 5 amp e res from a

volt consta n t po te n tial circuit

-
.

( )
a At wh at pow e r factor is th e motor operati n g ? What is

the excitation voltage ?

( b ) I f this load is throw n o ff what curre n t will th e mo to r take ,
62 PROBLEMS I N A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

and at what p ower factor w ill it b e operati n g ? The excitatio n

i s unchanged .

29 The rotational loss e s o f a 1 34 0 h p

. 24 00 volt 3 ph ase
-
,
-
,
-

sy n c h ronous motor a r e 4 3 h p and may be assumed co n sta n t ,

.

The a r matu re windings wh ich are co nn ected i n Y have a n

, ,

e ff ectiv e resista n ce of O hm a n d a synchronous reacta n ce

of ohms per phase .

( a) Wh at is the least p ower factor at which the motor ca n b e

O perated at n o load so that the curre n t will n ot exceed 1 35 per
cent o f i ts full load value ? I f the motor is overexcited what is
.
-

the excitation voltage ?

30 Whe n operating at u n i t power factor the f ull load losses
.
-

of a 1 1 00 5 000 volt 3 phase Sy n chronous motor are :

-
,
-

Armature Copper loss = 1 3 9 kw : Field Copper loss = 1 8 6 kw :

. .

R otatio n al losses = 27 8 kw Assume that the rotatio n al losses

. .

are co n sta n t The armature wi n di ngs which ar e co nn ected i n

.
,

Y have a synchronous impeda n ce o f

, ohms per phase .

I f the curre n t is limited to 1 30 per ce n t of its full load valu e .

-

wh at i s the least power factor at which this motor ca n b e O per

at ed when it is delivering full load ? Wh at is the n ecessary
excitatio n voltage if the motor is overexcited ?
3 1 The sy n chro n ous motor described in problem 1 4 is rat e d
.

to deliver 65 00 h p when operating at unit p ower factor I f

. .

the max imum allowable curre n t is 1 3 0 p e r ce n t of it s full load .

-

value what is the least p ower factor at which it ca n o perate whe n

delivering it s rated load ? W h at is the great e st allowable valu e
of the fi eld current at full load under this co n ditio n ?
3 2 A 20
. 230 volt 3 p hase synchro n ous motor h as a n
-
,
-

e ff ective resista n ce of o h m a n d a sy n chro n ous reacta n ce o f

ohms per p hase The armature wi n dings are co nn ected

.

in A The rotatio n al losses are 7 5 0 watts a n d may b e assumed

.

constant .

With the maximum excitatio n voltage of 3 1 5 volts at what

load will this motor break dow n ? C omp are the current at
break down with the full load curre n t for normal excitatio n
-
.

33 I f the ratio o f resista n ce to sy n chronous reacta n ce is

.

i n creased t o by inserting eq ual resista n ces i n series with

e ach phas e o f the sy n chronous motor what will b e the results
c alled for ( a) i n problem 25 ; (b ) i n problem 26 ; ( c) in problem
27 ; ( d) i n problem 29 ; ( e ) i n problem 3 0 ; ( f) i n problem 3 2 .

34 A 3 phase sy n chronous motor receives li n e curre n ts o f

.
-
64 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

What is the p owe r f acto r ? Wh at cu rre nt does the moto r

tak e ?
39 A 2 phas e
.
-
volt sy n chronous motor has a rated
,
-

capacity o f 4 5 0 0 h p The a r mature has an e ffective resistance

.

of ohm and a synchronous reactance of ohms p e r phase .

At n o load with an excitatio n greater tha n normal the motor

takes 74 kw at volts and the line cu rr ent is 4 1 amperes
. .

With the fi el d excitatio n unchanged wh at cu rr e n t will th e

motor take when it is delivering its rated outp ut ? At wh at
p ower factor will the motor b e ope r ati ng ?
4 0 At the e n d o f a 3 p hase t r a n smissio n line ar e induction
.
-

motors which take a total load o f 1 200 kw at p ower factor . .

An additio n al load o f 6 00 h p should b e provided f o r Find the

. .

kilovolt ampere capacity o f a synchronous moto r that will

-

supply this load a n d will at the same tim e make it p ossible t o

adj ust the p ower factor o f the e n tire load t o unity Assume that .

th e e ffici e ncy o f the sy n chronous motor is 92 p e r ce n t .

4 1 An inductio n motor load at the end o f a 3 p hase t r ans

.
-

missio n li n e takes 6000 kw at power factor A sy n chronous

. .

motor is op e rating in parallel with the i n duction motors i n orde r

to improve the p ower f actor The motor has a full load capacity
.
-

of 65 0 0 h p when op e rating at u n it p ower factor from a 6600 volt

.
-

circuit The a r mature wi n dings which are connected in Y hav e

.
, ,

an e ffective res istance o f o h m per p hase The synch r onous .

i m pedance is ohms per p hase The f r iction and windag e .

loss e s are h p a n d the core losse s at n o r mal voltage a r e 8 6

.

kw The latter may b e assum e d t o b e co n stant The synch r o

. .

nous motor is op e rat e d so that the resultant p ower factor o f the

load is unity a n d the li n e voltage is 6600 volts I f the cu rre nt
,
.

is limited t o 1 25 per cent o f its full load valu e what is the

.
-

gr e atest powe r that the synchronous motor ca n supply ? Wh at

is the nec e ssa ry excitatio n voltage of the synchronous motor at
this time ?
4 2 I nductio n motors at the e n d o f a 3 phase t r ansmission
.
-

line delive r a total p ower o f 35 0 0 h p and ope r ate at a re sultant .

e ffici e ncy a n d p ower factor o f per ce n t a n d re sp e cti ve ly . .

The line voltage is volts A 1 64 0 k v a synchronous

.
-
.
-
.

motor is operated i n p arallel with these motors to improv e th e

p owe r factor of the load and to supply a n additional load of
,

1 00 0 h p The armatu r e wi n dings of this sy n chronous motor

.

a r e co nn ected in Y a n d hav e a n e ff ective resistance o f ohms

 S YN C HRONO US MO TORS

p e r ph as e The rotational losses at n o r mal v olt age a r e

. 57 h p .

and may be assumed to be co nsta n t .

O pen circ u i t ter m in al S h ort c ir c ui t ar m at ure

F1 eld rrent
cu
v o lt ag e c urren t

75
1 55
227

At wh at per ce n t of its rated cap acity m ust the sy n chronous

.

motor be operated so that the p o wer facto r o f the entire load shall
be u nity and the li n e voltage volts ? C alculate the n eces
sa ry field c urrent o f the motor fo r this conditio n by the m agneto
moti v e f orce method
-
.

4 3 A 1 00 0 h p sy n chro n ous motor is O perati n g at the end

.
-
.

o f a 3 phase transmissio n line which has a resista n ce o f 0 5 8 o h m

-

a n d a reacta n ce o f o h m per co n ductor The motor is ove r

.

excited so that it takes a li n e curre n t o f 2 1 6 amperes at a p owe r

f actor of and w ith a line p otential diff ere n ce o f 22 1 0 volts .

Wh at is the li n e voltage at the ge n erating statio n ? What i s

the e ffi cie n cy o f tra n smissio n ?
44 A sy n chro n ous motor operati n g at the end o f a 3 phase
.
-

transmission li n e takes a constant p ower o f 1 5 00 kw The .

res ista n ce a n d reacta n ce o f the li n e are respectively ohms and

oh m s p e r co n ductor The li n e v oltage at the ge n erating
.

statio n is maintai n ed at 5 74 0 volt s The excitatio n o f th e

.

motor is adj usted so that the li n e loss h as its l e ast possible valu e .

What is the termi n al voltage at the motor ? What i s th e

e ffi ci e ncy o f tran s miss io n ?
4 5 A synchro n ous mo tor O perati n g at the e n d o f a 3 phas e
.
-

trans missio n li n e wh i ch has a resista n ce of o hm a n d a re

ac t an c e of o h m per co n ductor takes a constant powe r of

7 20 kw from the li n e and the excitat i o n is adj us ted s o that the

.

li n e voltage is 5 000 volts The line voltage at the g ene rating

.

statio n is al so mai n tained at 5 000 volts .

( a) Wh at curre n t does the motor take ? At what pow e r

fa c to r is it operati ng ?
( b) I f th e mo to r is Y co nn ec ted a n d h as a n e ffectiv e resist
-

a n ce o f o h m a n d a sy n ch ro n ous reacta n c e of ohms per

ph ase wh at is the n ec essa ry exc i t ati o n vol tag e ?
,
66 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

46 .A 1 200 h p synch r onous motor is op e rated at the e nd o f

-
.

a 3 p has e t r ans m issio n line which has a r e sistanc e o f

-
ohms
and a reactance o f ohms per conductor The line voltage .

at the gene r ating station is 5 000 volts a n d the motor d e live r s

,

e n ergy t o a co n stant load of 1 000 h p Th e rotatio n al losses of

.

the motor are kw a n d may be assumed consta n t The

. .

armature windings are co nn ected i n Y a n d hav e a r e sistance o f

o h m an d a synchronous reacta n c e of ohms pe r phase .

I f the maximum allowable line curre n t is 1 3 5 amp er es wh at is

the greatest p ossible terminal voltage at the moto r ? What is
the n ecessary excitatio n voltage of the motor ?
4 7 At th e e n d o f a tra n smissio n li n e which has a resistance o f
.

ohms and a reacta n ce of ohms per conductor the r e is a

synchro n ous motor which delive r s a constant load o f 1 300 h p .

The a r mature wi n di n gs o f the motor which are conn e cted in Y

, ,

have a n e ff ectiv e resista n ce of o h m and a sy n ch r o n ous

reacta n ce o f 5 6 ohms p er phase At n o load with an impressed

.

voltage o f volts the motor takes a curre n t o f amperes

wh en the fi eld curre n t is adj usted for unit p owe r factor The .

line voltage at the ge n erat i n g statio n is maintained constant at

volts.

I f th e line curre n t is limited to 1 20 per cent of its full load .

-

value which is
,
amp e r es what is the l e ast additio n al react
,

ance that should b e i n serted i n each lin e so that a terminal poten

tial di fference of volts may b e obtai n ed at the motor ?
Wh at is the n ecessary excitation voltag e o f the motor i n this
case ?
48 A . volt 3 p hase sy n chro n ous motor has a full load
-
,
- -

cap acity o f 1 350 h p The armature wi n di ngs are co n nected

.

i n Y a n d have an e ffective resistance o f ohms and a syn

chro n o n s reactance o f 92 ohms per p hase At n o load with an
.

impressed voltage o f volts the motor takes kw at .

u n it p ower factor whe n the excitation is normal This motor .

is O perated at the e n d o f a transmissio n line which has a re sist

ance o f 22 ohms a n d a reactance o f 28 ohms pe r conductor .

The line voltage at the generating station is maintain e d co n

stant at volts .

Wh en the motor is delivering 1 20 0 h p wh at is the greatest .

potential di ff e r ence at the motor if th e a r matu r e current is

limited to 1 25 per c e nt of it s full load value ? What is the meces
.
-

sary excitatio n voltage of the motor ?

 S YN C HRONO US MO T ORS

49 . At the end of a 3 phase tra nsmissio n li n e which has a

-

resista n ce o f ohm and a reacta n ce of o h m per co n duc to r

there is a synchro n ous motor wh ose armat ure wi n dings are con
n ec t ed in Y a n d have an eff ective resista n ce o f o hm a n d a

synchro n ous reacta n ce of ohms per phase T he rotatio n al

.

loss e s o f th e motor are kw a n d may be assumed co nsta n t

. .

When inst r ume n ts i n the generati n g statio n i n dicate that the

tra nsmission lin e is rec e iving 7 80 kw at 225 0 volts a n d a power
.

fac tor o f ( leading ,) wh at is the output o f the motor ? What

is the line voltage at the moto r ?
50 A 3 phase tra nsmission line has a resista n ce of
.
-
oh ms
and a r eactance o f ohms per co n ductor The generating
.

statio n which delivers e n ergy to this li n e mai n tai ns a consta n t

line p ote n tial di ff er en ce o f volts At the end o f the li n e
.

the r e is a sy n chro n ous motor wh ose armature wi n d in gs are

co n nected i n Y and have a n e ff ective resista n ce o f ohms
and a synchronous r e acta n ce o f ohms per p hase The .

rotational losses of this motor are kw a n d may be assumed

.

constant Whe n th e motor is d e liv e ri n g 2000 h p a n d the

. .

e xcitation voltage is adj usted to its greatest value o f

volts what is the terminal voltage of the motor ? A t what
power factor is the motor operati n g ?
 C H A PT ER IV

I N DUCTI O N M O TO RS

1 A 2 phase 1 n d uctio n motor has a stator with 2 slots per

.
-

pole pe r phas e There are 4 inductors i n se r ies p e r slot The

. .

c oi l pitch is 4 slots The e ffectiv e value o f the cu rr ent i n each

.

phase o f the stator wi n ding is amperes and the curre n t ,

in phase two lags behi n d the curr e nt in phase o n e by 9 0 electrical

deg r ees Pl ace the fi r st slot i n phase o n e at the extreme le ft
.

o f the paper a n d d r aw the ze ro lines to allow for a maximum

ordinate of 2 in U se the following scales in these plots

. .

A bs c issae Po l e pit ch 3 in .

O r d i n ates 40 am pere turn s 1 in .

( a ) Plot the dist r ibution o f the magnetomotive fo r ce in th e

air gap du e t o t h e s tator c urrents at th e time that the current in
-

phase o n e is a maximum .

b
( ) P lot the distributio n o f magn etomotive forc e in the air
gap at o n e eighth of a period late r tha n i n ( a )
-
.

( c ) Plot the distributio n o f th e magn etomotive fo r c e i n the

ai r gap at o n e quarte r o f a period later than i n ( a)
- -
.

2 A 2 ph as e inductio n motor has a stator with 4 slots p er

.
-

pole p er phas e Ther e are 4 inductors i n se r ies per slot Th e

. .

coil pitch is 8 slots The eff ective value o f the cur r ent in e ach
.

ph as e o f th e stator wi n ding is 7 07 amperes a n d the cur r ent in

.
,

phase t wo lags behind the curre n t in phase o n e by 90 el e ctrical

deg re es Place the fi r st slot i n ph ase o n e at the extrem e l e ft o f
.

th e paper and draw the z e ro lines to allow f o r a maximum o r

di mat e o f 3 in Us e the following scales in this plots
.

A bs cissae . Po le pit c h 3 in .

O rd i n ates 4 0 a m pere turn s 1 in .

a
( ) P lot the dist r ibution o f the magneto motiv e force in th e
ai r gap du e t o the stator currents at the time that the cu rr ent in
-

ph as e o n e i s a maximum .

N o te . U n less o therwise st ate d assu m e th a t the ra ti o o f the turn s in the

st a t o r an d r at o r wind ings i s the sam e as the rati o o f transf orm at i on .

68
 IND U CT ION MO TO RS

b
( ) P lot the di stributio n o f m agn etomotive force i n the air gap -

at one eighth o f a period later tha n i n ( a)

-
.

( 0 ) P lot the distribution o f the mag n etomoti ve force i n the

air gap at o n e quarter o f a period later tha n i n ( a)
- -
.

3 A 3 ph ase i n ductio n motor h as a stator with 2 slots per

.
-

pole pe r ph ase There are 4 i n ductors in series per slot The

. .

coil pitch is 6 slots T h e eff ect iv e value o f the c urrent i n each

.
‘

phase o f the stator wi n di n g is amperes and the current ,

in ph as e t wo lags behi n d the curre n t i n ph ase o n e by 1 20 e lec

tric al degrees a n d leads the curre n t i n ph ase three by the same
amou n t Place th e fir st slot i n ph ase on e at the extreme left
.

o f the pap e r and d r aw the zero lines to allow f o r a maximum

o r di n ate o f 2 in U se the foll owing sc ales in thes e plots

.

A bs c issae Po le pit ch 3 in .

O rd inates 40 am pere turns 1 in .

( a) Plot the distributio n of the magnetomotive force i n th e

air gap due t o the stator curre n ts at the time that the c urrent i n
-

phase o n e is a maximum .

( b ) P lot the distribution o f the mag n etomotive force i n th e

a ir gap at o n e eighth o f a period later tha n i n ( a )
- -
.

( c ) Plot the distributio n o f the m agn etomotive force i n the

air gap at o n e quarter o f a period later tha n i n ( a )
- -
.

4 A 3 phase inductio n motor has a stator with 4 slots per pole

.
-

per ph ase Th ere are 4 inductors i n series per slot The coil
. .

pitch i s 1 2 slots The e ff ective value of the curre n t i n each

.

ph ase of the stator wi n ding is amperes a n d the current in ,

phas e t wo lags b e hind the c u r rent i n ph a s e o n e by 1 20 electrical

degrees and l e ads the curr e nt i n ph ase th ree by the same amount .

Plac e the fir s t slot in ph as e o n e at the extreme l e ft o f th e pap e r

and draw the zero lines to allow for a maximum ordinate of
4 in U se th e following s cal es in th ese plots :
.

Po le p i t c h 3 in .

40 a m pere t urns 1 in .

( a ) Plot the dist ributio n of th e mag n e tomotive force i n t h e air

gap du e to the s t ator c urre n ts at th e tim e that the c urre n t i n ph as e
o n e is a maxi mum .

( )b Plot the distributio n o f t h e m agn etomotive force i n t h e

air g ap at o n e eighth o f a period l ater tha n i n ( a )
- -
.
70 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

c
( ) P lot th e dist r ibutio n o f the magnetomotive force in th e
air gap at o n e quarter o f a period l ater tha n in (a )
- -
‘

5 A 3 ph ase induction motor has a stator with 4 slots per pole

.
-

pe r phase The r e are 4 inductors p er sl ot two o f which ar e i n

.
,

on e coil and two in another The coil pitch is 1 0 slots There are
. .

t w o coil sides i n each slot The e ff ectiv e value of the curre n t i n

.

each ph ase of the stator wi ndin g is 7 07 amperes and the cu r re nt

.
,

in phase two lags behi n d the curre n t in ph ase o n e by 1 20 electrical

degrees a n d l eads the current i n ph ase th r ee by the same amount .

Place the first slot i n ph ase o n e at the extr e me left o f the paper and
draw the zero lines t o all ow fo r a maximum ordinate o f 4 in
U se the followi ng sc ales i n these plots :
Po l e p it ch 3 in .

4 0 am pere turn s 1 in .

( a ) Plot the dist r ibution of the magnetomotive force i n the air

gap due to the stator currents at the time that the curre n t in phase
o n e is a maximum .

( b ) Plot the distribution o f the magnetomotive force i n th e

air gap at o n e eighth of a period later than in ( a )
- -
.

( )
0 Plot the distributio n o f the magnetomotive forc e i n the
air gap at o n e quarter of a period later tha n i n ( a)
- -
.

6 Assume that the stator win di ng of a 3 phase i n ductio n motor

.
-

is uniformly distributed The coil pitch is u n ity a n d t h e p h ase

'

spread is o n e third the polar pitch The current in phase two

-
.

lags behind the curre n t in phase o n e by 1 20 deg r e e s and l e ads

the current i n ph ase thre e by the same amount Place the b e .

gi n ni n g o f phase o n e at the extreme left of the paper a n d draw

the zero lines t o allow fo r a maximum ordinate o f 3 in As .

ordinates l e t 1 i n equal the maximum ampere tur n s per pole

.

p e r phase and as absciss ae let 3 in equal the pole pitch

,
. .

a
( ) P lot the distributio n o f th e mag n etomotive force i n th e
air gap at th e time that the current i n phase o n e is a maximum
- .

b
( ) P lot the distribution o f the magnetomotive force in the
air gap at o n e eight of a p er iod lat e r tha n i n ( a )
- -
.

P lot the di stribution o f the magnetomotive f orce in th e

( )
0

air gap at a time on e quart e r of a period lat e r tha n in (a )

- -
.

7 Assume that the stator winding o f a 3 phase induction

.
-

motor is u niformly dist r ibut e d The coil pitch is unity a n d

.

the ph ase spread is two thirds the pola r pitch The cur r e n t in
-
.

phase t wo l ags behi n d the current i n phase o n e by 1 20 degrees

72 PROBLEMS I N A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

at n o load and the lin e c urre n t is 4 6 amperes The friction a n d .

windage loss is kw The eff ective resistance o f th e stator

.

winding is o h m per phase The e ff ective r esista n ce of the

.

stator windi ng o f the 8 pole motor is 1 1 per ce n t less tha n this

-
. .

The windings are co n nected in Y What cu r rent and power .

will the 8 pole motor take at n o load from the same ci r c uit ?
-

Assume that the friction and windage loss varies as the speed
and neglect the leakage reacta n ce W here approximations a re .

made stat e w h at th e y are .

1 2 At no load a 3 35
. 3 phase i n duction motor takes a -

line cur r e n t o f amperes and absorbs kw from a 2000 .

V olt 50 cycle ci r cuit The eff ective resista n ce and the leakage
,
-
.

reactance of the stator winding are respective ly and ,

o h m per phase The windings are co n nect e d in Y The f r ictio n

. .

and wi n dage loss is kw What cu r re n t and power will this.

motor take at n o load from a 2200 volt 60 cycle circuit ? As -

,
-

sume that the co r e losses vary as B 7 “ “3

and that th e ge n erated
voltage due t o the air gap flux is equal to the impressed voltag e
-

less the magnetizing curre n t multiplied by the leakage reactance .

1 3 At no load a 1 5 0
. 3 phase inductio n moto r takes a -

line current of 4 6 amperes and absorbs kw f r om a 5 00 volt .

-
,

38 cycl e circuit
-
The friction and wi ndag e loss is
. kw The .

stator h as 1 2 slots per pole a n d the wi n ding pitch is 1 2 slots .

I f this moto r is rewound with the sam e n umbe r o f tu rn s using

a pitch o f 1 0 slots what curre n t and power will it take at no
,

load from the same circuit ? N eglect the resistance and the
" 7
leakage reactance a n d assume that the core losses vary as B f
,
3

14 The stator of a 1 50
. 3 phase 500 volt induction -
,
-

motor has 1 08 slots and i n each o f the following cases it is wound

,

f o r 6 poles with 4 i n ductors p e r slot W ith a winding pitch .

o f 1 8 slots the core losses are kw and the magneti z ing cu r .

rent is 4 5 ampe r es I f a winding pitch of 1 4 slots is us e d what

.

will be the core losses a n d the magnetizing c u r rent at the sam e

V oltage and frequency ?
—
'

15 .The stator o f a 2 5 3 phase 25 0 volt i nduction -

,

motor has 7 2 slots and in each o f the following cases it is wound

,

with 8 inducto r s per slot I f this motor is wound f or 8 pol e s

.

with a winding pitch of 8 slots the co re losses ar e 590 watts ,

the f r ictio n and wi n dage loss is 220 watts and the magneti z ing ,

current is 1 1 ampe r es What current and power will this moto r

.

take from the same circuit at n o load if it is wound for 6 poles

 IND U CT ION M O TORS

with a wi n di ng pitc h slots of 1 0 ?

N eglect the resistance and
leak ag e reactance and assume that the f r ictio n and win dage loss
"
varies as the speed a n d that the core losses vary as B j
1 6 The stator o f a 25
. 3 phase 50 cycle induction moto r
-
,
-

is wound f or 25 0 volts With a n impressed voltage o f 1 1 0 volt s

.

the starting c urre n t is 6 1 amperes at power factor The ef .

f ec t iv e resista n ce and leak age reacta n ce o f the stator win ding ar e

respecti v ely oh m an d o h m per phas e Th e stato r .

h as 7 2 slots with 9 inductors per slot and the rotor has 1 20 slots
with 2 in d uct ers per slot B oth the stator and rotor windings
.

co nn ected i n Y The ohmic resista n ce o f the rotor winding is

.

o h m per ph ase .

What is the leakage i n ducta n ce of the rotor wi n di n g per phas e ?

What is the ratio o f e ff ective t o ohmic resista n ce for the rotor

wind in g at 5 0 cycles ?
I f the stator i s rewou n d for 500 volts by usi ng t wi ce as
ma ny tur ns of wire o f o n e half the size what voltage should
-
,

be impressed t o have a startin g c urrent of 30 amperes ?

1 7 The full load li n e c urre n t take n by a 200
.
-
3 phase 98 0 -
,

volt inductio n motor is 1 0 1 amperes The stator has 2 1 6 slots .

with 5 i n ductors per slot a n d the ohm i c resista n ce of the winding

,

is o h m p er ph ase The rotor h as 288 slots with 1 i n ducto r

‘

per slot a n d the ohmic resista n ce of the wi n di n g is o h m per

phase B oth the stator a n d rotor wi ndings are co nn ected in d e lta

. .

The leakage in ducta n ces of the stator a n d rotor windi n gs are

respectively mil he nrys a n d m il he nry per phase At
‘

- -
.

the rat e d freque n cy o f 5 0 cycles the ratios o f e ff ective t o o h m ic

res ista n ce are respectively and fo r the stator and rotor .

( a ) What voltage should be impressed o n this motor i n ord e r

that th e starting c urre n t will be twice the full load current ? -

( b ) I f the s tator wi n ding is reco nn ected i n Y what voltage

s hould be impres s ed o n the motor i n order th at the starti n g cur
r e nt will be twi c e the full load c urre n t ? I n this ca se the ra te d volt
-

ag e b e c omes 1 700 volts .

1 8 At full load th e stator a n d rotor copper lo s ses o f a 500 h p

.
-
,

3 phase 2000 vol t i n ductio n motor a re r e spectiv e ly

-
,
-
per
ce n t a n d
.
p er c e nt The core loss is 24 7 0 watts a n d the fric
.

tio n a n d windage loss is kw The mag ne tizing compo n e n t

.

o f the li ne c ur r e nt is 23 amperes At the rate d frequ e ncy o f 60

.

cycl e s the ratio o f e ff ec tive r es istan ce to ohmic r es i st a n c e is

for the stato r wi n di ng a n d fo r the rotor wi n ding . At the
74 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

rated f requ e ncy the leakage reactances of the windings are

times th e ir e ff ective resistances W hat line voltage should b e .

impressed o n this motor whe n starti ng to give a line curre n t of 200

amperes ?
19 . The ohmic resista n ces of the stator a n d rotor windings of
a n indi cation motor are respectively oh m an d ohm .

At normal freqen cy the ratios o f e ffective resista n ce to ohmic

resista n ce are respectively and f or the stator and rotor
wi n dings a n d the leakage reacta n ces are tim e s their e ff ective
resistances The stator wi n di ng h as 1 08 i n ductors pe r phase a n d
.

the rotor wi n ding has 54 i n ductors per phase Assume that the .

core loss due t o leakage fl ux a n d the increase i n the resistance

due t o a no n u niform distri b utio n of curre n t over th e c r oss
-

sectio n of the inductors both vary directly as the frequ e ncy .

( a ) I f the volta g e impressed o n a n i n ductio n motor whe n

starting is i n creased 30 per ce n t h ow much is the starting curre n t
.

i n c r eased ? H ow much is the starti n g torque increased ?

( )
b I f the freque n c y o f the voltag e impressed o n a n inductio n
motor whe n startin g is i n creased 1 0 per ce n t how much is the .
,

starting curre nt decreased ? H o w much is the startin g torque

decreased .

20 A 5 7 0 h p i n ductio n motor is designed t o rec e ive powe r

.
-
. .

f r om a 3 p hase 900 volt

-
1 ,
—cycle circuit The ohmi c re
-
, .

sist an ces of the stator and rotor windings are ohm and
ohm per phase a n d at the rated f r equ e ncy the e ff ective
,

re sista n ces are an d tim e s as gr e at The leakage reactances .

at th e rated frequency are three times the e ff ective resista n ces .

The stator h as 864 inductors p e r phase and the rotor 1 4 4 in

d u ct ors per phase Th e motor is wou n d f or 36 poles and both of
.
,

the wi ndi n gs are connected i n delta The frictio n and wi n dage .

loss is 1 2 kw .

What is th e slip at full load if the g e ne r ated voltage i n the stator

win ding due to the air gap flux is 93 per cent o f the imp re ssed
-
.

voltage ? What is the sta r ting to r que with full voltage impr e ssed
o n the stator windings ?

21 Th e e ffective resista n ces of the stator a n d roto r windings of

.

a 3 phase in d uct o n moto r a r e

-
ohm and ohm pe r
phase and the l e akage reacta n c e s at no r mal f re qu e ncy a r e
,

o h m and o h m per phase Th e stato r has 1 08 slots with 5

.

inducto r s per slot and the rotor has 1 26 slots with 2 inducto r s
,

per sl ot B oth of the windi n gs are Co nn ected i n Y At starting

. .
,
 IND U C T ION MO TORS

with full impr essed voltag e the current is times the full loa d ,
-

valu e a n d the torq ue is o f the f ull load to r que What will -

.

be the starting c urre n t a n d the starting to r que with full impr esse d
voltage if resista n ces of o h m are in serted in each phase of the

rotor windin g ?
22 With f ull load current the slip a n d brake torque of a 5 00
.
-

h p 3 phase 60—
. .
, cycle i n ductio n motor ar e
-
,
pe r cent and .

pound feet The ohmic resista n c e and leakag e inducta n ce

-
.

o f the rotor winding are o h m and mil hen r ys per ph ase -

.

W hat will be the slip the b r ake torque and the output wh e n the ,

c urrent has its full load value if resistances of 2 ohms a re insert e d

-

i n eac h phase of the rotor wi n ding ? E stimate the copper loss

i n e ac h o f these additional resista n ce u n its .

23 The resista n ce and leakag e inductance o f the r oto r wi nd

.

ings o f a 3 phase 38 cycle induction motor are

-
,
ohm an d -

mil henry per ph ase The full load torque and slip are
-
.
-

lb f t a n d per cent
.
-
. .

( a) T o what per cent o f its no r mal full load valu e should the .
-

air gap flux be reduced so that the motor will deliv e r its full
-

load torque at o n e half the full load speed ? - -

( b ) What resista n ce should be inserted i n eac h phase o f the

rotor so that the motor will deliver its full load torque at on e -

half the full load speed ? Assume that the air gap fl ux h as
- -

i ts n ormal val ue .

( c ) C ompare the rotor cur re n ts i n ( a) a n d ( b ) .

24 The full l oad di stri butio n o f losses i n a 1 0

.
-
220 vol t -
,

3 phase i n ductio n motor is :

-

S t at o r pper l o ss
co

R o t o r co pper l o ss
C o re l o ss
Fri cti on an d w i nd age l o ss

( a ) What are the slip a n d e ffic i e n cy at full load ?

( b ) What are t e S lip a n d effi c i en cy at o n e half o f full load

h ? -

25 At . ful l
l oad the slip o f a 335 2000 volt 50 cy cle 6 pol e
- -
,
-
,
-

i n ductio n motor is per ce n t The ohm i c r es i s t a n c e s o f t h e .

s tator a n d rotor wi n di ngs are ohm and o hm per

ph as e a n d the leakage i n ducta n ces are

, mil h e n rys and -

mil he nr y per phase B oth of the wi n dings ar e co nne c te d in Y

-
. .

Th e s tator h as 7 2 slot s with 1 0 induc tor s p e r slo t a n d th e rotor ,

h as 90 slots wi th 2 i n du ctors per slot Th e ratios o f e ff ec t i ve .

76 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

re sistance to ohmic r e sistanc e at 5 0 cycl es ar e and fo r

th e stato r and roto r windings At f ull load th e voltage gener.

at e d in th e stato r winding by the mutual fl ux is 93 per c e nt of .

the impress e d voltage .

T o what pe r cent of its full load valu e should the air gap
.
- -

flux be reduced so that the sta r ting curr e nt will be 1 7 5 amperes ?

What is the starting torque fo r this conditio n ? What are the
f ull load to r que and roto r curr e nt ?
-

26 In problem 25 what resistanc e shoul d be inse r ted in each

.

phas e of the rotor winding so that when starting with f ull im

p re ssed voltage the rotor cu r rent will be twice its f ull load -

value ? What is the starting torque for this co n dition ? What

is the r unning torque with full load current ? -

27 In problem 25 what r e actanc e should be inse r ted in each

.

phase o f the rotor winding so that when starting with full im

pressed voltage the rotor cu r r en t will be twice its full load -

valu e ? W hat is the starting to r que for this c onditio n ? What

is the run ning to r que with full load curr e nt ? -

28 At the instant o f starting o n a reduced voltage o f 5 00 volts

.

a 5 00 3 phase 60—
-
cycle induction motor takes a lin e cu r rent
,

o f 1 52 amperes at power factor The sta r ting to r que is .

7 90 pound feet -
The motor is wound for 4 4 poles
. Th e .

ohmic resistance o f th e roto r wi n ding is o h m measur e d

—
betwee n t e rminals whe n the winding is n o t sho r t circuit e d -
.

The eff ective resistance is tim e s as g r eat at th e r ated fre

q u en cy . The stator winding has 7 04 inductor s p er phase
and the rotor winding has 220 inducto r s per phase The f ri c .

tion a n d windage loss is 1 1 kw With a n imp r ess e d voltag e

. .

o f 2000 V olts what brake torque would be d e livered wh e n the

slip is per cent ? Assume tha t the voltage g e n er ated in th e

stator windi ng by the ai r gap flux i s 94 per cen t o f the im
- .

pr e ssed voltage .

29 A 5 7 0
. 3 phase induction motor is ar r ang e d so tha t
-

it may be con n ected t o the line through a compensato r at star t

ing The m otor is wou n d f o r 36 poles a n d a line voltag e o f 1 900
.

volts at cycles Whe n the compensato r reduc e s th e im

.

p re ss e d t o 600 volts the line cur r ent is 200 amp ere s and the pow er
is kw at the instant of starting The stato r and rotor oh m ic
. .

resistances are equal whe n reduced to the same sid e and the ef
f ec t iv e resistances are tim e s as g r eat as th e oh m ic Th e .

f r iction and wi n dage loss at full load is 1 2 kw Assume that . .

 IND U CT I O N M O TO RS

the voltage ge n erated i n the stator winding at full load is 94

per ce n t o f the impressed voltag e Wh at is the slip when the
. .

motor de livers its rated load ? What is the starting torque with
600 volts impressed on the motor ?
30 At full load the slip o f a 5 00
. 3 phase i n ductio n motor -

is per c en t Th e motor is wou n d fo r 1 2 poles and a n im

.

p r essed voltage o f 2200 volts at 25 cycles When the roto r wind .

ing is n o t short cir cuited the h o t resistanc e — refer r ed t o the stator

— measured betwee n terminals is ohm and the e ff ective ,

resista n ce is times as much What is the starting torque .

whe n the impressed voltage is adj usted so that the rotor cur
rent is twice its full load value ? -

3 1 At full load the slip o f a 1 000

. 3 ph ase induction motor -

is per cent The motor is wou n d fo r 1 2 poles and a n im

.

press e d voltage of 2200 volts at 25 cycles When the rotor wind .

i n g is n o t short ci r cuited the h ot resista n ce measured between

termi n als is o h m a n d the efi ect iv e resistance is
,
tim e s
as great The ratio o f tra n sformatio n from stator to roto r is
.

2200 t o 1 5 00 The e ff ective resista n ce a n d leakage reactance o f

.

the stator wi n ding betwee n termi n als are o h m and

ohm .

What voltage should be impressed o n this motor so that the

starting torque will be the same as the full load to r que ? What -

is the starting curre n t f o r this co n dition a n d h ow does it compa r e

with the full load curre n t ? -

32 I n probl e m 3 1 what resista n ce should be i n serted in eac h

.

phas e O f the r oto r wi n ding i n order that the starting to r qu e

fo r the rated voltag e will be equal to th e full load torque ? -

What i s the starting curre n t f or this co n ditio n a n d how does

it c omp ar e wi th the full load c urre n t ? -

33 The oh mic r esista n c e s o f the stator a n d rotor win dings o f a

.

5 00 h p
-
3 ph ase inductio n motor are
,
-
o h m and oh m

p e r phas e a n d the e ff e ctive resi s ta n ces at the rat e d f re q u e ncy ar e

,

r es p e ctiv e ly and times as great The leak ag e r e ac tanc e s.

at the rated fr e qu en cy ar e respectively ohm s and o hm

p e r phase The motor is wou n d fo r 4 4 pol e s a n d an impr esse d

.

voltage of 2000 volt s at 6 0 cycl es Th e s tator has 2 1 1 2 i ndu c to r s

.

a n d th e rator 6 60 i n ductors B oth wi n dings ar e c onn e ct e d in Y

. .

At full l oad th e voltage g e n e rat e d i n the stator winding by t h e

ai r gap fl ux is 94 per c en t o f the impres s ed voltag e
-
. .

What re s ista n ce s hould b e i n serted i n e ac h ph ase o f th e rotor

78 PROBLEMS I N A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

in order that the star ting to r que with full i m press e d voltag e may
h ave its maximum valu e ? What is this to r qu e ? Wh at is the
star ting current f or this con ditio n and h o w do e s it compare with
the full load curr ent ?
-

34 The ohmi c resista n ces o f the stator and rotor windings

.

of a 1 50 3 phase railway i n ductio n moto r ar e

-
oh m an d

o h m per phase a n d th e e ff e ctive resistanc e s at the rat e d

,

f r equency are respectiv e ly an d times as g r eat The .

leakag e r eactances at the rated f re quency are r e spectively

o h m and ohm per phase The motor is wound f o r 6 pol e s .

and a n impressed voltage of 5 00 volts at 38 cycles The r atio o f .

t r ans f o r matio n f r om stator to rotor wi nding is 1 5 to 7 and ,

b oth win dings are connected i n Y W ith full impress e d voltage .

th e measu r ed slip for a b r ake to r que o f 1 4 7 0 pound feet is -

pe r cent .

What resista n ce should b e ins e rted in each phase of the rotor

winding so that the sta r ting torque with full impressed voltage
wi ll h ave its maximum value ? What is this to r que ?

IN D U C TIO N M O TO R D ATA

H o rse—
p o wer .

Li n e v o lt a ge .

T y pe o f w i n d i ng
Frequency . 38 20 50
Po les 6 24 6 36
O h m i c resist an ce S tat or . . 0 1 65
.

per ph ase . R o t or .

R ati o o f tran sf o r m ati o n . 4 1 6 1

M agn et iz in g c urren t
C o re l oss .

Fri cti on an d wi n d age l o ss .

Li n e v o lt a ge 5 00 2000 1 900
N o l o ad Li n e c urren t .

Po wer . . 4 4 00
Li n e v o lt a g e . 1 00 5 00 220 4 40 600
B l o cke d . Li n e c urren t . 57 8 00 1 73 1 70 200
Po wer

35D r aw the H ey lan d diagram for motor N o A

.
( a ) Wh at . .

are the full load pow er facto r slip a n d e ffici e ncy (b ) Wh at is

-
,
.
80 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A TING C URREN T M A C HINER Y
°
the stator winding betwe e n te r minals is ohm at 25 C Th e .

ohmic r esistance o f the open circuited roto r wi nding betw ee n -

°
t er minals is o h m at 25 C The leakage reactance o f th e .

stator winding is ohms betwee n te r minals With the rotor .

blocked 37 5 kw is supplied wh en the line cur r ent is 369 ampe r es

. .

°
The temperatu re o f th e windings at this time is 25 C Assu m e .

that the ratios of e ff e ctive resistance to ohmic resistance a re th e

°
sa m e for the stato r a n d rotor windings at 25 C .

What is th e output f or the specified load ? What is th e slip ?

What is th e distribution o f the losses ? The temperatu re at this
°
ti m e is 7 3 C .

43 . A 3 phas e 2000 volt 60 cycle induction motor has a full

-
,
-
,
-

load capacity o f 5 00 h p The stator winding has an e ffective .

r e sistance o f ohm and a l e akage reacta n c e o f ohms p er

phase The roto r winding has an ohmic resistanc e o f
. o hm

and a leakage inductanc e o f mil hen r ys pe r phas e r e f er red -

to the stator B oth o f the windings are connected in Y The

. .

magneti z i ng c ur rent is 23 amperes the core loss is 24 7 0 watts , ,

and the f r ictio n and windage is 1 1 kw .

What are the slip the pow er factor and the e fficiency wh e n th e
, ,

motor del ivers its rat e d output ? Th e i m p r essed voltage has

suc h a v al ue that the vol tage generated in the stato r winding by
the ai r gap flux is 1 8 50 volts
-
.

44 . A 3 phase 1 900— -
volt cycle 36 pole inducti on motor
, , ,
-

has a full load capacity o f 5 7 0 h p The oh m ic r esistances o f

-
.

th e stator and rotor wi n di ngs are o h m and oh m p e r

phase a n d th eir e ffective resistances at the rated frequency a r e

,

respectively and times as great B oth o f th e winding s .

are con n ected in delta and the ratio o f tra n sformati on o f stato r
,

t o rotor is 6 t o 1 The mag n eti z ing compo ne nt of the line cu r

.

rent is amper e s the core l oss is kw and the f r iction

,
.
,

and windage loss is 1 2 kw With the roto r block e d the line .

current is 200 amperes when the i mp r ess e d vol tage is 600 volts .

Assume that the ratios o f leakage reactance to e ff ective re s istanc e

at the rat e d f r equency a r e the same for both stato r and r oto r
windings .

What are the slip the powe r facto r and the e ffici e ncy wh e n the
, ,

moto r deli ver s its rat e d output ? Assume that the voltag e
g e nerated i n the stator wi nding by th e ai r gap fl ux i s 1 7 90 volts - .

‘
U seeither the tran sfo rm er di ag ram or t h e equivalen t c ir cu i t in t h e
so luti on o f this pr o blem .
 IND U CT ION M O TO RS

A 3 phase 5 00 volt 38 cycle 6 pole railway inductio n

-
,
-
,
-
,
-

motor h as a full load cap act iy o f 1 20 h p -

The ohmic resistances .

o f the stator a n d rotor wi n d i n gs are an d o h m per phase ,

and th e ir e ff ective resista n ces at the rated freque n cy are resp ec

t iv ely and times as g reat B oth o f the win di n gs are .

connected i n Y a n d their ratio o f tra n sformatio n is 2 t o 1 Th e

,
.

magn e tizi n g compo n e n t of the line current is 34 ampe r es and ,

the total n o — load losses are 4 4 00 watts With the rotor block e d .

the line c urre n t is 8 00 amperes whe n the impressed voltag e is 5 00

volts Assume that the leak ag e reacta n ces o f the stator and rotor
.

wi n dings at the rated freque n cy are equal whe n r e duced to th e

same side .

Wh at are the slip the power factor and the e ffi ciency when ,

the motor delivers a torque o f 1 200 pound feet ? Assume that -

the voltage ge n erated i n the stator windi n g by the air gap fl ux is -

4 7 5 volts .

46. The full load capacity o f a 3 phase 2000 volt 5 0 cyc l e

- -
,
-
,
-

inductio n moto r is 335 h p The motor is wound for 6 pol es .

,

a n d both the stator a n d rotor windi n gs are co n nected in Y .

The e ff ective resistance of the stator wi n ding is ohm and th e

ohmi c resista n ce of the rotor wi nding r e fer r ed t o the stator is
o h m per phase At 5 0 cycles the leakage reactances of the
.

wi n di n gs referred t o the stator are respectively

, ohm and ,

o h m per phase At n o load the motor takes . amp eres

from a 2000 volt circuit at a power factor o f
-
The core loss
is 7 4 00 watts at this time The motor is operati n g with a slip of .

per ce n t and the ter m i n al voltage has such a value that

.
,

the voltag e ge ne rated i n the stator wi n din g is the same a s at

n o load What is the output o f the moto r ? What is the po wer
.

factor ? What is the efficie n cy ?

A 3 ph ase 500 volt 38 cycle rail way i n duction motor has
-
,
-
,
-

a full load capacity o f 1 50 h p The oh mi c resista n c es o f th e

-
.

stator and roto r wi n din gs ar e oh m an d o h m per phas e ,

a n d th e e ff ective resista n ces are respectiv e ly an d tim es

a s gr e at at the rated freque n cy The motor is wound for 8 pol es . .

B oth s tator a n d rotor wi n dings ar e co nn ect e d i n Y a n d hav e a

ratio of t r a ns formatio n o f 9 t o 5 At n o load with a n impr esse d .

voltage o f 5 00 volt s the motor tak e s a curre n t o f amp e r es at

a pow e r factor o f With the rotor blocked t he motor tak es
U se either the tran sfo rm er d i agra m or the equ i val en t c i rc u i t in t h e
so lut i o n o f th i s pro b l e m .
82 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

a c urrent of 6 1 0 ampe re s when the i m p res s e d voltag e is 5 00 volts .

Assume that th e leakag e r e actances are in the same ratio as the

e ff ective resistances at the rated f r equ e ncy .

What are th e slip th e powe r factor and the e fficiency whe n the
,

moto r delive r s a to r que o f 1 95 0 pou n d fe et ? Assum e that the -

voltag e generated in the stator wi n ding by the ai r gap flux is the -

same as at no load .

48 . At n o load when the line voltage has its r at e d v alue o f 1 900

volts a 3 phase 5 7 0 h p induction motor takes a lin e cu rre nt of
,
-
,
-
.

a m p ers at a powe r facto r o f Th e sp ee d o f th e r oto r is

r e v per min and th e slip is o n e revolution in 23 minut e s
. .
,
.

The oh mic resistances of the stato r and roto r winding a re

O hm and o h m per phas e The moto r is wound fo r 3 6 .

poles and both the stator a n d the r otor windings ar e con n ect e d i n
delta and have a r atio o f t r a n sformation o f 6 t o 1
,
With the .

roto r blocked the line current is 200 ampe r es and th e pow e r sup
plied is kw when the imp re ssed voltage is 600 Volts Assu m e
. .

that the r atios of e ff ective t o ohmic re sistance ar e the same

fo r th e stator and rotor and that the ratios o f l e akage re actanc e
,

to e ff ectiv e resistanc e a r e also th e same f o r e ach winding .

What is the f r iction and windage loss ? What is th e c ore loss ?

A 3 ph ase 2000 volt 60 cycle inducti o n moto r is r at e d
-
,
-
,
-

to delive r 5 00 h p at full load Th e ohmic r esistances o f th e

. .

stator and roto r windings are respectiv e ly ohm and

o h m p er phase and th e r atios o f e ffective t o ohmic r esistanc e a r e
,

respectiv e ly and With the rotor blocked the pow e r

’
f actor is A ssum e t h at the ratios o f leakag e r eactance to
e ffe ctive resistance at th e rat e d f re quency a re the same f o r th e
stato r and rotor Th e motor is wound fo r 4 4 pol e s and both
. ,

the stato r and rotor windings are connected in Y and have a

ratio of transf ormation o f 1 6 t o 5 The friction and windage loss .

is kw and the core loss is 24 7 0 watts at the r ated voltag e

. .

W ith the impressed voltage adj usted so that th e voltage gen

erat ed in the stator windi n g by the air gap flux is 1 1 20 volts per

phase what is the slip i n revol utions p er m inut e at no load ?

,

What a r e the impressed voltag e the cu rr ent and the power for ,

this condition ?
The full load c apacity o f a 3 phas e 98 0 volt 20 cycl e
- -
,
-
,
-

induction moto r is 200 h p The eff ectiv e r esistanc e and l e akage

.

‘
U se either the tran sfor m er d i ag ram or the equiv alen t c irc uit in the
s o l uti on o f this p ro blem .
 IND U CT I O N M O T O RS

reactance the stator winding areof ohm an d ohms re

s pect iv ely The ohmic resistance a n d leakage i n ductanc e o f the
.

roto r winding re f e rred to the stator a r e ohm and mil

henr ys The motor is wound for 24 poles a n d both the stator a n d
.

rotor windings are c o n n e ct e d i n delta At n o load the motor .

takes a li n e c ur r ent of amperes and absorbs 6680 watts wh en

th e imp re ssed voltage has its rated value The frictio n a n d wi nd .

a g e loss is kw .

I f the ai r gap fl ux is assumed t o be c o ns ta n t the maximum

-

torque occ urs when the slip equals the ratio o f the resista n ce of the
rotor windi ng to its leakage reactance at the rated frequency .

In this c ase how much must the impr e ssed voltage be increased
in order that the ai r gap fl ux will have its no load value whe n the - -

torque is a maximum ?

Hor e p o w er
s - .

Lin e ol t ag e
v

F r eq u e n cy .

C o nn e c ti o n
P o les
O h mi c r e i st a n c e b e t wee n S t t o r
s a 6 30 7
te r mi n a l s . R otor .

At t mp er a ture
e

R a t i o of tr a nsf o r ma t io n .

N loa d te mp = V o l t a g e ( l i ne ) . 22 0 0 5 00
0
0
.
C urr e nt ( li ne )
.

25 C
Power
'

1 6 20 7 550
V o lt a g e ( li n e ) . 6 20 80

{
B l k d t mp
oc e e25 C .C u r rent ( l ine )
°
. 25 245
Po wer . 1 0 6 00
B l o k e d wi th fu ll i m
c C urrent ( l i ne ) .

p r e d olt a g e
sse v Po we r. ( k w) ,

What are the power factor the output a n d the efficiency , ,

o f the inductio n motor N O F wh en the slip is p e r ce n t . .

a n d the voltage g en erated by the air g ap fl ux i n the stator wi n d -

in g is 2060 volts ? Assume that the ratios o f e ff ective to ohmic

re sista n ce are re s pectivel y and f o r the stator and rotor
windi ng s a n d that th e leak ag e rea c ta n ces are equal whe n reduced
to the same s id e .

What ar e the slip the power fac tor an d the efii c ien cy , ,

of the in d u c tio n motor N o C whe n it delivers full load a n d the .

Use
‘ the tr an sf orm er d i a gr am in the so l ut i on of th i s p ro b le m .
84 PROBL EMS IN A L TER N A TI NG C URREN T MA C H I NER Y

voltage gene r at e d in the sta t or winding by the ai r gap flux is -

the same as at n o load ? Assume that the ratios of e ff ective to

ohmic resistance are respectively and for the stato r and
rotor windings and that the ratio o f the leakage reactances
,

at the r ated freque n cy i s equal t o the ratio of th e e ff ective

r e sistances .

What are the power facto r the torque and the e ffici e ncy ,

of the induction motor N o H when the slip is . pe r c e nt and .

,

th e voltage generated by the air gap flux i n the stator winding -

is 93 per cent of the rated impressed voltag e ? Assume that

.

the ratios o f e ff ective t o ohmic resista n ce are the same for the
°
stato r and rotor windings at 25 C and that the ratio of th e .
,

oh m ic r esistances is equal t o the ratio o f the leakage r e actances

o f the t wo windings at the rated freque n cy Th e temperatu r e .

°
under the running c o n dition is 65 C .

What are the power factor the slip and the efficiency , ,

o f the induction motor N o I whe n it delivers a torq ue o f

.

pound feet and the voltage generated by the air gap flux in
-
,
-

the stator winding is 204 0 volts ? Assume that the ratios o f

th e ohmic resistanc e the eff ective resista n ces and the leakag e
, ,

r eactances of the stator and rotor wi ndi n gs are equal at the rat e d
f requency and a tem perature o f 25 C
°
The ru n ning tempe r a .

°
tu re is 70 C .

What are the power factor th e slip and the e ffi ci e ncy , ,

whe n the inductio n motor N o " delivers 275 0 h p and th e . .

voltage ge n erated by the air gap flux in the stator winding is

-

92 pe r cent o f the rated impressed voltage ? Assume that th e

.

ratio o f the e ff ective t o th e ohmic resistance o f th e r oto r is

20 p e r c e nt greater tha n f o r the stator and that the ratios
.
,

o f the l e akage reacta n ces and o f the eff ective r esistances a re

°
e qual at the rate d freque n cy and a temp e ratu r e o f 25 C Th e .

°
running temperature is 7 0 C .

5 6 What are the power factor the torque and the e fficiency
.
,

f o r the inductio n motor N o I whe n th e slip is . p e r c e nt .

and the imp r essed voltage has its rated value ? M ake the sa m e
assumptions in regard to the resista n ces and reactances as were
made in probl e m 54 .

57 What are the power factor the slip and the efficiency
.
,

whe n the induction motor N o " delivers a to r que of .

.

pound f e et and the impr e ssed voltage is 64 00 volts ? M ake

-

1
U se the transf o r m er d i ag ram in the so l ut i o n o f th i s pr o b l e m .
 IN D U C TION M O T ORS

the same assumptio ns i n regard t o the resista n ces a n d reactances

as were made i n problem 55 .

58 W hat are the power factor the slip and the efficiency when
.
,

the inductio n motor N o H d e livers 5 60 h p and the impr e ssed

. .

voltage has its r ated valu e ? M ake the same assumptio n i n regard
t o the resistances a n d r e acta n ces as were made i n problem 5 3 .

59 T wo 3 phase 220 volt 60 cycle inductio n motors ar e c on

.
-
,
- -

n ec t ed i n co n cate n ation across a 220 volt circuit E ach is rat e d -

.

to d e liver 1 0 h p and is wound f o r 6 poles What is the no load

. .
-

s pe e d ? Whe n they deliver 1 0 h p what is the torque devel ope d .

by e ach motor ?
60 T wo 3 ph ase 220 volt 60 cycl e i n ductio n motors are co n
.
-
.
- -

n ect ed i n concate n atio n across a 220 vol t circuit E ach i s rated -

.

to d e liver 1 0 h p but on e iswo un d f o r 6 poles a n d the other for

.

8 poles . Wh at is the n o load speed ? W he n they deliver 1 0 h p

-
.

what is the torque developed by each motor ? W hat per cent .

o f its f ull load c urre n t does each motor carry ?

-

61 T wo 3 phase 220Lv o lt 60 cycle i n ductio n motors are c o n

.
-
, ,
-

n ec t ed in concatenatio n across a 220 v olt circuit O ne is r at e d -

.

t o d e liv er 1 0 h p a n d the other 1 5 h p

. but both are wou n d for ,

6 poles . What is the n o load speed ? What load is d e liver e d

-

when the 1 5 h p motor takes its full load curre n t ? Wh at p er

-
. .
-

ce n t o f its full load value is the current in th e 1 0 h p motor ?

.
- -
. .

Wh at is the torqu e d e veloped by each ?

62 T wo 3 phase 220 vol t 60 c y cle i n ductio n motors are c on
.
-
,
-

n ec te d i n co n c ate n atio n across a 220 vol t circuit O n e is rated -

.

t o deliv e r 1 0 h p and is wou n d f o r 6 poles a n d the other is rated

.
,

t o deliv er 1 5 h p and is wound fo r 4 poles

. What is the n o load .
-

s p ee d ? Wh at is the gr eatest load that c a n be delivered a n d

hav e neither motor take more than its full load c urre n t ? Whe n -

th e y d e liver 1 5 h p what torque does each dev e lop ?

.

63 The t wo inductio n motors M a n d P are c o nn ect e d i n

.
, ,

c on c at e natio n The stator o f th e first receives powe r at its

.

rated voltage a n d freque n cy a n d the stator o f the second is ,

short circuited Ne glect the n o load c ompo n ent of the current

-
.
-

and the core l oss due t o the leakage flux .

( a ) What is the total output whe n the slip o f the fi r st motor

is p e r ce n t ? .

( b ) Wh at is the power d e veloped by each motor ?

( )
e What are the c opper l oss e s i n the stator a n d rotor o f e a c h
motor ?
86 PROBL EMS IN A L TER NA TI NG C UR R EN T MA CHI NER Y
IN D UC TIO N M O TO R P " TA

N u mb er

Ho r se p owe r
-

Li n e o l t a g e
v

C o nne c tio n ( b o th s t a t o r d r o t o r ) an

F r e q ue n c y .

Po l es .

M a g n e t i i g c u rr e n t ( p e r p h a e )
z n s 1

C o re l o ss a t n o l d 2
oa
l’

S
O h mi c re ist a n c e p e r p h a se Ro t o r
s
t a t o r
Ra ti o o f eff e c ti e resist a n c e S t a t o r
v

t o oh mi c resi t a n c e a t t h e R o t o r
s

r a te d f r e q uen c y .

Le a k a g e i n d u c t a n c e p e r 1 13 .

p h a s e ( m il—he n y ) r
1 Ro t o r
.

Ra t io of t r a n sf o r ma tion . 16 to 5 6 to 1 15 to 7 9 to 5 2 to 1

64 The two induction motors N and P a r e connected in

.
, ,

concat e natio n The stator of the fi r st receiv e s pow e r at its

.

rated voltage an d f r equency a n d the stator o i the second is ,

sho r t ci r cuited N egl e ct the n o load c omponent of the curr en t

-
.
-

a n d the co re loss due t o the leakage fl ux Assume that the core .

loss due to the m ut ual flux varies as the p r oduct of th e frequency

and the square of the flux d e nsity .

a
( ) W hat is the total output whe n the slip o f the second motor
is per c e nt ? .

b
( ) W h at is th e pow e r devel oped by each moto r ?
( )
0 What a r e the copper losses i n the stator and rotor o f eac h
moto r ?
( d ) What ar e th e co r e loss e s in th e stator and rotor o f each
moto r ?
65 The t wo inductio n moto r s M and N are connected in co n
.
, ,

c atenation . The stator of the first receives powe r at its rated

voltage a n d fr e quency and the stator o f the second is short ,

ci r cuited N eglect th e n o load component of the cu rr e n t As

.
-
.

sume that the loss c aused by the leakage flux va r ies as the f re
q u e n cy and th e square o f th e curre n t Assume that the core .

loss due to the mut ual flux varies as the product o f the freque n cy
and the square o f the flux density .

a
( ) What is th e total output when t he speed is 2 28 rev pe r mm .

1
A t the r ate d v o lt age .

2
A s su m e th at the rati o o f the core l o ss in the st at o r t o th at in the r o t o r
f o r the s am e m e an flux d en sit y an d frequen c y is 4 t o 3 .
88 PROBLEMS IN A L TERNA T ING C URREN T M A CHINER Y

as the f re quency and th e square of the current Assume that .

th e co r e loss du e to th e m utual flux vari e s as the p fo d uct o f th e

fre qu e ncy and the square of the flux density .

a
( ) What is the total output when the slip o f th e s e cond i s

p er cent and the voltage gene r ated by the air gap fl ux in

.
-

th e rotor windi ng of the second motor is 4 30 volts per phase ?

( b ) What power do they receive f r om the line a n d at wh at
power facto r d o they operate ?
( c ) What is the power devel oped by each motor ?
69 A 1 000 h p inductio n motor is operated as an i n duction
.
-
.

g e ne r ato r i n parallel with a syn c hronous gen e rator having a

f ull load capacity o f 1 000 k v a
-
Th e inductio n machine whic h .
-
.
,

is wound f o r 1 2 poles is driven at a co nsta n t speed of r ev

‘

, .

per min The speed o f the sy n chronous g e ne r ator falls uni

.
.

f ormly f r om 1 5 30 rev per min at n o load t o 1 500 rev pe r min

. . . .

at full load whe n the frequency is 25 cycles Th e load d eliv

, .

er e d by the inductio n generator is proportio n al to the slip which

at full load is per ce n t .

When the total load supplied is 1 500 kw what is the load .

deliv e red by each ? At what speed s houl d the i n duction g e ne r

ato r b e driven so that both will deliver thei r rated loads at the
same time ?
7 0 A n inductio n ge n erator a n d a sy n chro n ous generato r each
.
,

r at e d t o deliver 2500 k v a are operated i n parallel The speed

.
-
.
,
.

of the induction gene r ator falls from 1 5 20 at no load to 1 4 98 at

f ull load and the speed o f the sy n chro n ous generator f all s
,

f r om 1 5 25 at no load t o 1 4 90 at full load The load o n th e .

induction ge n erator is proportio n al t o the slip which at full

load is per cent .

What is the greatest load that ca n be delivered without ov e r

loading eith e r ge n erator ? T o what value should the full load -

sp e ed of the sy n chro n ous generator be adj usted so that both g e n

erat o rs will delive r their rated loads at the same time ?

7 1 A 4 pole inductio n generator a n d a 2 pole sy n chronous

.
- -

generator are operati n g i n parallel The inductio n ge n erato r is .

d r iv e n at a c onsta n t speed but the speed o f the synchronou s ,

g e n er ator falls from 3660 rev per mi n at n o load to 3590 at . .

f ull load o f 2000 kw The resista n c e o f the rotor windings

.

b e tw ee n t er minals re f ered to the stator is ohm N eglect .

the stator r esistance and reactance the rotor reactance and th e , ,

losses The excitatio n of the sy n chro n ous ge n erator is adj usted

.
 IND U C T ION MO TORS

so that the termi n al volt ag e is 64 0 0 volts at all loads The .

speed o f the i n ductio n ge n erato r is adj usted so that wh en the

s yn chronous machi n e is deliveri n g n o power the load o n th e
induction ge n erator is 5 00 kw What is the division of the load
.

when 3500 kw is required ? What is the freque n cy at this

.

time ? At W hat speed should the inductio n ge n erator be d r i ve n

so that both wi ll deliver their rated loads V iz 2000 kw at th e ,
.
,
.
,

same time ?
7 2 A 5 00 kw 3 phase induction gen e rator is operated with
.
-
.
,
-

a sy n c hro n ous motor floated across its term i n al s At n o load .

when ru n ning as an inductio n motor it takes a line c u r rent o f 3 1 ,

amperes at 2000 volts The resista n ce of the rotor winding b e

.

twee n terminals is o h m a n d the ratio o f trans formatio n

,

f rom stato r t o rotor is 1 6 t o 5 N eglect the resistance and .

reactance o f the stator a n d the reacta n ce o f the rotor windings

of the induction g e n erator and all o f the losses in both machines
, .

The excitation o f the sync hro n ous motor is adj usted so that the
terminal voltage is 2000 volts The load suppli e d by these .

machines is 4 50 kw at a power factor o f 85 per ce n t Wh at is

. .

the line c urrent supplied by the i n ductio n ge n erato r ? What is

the frequenc y of this syst e m if the i n duction gen e rator i s
wound f o r 4 4 poles a n d is drive n at 1 65 rev per min ? I f the . .

s ynchronous motor h as a sy n chro n ous reacta n ce o f oh m s

b e tween terminals what is its n ecessary excitation voltag e ?
7 3 An i n ductio n g e n erato r supplies power t o a load a n d to
.

an over exc ited sy n chro n ous motor At n o load as an i n duc tion

-
.

motor it takes a li n e c urre n t of 98 amperes at 2200 vol ts The .

resistance of th e rotor wi nding betwee n terminals is o hm

a n d the ratio of tra nsformatio n from stator t o rotor is 22 to 1 5 .

N egl ec t the resista n c e a n d reac ta n c e of the stator wi n di n g and

the reacta n ce of the rotor wi n di ng of the i n ductio n g enerato r
a n d all o f it s loss e s The rotatio n al losses o f the sy n chro n ou s
.

motor are kw a n d th e res ista n ce a n d sy n chro n ous reactance

.

are respectiv e ly ohm and o h m be t we en t e rminal s .

Th e i n duction ge n erator d e livers 1 1 50 kw o f whic h th e sy n .

chro n o n s motor rec e iv e s 4 50 kw The excitatio n of th e latt e r

.

is adj usted so th at the t e rmi na l voltage is 2200 vol ts Th e pow e r .

factor o f th e load e xclusive o f the sy n chro n ous motor is

The i n duc tio n ge n erator is wou n d fo r 1 2 pol e s a n d i s driv e n a t
a s peed o f 25 4 r e v p e r mi n . .

Wh at is the freque n c y o f the s y stem At what power factor .

90 PROBLEMS I N A L TERN A T ING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

is the syn chronous motor operati n g ? W hat is the excitati on

voltage of the synchronous motor ? W hat is the power output
o f the synch r onous motor ?

7 4 A 2000 k w inductio n generator is operated in parallel

.
-
.

with a synch r onous generator of the same capacity At n o load .

,

when run ning as an inductio n motor it takes a li n e curre n t of ,

90 amperes at 64 00 volts The resistance o f the rotor winding

.

between te r minals is o h m a n d the ratio o f transformatio n

from stator t o rotor is 64 00 t o 207 6 N eglect the resistanc e .

and reactance of the stator a n d the reacta n ce of the rotor winding

a n d all of its losses The resista n ce a n d syn chro n ous reactance
.

o f the sy n ch r onous ge n erator betwee n terminals are respectively

o h m and ohms The i n ductio n g e n erator delivers

.

1 800 kw and the sy n chronous ge n erator 1 200 kw

. The excita .

tion of the l atter is adj usted so that the termi n al voltage is 64 00

volts and the power factor o f the load is
,
The induction
ge n erator is wou n d for 36 poles and is drive n at a speed o f
rev per mi n
. .

Wh at is the freque n cy of the system ? At what power factor

does the synchronous ge n erator ope r ate ? What is the excita
tio n voltage of the sy n chro n ous ge ne rator ?
7 5 A n induction generator and a synchronous g e nerator are
.

operate d in parallel and supply a load of 700 k W at powe r .

factor D ata c oncer ni n g the induction generator are : 370 k w

. .
,

2000 volts 4 4 poles Y wou n d

,
The rotor resistance is
,
.

o h m per ph ase ref e red t o the stato r The magneti z ing current .

is 23 amperes at the rated voltage a n d the core loss is kw , .

N egl ect the resista n ce and reactance of the stator winding .

D ata c oncer ni ng the sy n chronous generator are : 500 k w 2200 .

,

volts 64 poles Y wound The effective resistance a n d synchron

, ,
.

o us reactance o f the armature winding are respectively

o h m and ohms p e r phase The induction ge n erator is .

driven at rev per mi n and the synchro n ous generator

. .

at rev per mi n Wh at is the divisio n o f the load if the

. .

excitatio n o f the sync hro n o us machine is adj usted so that the

terminal voltage is 2200 volts ? What is the n ecessary excitation
voltage o f the syn chronous generator ?
7 6 A n induction ge n erator and a syn chro n ous ge n erator a r e
.

op er ated in parall el a n d supply a load o f 95 0 kw at power .

factor D ata concerning the induction generator are : 4 5 0 k w

. .
,

2000 volts 3 6 pol es A W o un d

,
T he rotor resista n ce is
, .o hm
92 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A TING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

on a 64 00 volt 25 cycl e circuit in parallel with synchronous

-
,
-

appa r atus What ar e th e output the pow e r factor and th e

.
, ,

e ffi ci e ncy wh e n the slip is per c e nt a n d the voltage gener

.

at e d in the s tator win ding by the air gap flux is ( ass umed to be )
-

92 per c e nt of the terminal voltage ? Assume that the ratio o f

.

th e e ff ective to the ohmic resistance for the rotor is 20 per cent .

g r eater tha n for the stato r a n d that the ratios of the leakage
,

r eactances a n d o f the e ffective resista n ces are equal at the rated

°
frequency a n d a tempe r ature of 25 C The ru n ning temperatur e
.

°
is 70 C .
 C H A PT E R V

R O TARY C O N VERTER S

1 Assume that the graph represe nting the fi ux d ens ity in th e

.

air gap o f a rotary converter is rectangular an d is consta n t over

-

the e n tire pole pitch Also assume that the armat ur e wi n di ng

.

is uni f ormly distributed C alculate the ratio o f the single

.

phase alternating current voltag e to the di r ect—

-
cu r r e nt voltage .

Assume that the coil pitch a n d phase spread are each u n ity .

2 I n problem I calculate the ratio of the four phas e alt e rnat

.
-

ing curr en t voltage to the direct current voltage Ass ume that
- -
.

the coil pitch is o n e a n d that the phase spread is on e half .

3 I n problem I calculate the ratio o f the three p hase alternat

.
-

i n g current voltage t o the direct curr e nt voltage Assum e that

- - .

the coil pitch is o n e a n d that the phase spread is two thi r ds -

.

4 I n probl e m I calc ulate the ratio o f the s ix phase alternating

.
-

cur r ent voltage to the direct curre n t voltage Assume that th e

- .

c oil pi tch is o n e and that the ph ase spread is o n e third -

.

5 I n problem I calculate the ratio o f the twelv e phase alte rn at

.
-

ing curre n t voltage to the direc t curre n t voltage Assume that

- -
.

the coil pitch i s o n e a n d that the phase spread is o ne s ixth -

.

6 Assum e that the air gap fl ux de n sity in a rotary co n v e rt e r

.
-

is co n stant u n der the p oles a n d is zero betwee n them The .

ratio of pol e arc to p ole pitch is t wo thirds Also assume that

-
.

th e armatur e windi n g is u n iformly distributed Calculate t h e .

ratio o f the si n gl e phase alter n ating curre n t voltag e to the

- -

direc t— curre n t voltag e Assume that the coil pit c h a n d the phase
.

spread are each u n ity .

7 I n problem 6 calcula t e the ratio o f the four ph as e al te r n at

.
- e

i n g curre n t voltage to the dir e c t curr en t voltag e As s um e that

- -
.

t h e coil pitch is o n e a n d that the ph ase s pr e ad is o ne hal f -

.

8 I n probl e m 6 calculate the ratio of the three phas e alte r n at

.
-

i ng curr e nt voltag e t o the direct curr e nt voltag e Assume that

- -
.

th e coil pitch is o n e a n d that the ph a s e spr e ad is two thirds -

.

9 I n problem 6 calculate the ratio of th e s ix ph a s e alte rnatin g

.
-

93
94 PROBLEMS I N A L TERNA TING C URREN T MA C HINER Y

curr e nt voltag e to the di r ect cu rr e n t voltag e Assume that the

-
.

coil pitch is one and that the p hase spr e ad is o n e third -

.

1 0 I n problem 6 calculate the ratio of the twelve phase alt e r

.
-

nating cu r rent voltag e t o the direc t curre n t voltage Assume

- -
.

that the coil pitch is o n e a n d that the phase sp r ead is o n e s ixth -

.

1 1 The g r aph repr e se n ting the flux density i n the air gap o f
.
-

a r ota ry co n vert e r is a simple harmo n ic fu n ctio n Assume that

.

th e a r mature winding is uniformly distrib uted Calculat e the .

ratio of the single p hase alternating curre n t voltage to the

- -

direct cur ren t voltage Assum e that the coil p it ch and the
-
.

phase spread a r e each u n ity .

1 2 I n problem 1 1 calculate the ratio of the four phase alter

.
-

n ating curre n t voltage t o the di r ect current voltag e Assume

- -
.

that the coil pitch is o n e and that the phase spread is on e half -
.

1 3 I n probl e m 1 1 calculate the ratio of the th r ee ph ase alter

.
-

nating curre n t voltage to the direct curr en t voltag e Assume

- -
.

that the coil pitch is o n e a n d that the p hase spread is two thirds -
.

1 4 I n problem 1 1 calculate the ratio of the six phase alter

.
-

nating curre n t voltage to the direct curre n t voltage Assume

- -
.

that the coi l pitch is o n e a n d that the phase spread is o n e thi r d -

.

1 5 I n problem 1 1 calculate the ratio of the twelve p hase alter

.
-

n ating cu rr ent voltage to the dir e ct cur r e n t voltage Assume

- -
.

that the coil pitc h is one a n d that the phase spread is o n e sixth -
.

1 6 T he g r aph r epresenting the flux distributio n i n the air

.

gap of a rotary co nverter is B = B 1 sin x + B 3 si n 3 m x is the .

angular displacement measured from th e neutral point Take .

the th i rd harmo ni c component of the " ux density as o f th e

fu n dame n tal Assume that the armatu r e wi n ding is u n iformly

.

distrib uted C alculat e the ratio of the single ph ase alternating

.
-

current voltage t o the di r ect curre n t voltage Assume that the

-
.

coil pitch and the phase sp r ead are each unity .

1 7 I n problem 1 6 calculate the ratio of the four phase alter

.
-

n ating curre n t voltage to the dir e ct curre n t voltag e Assume

- -
.

that the coi l pitch is one a n d that the phase spread is o n e half -
.

1 8 I n problem 1 6 calculate the ratio o f the three phase alte r

.
-

mating c u rrent voltage to the direct current voltage

- -
Assum e .

i —
that the coil pitch is o n e and that the phase spr e ad s two thirds .

1 9 I n problem 1 6 calculate the ratio of the s ix p hase alt e r

.
-

nating curre n t voltag e to the direct cu r rent voltage Assume

- -
.

that th e coil pitch is o n e and that the phase spread is o n e third -

.

20 I n p r oblem 1 6 calculate the ratio of the twelve phase

.
-
96 PROBL EMS IN A L TERNA TING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

28 . I n a th ree ph a s e rotary con ver t e r a ss um e that th e cu r

-

r e nts o u th e di r ect and alte r nating cu rre nt sid e s a r e resp ec

-

t iv ely steady and s inu s oidal and n e gl e ct all o f the loss e s in

,

calculating thei r relative value s ( a) C alculate th e ratio of th e

.

a v er ag e heating i n a conductor at o n e of the alternating cur r ent -

taps t o that in a conductor midway between th e taps wh en the

r ota ry is O p era t in g at unit p ow e r factor ( b ) Calculate this .

r atio when the rotary is operating at powe r factor .

29 I n a six phase rotary convert e r assume that the cu rr ents

.
-

on the direct a n d alternating current sides are r e sp ectiv e ly

-

st e ady a n d sinusoidal a n d n e glect all of the losses in calculating

, .

th e ir relative valu e s ( a) C alculate the ratio o f th e average

.

h e ating in a co n ductor at o n e of the alternating curre n t taps to -

that in a co n ducto r midway betw een th e taps when the rota r y

i s operating at unit p ower f actor (b ) C alculate this r atio .

when the rota r y is operating at p ower factor .

30 I n a tw e lve phase rotary co n verter ass u m e that the cur

.
-

r ents o n the di r ect a n d alternati n g curre n t sides are resp ec -

tiv ely steady a n d si n usoidal and n eglect all of the loss e s in

,

calculating their relative valu e s ( a) Calculate the ratio o f the

.

ave r ag e heating in a conductor at one of the alternating cu r rent -

taps to that i n a co n ductor m idway betwe e n th e taps when th e

r ota r y is operating at unit p ower factor ( b ) C al culate this .

ratio wh en the rotary is operating at p ower factor .

31 I n a single p hase rotary co n verter assume that the cu r

.
-

r en ts o n th e direct and alter n ati ng cur r ent sides are resp ec -

t iv ely steady a n d si n usoidal a n d neglect all of th e losses in cal

c u lat in g th e ir r e lative values ( a) Calculate the r e lative o ut
.

p uts wh e n operating as a rotary co nverter at unit powe r f actor

a n d as a di r ect cur re nt generator on the basis o f the same arma
-

tur e copp e r loss ( b ) Calculate the relative outp uts when th e

.

rotary is ope r ating at p ower factor ( c) Calcu l ate the rela .

tiv e outp uts whe n operati n g as a rotary co nvert e r a n d a s a

synchronous gen e rator at u n it p ower factor o n the b asis o f the
same armatur e copper loss ( d) Cal culate the relative outp uts
.

wh e n both a r e operating at power factor .

32 I n a four phase rotary converter assume that the cu rr ents

.
-

o n the direct a n d alt e rnating curre n t sides are respectively steady

-

and sinusoidal a n d n eglect all o f th e losses in calculating th e i r

,

relative values ( a) Calculate the relative outputs wh e n O perat

.

ing as a rota ry converter at u n it power factor a n d as a direct

 RO TA R Y C ON VER TERS

curr e nt g e ne r ator on th e ba s i s of th e sam e a r matu re c opp er lo

b
( ) Calculat e the r e lati v e outp uts when the rotary is O perating
at power fac tor ( c ) Calculate the r e lativ e outputs wh e n
.

operati n g as a rotary converter and as a sy n ch r o n ous g e ne r ator

at u ni t power factor on the basi s o f the sam e armatu r e copp er
loss ( d) Calcul ate the relativ e outputs wh e n both are op e rat
.

i n g at power facto r .

33 I n a t h ree phase rotary converter as sum e that the cur

.
-

re n ts o n the direct and alter n ating curre n t sides ar e resp e ctively

-

steady a n d si n usoidal and n eglect all o f the losses i n calculating

,

their relative values ( a) Calc ulate the relative outputs wh e n

.

O perati n g as a rotary co nverter at u nit power factor and as a

direc t current generato r o n th e basis o f the same armature
-

copper loss ( b ) Calculate th e relative outp uts when the

.

rota ry is operating at p ower factor ( c ) Calculate the rela

.

tive outputs whe n operating as a rotary co nverter and as a sy n

c h ro n o us generator at unit p ower factor o n the basis of the

same armature copp e r loss ( d) C alculate the relative outputs

.

when both are O perating at p owe r factor .

34 I n a six phase rotary co nverter assume that the cu r re n ts

.
-

o n the direct and alternating curre n t sides are respectively

-

steady a n d si n usoidal and n eglect all o f the losses i n calculati n g

,

their relative valu e s ( a) C alculate the relative outp uts wh e n

.

operating as a rotary co nverter at u nit power factor a n d as a

direct curre n t generator o n the basis of the same armature copper
-

loss ( b ) C alculate the relative outp uts whe n the rotary is

.

operati n g at p ow e r factor ( c ) Calculate the relative o ut

.

p uts whe n operatin g as a rotary co nverter a n d as a sy n chro n ous

ge n erator at u n it power factor o n the basis of the same armatur e
c opper loss . Calculate the relative outp uts wh en both are
operating at power factor .

35 I n a twelve phas e rotary co n ver ter assume that the

.
-

c urre n ts o n the direct a n d alt e r n ati ng curr en t sid e s are resp ec

-

t iv ely steady a n d s i n usoidal a n d ne glect all of the losses i n cal

c ula t in g their r e l ative v alues ( a) Calculate th e relative o ut
.

p uts whe n operati n g as a rota ry co nverte r at u nit pow e r fa c tor

a n d as a direc t c urrent g en era tor o n the basis of the same armatur e
-

c opper loss . Calculate the relative ou t puts whe n the rotary

is operati n g at powe r fa c tor ( 0 ) Calculate the relative o ut
.

p ut s whe n operati ng as a rotary co n verte r a n d a s a sy n chro n ous

ge n era tor at u n it power factor o n th e basis of th e same armature
98 PR O BL EMS I N A L TERNA TI NG C URREN T MA CHI NER Y

copper loss ( d) Calculate the relative outp uts when both ar e

.

O pe r ating at power factor .

3 6 A 5 kilowatt sin gle phase rotary co nverter supplies p ower

.
- -

o n the di r ect curre n t side at 1 1 0 volts

-
I t receives e n e r gy o n the .

alter n ating current side through a transformer from a 2200 volt

- -

’
c ircuit What shoul d b e the tra n sformer s ratio of tra n sfo r ma
.

tion ? I f the rotary h as a n efficiency of 8 5 per ce n t wh at should .

be the curre n t rating o f the high te n sio n wi n di n g o f the tra n s -

former ?
37 A 1 00 kilowatt 4 phase rotar y co n verter supplies p ower
.
-
,
-

o n the direct current side at 23 0 volts -

I t receives e n e rgy o n .

the alternating cur r e n t side t h rough two single phase t r ans

- -

formers from a 2 phase circuit The voltage betwee n adj acent-

.

high tensio n c o n ductors is 1 5 55 volts a n d betwee n alter n ate

-
,

co n ductors is 2200 volts The high tensio n wi n dings o f the .

-

tra n sforme r s are co nn ected across the 2200 volt li n es and the -

low tensio n wi n dings are co nn ected i n star with the neutral

-

poi n t grou n ded The e fficie n cy o f the rotary at full load and
.

u nit power factor is 94 per ce n t Wh at should be the full load .

-

curre n t a n d voltage ratings of the high a n d lo w tensio n windings -

o f the transforme r s ?

38 A 4 phase 5 0 kilowatt rota r y co n verter supplies power on

.
-
,
-

the direct curre n t si de at 220 volts I t receives energy o n the

-
.

alter n ating current side from a 2 phase line through two

- -

si n gle phase transformers which have double primary a n d

-

seco n dary windings The voltage betwee n the adj acent high .

te ns io n co n ductors is 1 625 volts a n d betwee n alternate condue

tors is 2300 volts The high te n sio n wi n di ngs o f the tra n sfo r m
.
-

ers are co nn ected i n star a n d the lo w tension w i n dings in mesh -

.

The efficiency o f the rotary at full load output a n d power -

factor is per ce n t What are the prim ary a n d secondary .

curre n ts a n d voltages whe n the rotary delivers it s rated load at

p ower factor ?
39 A 4 phase 1 00 kilowatt rotary co nverter delivers power
.
- -

on the direct cu r re n t side at 220 volts

-
I t receives energy from .

a three phase -
volt circ u it through S cot t connected t r ans
,
- -

fo r mers The low— tensio n windings are co nn ected i n star The

. .

e fficie n cy o f the rotary at full load and u n it power factor is

per ce n t Wh at are the ratios o f tra n sformatio n o f each of the
.

t r a n sfo r mers ? What are the full load current ratings of the -

primary a n d secondary wi n di n gs of each tra n sformer ?

 1 00 PROBL EMS IN A L TERN A TING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

thre e s ingl e phase t r ansform er s f r om a th r ee phase

- -
,

v olt t r ans m ission line Th e t r ans f o r m e rs a r e con n ected i n Y on .

th e high tension side and diamet ri cally o n the low te n sion side
- -
.

I n o r d e r t o maintai n a co nstant line voltag e o f volts at the

substation the rota ry is over comp ou n ded so that when deliv e ring -

1 5 p e r cent ove r load current at 6 5 0 volts it O perates at

. p ow e r
facto r with a n e ffi ciency o f per ce n t What is the ratio o f .

t r ansformation f o r each tra n sforme r ? Wh at should be the

ov e rload cur re nt ratings o f the high and lo w tension windings o f -

the t r ansfo r me r s ?
4 6 A six p hase 1 000 kw
.
-
rotary conv er te r r e c e iv e s power
,
-
.
,

th r ough three tra n sfo r m e r s f r om a th r ee phase volt circui t -

,
-
.

T h e rota ry delivers pow e r at 6 5 0 volts t o a railway system Th e .

transfo r mers ar e connected i n Y o n the high t e nsio n a n d i n doubl e -

d e lta o n the lo w tension sid e What shoul d be th e cu rre nt and

-
.

voltag e r atings and the r atio o f tra n sfo r matio n f o r each o f these
transfo r m er s ? I n dete r mi n ing the r ating n egl e ct the losses
4 7 A 6 phas e 20 0 0 k w rotary convert er receives p owe r from
.
-
,
-
.
,

a 3 p hase
-
v olt t r ansmission line Th e t r a n sfo r me r s a r e
,
-
.

con ne cted in delta o n the high tensio n and in double Y on the -

lo w t e nsio n sid e
-
The r ota ry deliv e rs p ow e r at 6 5 0 volts to a
.

r ailway syst e m I t has an ove r load cu rr e n t capacity o f 20 per

.

cent and an effi ciency o f

. p e r c e nt whe n d e livering this load .

and ope r ating at p owe r f acto r What should be the over .

load cu rr ent and voltag e ratings o f the high and lo w t e nsion -

'

windings o f the t r ansfo r mers ? What should b e t h eir rati o o f

t r ansformatio n ?
4 8 A 1 phas e 3 0
. 2 00 —k w 6 5 0 volt rotating co nverter receives
-
,
.
,
-

pow e r f r om a thr ee phase t r a n smissio n line through three single-

phas e trans fo r m ers wh os e high tensio n wi n dings ar e connected ,

-

in Y and Whos e lo w t e nsion windings are con n ected in doubl e -

chord The high te n sio n line voltage is

.
-
volts Ne gl e ct .

ing the losses wh at should b e th e cur r ent and voltage ratings of

the high and low tension windings o f the t r ansfo r mers ? -

A 6 phas e 25 cycl e 600 volt rota r y co nv e rt er has an

-
,
-
,
-

e ffi ciency o f per cent when d e livering 7 5 0 kw and ope rating . .

at p ower facto r Th e a r m ature wi n ding has 4 inducto r s .

1
In l ul a ti n g the arm a ture re a c ti o n d o n o t n e g le ct the d istributi o n o f
ca c

the wi n d i n g an d assu m e th a t t h e co n st an t usu all y g ive n as

,
is
T his m akes an appro xi m ate c o rre c ti o n f o r the e ff e c t o f the r at io o f p o le are _

t o p o le pit ch .
 RO TA R Y C O N VER TERS

i n se r ies p e r slot a n d 24 slots per p ole N eglect the resista n ce .

and the l e akage reacta n ce o f the armature wi n d i n g What ar e .

the d e mag n eti z ing ampe re turns per pole for the sp ecified
load ?

A 3 phase 25 cycle rotary co n verter has a full load

-
,
- -

capacity o f 3 0 0 kw at 600 volts The armature has 96 slots

. .

with 6 inducto r s i n se r ies per slot The fi el d structur e has 4 .

pol e s N egl e ct the resistance a n d leakage reacta n c e o f t he arma

.

tu r e winding When this rotary receives a line current o f 54 0

.

amperes at 36 7 volts a n d is overexcited so that it O perates at a

pow er factor o f what are the dem agn etizi ng ampere tur n s
per pole ?

—
-
0 —
A 6 p has e 60 cycle 6 0 volt rotary co nverter has a full
, ,

load capacity o f 1 000 kw whe n operati n g at u n it powe r factor

. .

Th e a r mature has 1 8 0 slots with 6 i n ductors i n series per slot .

The field structure has 1 2 poles each o f which is wou n d with 8 64

tur ns Whe n this rotary is ov e rexcited so that it O perates at
.

pow e r factor and is delive r ing its rated output o n the direct
cur re nt side the effi ciency is per cent H o w much greater .

is th e fi e ld current than its n ormal value i s if the power fa cto r ,

. .
,

w e re unity ?
At f ull load and when operating at unit power facto r a
3 phase 25 cycle rotary converter receives a line current o f 4 99
-
,
-

amp e res at 36 7 volts a n d delivers o n the direct cu r re n t side 5 00 -

amp e r es at 600 volts The armature has 96 slots with 6 inductors

.

i n se ri es per slot The field structur e has 4 poles with 234 0 tu r ns

.

i n the sh u n t windi n gs per p ole The resista n ce of th is fi eld .

‘

c i r cui t with the r egulati n g rheostat cu t out is ohms Whe n .

t hi s rota ry r e cei v es its rated curre n t what is the least pow e r

f acto r at whi c h it ca n be operated a n d still maintai n its rat e d
voltag e ? N ormal e xcitatio n i s whe n operati n g at u n it
,
. .
,

powe r fa c to r is amp eres,

.

At full load and whe n operati ng at u n it power fac tor a 6

phas e 25 cycl e compound rotary co nverter rec e ives a li n e curr e nt
,
-

of 84 0 amp e re s at a voltag e of 2 1 2 volt s betw ee n adj ace n t s li p

rings a n d d e liv e rs o n the direc t curre n t side 1 66 7 amperes at 60 0 -

v olt s The a rmatur e has 1 6 8 s lot s wi th 6 inductors i n series p er

.

In al c u la t i n g the arm ature reac ti o n d o n o t negl ec t the d i str i but i on o f

c

t h e wi ndi n g a n d assu me th a t the c o nst an t usu all y g i ven as

, is
T his m akes a n appro x i ma te co rre c t i o n fo r the e ff e ct o f the ra t i o o f p o le a rc
t o p o le p i t c h .
1 02 PROB L EMS IN A L TERN A TING C URRE N T MA CHI NER Y

slot The fi eld struct ure has 8 p oles with 1 50 1 tur n s i n the shunt
.

wi n d ing and 2 tur n s in the series wi n ding per pole A current of .

ampe r es in the shunt field wi n ding alo n e is the normal excita

tio n and produces a voltage o f 600 volts o n the direc t curre n t -

side at n o load whe n run ning as a ge n erator .

Whe n this rotary delivers 1 5 0 0 amperes at 600 volts wh at sh oul d

be the shunt fi eld curre n t i n order th at the current on the alter
nating cu r rent side shall b e leadi n g and n o t exceed its full l oad
- -

value a n d the p ower factor h ave its least value ? Wh at is this

power factor ? N eglect any change i n the efficiency .

At full load and whe n O p e rating at unit p ower factor a

6 phase 6 0 cycle rota r y co nve r ter receives a line cur r e n t o f 8 4 0
-
,
-

amperes at a voltage of 4 24 volts betwee n diametrical p oints o f

the armature a n d deliv e rs o n the direct curre n t side a cu r rent o f
-

1 66 7 amperes at 600 volts The armature h as 1 5 slots per pole

.

with 6 inductors i n series per slot O n each field pole th er e are

.

864 tu r ns i n the shunt wi n di n g a n d 2 tur n s i n the series wi n di n g .

A curre n t of amperes i n the shunt field wi n ding alo n e is the

normal excitatio n a n d produces a voltage o f 6 00 volts o n the
direct curr e nt side at n o load whe n ru n ning as a ge n e r ator
- .

Whe n this rotary delivers 1 4 60 amperes at 600 volts what a re

th e limits of the shunt field curre n t i n order that the cu r r e nt
o n the alternating curre n t side shall n ot exce e d its full load
- -

value and the p ower factor have it s least value ? What a r e

thes e limiting power factors ? N eglect any change in the
e fficiency .

At full load a n d whe n ope r atin g at u n it power factor a

6 phase 25 cycle rotary co n verter tak e s a line current of 8 4 0
-
,
-

amp e r es at a voltage of 4 24 b etwee n diamet r ical point s and

delivers 1 667 amperes at 600 volts The arm ature has 21 slots .

pe r p o le wit h 6 i n ductors i n series per slot E ach field p ole is

'

wound with 1 50 1 turns Th e resista n ce o f the field circuit with

.

the re gulating rh e ostat cut o ut is ohms A current o f .

amperes i n the fi el d wi ndi n g is the normal excitatio n : i e f o r . .

,

f ull load and unit power factor With a n outp ut o f 8 50 kw at

. .

6 0 0 volts what i s the l e ast p ower factor at which this rota r y ca n

be ope r at e d when ove r excited ? W hat per ce n t is the cu rr en t .

1
Inl ul a ti n g the arm ature reacti o n d o n o t n eg lect the distrib uti o n o f
ca c

the wi n d i n g an d assu m e th at the const an t usu all y g i ven as

,
is
T his m akes an appro xi m ate c o rre c ti on f o r the e ff e c t o f the r ati o o f p o le arc
t o p o le pit c h .
 1 04 PROBLEMS IN A L TERN A TING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

D ATA O N RO TA R Y

K il o w att
V o lt age
C urren t
Ph ases
Frequen cy
Po les

I nd u c t orsper sl o t
T ur n s per p o le :
Shu n t " .

Series
R esist an ce at 25 C
°

A r m ature betwee n D . C . brus hes

Shu n t fi eld (al o n e) 2

Series fiel d
Fri cti o n an d wi n d age

D . C S AT U R AT I O N C U RVE S
. AND C O RE L O SS E S
A bs c issae
Sh u nt field c urrents C o re l o sses

C alculat e the e ffi cie n cy of th e r otary B wh e n it deliv er s

1 000 kw at 6 5 0 volts and the shu n t field rheostat is cut out
. .

°
Assum e that the r u n ning tempe r ature is 7 0 C What are th e .

line cu rre nt and p ower facto r o n the alter n ating current side ? -

Calculate the effici e ncy of the rotary C when it d e livers

1 000 kw at 65 0 volts and the excitatio n is g r eate r than normal
.

and is adj usted so that the p ower factor is Assume that

°
the r unning tempe r ature is 7 0 C .

1
In alc ul ati n g the ar m ature reacti o n d o n o t n eg le c t the d istributi o n o f
c

the wi n d ing a n d assu m e th at the co n st ant usu all y g iven as

,
is
T his m akes an appro xi m ate c o rre c ti o n f o r the e ff e c t o f the rati o o f p o le arc
t o p o le pit c h .

2
T h e shu n t field h as a reg ul ating rheo st at in series w i th it the l oss in ,

whi ch sh o ul d be included in cal c u l ati n g the effi cien cy .

 C H A PT E R V I

P O LYPH A S E CIR CU I T S

1 .T h ree equal impeda n ce u nits each o f which has a n eq uiv a

,

lent resista n ce o f ohms and a reactanc e o f ohms are

co nn ec ted i n delta across a thre e phase 220 volt circuit What
- -
.

curre n t does eac h unit take ? What is the li n e curr e nt What is

?

the total p ow e r supplied ?

2 The three impeda n ce u ni ts described i n problem 1 a r e co n
.

n ec te d in Y across a three phase -

220 volt circuit
,
-
What cur .

rent does e ach u ni t take ? What is the total power supplied ?

3 S ix eq ual impeda n ce u n its each o f which has a n equivalent

.

r esista n ce o f ohms a n d a reacta n ce of ohms a r e con ne cted

- —
across a three phase 220 volt circuit three i n delta a n d thre e in Y
- ~
.
,

What is the li n e current ? Wh at is the total pow e r suppli e d ?

4 Th re e eq ual imp edance u n its each o f which has a n e q uivale n t
.

r e sista n c e o f 2 ohms a n d a co n d en siv e reacta n c e of 1 ohm ar e

co nn ected i n delta across a three p hase 220 volt ci r cuit At the
-
,
-
.

same point three other equal impeda n ce u ni ts each of w hich has ,

a n eq uivale n t resista n ce o f ohms a n d a n i n ductive r e acta n ce

o f 1 ohm a r e co n nected i n Y across the circuit
,
What is the lin e
.

curre n t ? W hat is the total p ower supplied ?

5 Three equ al r e sista n ces are con n ected i n delta across a three
.

ph ase circuit What should be the relative value o f three oth e r

.

e q ual re sistances which wi ll take the same power when co nn ec ted

in Y acros s the circuit ?
6 Three eq ual impeda n ce u n its e ach of which has a n eq uiv a
.
,

l e nt r e sista n c e o f ohms a n d a reactanc e o f ohm are co n

n ec te d i n d e lta across a three phase-
220 volt circuit
,
-
Thr e e .

oth e r e q ual impeda n ce u n its are co nn ec te d i n Y acro ss th e sam e

circuit What s hould b e th e ir eq uivale n t resista n ce a n d r e act
.

a n ce i n order that they wi ll ta k e th e sam e li n e cur re nt and t h e

‘

same total power ?

7 Thr e e eq ual impeda n c e u n its e ach of which h as a n eq uiv a

.

le n t resista n ce o f ohms a n d a n i n du c tive r e acta n ce o f

ohm ar e co nne c te d i n d e lta at th e e n d of a tra nsmis sio n li n e e a ch ,

co n ductor of which has a resista n ce o f o h m a n d a n in d uc t iv e

1 05
1 06 PROBL EMS IN A L TER N A TING C URREN T MA CHINER Y

r e actanc e o f ohm I f the li n e voltages at the g en e r ating

.

station a r e each 220 0 volts what is the li n e cu r re n t ? (b ) What

is the voltage at the load ? ( 0 ) What i s the efficiency o f t r a n s
mission ?
8 I n problem 7 if the reacta n ce o f the impeda n ce units had b een
.

c o n d en siv e instead o f i n ductive what would have been ( a) the

line cur re nt (b ) the voltage at the load a n d ( c ) the e ffici e ncy o f

, ,

t r a ns m issio n ?
9 Two equal resista n ces o f 1 00 ohms each a re co nne ct e d in
.

se r i e s across t wo mains o f a th r ee phase 220 volt circuit a n d - -

from th e ir j unctio n a r e sista n ce o f 5 0 ohms is co nn ected to the

neut r al conductor o f the system Th e li n e voltages are bala n ced
.

and the voltages f r om the li n es t o th e n eut r al co n ducto r a r e

equal ( a) Wh at are th e line cur r e n ts ? (b ) What is the neutral
.

cu rre nt ? ( c ) What is the total p ower absorbed ?

1 0 T wo equal impeda n ces each o f which has a n eq uivale n t
.
,

r e sista n ce o f ohms and a n inductive reacta n ce o f ohm

a r e co nn ected i n seri e s across t wo mai n s o f a th r ee phase 220 volt -

,
-

ci r cuit and from their j u n ctio n a n other u n it which has a re sist

,

ance of ohm and a co n d en siv e reacta n ce o f o h m is co n nected

to the n eut r al co n ductor o f the system The li n e voltag e s are .

balanced a n d the voltag e s f r om the lines t o the n eutral are equal .

( )
a What are the line curre n ts ? (b ) What is the n eutral cu rr e n t ?
( )
0 Wh at is t h e total p ower abso r bed ?
1 1 Three n o n inductive resista n ces o f 5 1 0 and 1 5 ohms ar e
.
-
,

con n ected i n delta across the li n es o f a three phase 220 volt -

,
-

ci r cuit ( a) What is the total power absorbed ? (b ) What ar e

.

the line cu r re n ts ?
1 2 Three impedance u ni ts which are repres en ted by the
.

expressions = — a e co ected in
, j5 z e , 5 + j1 0 z j,
1 0 r nn ,

— — —
delta across the lin e s 1 2 2 3 3 1 respectively of a th r ee phase -
, , ,

220 volt circuit

-
I f V m leads V 23 by 1 20 degrees ( a) what is
.

the total p ower absorb e d ? (b ) What are the line curre n ts ?

I f Yl e lags V 2 3 by 1 20 d e grees ( 0 ) what is the total pow e r
,

absorbed ? ( d) What a re the line cu rre nts ?

1 3 Thre e n on inductive r e sistances o f 5 1 0 and 1 5 ohms ar e
.
-
,

conn e cted i n Y ac r oss the li n es o f a th re e phas e 220 volt ci r cuit -

,
-
.

a
( ) What is the total p ower abso r bed ? ( b ) What are th e lin e
cu rre nts ?
1 4 Three impedance u n its which are r e p re sented by the ex
.

; =
pressio ns l z =
,
5 +j 5 z 2 ,
5 +j
-
1 0 z a 5 j1 0 are co nn ected i n Y
, ,
-
1 08 PROBL EMS IN A L TERN A TING C URREN T MA C HINER Y

21 . Thr e e imp e dance units whose values are r ep re sente d b y

the expressions 2 1 2 0 + j,
22 : —lj . and : -

j are connect e d in d e lta at th e e n d of a three phas e tra n smis -

sion line each co n ductor of which has a resista n ce of o h m and

a r e actance of ohm I f th e line v o ltages at the ge ner ating

'

statio n a r e each volts ( a) what are the li n e curre n ts ? ,

( b ) Wh at are the line voltages at the load ? ( 0 ) What is the effi

c ien cy of t r ansmissio n ?

22 The p ower supplied to a three phase i n ductio n motor is

.
-

m e asured by the t wo wattmeter method O n e wattmet e r i n di

-
.

cates 5 7 7 0 watts a n d the other 2930 watts What is the power .

suppli e d ? At what power factor is th e motor operating ?

23 The o n ly instrume n t available for measu r ing the p ower
.

take n by a three phase 230 volt inductio n motor is a wattmet e r

-
,
-

o f suitable rang e M easurements are made as follows : The

.

curre n t coil o f the wattmeter is i n serted i n mai n 1 and the p ot e n

tial coil fi r st betwee n mai n s 1 a n d 2 a n d the n betwee n mains
,

1 and 3 . I f the two wattmeter readings thus obtai n ed are 5 760

and 338 0 watts respectively what i s the p ower supplied to the
motor ? I f the line voltage is 230 volts what is the line cu rr ent ?
At what power factor is this motor operati ng ?
24 The p ower take n by a b alanc e d thre e phase load is meas
.
-

u red by two wattmeters The curre n t coils of the wattmete r s ar e

.

connected t o cur r ent transformers which are i n lines 1 and 2

r esp e ctively The p ot e ntial coils are co nn ect e d to potential
.

transfo r mers which are across li n es 2 and 3 and lines 1 a n d 3

r espectiv e ly The li n e v oltages are each 230 volts a n d the line
.

cur re nts are each 1 50 amperes The wattmeters each indicate .

kw What is the power supplied ? Wh at is the power factor ?

.

25 Th e p ower take n by a n u n balanced three phase load is

.
-

measured by two wattmeters The curre n t coils o f the watt .

m e t e rs are con n ect e d to curr en t transformers which are in lines

1 and 2 respectively and the pote n tial coils a r e connected to
,

p otential tra n sform e rs which are across lines 2 and 3 and lines 1
and 3 re spectively The line voltages are each 230 volts Th e
. .

cur re nts in lin e s 1 a n d 2 are 1 5 0 amperes and 200 amp ere s re

'

sp ect iv ely .The fi r st wattm e ter i n dicat e s kilowatts and th e

second indicates kilowatts What is the pow e r suppli e d to .

t h e lo ad ?
26 A 3 phase 5 0 0 volt Y connected alt e rnating cu rren t
.
-
,
-
,
- -

ge n erator with equal line voltages a n d a grou n ded ne utral supplies

 POL YPH A S E C IR C UI TS

e n ergy t o a n u n bala n ced Y co nn ec te d load the n e ut r al of which i s

-
,

n o t grou n ded The li n e curre n ts are 1 I amp e re s I 2

= 1 00
.
, ,

amperes a n d I 3 = 1 0 0 amperes O ne wattmet e r is us e d and it i s .

co nnected with its curre n t coil i n line 1 a n d its pot e ntial coil
across li n es 1 and 2 I f this wattmeter indicat e s
. kw wh a t .

is the total p o w er suppli e d to the load ? I f the pow e r factors

o f e ach o f the three phases ar e equal what is the voltage between

th e neutral o f the load a n d the neut r al of the ge n e r ator ? What

is the power factor ?
27 An unbala n ced lamp load co n sisting o f 1 1 5 volt lamps is
.
,
-
,

co nn ec te d in Y ac r oss t h e lines of a b ala n ced 3 phase 20 0 volt -

,
-

circuit The line cur r ents are

. amp e res 5 0 amperes a n d 5 0 ,

amp e res respectively What is the power supplied to this load

.
?

What i s the voltag e across each phase of the load ?

28 I n problem 27 if the resista n ces o f the lamp l oad ar e
.

assumed to be co nstant what wi ll be the currents in the lines and

,

n eutral whe n the n eutral poi n t o f the load is co nn ec te d to the

neutral conductor o f the ci r cuit ? The v oltages b e t w e en th e
neutral co n ductor a n d the lines are equal .

29 A n unbala n ced lamp lo ad is co nn ected i n delta ac r oss th e

.

lines of a balanced 3 phase 230 volt circuit The r es istance s

-
,
-
.

of these le ad s between li n es 1 a n d 2 2 a n d 3 a n d 3 and 1 are 1 0 , ,

ohms 8 ohms a n d 6 ohms r e spectively ( a ) What a r e th e line

,
.

c urre n ts ?
( b ) I f the p owe r is measured by two wattmeters which
ha v e their curre n t coils in lines 1 and 2 what will e ach instrum e nt
indicate ?
30 A n u nbala n ced lamp load co n sistin g o f 1 1 5 volt l amps i s
.
,
-
,

co nn ected b e tw e e n the lines a n d neutral co n ductor of a balanc e d

3 phas e 200 volt circuit
-
,
-
The r es i s ta n ces of th e load s b e t w ee n
.

lin e s 1 2 a n d 3 a n d the n eutral co n ductor ar e 6 8 and 1 0 ohm s

, , , ,

resp e ctively Th e li n e voltages are eq ual a n d th e voltag es from

.

the line s to the n eutral co n ductor are also eq ual What w ould .

two wattme ters i n di c at e which hav e th e i r curre n t coils in lin es

1 a n d 2 a n d their pote n tial coil s acro s s lin es 1 and 3 and lin es 2 a n d
3 re s pectively ? What i s the total pow e r s uppli e d ? Wha t i s th e
curre n t i n th e n eutral co n du c tor ?
31 Three s ingl e phase tra n sfo rm e r s e a c h of w hi c h ha s a ra t io
.
-

of tra ns formatio n of to 1 are co n n e c te d i n d e lta on th e high

te nsion sid e Th e lo w te ns io n windi ngs a re n ot c o n n e c te d but
.
-

s upply thr e e separate singl e p has e lo ad s T he fir s t o f th e s e le ad s

-
.

is 90 kilowatts at u nit power factor th e se cond is 0 0 kilowatts ,

1 10 PROBL EMS I N A L TER NA TI NG C URRE N T MA CHINER Y

at p owe r factor and the third is 30 kilowat ts at u nit power

,

factor Th e high t e nsio n li n e voltages are 6 00 volts N egl e ct

.
-
.

the losses i n the transformers What are the high t e nsio n li n e

.
-

cu rr ents ?
32 T hree u n equal single phase motor loads are co nn ected
.
-

across th e lines o f a b ala n ced 3 phase 230 volt circuit The first
-
,
-
.

takes 1 06 amperes at p ower factor the s e co n d takes 1 4 2 ,

amperes at p ower factor and the third takes ,

kilowatts ‘

at p ower factor What are the line curre n ts ?

.

3 3 Thr e e u n equal si ngle phase motor loads are co nn ected

.
-

betwee n the lines a n d n eutral co n ductor o f a balanced 3 phase -

,

35 0 volt circuit
-
The voltages from the li n es to the neutral are
.

each 202 volts The first load takes 20 kilowatts at

. power
factor the seco n d takes 28 kilowatts at
, p ower factor a n d the ,

third takes 36 kilowatts at p ower factor Wh at is the .

cur r e n t i n the neutral co n ductor ?

34 F r om the terminals of a 3 phase
. 5 5 0 vol t 6 0 cycle
-
,
-
,
-

alter n ating curre n t g e nerator r uns a n artifi cial t ransm l ssmn line
-

which h as a resistance o f o h m and a n i n ductance o f milli

he nry per conductor At the e n d of this line is a b alanced load o f
.

three reactors con n ected i n Y The e quivalent resista n ce a n d

.

reacta n ce o f these reactors should b e assumed to be constant .

The p ower outp ut of the ge n e r ator is measu r ed by the two watt -

met e r metho d with the curre n t coils o f the instrum en ts i n li nes 1

and 2 The first wattmeter i n dicates 4 0 kw a n d the seco n d
. .
,

1 00 kw .

I f line 3 is opened at the load what p ower will the instrume n ts

indicate ? The termi n al voltage of the generator is co n sta n t .

35 I n problem 34 if li n e 3 is ope n ed b e twee n the te r minal

.

o f the ge n erator a n d the pote n tial coils o f the wattmeter what ,

power will t h e i n strume n ts i n dicate ?

_

3 6 From the termi n als o f a 3 phase 5 00 volt 25 cycle alter

.
-
,
-
,
-

nating curre n t generator ru n s a n artifi cial tra n smissio n line which

-

h as a resista n ce of o hm a n d a n inducta n ce o f 3 millih e n rys

per conductor At the end o f this line is a balanced load of th ree

.

reactors co nn ected i n delta The eq uivalent resista n c e and

.

reacta n ce of th ese reacto r s should be assumed to be constant .

The power outp ut o f the gene r ator is measured by the two

wattmet e r method with the current coils o f the instruments in
li n es 1 a n d 2 The first wattmeter indicates 5 0 kw a n d the
. .

se cond 25 kw ,
.
1 12 PROBL EMS IN A L TERNA TING C URREN T IV
I A CH I N E R Y

V = 1 0 20 volts I ,
amperes P = 3 5 I watt s I f th e se cond
:
,
.

a ry te r minal voltage i s 4 4 0 volts when the re is a singl e phas e -

load taking 4 0 kw at powe r facto r co n nect e d ac r oss one pha se

.

of th e secondary what will be the pe r centage rise i n this voltage

,

wh e n the load is thrown o ff ?

43 ( a ) O n the basis o f the same heating loss comp are the
.

f ull load kilowatt output at u n it powe r factor o f t wo single phas e

- -

t r ans forme r s co n nected i n ope n delta with thei r na m e plate -

rating ( b ) O n the basis o f the same heating loss compa r e th e

.

f ull load kilowatt outp ut at

- —
power factor both lagging an d
—
leading c f t wo singl e phase tra n sfo r mers co nn ect e d in open d e lta
-

with 8 7 pe r ce n t o f their n ame plate rating I n each cas e th e load

.
-
.

is balanced .

44 ( a ) Thr e e single phase tra n sformers with b oth prima r i e s

.
-

and seconda r ies connected i n delta supply a balanc e d load o f 1 00

kw at unit power factor I f it is n ecessary t o remove o n e of thes e
’

. .

transf o r mers f r om the line by wh at per cent will the coppe r .

loss i n each o f th e other two transform er s b e increased ? ( b )

I f the load had been a bala n ced o n e taking 87 kw at powe r .

—
f actor both leading and laggin g what would have b ee n the “

p er cent i n crease in the coppe r loss i n each o f the oth e r

.

t r ansformers ?
4 5 ( a) O n th e basis o f the sam e copp e r loss i n e ach trans
.

f o r me r compa r e the full load kilowatt output at u n it p ow er-

f actor o f t wo e qual single phase tr ansfo r mers co n n ec t ed in T-

with th e ir nam e plate rating (b ) O n the b asis of the sa m e cop pe r

-
.

loss in e ach t r a nsformer compa r e the full load kilowatt ou tp u t -

at powe r factor o f two e qual single phase transforme r s -

connected i n T with 87 per ce n t o f their name plate rating .

-
.

4 6 O n the basis o f the same copper loss i n each t r a n sformer

.

comp ar e the full load kilowatt output o f two e qu al si n gle ph ase

- -

t r ans fo r m er s connected i n ope n delta with the f ull load output o f -

the same tra nsformers c onnected in T ( a) at u n it power facto r ,

—
( b ) at pow e r facto r both l agging and leading .

4 7 Compare the r e gu lation o f th r ee 1 00 kv a tra n s f o r m er s

.
-
.
-
.

w hose p r imaries a n d seconda r ies ar e co nn ected i n d e lta with

that o f two 1 0 0 kv a t r ansfo r mers whose p rima r i e s and s e cond
- -
.

a r ies a re connected i n open delta wh en a singl e phas e load o f -

1 00 kw at . p owe r f actor is d e live re d o n the s e conda r y sid e .

Th e s e conda ry o r low t e nsion voltag e unde r load conditions is 220 0

-

volts a n d the ratio o f tra n sformatio n is 5 to 1 Th e sho r t circuit .

-
 POL YPH A S E CIR C UI TS

of each tra ns f ormer are : V = 31 0

volts I amp e r es ( full load )
,
-

P 1 0 00 watts I n the case of the ope n d e lta the load is connec t ed

.

across o n e tra n sformer .

4 8 I n problem 4 7 compare the regulatio n in the two c ases

.

whe n a si ngle phase load o f 1 5 0 kw at

-
power factor is sup
.

plied which in the case o f the ope n delta is con n ected across the
,

t e rmi n als of the t wo t r a nsfo r mers i e across the ope n side

,
. .
,
.

4 9 Three tra nsform e rs wh ose p rim aries are co nn ected i n Y

‘

a n d whose seco n daries a r e co nn ected i n delta are i n parall e l o n the

prima ry si de with three others wh ose pr imaries a n d seco ndaries
a r e both co nn ected in Y I f o n e seco n dary terminal of th e fi r st
.

set is co n nect e d to o n e co r r e sponding terminal of the s e co n d set

what are the gr e at e st and l e ast voltages that can exist betwee n
the other seco n da r y terminals of the two sets ? T he lin e voltag e s
o n the seco n dary sides are 1 1 00 volts for the two sets of tra ns fo r me r s .

50 T hre e tra n sformers whose primari e s and secondari e s are

.

both con n ected i n delta are i n p arallel o n the primary sid e with
three othe r s w hos e primaries a r e co nn ected in d e lta and whose
seco nda r ies ar e co nn ected i n Y I f o n e sec o n da ry terminal o f
.

the fi r st set is co nn ected t o a corresp o n ding terminal of th e

seco n d set what are the g r eatest and l e ast voltages that ca n exist
,

betwee n the oth e r seco n dary termi n als o f the two sets T he lin e .

v oltag es a r e 1 1 0 0 volts for the two sets o f trans fo r me r s .

5 1 T hr e e transfo r m e rs whose p r imaries a n d s e conda r i e s a re

.

both co nn ected i n delta are in parallel on the p r ima ry side with

three others whos e prima r ies are co n nected i n Y and wh os e s e co n d
a r ies are co n n ec t ed in delta I f one secondary terminal of the fir s t
.

s et is c onne c ted to a corresponding terminal of th e second s e t

what a r e the greatest a n d least voltages that ca n exi s t betw ee n

th e oth e r s e co n dary te rminals of th e two s e ts The li n e v oltag e s .

a r e 1 1 0 0 volt s fo r the two sets of tra n sform e r s .

5 2 Thr ee auto tra ns formers are co n nect e d as shown i n Fig 3

.
-
.

t o r e c e ive pow e r from a 3 phase -

volt c ircuit The ra t io
,
-
.

o f tra ns forma t ion for e ach tra nsformer from high t e ns io n to low

t e n s io n is 2 to 1 What is th e seco n dary li n e vol t ag e and what i s

.
,

t h e phas e r e latio n o f th e c orr es po n di n g primary a n d se c o n dary

line voltag e s o n op en circuit ?
53 Thr ee auto tra nsform e rs ar e co n n e c t e d as s hown in Fig 4
.
-
.

to r e c e iv e powe r from a 3 p ha se -
volt c ircuit Th e ra t io
,
- .

o f tra n s formation f r o n high t e ns io n to low t e nsion is 2 to 1 What .

is the seco n dary li n e voltag e a n d what is the phas e relatio n of

,
1 14 PR O BLEMS IN A L TE RN A TING C URREN T M A C H INER Y

the correspon d ing pr i mary a n d seco n dary li n e voltages o n ope n

ci r cuit ?
54 Three auto t r a n sfo r m e rs are con n ected as shown i n Fig 5
.
-
.

to rec e ive power f r om a 3 phase volt ci r cuit The ratio

-
,
-
.

o f tra nsformatio n for each tra n sformer from high te n sio n t o low

te nsio n is 2 to 1 What is the seco n dary li n e voltage a n d what

.
,

FI G 3
. . FI G . 4 . FI G . 5 .

is the phase relatio n of the corresp o n di n g primary a n d seco n dary

line voltages o n ope n circuit ?
55 A 1 5 00 k w 55 0 0 volt 3 phase ge n erator delivers p ower
.
-
.
,
-
,
-

t o a tra n smissio n li n e through three single phase t r a nsfo r mers -

which have their low te n sion wi n di ngs co nn ect e d i n delta and their
-

high te n sio n wi n di n gs co nn ected i n Y The following data o n this

-
.

ge n erator a n d the tra n sformers are give n :

G E N ER AT OR

The core lo ss at the rated voltage is

‘

kw a n d the friction .

a n d w i n dage is kw B oth of these losses may b e assumed

.

co n sta n t The e ffective resista n ce of the a r mature is

. ohm

per phase The resista n ce o f the field wi n ding is

. ohm .

T he armature wi n di n gs are co nn ected i n Y .

T R A NS F OR M ER
V o lt age Sh ort cir cuit

500 5 5 00 33 2 4 6 80

1
F ull- l o ad c urren t .
1 16 PROBL EMS IN A L TERN A TING C URREN T M A C HI NER Y

( )
b I f this load is re mo v ed from the li n e and the field excita
tion o f th e g e nerato r is unchanged what i s the high te nsion lin e -

v oltag e ?
57 A 1 000 k w
.
-
24 0 0 volt 3 phase ge n e r ator delive r s powe r
.
,
-
,
-

t o a t r ans m issio n line through thre e single phas e trans f orme r s -

w hich a r e co n nect e d in delta o n the lo w tensio n a n d i n Y o n the -

high t e nsio n sid e E ach t r a n sforme r has a ratio o f t r ansforma

-
.

tion of to 1 T he resista n ces o f the high and lo w te n sion

.
-

w indings a re oh m s and ohm resp e ctiv e ly The e ff ecti v e .

re sistanc e o f the generator is o h m p e r p hase The armature .

windings ar e co nn ected i n Y With th e high tensio n windings . .

-

o f th e transfo r m er s short circuited and with a field e xcitation

of 1 00 a m peres fo r the generator the a r matu r e current is 4 58

.

amp e re s With this same excitation the open circuit termi n al

.
-

voltage o f the g e n er ator is 2220 volts The r otatio n losses in the .

gene r ator a r e kw at normal voltage a n d the cor e loss e s

.

in each tra n sformer a r e kw .

( a ) Wh at is the combined effici e ncy o f th e ge n erato r armature

and th e t r a n sfo r m e rs when a bala n ced load o f 954 kw at .

po w e r f actor is delive re d o n the high te n sion sid e of th e trans -

form e rs at a lin e voltage o f volts ?

(b ) What would b e the high tensio n line voltage if this load -

w er e re m ov e d a n d the excitatio n o f the generator unchanged ?

5 8 A 7 60 k w 2200 volt 3 phase generator delivers power t o
.
-
.
,
-
,
-

a transmissio n lin e through three single phase tra n sfo rm er s which -

hav e both th e ir high and low te n sion wi n dings c onnect e d i n Y -

.

With the high t e nsion wi n di n gs o f the transfo r me r s sho r t ci r

- -

c u it ed the output o f the g e nerator is kilowatts th e a r matur e ,

current is 4 5 0 ampe r es wh e n the termi n al voltage is 1 33 volts .

With the transform er s o n ope n circuit a n d with the same fi e ld

excitation the terminal voltage o f the g e ne r ator is 1 78 0 volts
,
.

The e ff e ctiv e resistance o f the a r matu r e is o h m p er phas e .

Th e ar m atu r e windings a r e co n n e cted i n Y The rotation losses .

of th e g e n er ato r a r e kw at n ormal voltag e and the co re loss

.

in each t ra nsfo r me r is 1 67 0 watts The tra n sfo r me r s have a .

r atio o f t r ansform ation o f 1 0 t o 1 .

a
( ) What is th e combined e ffi ciency o f the g e ne r ato r a rmature
and th e t r a nsf o r m e rs wh e n a balanced load o f 68 0 kw at .

pow er facto r is delive r ed t o th e t r ansmission lin e at volts ?

b
( ) What would be th e high t e nsion line voltage if this load-

were removed and the excitatio n of the gene r ator unchang e d ?

 PO L YPH A S E CIR C UI TS

59 . A 1 0 00 k w -
.
,volt 3 ph ase g e n erato r delivers powe r
-
,
-

t o a tra nsmissio n line at the e n d o f which is a 1 20 0 h p i n duction -

.

motor With the i nductio n motor ru nni ng at n o load the ex c i

.

t at io n o f the gene r ator is adj usted so that the termi n al voltag e ,

the line curr en t and the to ta l p ower measured at the motor are
v olts ,
amp eres a n d kilowatts respectively A t .

t h e same time the termi n al volt age a n d the total power measur e d
at the generator are volts a n d kw The field excita .

tion of th e g e nerator is adj usted so that whe n the motor is delive r ,

ing full load its t e rmin al voltage is

, volts The effi ciency .

a n d powe r factor o f the motor at full load are and

r espectively .

What is the termi n al voltag e o f the g en erator whe n the moto r

d e live r s full load ? What is the effi cie n cy o f tra ns missio n at this
t im e ?

60 A 1 00 0 kw
.
-
.
,
volt 3 ph ase generator delivers pow er
-
,
-

di re ctly to a tra n smissio n li n e at the e n d o f which is an i n duction

m otor load . The resista n ce a n d reacta n ce o f the tra nsmission
line are ohms and ohms per conductor The generator .

h as a n e ff e cti v e armatu r e r eactance o f ohms per p hase Th e .

field curre n t is supplied at 1 20 volts .

ature
c urrent of 42 amp at z ero
v o lt age
.
1

p o wer fact or

O n op en circui t th e r otationa l loss es are kw a n d

. kw .

wh en the te rmi n al voltag es are a nd volts res p ec

t iv ely .

What s hould b e t h e fi e ld e xcitatio n of the ge n erator s o

that th e lin e vol t ag e a t t he motor load will be volts wh en
t he mo t ors take 9 26 kw at power factor
.
? What is the effi
c ie n cy o f th e g ene rator and the lin e ?

6 1 At t h e e nd o f a 3 ph as e tra ns mi ss io n lin e is a mo t or load

.
-

req u iri n g 3 00 0 kw T h e lin e voltage at th e load should b e

.

volts and t h e pow e r factor o f t h e load is What should b e

1
T h e g enera to r i s Y- co nnec ted .
1 18 PROBL EMS IN A L TER N A TI NG C U R RE N T MA C HINER Y

the resistance a n d reacta n ce o f the li n e per co n du ctor so that

the e ffi ciency o f tra n smissio n will be 90 per ce n t a n d the voltage .

r egulation 1 2 per ce n t ?
,

62 A 1 64 0 kv a
.
-
volt 3 phase ge n e r ator delivers
.
-
.
,
-
,
-

power di r ectly to a tra nsmissio n li n e which has a resista n ce o f

oh m s a n d a reacta n ce of 24 ohms per co n ducto r With th e .

far end of the li n e short ci r cuited a n d with a field excitatio n of 1 50

-

amperes the line curre n t is 1 38 amperes With the same fiel d .

excitation the ope n ci r c uit terminal voltage o f the ge n e r ator is

-

volts The e ff ective resista n ce of the armature is

.

ohms per phase The gen e rator is Y co nnected

.
-
.

W hat is the combined electrical e fficie n cy of the armature o f

the generator and the tra n smissio n li n e for a load of 1 5 00 kw .

at p ower factor if the li n e voltage at the load is volts ?

T o what value will the li n e voltage rise if this le ad is removed a n d
th e fiel d excitatio n o f the ge n erator is u n changed ?
63 A 1 000 kv a
.
-
volt 3 phase ge n erator delivers
.
-
.
,
-
,
-

power directly to a tra n smissio n li n e which h as a re sista n ce o f

ohms a n d a reacta n ce of ohms per co n du ctor .

Fi el d c urrent O pen- circ uit ter m i n al v o ltage l R o t ati o n al l osses

20
30
40
50
60
70

The armature h as a n e ff ective resista n ce of ohm pe r p has e ,

a n d the wi n di ngs are co n n ected in Y The field curre n t is supplie d .

at 260 volts With the far e n d o f the line short circuited -

and w
.

ith a fiel d curre n t o f 4 0 amperes the li n e cur r e n t is 1 1 5

am pe r es .

I f the load at the e n d of the li n e req uires 94 0 kw at p owe r .

factor what must be the excitatio n of the ge n e r ato r i n order that

the line voltage at the load shall be volts ?
64 A 1 000 k w
.
-
volt 3 phas e alte r nating cu rre nt
.
,
-
,
- -

gen e rato r delivers power over a tra n smissio n li n e to a synch r onous

moto r load The resista n ce a n d reactance of the line a re
.

and ohms per conductor respectively The armature of .

the ge n e r ator has a n e ff ective resista n ce of ohms per phase .

The field curre n t is supplied with 1 20 volts .

1 20 PROBL EMS IN A L TERNA T ING C URREN T MA C HINER Y

r esistance O f ohms and a r eactanc e o f 1 7 2 ohms pe r co n .

ducto r to a 1 34 0 h p synch r onous moto r B oth gene r ator and

-
. .

moto r hav e th e i r armatu re s connect e d i n Y This motor is .

r ated f o r volts an d has an e ff e ctive armatu r e r esista n ce of

oh m s and a synch r onous r eactanc e of 4 6 ohms per phase .

The e ff e ctiv e resistanc e and synch r onous re actance o f th e

generato r a re respectively ohms a n d 82 ohms pe r phase .

The rotation loss e s o f the motor a r e 22 kw and may b e assumed .

constant F o r certain excitations o f generato r and motor the

.

line curre n t a n d p ower factor at th e moto r ar e respectively 4 8

ampe re s a n d ( lagging) whe n the moto r delive r s 1 1 4 0 h p .

I f th e excitations a r e unchanged wh at will b e th e li n e cur r e n t

and the terminal voltages of the gene r ato r a n d moto r if the load
o n the motor is thrown o ff ?

67 . A 1 5 00 kv a 5 5 00 volt alte r nator delive r s en e rgy t o

-
.
-
.
,
-

a high te n sio n t r a n smissio n li n e through step up tra n sformers

- -
,

—
the o w tensio n wi n di n gs o f which are co n nected i n delta a n d th e
l
high te nsio n wi n dings i n Y The n eut r als of the gene r ator and o f
-
.

the high tension t r ansformer wi n dings are grou n ded Th e

-
.

tra nsfo r mers have a ratio of tra n sformatio n o f to

GE N ER AT O R C HA R A C T ER I S T I CS
T er m i n al v o lt ag e A rm ature c urren t
o n o pen c ir c uit o n sh ort c ir c uit

3 5 00 200
5 1 00 30 0
5 900 4 00
6500
6 800
7 1 00

The e ff ective resista n ce of the a r mature is ohm p er phase .

The resistance o f the fi eld circuit is o hm The p o we r .

r equired to drive the gen e rator o n ope n circuit with a t er minal

voltage of 5 500 volts is kw .

T R A NS F OR M ER C HA R A C T ER I S T I CS
With the high te n sio n winding short circuited a n d 1 70 volts
- -

impress e d o n the low t e nsio n wi n ding the curre n t supplied to a

-

tra n sfo r mer i s 9 1 amp eres and the p ower is kw At no load .

a n d with 550 0 volts impr e ssed o n the low te n sio n wi n ding the -

power is kw .

With a bala n ced load of 1 36 0 kw at power factor delivere d

.
 POL YPH A S E CIR C UI TS

to th e high te nsio n li n e at
-
volts what must be the ge n
’
erat o r s excitation ? What is the combi n ed e ffi cie n cy o f the ge n
erat o r and the tra nsform e rs at this load ? I f this load were
r emoved what woul d be the high te ns io n line vol tag e if the-

excitatio n of the generator were uncha nged ? U se ( a ) the syn

chrono n s impeda n ce method a n d ( b ) the mag n etomotive force -

metho d when cal cul ating the fiel d curre n t of the g e ne r ator .

68 A 1 0 00 k v a 24 00 volt al t e r nator delivers energy to a

.
-
.
-
.
,
-

high te nsio n tra ns mission line through step up transform e rs both

- -

t he lo w a n d high te nsion wi n di ngs of whi ch are con n ect e d i n Y

-
.

The armatur e windings o f th e g e nerator which are co n necte d i n

delta h ave a n e ff e ctive resistance o f o h m p e r p hase The .

resistance o f the fi eld circuit is ohm .

E N ER AT OR C HA R A C T ER I S T I CS
G

Fi eld l O pen c ir c ui t
-
T er m i nal v o lt ag e
c urren t ter minal v o lt ag e I 1 39 OPF =0 . . .

60 1 4 70
1 00 2220
140 27 00
1 80 298 0
220 3 1 80

The frictio n a n d windage loss is kw .

T R A NS F O R M E R C HA R A C T ER I S T I CS
The tra ns formers have a rati o o f tra nsformatio n of
volts With the lo w te ns io n win di ng short c ircuited a n d with
.
- -

332 volts impr e ssed o n t he high te n sio n wi n ding the curre n t is

-

amperes and the p ower is 3 1 20 wat ts The core loss at the .

rated volta ge is 2220 watts .

The heaviest load that the h ig h te nsio n line req u ires is 1 000 kw
-
.

at powe r facto r and th e necessary li n e voltag e is 24 5 00 volts .

What must be the te rm i n al voltage o f the excite r fo r thi s load ?

Wh at is the combi n ed emcien cy o f the g e n erator a n d the tra ns
fo rmers at this load ?
69 A 1 5 0 0 kv a 5 5 00 v olt alt e r n ator delivers e n erg y to a
.
-
.
-
.
,
-

hig h tensi o n tra ns mi ssi o n li n e through thr ee step up tra n sforme rs

- -
,

the low tensio n wi n di ngs o f whi ch are connec te d i n d elta a n d t h e

-

hig h te nsio n wi n di n g s i n Y The ne utral s o f the ge n era tor a n d

-
.

of t h e h ig h te ns io n tra nsformer windi ng s are grou n ded T he

-
.

trans former s have a ratio o f tra ns formatio n of to T he

cal culated resi st a n ce a n d re act an ce of the h ig h te nsio n li n e are -
1 22 PROBL EMS IN A L TERNA TING C URREN T MA C HINER Y

ohms and ohms p e r conductor resp ectively Th e gen .

crator has an e ff e ctive arm ature resistanc e of ohm per phase .

The open and sho r t ci r cuit characte r istic data fo r the g e nerato r
-

are :
T er m i n al v o ltage A r m atur e urren t
c

on o pen c ir c uit on sh ort c ir c uit

3 5 00 200
5 1 00 300
5900
6 5 00
6 8 00

With the fa r e nd of
the t r a n smissio n lin e short circuit e d t h e -

ge n erator supplies a cu rr ent o f 1 6 5 ampe re s at a te r minal pot e ntial

o f 8 60 volts a n d the p owe r d e liver e d to the transfo r mers and li ne
,

is 1 4 6 kw .

I f when the far end o f this transmissio n line delivers a bala n c e d

,

load o f 1 4 5 0 kw at a p ow e r factor o f
. the li n e potential di ffer
ence at the load is volts to what value would this voltag e
,

rise if the load were remov e d ? U se what y o u conside r th e most

exact method o f calcu latio n .

70 A 1 000 k v a
.
-
. volt g e nerato r delivers powe r over
-
.
,
-

a transmissio n line and through step dow n transform e rs which a re -

co nn ected i n delta o n both the high a nd lo w tension sides Th e -

.

armature wi n di ngs o f the gene r ator which are connect e d i n Y , ,

have a n e ff ective resistance o f ohms p e r phase The resist .

a n ce of the field ci r cuit is ohm .

E N ER AT O R C HA R A C T ER I S T I CS
G

T er m i nal v o lt ag e T er m i n al v o lt age
o n o pen c ir c uit I = 42 P F = 0 (7 . .

The f r i ctio n a n d windage loss is kw .

T R A NS F O R M ER C HA R A C T ER I S T I CS
E ach t r ansfor m e r has a ratio o f tra n sfo rm atio n o f 4 25 : l 3 200 ,

volts With the lo w tension winding sho r t ci r cuit e d a n d with

.
- -

1 1 00 volts i m press e d o n the high tension winding the cu rr ent -

1 24 PROBL EMS IN A L TERN A TING C URREN T M A C HINER Y

pow er f acto r Th e synch r onous moto r takes a constant load o f

.

4 60 k w and with the g re atest allowabl e fi e ld e xcitation its li ne

.
, , ,

current is 6 1 0 amp ere s and the te r m inal voltag e is boost e d t o

65 0 volts .

’
C al culate the te r minal voltage o f the g e n er ator s e xcit er and
the combined e ffi ci e ncy o f th e g e n er ato r line and t r ans f orm er s , .

U se what y o u consi d er the m ost e xact m etho d .

7 2 A constant inductio n m oto r load taking 25 0 0 kw at

. .

pow e r f actor and with a lin e voltage o f volts is at

the e nd o f a sho r t t r ansmissio n li n e F o r this load the e fficiency .

o f t r ansmiss ion is p e r c e nt and th e voltage re gulatio n o f th e

.

line is p er c e nt A synch r onous moto r o f suitabl e capacity

.

is added at the load so that wh e n running light with f ull load -

cur re nt the re sultant p ower facto r at the load i s inc re as e d t o

unity Assume that th e e ffi ci e ncy o f this synch r onous moto r
.

at full load and u n it p ow er f acto r is The voltag e at th e

load is maintained constant .

What is the necessa r y capacity o f the synch r onous motor ?

Wh at a r e the efficiency o f t r ansmission and th e voltage re gula
tio n o f the line aft er th e synch r onous moto r is added ?
. f
73 An inducti o n motor load at th e e nd o a th ree p has e 2 5 —cycle -

transmissio n line tak e s 7 6 00 kw at p ow er f acto r and

.

with a li n e voltag e o f volts Th e r e sistanc e and induc .

tance o f the line a r e r esp ectively 1 4 oh m s and m illihen r ys pe r

.

co n ductor A synch r onous motor running light and taking

.
,

full load cu rr ent is add e d at the g ener ating statio n t o i m p r ov e

-
,

the p ow e r f actor and thus incr e as e the capacity o f the li n e at th e

load Assume that the full load e ffici e ncy o f this motor is 94
.
-

pe r c e nt wh e n op e rating at unit p ower facto r The voltage

. .

at the load is maintained co n sta n t I nductio n moto r s op e rating.

,

at the same p owe r f acto r as d o the othe r s a r e add e d at the load ,

a n d the sy n ch r onous moto r i s adj usted so that th e g e n er ating

statio n op er at e s at unit p ower facto r F o r the sam e lin e cu r .

rent in th e statio n as was requi r ed befo r e th e additio n o f th e

synch r o n ous motor calculate the p ermissible i n c re as e i n th e
i n ductio n motor load What is t h e kilovolt ampe r e capacity o f
.
-

the necessary synch r o n ous motor ? Wh at i s th e lin e voltage at

the gene r ating station bef or e and afte r the synch r onous m otor
is added ?
7 4 A n i n ductio n moto r load taking 5 4 0 0 kw at
. p ow er .

facto r and with a line voltag e o f v olts i s at th e e nd o f a

 P O L YPH A S E C IR C UI TS

three phase tra nsmissio n line which has a resista n ce o f

-
, o hm s
a n d a n i n ducta n ce o f 7 6 mill ihe n rys per co n ductor The full
. .

load capacity o f the ge n e r ati n g statio n is 3 20 amperes p e r li n e .

A sy nchronous motor is t o be added at the load both to compe ns at e

fo r p ower factor a n d t o supply additional power Assume tha t .

the effi cie n cy o f this sync hronous motor a n d its e xcite r is 92 pe r

ce n t at full load a n d with u n it p ower factor Th e voltage at
. .

the load is maintai n ed co n sta n t The frequ en cy is 60 cycles . .

Calculate the kilovolt ampere capacity o f the sy n chro n ous motor

-

s o that the generating statio n ca n deliver its full load curre n t at -

u ni t power factor What additio n al p ow e r ca n the sy n ch r o n ous

.

motor supply ? At what p ower factor does the sy n chronou s

moto r operate ? W h at i s the necessary li n e voltage at th e
generati n g statio n before and after the synchro n ous motor
is added ?
7 5 An i nductio n motor load taking
. kw at .

pow e r factor a n d with a li n e voltage o f 6600 volts is O perated at

the end o f a high te nsio n tra nsmissio n li n e At the ends of the li n e
-
.

there are step up a n d step dow n tra nsformers which have th e

- -
,

same ratio o f tra n sformatio n The tot al e q ui v alent resista n ce a n d

.

reacta n ce of the li n e a n d tra nsformers referred t o the lo w te nsio n -

sides are ohm a n d o h m at 25 cycles resp e ctively Sy n .

chro n o n s motors runni n g light but taki ng their f ull load c urre n t
, ,
-
,

are added at the load t o improve th e p ower factor a n d t hus

i n crease the capacity o f the ge n erati ng statio n Assum e that the .

full load e ffi cie n cy o f the synchronous motors a n d their exciters

-

is at unit pow e r factor T he voltage a t the load is mai n

.

t ained co nstant . I n ductio n motors op e rati n g at th e same power

factor as d o the other s ar e added at the load a n d th e sy nc hro n ous
motors are adj ust e d so that the r e sulta n t pow e r factor of t h e load
is i n creased to u nity .

F o r the same li n e c urr en t as req uired before t h e additio n o f

the syn c hro n ous motor s calculat e t h e permissible i n crease i n the
i n ductio n motor load What i s the n ecessary k ilo v o lt am p e rc
. e

capacity o f the synchro n ous motor s ? At what p ower factor was

the ge n erati n g statio n operati n g befor e a n d af te r the syn chro n ous
motors were added ? What was th e li n e vol tage at the g en erati ng
station before a n d af ter the sy nchro n ous mo tors were added ?
 C H A PT E R V I I

N ON -
SI N U S O ID AL W A VE S

1 .The equatio n s for the ope n circuit p hase voltages -

of a
th r ee phas e , Y connected alte r nating curr en t ge n erator are
- - -
°

el = 1 8 0 si n (U H 60 si n 3 wt
-

2 72 '

2x
62 :
1 80 $ 1 11 ( t
w SI D . 3 (mi

4
83: 1 80 sm ( t
w 60 si n Bad

What is the equatio n o f the line voltage 6 1 2 ? What would a ,

voltmete r i ndicate whe n co n nected across one phase ? Wh en

connect e d ac r oss the line te r mi n als ?
2 The equations f o r the op en circuit phase voltages o f a th r ee
.
-

p hase Y connect e d alternating curr e nt gene r ato r ar e :

,
-
,
-

el = 5 30 0 S in ( U H 1 200 S i n 3 wt
-

2 27
g
sm
— sm
5
62 5 300 (
wt ) 1 200 3 (cut
3 )
4
sm (wt sm 3 (wt

What is the equation for the line voltage 6 1 2 ? What woul d a

voltmete r i ndicat e wh e n co n nected across o n e phase ? W he n
co n nect e d across the line t er mi n als ?
3 T he equation f o r the voltage b etwe e n line and n eutral of
.

a fou r phase gene r ato r is :

-

cl :
1 6 00 si n mt + 5 00 si n 3 wt .

What is the equation fo r the voltage betwee n adj ac e nt l i ne

te r minals ? What woul d a volt m ete r i n dicat e when co nne ct e d
b e tween line and n e ut r al ? B etwe e n adj ace n t lines ?
4 The e quatio n fo r the voltag e b e twe e n line and n e utral o f a
.

fou r phase g e ne r ato r i s :

-

cl :
1 60 0 si n wt + 4 00 si n 5 wt .

Wh at is th e e quation for the voltage betw een adj acent li n e te r

1 26
 1 2 8 PR OB LE M S IN A L TERNA T ING C URREN T MA C H I NER Y

wh at a re th e equations for the lin e voltages o n the three phas e -

side ?
1 2 I n p r oblem 1 0 th er e a r e impress e d o n the two phas e side
.
-

e qual electromotive forces which co n tai n a third and a fifth har

mo nic The e ff ective value o f th e se e lect r omotive fo r ces is
.

1 1 00 volts a n d the h a r m o n ics a r e r e spectively and o f th e

fu n damental W h at a r e the e ff ectiv e values o f the three phas e

.
-

lin e voltages ? Wh at p er cents o f the fundame n tal components

.

are each o f the ha r mo n ics in these lin e voltag e s ?

1 3 The lin e voltag e a n d the voltage to n eutral o f a bala n ce d
.

three phase circuit are r e sp ectively 23 0 volts a n d 1 39 vo lts T h e

-
.

voltag e to neutral contai ns a fundame n tal a n d a third h armoni c

only Thr ee equal r esistanc e units o f 1 0 ohms each are co nn ected
.

in Y across the lin e s o f this circuit .

( a) What is th e line current ? Wh at are the li n e a n d n eutral

cur r ents whe n the neutral p oint o f the resistanc e units is connected
to the neutral o f the circuit .

( b ) I f the powe r is m e asur e d by the t wo wattmet e r method-

what would be th e indicated pow e r b e f o re and af te r the co n n e ctio n

t o th e n e utral is made ? I f a wattmeter were co n n ect e d in the
circuit with its curr e nt coil i n the n e utral and its potential coil
betwe e n th e n e ut r al and o n e o f the lines what would this watt
,

m e t er i ndicate i n the s e co n d case ?

1 4 The voltage t o neut r al o f a balanced three phase circuit
.
-

is 1 34 volts a n d it contains a f undamental a n d a fifth ha r mo n ic

,

which i s o f the fundam e ntal Th r ee equal resista n ce units o f

.

1 0 ohms e ach a r e connected i n Y ac r oss the li n es o f this ci r cuit .

What is the li ne cu r re n t ? I f the n eut r al point o f the resista n ce

un its a n d the neut r al of the circuit are connected what is the cur
r ent in the n eut r al conductor ? What is the total power supplied
i n each case ?
1 5 The li n e voltage and t h e voltage t o neutral o f a bala n ced
.

three p hase 60 cycle circuit ar e r e spectively 230 volts a n d 1 39

-
,
-

volts The voltage t o n e utral co n tains a f undamental a n d a

.

thi r d ha r monic only Th r ee equal ai r co r e reacto r s eac h having a

.
-
,

re sistance o f 5 ohms and an i nducta n c e o f henr y are co n ,

n ect ed i n Y across the li n es o f this cir cuit .

( a) What is the line curre n t ? What a r e the li n e and n eut ral

cu rr ents whe n the neutral point of the reacto r s is connected to
th e neutral of the circuit ?
( b ) I f the p ow e r is measu r ed by the two wattmeter method-
 N ON - S I N US OI DA L WA VES

what is the indicated power before a n d after the co nn ection t o the

n eutral is made ? I f a wattmet e r is co nn e cted i n the circuit with
its current coil in the n eutral and its p ote n tial coil be t wee n the
n eutral a n d o n e o f the li n es what would this wattmeter i n dicate
,

i n the seco n d case ?

1 6 The voltage t o n e u t ral o f a bala n ced three phas e 60

.
,
-
,

cycle circuit is 1 34 volts and i t co n tai ns a fundame n tal a n d a fifth

,

harmo ni c which is o f the fu n dam e n t al compo n e n t Thre e .

eq ual air co r e reactors e ac h havi ng a resi stanc e o f

-
,
ohms a n d
a n i n ductanc e o f he nry are co n nec ted i n Y across the li nes
,

o f this circuit . What is the li n e current ? I f the n eutral poi n t o f

t hese r eactors and the n eutral o f the circuit are co nn ec ted what is
the curr e nt i n the n eutral conductor ? Wh at is the total power
s upplied in each cas e ?

1 7 The li n e voltage a n d the voltage t o n eutral o f a bala n ced

.

thre e phase (50 cycle ci r cuit are 230 volts and 1 39 volts r e spec t
-
,
-

iv ely . The voltage t o neutral co n tains a fundamental and a

third harmonic only Three eq ual impedance u n its e ach co n
.
,

sisti ng o f a resistance o f 5 ohms i n seri e s with a capacity o f 2 5

microfarads ar e co n nected in Y across the li n es o f this circuit .

( a ) What is the lin e cur r ent ? What are the line and neutral
curre nts when the neutral point o f this load is con nected t o the
n eutral point o f th e circuit ?
( )
b I f the power is measured by
‘
the two wattmet e r-
method
what is the i n dicated p o wer b efo re and after the co nn ectio n t o t h e
n eutral is made ? I f a wattmeter is con ne cted i n the circuit with
it s curre n t coil i n the neutral a n d it s pote ntial coil be t we en the
neutral a n d o n e of the lines what wi ll it i n dicate i n the sec o n d
,

case ?

1 8 Th e voltag e t o n eut r al o f a bala n ced thr e e phase 6 0 cycle

.
-
,
-

circuit is 1 34 volts a n d it co n tai n s a fundam e ntal and a fifth

,

harmo n ic whi c h is of th e fu n damental compon en t Three .

eq ual impeda n ce u n its each c o nsi s ting o f a r e sistance o f 5

,

0t i n se rie s with a capacity of 25 microfarads are co nne c te d i n

,

Y across th e li ne s by this circuit Wh at is th e li ne curre nt

.
? If
t he neutral poi n t o f thi s load is conn e cte d to t he n e utral poi n t o f
t he circuit what is the c urre n t in t he n e utral co n duc t or ? What
is the total pow e r supplied i n e ach ca se ?
1 9 Three u n eq ual lamp loads are con ne cte d betwee n th e
.

lin es a n d n eutral o f a b alanced thr ee phas e c ir c ui t -

The li n e .

voltag e is 230 vol ts a n d the voltag e to n eutral is k n ow n to co n tai n

1 3 0 P R O B L E MS IN A L TERN A T I NG C URREN T MA C H I NER Y

a th ird harmo ni c which is of the fundame n tal compo n e n t The .

resista n ces o f th e lamp loads a r e 5 8 and 1 0 ohms What are, , .

th e line currents the n e ut r al cur r ent a n d the total powe r

, ,

supplied ?
20 Three equal lamp loads are conn e cted i n Y ac r oss the li n es
.

o f a balanced thre e phase circuit -

The lin e voltag e s are 230
.

volts and the voltage f r om li n e to neutral is 1 39 volts The latter .

voltag e is k n own t o co n tain harmo ni cs The resista n ce o f each o f

.

the lamp loads is ohms What will b e the e ff ect o n the li n e

.

cur r ent if the neutral poi n t o f the load i s connected through

a r e sista n ce of 2 ohms to the n eutral o f the ci r cuit ? B y what
amount is the p ower supplied t o the lamp s inc r eased ? What is
th e loss i n th e 2 ohm resista n ce ?
-

21 The voltag e s from t h e lin e s to th e neut r al conductor o f a

.

balanced th r ee phase ci r cuit a r e each 1 4 0 volts Th r ee eq ual

-
.

resistanc e u n its of 1 0 ohms e ach are con n ected i n Y across this

circuit A voltmete r con n ected b etween the n eutral p oi n t o f
.

this load a n d th e n eutral conductor i n dicates 4 0 volts What .

p owe r will these resista n ce u n its take if the n eutral p oi n t of the

load is directly co n nected t o the n eutral conducto r ? What will
,

b e the curr en t i n the n eutral co n ductor ?

22 Th e line voltages o f a th r ee phase circuit ar e equal a n d
.
-

mai n tained co n sta n t The voltag e s from the li n es to the n e utral

.

c o n ductor which a r e k n ow n t o co n tai n third harmonics are also

, ,

mai n tai n ed co n sta n t and ar e each equal to 1 4 0 volts Three .

equal resista n ce units o f 1 0 ohms each are con n e cted i n Y ac r oss

this circuit The measur e d voltag e from the n eutral o f this
.

lo a d t o th e n eutral co n ductor is 4 0 volts What current will

'

exist i n the n eutral co n ducto r if a r e sistance u n it o f 5 ohms is

co nn ected between these t wo p oi n ts ? What i s th e e ff ective
voltage across each o f the eq ual resista n ce units before and after
this additional r esistance is insert e d i n the circuit ?
23 Thr e e hypothetical impeda n ce units a resistanc e a re
.
, ,

acto r a n d a c ondens e r ar e so constructed that at 60 cycles the

,

values of their impedanc e s may b e r e p r esented i n t h e complex

= = —
n otatio n by : z l 1 0 + j0 z 2 0 + j1 0 a n d s z 0 j1 0 Th e se
= .
,

impedanc e u n its are co n n e cted betw ee n the mains and neutral

o f a b ala n ced three p hase 60 cycle ci r cuit
,
The line voltages ar e
-

each 23 0 volts a n d th e voltages b etwee n the lines and th e neutral

,

are eq ual and consist o f a f undam e ntal a n d a third ha r monic

which i s of the fundamental com ponent The fi r st impeda n ce .
 1 32 P R OB L E MS IN A L T ERN A T I NG C U RREN T MA CH I NER Y

28 I n p r obl e m 27 if the cyclic ord e r o f the li n e voltages is such

.

that th e fundamental comp onent of V m lags 17 2 3 by 1 20 degrees

what a r e the line currents ?
29 Th r ee equal r esistance units o f 5 0 ohms e ach are co n nected i n
.

Y ac r oss th e mains o f a bala n c e d th r ee phas e 230 volt circuit An

-
,
-
.

ai r co r e reacto r which has a resistance of

-
o h m a n d a n induc

tance o f 5 millih e nrys is co n nected from neut r al p oi n t of this

load th r ough a switch t o the n e utral conductor o f the circuit Th e .

v oltage across the op e n switch is 4 0 volts The r e i s n o highe r

.

harmoni c than a thi r d pr e s e n t .

( a) With the switch ope n what is th e li n e cu rr ent ? What is

the total p ower supplied ?
( b ) With the switch closed what is the line cu rren t ? Wh at is
the n eutral cu r re n t ? What is the total p ower supplied ? What
are the voltages ac ross the resi sta n ce units befo r e and after the
switch is closed ? Wh at is the voltage across the r eacto r after
the switch is closed ?
30 I n p r oblem 29 if the air co r e r eactor is rep laced by a co n
.
-

denser which h as a cap acity of 5 0 mic r ofarads what a r e the line

currents before and after th e switch is closed ? What is the
n eutral curre n t after the switch is c losed ? What i s the total
power supplied with the switch ope n ? W ith the switch closed ?
W hat are the voltag e s across the resistance u n its befor e a n d after
the switch is closed ? What is the voltage across the conde n ser
aft e r the switch is clos e d ?
3 1 The voltages b etwee n the li n es a n d n eut r al conductor o f a
.

balanced th r ee phas e 6 0 cycle circuit are e ach 1 4 0 volts Three

-
,
-
.

’
e qual condens e rs e ach o f 5 microfa r ads capacity are co nn ected
i n Y across the li n es o f this ci r cuit and f r om their common j unc
,
’
tio n a n on i n du ctive r e sistance u n it o f 1 0 ohms r e sista n ce is co n
-

n ect ed through a switch t o the neut r al conductor .The v oltage

across the ope n swi tch is 4 5 volts The r e is n o higher ha r mo ni c
.

tha n a thi rd p r esent ( a ) With the switch ope n what is the li ne

.

curre n t ? What is the total powe r supplied ? ( b ) With the switch

closed what is the lin e current ? What is the n eut r al curre n t ?
What is the total power supplied ?
3 2 I n probl e m 3 1 if the n o n inductiv e re sistanc e unit i s
.
-

r e placed by a n air core reactor which has a resistanc e o f

-

ohm and a n i n ductance o f 5 millihen rys what ar e th e lin e cur

r e nts before and a f t e r the switch is closed ? What is the n e ut r al
cu rr e n t a f ter the switch is clos e d ? What is th e total p owe r sup
 N ON S I N US OI DA L
-
WA VES

plied with the switch closed ? W h at are the voltages across th e

c o n de nsers before a n d after the s wi tch is closed ? What is th e
voltag e across th e r e actor after the switch is closed ?
33 Three equal lamp loads e ach o f which has a resista n ce of
.

5 ohms are co nn ect e d i n Y across the li n es o f a bala n c e d 230 volt -

.

3 phase circuit
-
D ue to harmo ni cs the voltages from th e lin e s to
.

t h e neutral co n ductor o f the circuit ar e e ach 1 4 0 volts Th e .

power supplied is m e asu r ed by the two wattm e t e r method -

.

( )
a Wh at ar e the lin e cu r re n ts a n d the wattmeter r e adings ?

( b ) I f the neutral p oint o f the load is co nn ected to the n eutral

co n ductor what will th e wattm e t e rs r ead ? What is the powe r
supplied ? Compare the true power factor o f this load with tha t
calculated f rom the wattmeter voltmeter a n d ammeter readi n gs
, ,
.

34 Three u n equal lamp loads are con ne cted betwe en the li n e s

.

a n d the neutral co n ductor of a bala n ced 23 0 volt 3 phase circui t -

,
-

D u e to third and fifth harmo ni cs which are respectively ,

a nd .

o f the fu n damental the voltages from the li n es to the neutral

,

conductor ar e each 1 4 0 volts The e ff ective li n e cur r ents ar e

.

20 amperes 3 0 amperes and 4 0 ampe re s respectiv e ly

,
What is .

the cu r re n t i n the ne utral conductor ?

3 5 I n problem 3 4 if f uses i n the third li ne and i n the n eutral
.

co n ductor blow what curre n t will the lamp loads take a n d wh at

, ,

will be the voltage across each o f them ? Assum e that th e r e sist

a n ce o f each lamp circuit is co ns tant .

36 B y mistake three e q ual air cor e imp e da n ce u nits are c on

.
-

n e c t e d in d e lta across t wo of th e mai n s and the n eutr a l conducto r

o f a thr ee phase 60 cycle cir c uit

-
,
-
E ach of thes e impeda n c e u nit s
.

h as a resistan c e o f 5 ohms a n d r e acta n c e o f 2 ohms at 60 c ycl es .

Th e v oltag e s b e t w ee n the mai ns and n e utral co n ductor a re each

1 4 0 vol t s and th e v oltag e b e tw e e n a ny two of th e mai ns is 230
,

v olt s A ss um e that th e r e ar e no harmo nics higher than th e third

.

?
pr e sent What ar e t h e cur r ent s i n e ach o f t he impedan c e unit s
.

What are the curr e nts i n th e mai n s a n d i n th e ne utral co n du c tor ?

37 Two suitabl e tra n sformers are arra n ged af ter the S cot t
.

method of co nn ec tio n t o tra n sform from 2 phase t o 3 pha se - - .

E ach of th e two p has e li n e vo l tages is 2200 volts a n d co n sists o f

-

a fu n dam en tal a n d a t hird ha rmo n ic whic h is 30 per ce n t o f th e .

fu n dame n tal T h e 3 pha se Iinc vol tages e ac h hav e a n e ff e ctiv e

.
-

valu e of 230 volt s Th e fr e q u enc y of t he fu n dame n ta l is 6 0

.

c y c les . N e glec t th e r e si s ta n c e and th e l e ak age r e ac ta n ce o f t h e

t ra n s f ormers .
1 3 4 P R OB L E MS IN A L T ERN A T I NG C U RREN T MA CH I NER Y

( a ) I f th ree e q ual lamp loads each of which has a r e sistanc e o f

,

5 ohms a re conn e ct e d i n delta across the 3 phase lines what

,
-

cu rr ent do e s e ach take ?

( b ) I f th r e e e qual la m p loads each o f which has a r e sistanc e o f
,

3 ohms a r e connected in Y ac r oss th e 3 phase lines what cu rr ent

,
-

do e s each take ?
3 8 I n probl e m 3 7 th ree equal air co r e r e acto r s each of which
.
-
,

has a r e sistance o f 5 ohms and a n i n ducta n ce o f mil hen rys -

,

are connect e d in delta across the 3 phase li n es What cur rent -

.

does e ach tak e ? What is the lin e cu rr ent ?

(b ) I f these reacto r s ar e co n nect e d i n Y what cu rr ent will
e ach tak e ?
39 I n problem 37 thre e equal imp e dance units e ach c o n
.
,

sisting o f a resista n c e o f 20 ohms i n s er i e s with a cond e nse r

’
of 5 0 micro f a r ads capacity are conn e ct e d i n d e lta across the 3
,

phase lin e s What curr en t does each u nit tak e ? What is th e

.

li ne cu rre nt ?
( b ) I f these impedance u nits ar e connect e d i n Y what cu rre nt
will e ach take ?
4 0 I n problem 37 thre e hypothetical imp e danc e u n its a r e
.

con n ected i n delta ac r oss the 3 phase lines The v alu e s o f these
-
.

u nits at 6 0 cycl e s may b e rep r esented in the compl e x notatio n by :

= = —
zl 1 0 + j0 z 2 0 + j1 0
, j1 0 What cu rre nt does each
,
.

u nit tak e ? What are the line cu r r e nts ?

4 1 I n problem 37 th e s m all er t r ansfo r m er is tapped at a
.

poi n t two thirds f r om its line te r minal to gi v e a neutral o n the

-

'

3 phase sid e
-
The three hypoth e tical imp e danc e u nits d es c r ib e d
.

in p r obl e m 4 0 a r e co nn ected i n Y betw een the lin e s and neut r al .

What are the li n e curre n ts ? What is the neut r al cu rre nt ?

4 2 A 3 phase 6 0 cycle alternating cur re nt ge ne rator suppli e s
.
-
,
- -

pow e r t o a t r ansmissio n li n e th r ough st e p up t r ans f o r m e rs whose -

lo w t e nsion windings a r e conn e cted in Y and whose high te n sion -

windings a re co n n ect ed in delta Th e se t r ans f o r me r s a re r at e d at

.

3 33 3 k v a a n d have a voltag e ratio o f

.
-
.
,
to volts With .

th e high t e nsion wi n ding shor t circuited a n d with 1 6 2 v olts at 60

- -

cycles impress e d o n the lo w te n sion winding full load cu rre nt

- -

exists i n each windi ng and kw is suppli e d Th e n e ut r al

. .

p oi n ts o f both the gene r ato r and th e lo w tension windings o f the -

tra n sformers a re con n ect e d t o the same ground bus Wh e n th e .

transformers a re d e liv e ring no load o n the high t e nsion sid e and -

the excitatio n o f th e gene r ator is adj usted so that its te r m inal

1 3 6 P R OB L E M S IN A L TERN A T I NG C U RREN T MA C H I NER Y

u n duly hot O scillog r aph re cord s show that at this ti m e th e

.

t e rminal voltag e o f e ach phase o f the g e n er ator p r actically co n

sists o f a f unda m e ntal an d a thi r d ha r m oni c which is 1 2 pe r
cent o f the fundamental
. .

What is the copp e r los s in e ach t r ans f o r m er ? I f th e n e ut r al

point of the t r ans f o rm e r windings is disconn e ct e d f r om th e
ground bus what will b e the copper loss in e ach t r ans for m er f o r
th e same load condition ?