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MATHCAD 활용
2019.1
연산자 사용 예제 :
2
⎛4+6⎞ 80
⎜―― ⎟ - ― = -25.215
⎝ 20 ⎠
작업순서
가. 워크시트 클릭
나. 4+6 기입후 스페이스바 2번 클릭
다. 나누기 연산자를 사용하여 20 입력
라. 전체 항을 선택(스페이스바 활용)커서를 항 오른쪽에 놓은다.
마. - 누루고 자리 표시자에 80 입력
바. 나누기 연산자를 삽입
사. 파이 상수를 삽입
아. =을 누룬다. 값 -25.215가 직관적으로 나타남.
Mathcad의 변수
- 정의 정의 연산자로 정의
- 변수이름에 다음을 포함할 수 있다.
대문자 및 소문자
숫자(0-9)
밑줄(_) 문자
기호 문자식 아래첨자
상수
- 변수이름에는 다음과 같이 제한이 적용
변수이름은 숫자로 시작할 수 없음
모든 문자가 같은 글꼴이어야 한다
Mathcad는 변수 이름과 함수 이름을 구분하지 않는다.
- 변수 사용 예제
3+4
x3 ≔ ――
10 2
x3 = 0.07
작업순서
가. 변수를 정의하려면 x3 입력
나. 수학탭을 선택
다. [연산자 및 기호] 그룹에서 연산자
라. 정의 및 연산에서 정의 선택(:) x3:=
3+4
x3 ≔ ――
10 2
사. 변수를 계산하려면 x3를 입력
아. 수학 탭 혹은 키보드에서 =을 입력
자. x3에 대한 결과값을 확인한다.
x3 = 0.07
⎡ 1⎤
⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3⎥
⎢ 4⎥ ⎡ 1⎤
⎡1⎤ ⎢ 7⎥
⎢ 5⎥
1 , 2 ‥ 10 = ⎢ ⎥ 1,3‥5 = 3 ⎥
⎢ 1 , 7 ‥ 21 = ⎢ ⎥
6 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 13 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣5⎦
7 ⎣ 19 ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 8⎥
⎢ 9⎥
⎢⎣ 10 ⎥⎦
범위 사용 예제
⎡ 3⎤
⎢ 8⎥
x ≔ 1 ‥ 10 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 15 ⎥
⎢ 24 ⎥
⎢ 35 ⎥
f ((x)) ≔ x 2 + 2 ⋅ x f ((x)) = ⎢
48 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
63
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 80 ⎥
⎢ 99 ⎥
⎢⎣ 120 ⎥⎦
작업순서
가. 워크시트에 변수 이름 x를 입력 후 shift+:입력
나. 수학탭 사용
다. [연산자 및 기호]그룹에서 연산자
라. 벡터 및 행렬 중 범위(1..n) 선택
4) 풀이구간 : 방정식의 근 풀이
풀이구간 이점
작업순서
카. 6을 입력
타. 또한, 다른방정식 값 4*a+5*b=8을 제약조건에 입력한다.
파. 풀이 값에 find(a,b)= 입력
y2 ((x)) ≔ -0.3 ⋅ x + 1
1) 행렬계산으로 풀기
2) 풀이시스템으로 풀기
3) 풀이구간으로 풀기
1) 행렬계산으로 풀기
⎡ 1 -2.5 ⎤ ⎡ 7.5 ⎤
M≔⎢ v≔⎢
⎣ 0.3 1 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎥⎦
M ⋅ X=v X ≔ M -1 ⋅ v
⎡ 5.714 ⎤
X=⎢
⎣ -0.714 ⎥⎦
2) 풀이시스템으로 풀기
⎡ 1 -2.5 ⎤ ⎡ 7.5 ⎤
M≔⎢ v≔⎢
⎣ 0.3 1 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 1 ⎥⎦
⎡ 5.714 ⎤
lsolve ((M , v)) = ⎢
⎣ -0.714 ⎥⎦
x≔1 y≔1
제약 조건추측값
⎡ ⎤
((x , y)) = ⎢ 5.714 ⎥
풀이
⎣ -2.6 ⎦
Sol)
1) db ≔ 16
γ ≔ if db ≤ 19 | = 0.8
‖ 0.8 |
‖ |
else |
‖ 1.0 |
‖ |
0.6 ⋅ db ⋅ fy
ld ≔ ――――― ld = 0.784
‾‾‾‾‾
fck
――
2) db ≔ 25
γ ≔ if db ≤ 19 |=1
‖ 0.8 |
‖ |
else |
‖ 1.0 |
‖ |
0.6 ⋅ db ⋅ fy
ld ≔ ――――― ld = 1.225
‾‾‾‾‾
fck
――
2 2
Asreq ≔ 1500 Asused ≔ 1588 fck ≔ 21 fy ≔ 400
sol)
l ≔ 1800 - 50 = ⎛⎝1.75 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
휨철근이므로 휨정착 길이 검토 필요
0.6 fy ⋅ db ⎛ Asreq ⎞
ld ≔ α ⋅ β ⋅ ―――――― ⋅ ⎜――⎟ = ⎛⎝2.045 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
‾‾‾‾‾
fck ⎝ Asused ⎠
λ ⋅ ――
Result ≔ if l ≥ ld = “unsafe”
‖ “Safe”
‖
else
‖ “unsafe”
‖
대책은?
1) 길이 l로 충분한 작은 직경의 철근을 찾고 필요한 철근량에 맞추어 다시
배근한다.
2) 후크를 사용한다.
db ≔ 1
0.6 fy ⋅ db
제약 조건
1750 mm = α ⋅ β ⋅ ――――――
‾‾‾‾‾
fck
λ ⋅ ―― MPa
MPa
풀이
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 25.704
0.6 fy ⋅ db ⎛ Asreq ⎞
ld ≔ α ⋅ β ⋅ ―――――― ⋅ ⎜――⎟ = ⎛⎝1.707 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
‾‾‾‾‾
fck ⎝ Asused ⎠
λ ⋅ ――
Result ≔ if l ≥ ld | = “Safe”
‖ “Safe” |
‖ |
else |
‖ “unsafe” |
‖ |
0.24 β fy ⋅ db ⎛ Asreq ⎞
ldh ≔ ―――――― ⋅ ⎜――⎟ = 525.101
‾‾‾‾‾
fck ⎝ Asused ⎠
λ ⋅ ――
2
As ≔ 397 fy ≔ 450 fck ≔ 21
sol)
0.24 β fy ⋅ db
ldh ≔ ―――――― = 374.724
‾‾‾‾‾
fck
λ ⋅ ――
l ≔ 500 - 70
1) Ktr=0일때
Ktr ≔ 0
c는 측면 또는 철근간의 간격중 작은 값임
152
cspacing ≔ ―――= 0.038
4
c ≔ 38
c + Ktr
――― = 1.496 < 2.5이어야 함
db
⎛ c + Ktr ⎞
C ≔ min ⎜――― , 2.5⎟ = 1.496
⎝ db ⎠
0.9 db ⋅ fy α⋅β⋅γ ⎛
ld ≔ ―――――― ⋅ ――― = ⎝1.377 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
‾‾‾‾‾
fck C
λ ⋅ ――
2) Ktr=0일때
2
s ≔ 200 n≔3 Ass ≔ 71.33
Atr ≔ 2 ⋅ Ass
40 ⋅ Atr
Ktr ≔ ―――
s⋅n
c는 측면 또는 철근간의 간격중 작은 값임
152
cspacing ≔ ―――= 0.038
4
c + Ktr
――― = 1.87 < 2.5이어야 함
db
⎛ c + Ktr ⎞
C ≔ min ⎜――― , 2.5⎟ = 1.87
⎝ db ⎠
0.9 db ⋅ fy α⋅β⋅γ ⎛
ld ≔ ―――――― ⋅ ――― = ⎝1.101 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
‾‾‾‾‾
fck C
λ ⋅ ――
2 2
As ≔ 5 ⋅ 286.7 Av ≔ 71.3 Mu ≔ 200 ⋅ Vu ≔ 450
fck ≔ 24 fy ≔ 400
Sol)
1) Mn
As ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ―――― = 93.693 c ≔ ―― = 110.227
0.85 fck ⋅ b 0.85
d-c ⎛ a⎞
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.011 Mn ≔ As ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 259.838 ⋅
c ⎝ 2⎠
ϕ ≔ 0.85
2) 간략식 db ≔ 19.1
γ ≔ if db ≤ 19.1 = 0.8
‖ 0.8
‖
else
‖ 1.0
‖ ⎛ Mu ⎞
⎜ ―― ⎟
0.6 ⋅ db ⋅ fy ⎜ ϕ ⎟
ld ≔ α ⋅ β ⋅ γ ―――――――― ld = 0.678
‾‾‾‾‾
fck ⎜⎝ Mn ⎟⎠
λ ⋅ ――
40 ⋅ Atr
Ktr ≔ ――― = 14.26
s⋅n
300 - 2 ⋅ 65 - 19
――――――――――
2
c ≔ ――――――――――= 37.75
2
c + Ktr
――― = 2.723 < 2.5이어야 함
db
⎛ c + Ktr ⎞
C ≔ min ⎜――― , 2.5⎟ = 2.5
⎝ db ⎠
⎛ Mu ⎞
⎜ ―― ⎟
0.9 db ⋅ fy α⋅β⋅γ ⎜ ϕ ⎟
ld ≔ ―――――― ⋅ ――― ⋅ ――= 406.713 >300mm
‾‾‾‾‾
fck C ⎜⎝ Mn ⎟⎠
λ ⋅ ――
4) 판정
Mn
Results ≔ if ld ≤ ―― + la = “Good”
Vu
‖ “Good”
‖
else
‖ “NG”
‖
1) BMD
w ≔ 50 ―― L ≔ 6.7
300
270
240
210
180
150
M ((x)) (( ⋅ ))
120
90
60
30
0
0 0.65 1.3 1.95 2.6 3.25 3.9 4.55 5.2 5.85 6.5 7.15
x (( ))
2) 모멘트저항도
2
As ≔ 1787 fck ≔ 21 fy ≔ 400 b ≔ 300
ϕ ≔ 0.85 d ≔ 540
As ⋅ fy 2
a ≔ ―――― = 133.483 AsD22 ≔ 387.1
0.85 fck ⋅ b
2 ⎛ a⎞
AsD25 ≔ 506.7 Mu ≔ 0.85 ⋅ As ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 287.542 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ a⎞
MnD22_1 ≔ ϕ ⋅ AsD22 ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 62.287 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
⎛ a⎞
MnD25_1 ≔ ϕ ⋅ AsD25 ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 81.532 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
1.163 5.517
300
270
240
M ((x)) (( ⋅ ))
210
60
Mu3 ((x))
30
Mu4 ((x))
0
0 0.65 1.3 1.95 2.6 3.25 3.9 4.55 5.2 5.85 6.5 7.15
x (( ))
Results ≔ if l ≥ ld = “Good”
‖ “Good”
‖
else
‖ “NG”
‖
10.1 D25 철근 4개로 보강된 300mm 정사각형 단면의 띠철근 단주에서 극한허용축하중을
결정하라. 띠철근은 300mm 간격의 D10 철근이다. fck ≔ 28 , fy ≔ 400
Given condition
2
Ast ≔ 4 ⋅ 506.7 db ≔ 25.4
Sol)
1)극한허용축하중은
Ast
ρ ≔ ―― = 0.023 0.01~ 0.08 범위에 있으므로 OK
Ag
3)띠철근 간격의 검토
Given condition
2
Ast ≔ 6 ⋅ 642.4 db ≔ 28.6
Sol)
1)극한허용축하중은
Ast
ρ ≔ ―― = 0.032 0.01~ 0.08 범위에 있으므로 OK
Ag
3)띠철근 간격의 검토
Given condition
Pu ≔ 2000
Sol)
그러므로,
Pu
Ag ≔ ―――――――――――― = ⎡⎣ 1.48 ⋅ 10 5 ⎤⎦ 2
⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤
0.8 ⋅ ϕ ⋅ ⎣ 0.85 ⋅ fck + ρ ⋅ ⎝fy - 0.85 ⋅ fck⎠ ⎦
h ≔ ‾‾‾
Ag = [[ 384.675 ]]
2
Ast ≔ 1
풀이 제약 조건
⎛⎝Ast⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝2.082 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
Asused ≔ 6 ⋅ 506.7 2
= ⎛⎝3.04 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
dtie ≔ 9.53
db ≔ 25.4
Given condition
1.2 ⋅ 900 + 1.6 ⋅ 1000
Pu ≔ ――――――――― = ⎛⎝2.978 ⋅ 10 6 ⎞⎠
0.9
ϕ ≔ 0.65 (띠철근 기둥이므로)
Sol) ρ ≔ 0.02 로 가정
그러므로,
Pu
Ag ≔ ―――――――――――― = ⎡⎣ 1.878 ⋅ 10 5 ⎤⎦ 2
Ag
h ≔ ―――= [[ 469.523 ]]
400
h ≔ 500 로 사용 Ag ≔ 500 ⋅ 400 = ⎛⎝2 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ 2
2
Ast ≔ 1
풀이 제약 조건
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝3.014 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
Asused ≔ 6 ⋅ 506.7 2
= ⎛⎝3.04 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
dtie ≔ 9.53
db ≔ 25.4
3) 띠철근 간격의 결정
Given condition
2
Ast ≔ 6 ⋅ 506.7 db ≔ 25.4 dspiral ≔ 9.53 D ≔ 400
Ag ≔ ―⋅ ((D)) 2 = ⎛⎝1.257 ⋅ 10 5 ⎞⎠ 2
Dc ≔ 300
4
s ≔ 30
Ac ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝Dc⎞⎠ 2 = ⎛⎝7.069 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠ 2
Sol) ρ ≔ 0.02 로 가정
Ast
ρ ≔ ―― = 0.024 0.01~ 0.08 범위에 있으므로 OK
Ag
3)나선철근의 타당성 검토
최소나선철근비는,
⎛ Ag ⎞ fck
ρs ≔ 0.45 ⎜― - 1⎟ ⋅ ――= 0.025
⎝ Ac ⎠ fy
사용된 나선철근비는,
4 ⋅ as ⋅ ⎛⎝Dc - dspiral⎞⎠
ρsused ≔ ―――――― = 0.031
Dc 2 ⋅ s
1. 다음을 구하라.
1) 다음 그림과 같이 기둥에 계수횡하중 PL ≔ 89 이 작용할 때 모멘트를 구하
라.
2) 장주의 하중-변위영향을 고려한 확대모멘트를 구하라. 단 Ec ≔ 25000 이
며 기둥의 유효길이계수 k ≔ 1 로 가정하고 비지지길이 lu ≔ 4.6 이다.
b ≔ 300 h ≔ 300
cm ≔ 1 Pu ≔ 670
Sol) 1)
PL ⋅ lu
Mu ≔ ――= 102.35 ⋅
4
Sol) 2)
b ⋅ h3
I ≔ ――= ⎛⎝6.75 ⋅ 10 -4⎞⎠ 4
12
2
⋅ Ec ⋅ I
Pcr ≔ ――― 2
= ⎛⎝7.871 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
⎛⎝k ⋅ lu⎞⎠
cm
δns ≔ ――――― = 1.128
Pu
1 - ―――
0.75 ⋅ Pcr
Md ≔ δns ⋅ Mu = 115.454 ⋅
1) 세장비 계산
M1 ≔ 108 ⋅ M2 ≔ 113 ⋅
2
A ≔ 300 ⋅ 380 = 0.114
3
300 ⋅ ((380 ⋅ )) 4
I ≔ ――――――― = 0.001
12
‾‾
I
r≔ ―= 109.697
A
k ⋅ lu M1
―― = 36.318 34 - 12 ⋅ ―― = 22.531
r M2
2)
3 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
fck
Ec ≔ 8500 ⋅ ――+ 4 = ⎛⎝2.699 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠
1.2 ⋅ PD
Pu ≔ 484 βd ≔ ――― = 0.33
Pu
0.4 ⋅ Ec ⋅ I
EcI ≔ ――― = ⎛⎝1.114 ⋅ 10 13⎞⎠ ⋅ 2
1 + βd
2
⋅ EcI
Pcr ≔ ――― 2
= ⎛⎝6.924 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
⎛⎝k ⋅ lu⎞⎠
M1
cm ≔ 0.6 + 0.4 ⋅ ―― = 0.982
M2
cm
δns ≔ ――――― = 1.083
Pu
1 - ―――
0.75 ⋅ Pcr
Md ≔ δns ⋅ M2 = 122.408 ⋅
Given conditions
2
b ≔ 400 h ≔ 600 d' ≔ 70 Ast ≔ 5740
‾‾‾‾‾
b ⋅ h3
――
12
r≔ ―― = 0.173
b⋅h
k ⋅ lu
―― = 34.641 34 - 12 ((1)) = 22 그러므로 장주
r
2) 모멘트 확대계수
Es ≔ 200
b ⋅ h3 ⎛
Ig ≔ ――= ⎝7.2 ⋅ 10 9 ⎞⎠ 4
12
Pu ≔ 1.2 ⋅ PD + 1.6 PL = ⎛⎝1.52 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
1.2 ⋅ PD
βd ≔ ――― = 0.474
Pu
0.4 ⋅ Ec ⋅ Ig
EI ≔ ―――― = ⎛⎝5.274 ⋅ 10 10⎞⎠ ⋅ 2
1 + βd
2
⋅ EI ⎛
Pcr ≔ ――― 2
= ⎝1.446 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠
⎛⎝k ⋅ lu⎞⎠
cm Mu
δns ≔ ――――― = 1.163 Md ≔ δns ⋅ ―― = 608.351 ⋅
Pu 0.65
1 - ―――
0.75 ⋅ Pcr
1) e ≔ 0
M 0 ≔ F0 ⋅ e ⋅ =0 ⋅ ϕ0 ≔ 0.65
2) 전단면이 압축일 때
Pn ≔ 0.8 ⋅ F0 = ⎛⎝3.629 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
c≔h
0.003 ⎛ h ⎞ 0.003
εs1 ≔ ((c - d')) ⋅ ――= 0.003 εs2 ≔ ⎜c - ― ⎟ ⋅ ――= 0.002
c ⎝ 2⎠ c
0.003
εs3 ≔ ((c - d)) ⋅ ――= 4.425 ⋅ 10 -4 ϕ1 ≔ 0.65
c
⎛h ⎞
Ms1 ≔ Fs1 ⋅ ⎜―- d'⎟ = 45.695
⎝2 ⎠
⎛h h⎞
Ms2 ≔ Fs2 ⋅ ⎜―- ―⎟=0
⎝2 2⎠
⎛h ⎞
Ms3 ≔ Fs3 ⋅ ⎜―- d⎟ = -7.944
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ h 0.85 ⋅ c ⎞
Mc ≔ Fc ⋅ ⎜―- ――― ⎟ = 93.636 ⋅
⎝2 2 ⎠
M1
e ≔ ―― = 35.894
F1
c≔d
0.003 ⎛ h ⎞ 0.003
εs1 ≔ ((c - d')) ⋅ ――= 0.002 εs2 ≔ ⎜c - ― ⎟ ⋅ ――= 0.001
c ⎝ 2⎠ c
0.003
εs3 ≔ ((c - d)) ⋅ ――= 0 ϕ2 ≔ 0.65
c
⎛h ⎞
Ms1 ≔ Fs1 ⋅ ⎜―- d'⎟ = 45.695
⎝2 ⎠
⎛h h⎞
Ms2 ≔ Fs2 ⋅ ⎜―- ―⎟=0
⎝2 2⎠
⎛h ⎞
Ms3 ≔ Fs3 ⋅ ⎜―- d⎟ = 2.781
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ h 0.85 ⋅ c ⎞
Mc ≔ Fc ⋅ ⎜―- ――― ⎟ = 146.545 ⋅
⎝2 2 ⎠
0.003 ⎛ h ⎞ 0.003 -5
εs1 ≔ ((c - d')) ⋅ ――= 0.002 εs2 ≔ ⎜c - ― ⎟ ⋅ ――= 6.745 ⋅ 10
c ⎝ 2 ⎠ c
0.003
εs3 ≔ ((c - d)) ⋅ ――= -0.002 ϕ3 ≔ 0.65
c
⎛h h⎞
Ms2 ≔ Fs2 ⋅ ⎜―- ―⎟=0
⎝2 2⎠
⎛h ⎞
Ms3 ≔ Fs3 ⋅ ⎜―- d⎟ = 51.257
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ h 0.85 ⋅ c ⎞
Mc ≔ Fc ⋅ ⎜―- ――― ⎟ = 180.476 ⋅
⎝2 2 ⎠
M3
e ≔ ―― = 178.798
F3
0.003 ⎛ h ⎞ 0.003
εs1 ≔ ((c - d')) ⋅ ――= 0.002 εs2 ≔ ⎜c - ― ⎟ ⋅ ――= -0.001
c ⎝ 2⎠ c
0.003 200
εs3 ≔ ((c - d)) ⋅ ――= -0.004 ϕ4 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝-εs3 - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.78
c 3
⎛h ⎞
Ms1 ≔ Fs1 ⋅ ⎜―- d'⎟ = 40.577
⎝2 ⎠
⎛h h⎞
Ms2 ≔ Fs2 ⋅ ⎜―- ―⎟=0
⎝2 2⎠
⎛h ⎞
Ms3 ≔ Fs3 ⋅ ⎜―- d⎟ = 51.257
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ h 0.85 ⋅ c ⎞
Mc ≔ Fc ⋅ ⎜―- ――― ⎟ = 157.242 ⋅
⎝2 2 ⎠
M4
e ≔ ―― = 269.342
F4
0.003 ⎛ h ⎞ 0.003
εs1 ≔ ((c - d')) ⋅ ――= 0.002 εs2 ≔ ⎜c - ― ⎟ ⋅ ――= -0.002
c ⎝ 2⎠ c
0.003 200
εs3 ≔ ((c - d)) ⋅ ――= -0.005 ϕ5 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝-εs3 - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.85
c 3
⎛h ⎞
Ms1 ≔ Fs1 ⋅ ⎜―- d'⎟ = 36.383
⎝2 ⎠
⎛h h⎞
Ms2 ≔ Fs2 ⋅ ⎜―- ―⎟=0
⎝2 2⎠
⎛h ⎞
Ms3 ≔ Fs3 ⋅ ⎜―- d⎟ = 51.257
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ h 0.85 ⋅ c ⎞
Mc ≔ Fc ⋅ ⎜―- ――― ⎟ = 145.334 ⋅
⎝2 2 ⎠
M5
e ≔ ―― = 339.981
F5
c ≔ 69.88
0.003 ⎛ h ⎞ 0.003
εs1 ≔ ((c - d')) ⋅ ――= 4.671 ⋅ 10 -4
εs2 ≔ ⎜c - ― ⎟ ⋅ ――= -0.006
c ⎝ 2⎠ c
0.003
εs3 ≔ ((c - d)) ⋅ ――= -0.012 ϕ6 ≔ 0.85
c
⎛h h⎞
Ms2 ≔ Fs2 ⋅ ⎜―- ―⎟=0
⎝2 2⎠
⎛h ⎞
Ms3 ≔ Fs3 ⋅ ⎜―- d⎟ = 51.257
⎝2 ⎠
⎛ h 0.85 ⋅ c ⎞
Mc ≔ Fc ⋅ ⎜―- ――― ⎟ = 92.861 ⋅
⎝2 2 ⎠
M6
e ≔ ―― = -4.288 ⋅ 10 6
F6
9) P-M 상관도 작성
⎡ F0 ⎤ ⎡ M0 ⎤ ⎡ ϕ0 ⋅ F0 ⎤ ⎡ ϕ0 ⋅ M0 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
F M ϕ ⋅F ϕ ⋅ M1
⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ F2 ⎥ ⎢ M2 ⎥ ⎢ ϕ2 ⋅ F2 ⎥ ⎢ ϕ2 ⋅ M2 ⎥
P ≔ ⎢ F3 ⎥ M ≔ ⎢ M3 ⎥ Pd ≔ ⎢ ϕ3 ⋅ F3 ⎥ Md ≔ ⎢ ϕ3 ⋅ M3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ F4 ⎥ ⎢ M4 ⎥ ⎢ ϕ4 ⋅ F4 ⎥ ⎢ ϕ4 ⋅ M4 ⎥
⎢ F5 ⎥ ⎢ M5 ⎥ ⎢ ϕ5 ⋅ F5 ⎥ ⎢ ϕ5 ⋅ M5 ⎥
⎢F ⎥ ⎢M ⎥ ⎢ϕ ⋅F ⎥ ⎢ϕ ⋅M ⎥
⎣ 6⎦ ⎣ 6⎦ ⎣ 6 6⎦ ⎣ 6 6⎦
5⋅10³
4.5⋅10³
4⋅10³
3.5⋅10³
3⋅10³
2.5⋅10³
2⋅10³
P (( ))
1.5⋅10³
1⋅10³ Pd (( ))
500
0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
-500
M (( ⋅ ))
Md (( ⋅ ))
ln ≔ L - 0.3 ϕ ≔ 0.85
Sol)
1) 높이 결정
L
h ≔ ― = 0.167 h ≔ 180 d ≔ h - 20 - 20 ―― = 0.15
24 2
b ≔ 1000
2) 계수하중 계산
- 외부슬래브
1
Me_out ≔ ― ⋅ wu ⋅ ln 2 = 9.355 ⋅ 외단부
24
1
Me_cen ≔ ― ⋅ wu ⋅ ln 2 = 16.037 ⋅ 중앙부
14
1
Me_in ≔ ― ⋅ wu ⋅ ln 2 = 22.452 ⋅ 내단부
10
- 내부슬래브
1
Mi_out ≔ ― ⋅ wu ⋅ ln 2 = 20.411 ⋅ 양단부
11
1
Mi_cen ≔ ― ⋅ wu ⋅ ln 2 = 14.032 ⋅ 중앙부
16
-외부슬래브 외단부 설계
Me_out
Rn_req_e_out ≔ ――― = 0.489
ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ d2
제약 조건 추측값
ρe_out ≔ 0.0001
⎛ ρe_out ⋅ fy ⎞
ρe_out ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ―――⎟ = Rn_req_e_out
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
풀이
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 0.0012
ρe_out ≔ 0.0012
2
As_e_out ≔ ρe_out ⋅ b ⋅ d = 180
-외부슬래브 중앙부 설계
Me_cen
Rn_req_e_cen ≔ ――― = 0.839
ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ d2
제약 조건 추측값
ρe_cen ≔ 0.0001
⎛ ρe_cen ⋅ fy ⎞
ρe_cen ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ―――⎟ = Rn_req_e_cen
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
풀이
⎛⎝ρe_cen⎞⎠ = 0.0021
ρe_cen ≔ 0.0021
2
As_e_cen ≔ ρe_cen ⋅ b ⋅ d = 315
Me_in
Rn_req_e_in ≔ ――― = 1.174
ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ d2
제약 조건 추측값
ρe_in ≔ 0.0001
⎛ ρe_in ⋅ fy ⎞
ρe_in ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ = Rn_req_e_in
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
풀이
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 0.003
ρe_in ≔ 0.003
2
As_e_in ≔ ρe_in ⋅ b ⋅ d = 450
-내부슬래브 양단부 설계
Mi_out
Rn_req_i_out ≔ ――― = 1.067
ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ d2
제약 조건 추측값
ρi_out ≔ 0.0001
⎛ ρi_out ⋅ fy ⎞
ρi_out ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ―――⎟ = Rn_req_i_out
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
풀이
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 0.0027
ρi_out ≔ 0.0027
2
As_i_out ≔ ρi_out ⋅ b ⋅ d = 405
Mi_cen
Rn_req_i_cen ≔ ――― = 0.734
ϕ ⋅ b ⋅ d2
제약 조건 추측값
ρi_cen ≔ 0.0001
⎛ ρi_cen ⋅ fy ⎞
ρi_cen ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ―――⎟ = Rn_req_i_cen
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
풀이
⎛⎝ρi_cen⎞⎠ = 0.0019
ρi_cen ≔ 0.0019
2
As_i_cen ≔ ρi_cen ⋅ b ⋅ d = 285
5) 온도 수축철근량
2
As ≔ 0.002 ⋅ b ⋅ h = 360
6) 각 위치의 철근량 결정
2 2 2
As_e_out = 180 As_e_cen = 315 As_e_in = 450
2 2
As_i_out = 405 As_i_cen = 285
fr ≔ 0.63 ⋅ ‾‾‾
fck
1
fv ≔ 0.12 ⋅ fck or fv ≔ ―⋅ ‾‾‾
fck
6
2.8
kg
mc ≔ 1920 ―― fck ≔ 21 MPa fcu ≔ fck + 4MPa
m3
3
Ec ≔ 0.077 ⋅ mc 1.5 ⋅ ‾‾‾
fcu Ec = 1.894 ⋅ 10 4 MPa
2.9
kg
mc ≔ 2400 ―― fck ≔ 31 MPa
m3
3
Ec ≔ 0.077 ⋅ mc 1.5 ⋅ ‾‾‾
fcu Ec = 2.647 ⋅ 10 4 MPa
4.1 (가)
3
mc ≔ 2500 fck ≔ 28 Ec ≔ 0.077 ⋅ mc 1.5 ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾
fck + 4 Ec = 3.056 ⋅ 10 4
3
mc ≔ 2300 fck ≔ 21 Ec ≔ 0.077 ⋅ mc 1.5 ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾
fck + 4 Ec = 2.483 ⋅ 10 4
3
mc ≔ 1900 fck ≔ 14 Ec ≔ 0.077 ⋅ mc 1.5 ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾
fck + 4 Ec = 1.671 ⋅ 10 4
3
mc ≔ 2400 fck ≔ 30 Ec ≔ 0.077 ⋅ mc 1.5 ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾
fck + 4 Ec = 2.933 ⋅ 10 4
3
mc ≔ 2200 fck ≔ 22 Ec ≔ 0.077 ⋅ mc 1.5 ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾
fck + 4 Ec = 2.354 ⋅ 10 4
3
mc ≔ 2000 fck ≔ 18 Ec ≔ 0.077 ⋅ mc 1.5 ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾
fck + 4 Ec = 1.93 ⋅ 10 4
4.1 (나)
3
Ei ≔ ―――― = ⎛⎝2.693 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠
0.0001114
18
Esecant ≔ ―――= ⎛⎝1.8 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠
0.001
4.2(다)
3
Ec ≔ 8500 ⋅ ‾‾‾‾‾
fck + 4
fck ≔ 27
Ec = ⎛⎝2.382 ⋅ 10 4 ⎞⎠
fck 0.003
ρmax ⎛⎝β1 , fck , fy , εta⎞⎠ ≔ 0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ――――
fy 0.003 + εta
fck 0.003
ρt ⎛⎝β1 , fck , fy , εtt⎞⎠ ≔ 0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ――――
fy 0.003 + εtt
fy
εtc ⎛⎝fy⎞⎠ ≔ ―――――
200000
⎛ ρc ⋅ fy ⎞
Ruc ⎛⎝ρc , fy , fck⎞⎠ ≔ ϕc ⋅ ρc ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
⎛ ρmax ⋅ fy ⎞
Rumax ⎛⎝ρmax , fy , fck⎞⎠ ≔ ϕmax ⋅ ρmax ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
⎛ ρt ⋅ fy ⎞
Rut ⎛⎝ρt , fy , fck⎞⎠ ≔ ϕt ⋅ ρt ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
ρ c ⋅ fy
ac ⎛⎝ρc , fck , fy⎞⎠ ≔ ―――⋅ d
0.85 ⋅ fck
ρmax ⋅ fy
amax ⎛⎝ρmax , fck , fy⎞⎠ ≔ ―――⋅ d
0.85 ⋅ fck
ρt ⋅ fy
at ⎛⎝ρt , fck , fy⎞⎠ ≔ ―――⋅ d
0.85 ⋅ fck
(가)
β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ = 0.85
amax ⎛⎝ρmax ⎛⎝β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ , fck , fy , εta ⎛⎝fy⎞⎠⎞⎠ , fck , fy⎞⎠ = 182.14
(나)
β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ = 0.85
amax ⎛⎝ρmax ⎛⎝β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ , fck , fy , εta ⎛⎝fy⎞⎠⎞⎠ , fck , fy⎞⎠ = 182.14
(다)
β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ = 0.801
amax ⎛⎝ρmax ⎛⎝β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ , fck , fy , εta ⎛⎝fy⎞⎠⎞⎠ , fck , fy⎞⎠ = 171.64
(라)
β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ = 0.85
amax ⎛⎝ρmax ⎛⎝β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ , fck , fy , εta ⎛⎝fy⎞⎠⎞⎠ , fck , fy⎞⎠ = 182.14
(마)
β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ = 0.85
amax ⎛⎝ρmax ⎛⎝β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ , fck , fy , εta ⎛⎝fy⎞⎠⎞⎠ , fck , fy⎞⎠ = 182.14
(바)
εta ⎛⎝fy⎞⎠ = 0.005 εtt ⎛⎝fy⎞⎠ = 0.006
β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ = 0.801
amax ⎛⎝ρmax ⎛⎝β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ , fck , fy , εta ⎛⎝fy⎞⎠⎞⎠ , fck , fy⎞⎠ = 150.19
(사)
β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ = 0.85
amax ⎛⎝ρmax ⎛⎝β1 ⎛⎝fck⎞⎠ , fck , fy , εta ⎛⎝fy⎞⎠⎞⎠ , fck , fy⎞⎠ = 182.14
(가) D29 철근 3개
As ≔ 1927 ⋅ 2
(표 A.8로 부터)
fs > fy 라 가정
As ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ―――― = 173 c ≔ ―= 203
0.85 fck ⋅ b β1
⎛d-c⎞
εs ≔ ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ 0.003 = 0.005 (항복변형률 보다 크므로 가정이 합당)
⎝ c ⎠
200
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ≔ if εs > εy | ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
‖E ⋅ε | 3
‖ s y| ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85 |
else |
‖ 0.85 |
‖E ⋅ε | ‖ |
‖ s s| else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65|
‖ 0.65 |
‖ |
else |
‖ϕ |
‖ 1 |
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.85
⎛ β1 ⋅ c ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ As ⋅ fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ = 303.765 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠
As ≔ 3854 ⋅ 2
(표 A.8로 부터)
fs > fy 라 가정
As ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ―――― = 345 c ≔ ―= 406
0.85 fck ⋅ b β1
⎛d-c⎞
εs ≔ ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ 0.003 = 0.0011 (항복변형률 보다 작으므로 중립축 재계산 필요)
⎝ c ⎠
제약 조건 추측값
c≔1
d-c
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ β1 ⋅ c ⋅ b = As ⋅ Es ⋅ ――⋅ 0.003
c
풀이
(( )) = 349.561
c ≔ 350
d-c
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.002
c
200
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ≔ if εs > εy | ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
‖E ⋅ε | 3
‖ s y| ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85 |
else |
‖ 0.85 |
‖E ⋅ε | ‖ |
‖ s s| else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65|
‖ 0.65 |
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ = 342.857 ‖ |
else |
‖ϕ |
‖ 1 |
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.65
⎛ β1 ⋅ c ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ As ⋅ fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ = 344.63 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠
As ≔ 4 ⋅ 0.25 ⋅ ⋅ 20 2 2
As = ⎛⎝1.257 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
fs > fy 라 가정
As ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ―――― = 113 c ≔ ―= 133
0.85 fck ⋅ b β1
⎛d-c⎞
εs ≔ ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ 0.003 = 0.0095 (항복변형률 보다 크므로 가정이 합당)
⎝ c ⎠
200
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ≔ if εs > εy | ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
‖E ⋅ε | 3
‖ s y| ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85 |
else |
‖ 0.85 |
‖E ⋅ε | ‖ |
‖ s s| else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65|
‖ 0.65 |
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ = 400 ‖ |
else |
‖ϕ |
‖ 1 |
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.85
⎛ β1 ⋅ c ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ As ⋅ fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ = 210.928 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠
As ≔ 4 ⋅ 0.25 ⋅ ⋅ 28 2 2
As = ⎛⎝2.463 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
fs > fy 라 가정
As ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ―――― = 221 c ≔ ―= 260
0.85 fck ⋅ b β1
⎛d-c⎞
εs ≔ ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ 0.003 = 0.0034 (항복변형률 보다 크므로 가정이 합당)
⎝ c ⎠
200
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ≔ if εs > εy | ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
‖E ⋅ε | 3
‖ s y| ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85 |
else |
‖ 0.85 |
‖E ⋅ε | ‖ |
‖ s s| else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65|
‖ 0.65 |
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ = 400 ‖ |
else |
‖ϕ |
‖ 1 |
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.74
⎛ β1 ⋅ c ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ As ⋅ fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ = 320.577 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠
As ≔ 4 ⋅ 0.25 ⋅ ⋅ 32 2 2
As = ⎛⎝3.217 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
fs > fy 라 가정
As ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ―――― = 288 c ≔ ―= 339
0.85 fck ⋅ b β1
⎛d-c⎞
εs ≔ ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ 0.003 = 0.0019 (항복변형률 보다 작으므로 중립축 재계산)
⎝ c ⎠
제약 조건 추측값
c≔1
d-c
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ β1 ⋅ c ⋅ b = As ⋅ Es ⋅ ――⋅ 0.003
c
풀이
(( )) = 332.604
c ≔ 333
d-c
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.00195
c
200
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ≔ if εs > εy | ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
‖E ⋅ε | 3
‖ s y| ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85 |
else |
‖ 0.85 |
‖E ⋅ε | ‖ |
‖ s s| else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65|
‖ 0.65 |
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ = 391 ‖ |
else |
‖ϕ |
‖ 1 |
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.65
⎛ β1 ⋅ c ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ As ⋅ fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ = 333.961 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠
0.003
As ⋅ fy = 0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ β1 ⋅ ――――― ⋅d⋅b
0.0015 + 0.003
⎛ 2 0.003 ⎞
⎜0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ ――― ⋅ d ⋅ b⎟
⎝ 0.0045 ⎠
As ≔ ――――――――= ⎛⎝2.276 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
(단면에 사용된 철근면적)
fy
0.003
c ≔ ――――― ⋅ d = 300
0.003 + 0.0015
((d - c))
εs ≔ ――― ⋅ 0.003 = 0.0015 < 0.002(= εy ), 압축지배단면
c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.65
‖ 1
⎛ 0.85 ⋅ c ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ As ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ――― ⎟ = 190.832 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠
Asmax ⋅ fy amax
amax ≔ ―――― = 164 cmax ≔ ―― = 193
0.85 fck ⋅ b β1
d - cmax 200
εs ≔ ――― ⋅ 0.003 = 0.004 ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
cmax 3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85 |
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ≔ if εs > εy | ‖ 0.85 |
‖ |
‖E ⋅ε |
‖ s y| else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65|
| ‖ 0.65 |
else |
‖
‖E ⋅ε | |
‖ s s| else
‖ϕ |
‖ 1 |
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ = 400
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.783
⎛ amax ⎞
Mumax ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ Asmax ⋅ fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ = 168.717 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠
As ≔ 0.014 ⋅ b ⋅ d = ⎛⎝1.26 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
⎛d-c⎞
εs ≔ ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ 0.003 = 0.0051
⎝ c ⎠
200
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ≔ if εs > εy | ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
‖E ⋅ε | 3
‖ s y| ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85 |
else |
‖ 0.85 |
‖E ⋅ε | ‖ |
‖ s s| else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65|
‖ 0.65 |
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ = 400 ‖ |
else |
‖ϕ |
‖ 1 |
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.85
⎛ β1 ⋅ c ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ As ⋅ fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ = 162.54 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠
2
L ≔ 3.1 b ≔ 300 d ≔ 600 As ≔ 2534
ωd ≔ 10 ―― fck ≔ 21 fy ≔ 400
fy As
εy ≔ ――――― = 0.002 β1 ≔ 0.85 ρ ≔ ―― = 0.014
200000 b⋅d
fck 0.003
ρb ≔ 0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ―――― = 0.023
fy 0.003 + εy
⎛d-c⎞
εs ≔ ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ 0.003 = 0.0051
⎝ c ⎠
200
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ≔ if εs > εy | ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
‖E ⋅ε | 3
‖ s y| ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85 |
else |
‖ 0.85 |
‖E ⋅ε | ‖ |
‖ s s| else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65|
‖ 0.65 |
fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ = 400 ‖ |
else |
‖ϕ |
‖ 1 |
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.85
⎛ a⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ As ⋅ fs ⎛⎝εs⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 435.398 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
1.2 ⋅ ωd ⋅ L 2 1.6 ⋅ P ⋅ L
―――― + ―――= 435.4 ⋅
8 4
⎛ 1.2 ωd ⋅ L 2 ⎞
⎜Mu - ―――― ⎟⋅4
⎝ 8 ⎠
P ≔ ――――――― = 339.502
1.6 ⋅ L
2
As ≔ 2027 d ≔ 550
1) a를 100으로 가정 a ≔ 100
2) 평형방정식으로 부터 a를 구하자
제약 조건 추측값
a ≔ 101
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ ((((2 ⋅ ((75 mm ⋅ 100 mm)) + ((a - 100 mm)) ⋅ 300 mm)))) = As ⋅ fy
풀이
((a)) = 164
a ((d - c))
a ≔ 164 c ≔ ―= 193 εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.006
β1 c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
3.5
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ
‖ 1
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.85
4)Mu를 구한다.
2
As ≔ 2534 d ≔ 450
1) a를 100으로 가정 a ≔ 100
2) 평형방정식으로 부터 a를 구함
제약 조건 추측값
a ≔ 101
(( )) = 200
a ((d - c))
a ≔ 200 c ≔ ―= 235 εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.003
β1 c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
3.5
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.721
‖ 1
4)Mu를 구한다.
2 2
b ≔ 300 d ≔ 450 d1 ≔ 50 As1 ≔ 2 ⋅ 387 = 774
As ≔ 4 ⋅ 387 2
= ⎛⎝1.548 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
압축철근 항복 여부 확인
As As1
ρ ≔ ―― = 0.0115 ρ1 ≔ ―― = 0.0057 ρ - ρ1 = 0.0057
b⋅d b⋅d
d1 fck 600
0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―⋅ ―― ――――― = 0.011 > ρ - ρ1 압축철근 항복X
d fy 600 - fy
As ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ―――― = 86.723 c ≔ ―= 102.027
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ b β1
⎛ a⎞
Mu ≔ 0.85 ⋅ As ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 160.517 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
c≔1
풀이제약 조건
⎛ c - d1 ⎞
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ β1 ⋅ c ⋅ b + As1 ⋅ Es ⋅ ⎜――⎟ ⋅ 0.003 = As ⋅ fy
⎝ c ⎠
((c)) = 71
c ≔ 50 a ≔ β1 ⋅ c = 43
d-c c - d1
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.024 εs1 ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0
c c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 1.936
⎛ ⎛ a⎞ ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ ⎜c - ―⎟ + As1 ⋅ Es ⋅ εs1 ⋅ ⎛⎝c - d1⎞⎠ + As ⋅ fy ⋅ ((d - c))⎟ = 163.458 ⋅
⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎠
As ≔ 8 ⋅ 506.7 2
= ⎛⎝4.054 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
압축철근 항복 여부 확인
As As1
ρ ≔ ―― = 0.03 ρ1 ≔ ―― = 0.0057 ρ - ρ1 = 0.0243
b⋅d b⋅d
d1 fck 600
0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―⋅ ―― ――――― = 0.011 < ρ - ρ1 압축철근 항복
d fy 600 - fy
⎛⎝As - As1⎞⎠ ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ――――― = 183.731 c ≔ ―= 216.154
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ b β1
d-c
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.0032
c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.75
3.5
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85 |
‖ 0.85 |
‖ |
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65|
‖ 0.65 |
‖ |
else |
‖ϕ |
‖ 1 | ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.75
⎛ ⎛ a⎞ ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜⎛⎝As - As1⎞⎠ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ + As1 ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎛⎝d - d1⎞⎠⎟ = 333.818 ⋅
⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎠
제약 조건 추측값
c≔1
(( )) = 216
c ≔ 216 a ≔ β1 ⋅ c = 184
d-c c - d1
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.00325 εs1 ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.00231
c c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.75
3.5
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.75
‖ 1
⎛ ⎛ a⎞ ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ a ⋅ b ⋅ ⎜c - ―⎟ + As1 ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎛⎝c - d1⎞⎠ + As ⋅ fy ⋅ ((d - c))⎟ = 333.914 ⋅
⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎠
2 2 2 2
As ≔ 6 ⋅ 642 = 3852 As1 ≔ 3 ⋅ 286.5 = 859.5
ωd ≔ 30 ―― fck ≔ 21 fy ≔ 400
fy
β1 ≔ 0.85 Es ≔ 200000 εy ≔ ―= 0.002 εta ≔ 0.004
Es
Sol.
1) Mu계산
As As1
―― - ―― = 0.018
b⋅d b⋅d
d1 fck 600
0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―⋅ ―― ――――― = 0.01 < ρ - ρ1 압축철근 항복
d fy 600 - fy
⎛⎝As - As1⎞⎠ ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ――――― = 224 c ≔ ―= 263
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ b β1
d-c
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.0033
c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.735
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.735
‖ 1
⎛ ⎛ a⎞ ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜⎛⎝As - As1⎞⎠ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ + As1 ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎛⎝d - d1⎞⎠⎟ = 511.873 ⋅
⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎠
그러나 이 보의 보강비가 적정한지 여부를 따져봐야 한다. 규정에 따르면,
ρ - ρ1 < ρmax 이어야 한다.
fck ⎛ 0.003 ⎞
ρmax ≔ 0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―― ⎜―――― ⎟ = 0.016 < ρ - ρ1 (=0.018)
fy ⎝ 0.003 + εta ⎠
d - cmax
εs ≔ ――― ⋅ 0.003 = 0.004
cmax
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.783
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.783
‖ 1
⎛ ⎛ amax ⎞ ⎞
Mumax ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜Asmax ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ + As1 ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎛⎝d - d1⎞⎠⎟ = 512.707 ⋅
⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠
2) ωl =?
kN
ωl = 86.1 ――
m
2 2
As1 ≔ 2 ⋅ 198.6 = 397.2 fck ≔ 28 fy ≔ 400
fy
β1 ≔ 0.85 Es ≔ 200000 εy ≔ ―= 0.002
Es
ωd ≔ 30 ―― ωl ≔ 20 ―― L≔3
ωself ≔ 25 ――
3
⋅ b ⋅ d = 3.125 ――
d1 fck 600
0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―⋅ ―― ――――― = 0.015 < ρ - ρ1 압축철근 항복
d fy 600 - fy
⎛⎝As - As1⎞⎠ ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ――――― = 129 c ≔ ―= 152.2
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ b β1
d-c c - d1
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.0069 εs1 ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.002
c c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.85
‖ 1
⎛ ⎛ a⎞ ⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜⎛⎝As - As1⎞⎠ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ + As1 ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎛⎝d - d1⎞⎠⎟ = 345.646 ⋅
⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎠
외력에 의한 모멘트 보다 단면이 저항할 수 있는 모멘트가 훨씬 크기 때문에 단면은
적합하다.
4.11 T형보의 해석
As ≔ 3 ⋅ 642 2
= ⎛⎝1.926 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
lb ≔ 2.5
fy
fck ≔ 21 fy ≔ 400 β1 ≔ 0.85 Es ≔ 200000 εy ≔ ―= 0.002
Es
1) 유효 플랜지 폭을 결정
16 ⋅ tf + bw = ⎛⎝1.85 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
L
―= ⎛⎝1.35 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠
4
lb = ⎛⎝2.5 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ bf ≔ 1350
2) a 결정
As ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ――――= 31.97 c ≔ ―= 37.612
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ bf β1
3) 단철근보의 휨모멘트 계
산
d-c
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――= 0.033
c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.85
‖ 1
⎛ a⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ As ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 284.21 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
As ≔ 6 ⋅ 506.7 2
= ⎛⎝3.04 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
fy
fck ≔ 21 fy ≔ 400 β1 ≔ 0.85 Es ≔ 200000 εy ≔ ―= 0.002
Es
a≔1
((a)) = 198
a ((d - c))
a ≔ 198 c ≔ ―= 233 εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.0028
β1 c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ――
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.703
‖ 1
75 ⎛ a - 75 ⎞
500 ⋅― + ((a - 75
⋅ 75 )) ⋅ bw ⋅ ⎜75 + ―――― ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
y ≔ ―――――――――――――――――――――― = 82
((500 ⋅ 75 )) + ((a - 75 )) ⋅ bw
fck 0.003
ρw - ρf = 0.01959 > ρmax ≔ 0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ――――― = 0.01626
fy 0.003 + 0.004
amax ≔ 1
⎛⎝amax⎞⎠ = 164
a ((d - c))
a ≔ 164 c ≔ ―= 193 εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.004
β1 c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.783
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.783
‖ 1
75 ⎛ a - 75 ⎞
500 ⋅― + ((a - 75
⋅ 75 )) ⋅ bw ⋅ ⎜75 + ―――― ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
y ≔ ―――――――――――――――――――――― = 68
((500 ⋅ 75 ) (
) + (a - 75 )
) ⋅ bw
⎛⎝As - Asf⎞⎠ ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ――――― = 197.5 c ≔ ―= 232.366
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ bw β1
((d - c))
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.0028
c
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.704
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.704
‖ 1
⎛ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ tf ⎞⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜⎛⎝As - Asf⎞⎠ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ + Asf ⋅ f y ⋅ ⎜ d - ― ⎟⎟ = 315.135 ⋅
⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
Sol. A)의 결과와 같다. 적합한 단면이 아니기 때문에 Sol. A)의 3) 풀
이와 같이 재계산이 필요하다.
amax ≔ 1
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 164
a ((d - c))
a ≔ 164 c ≔ ―= 193 εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.004
β1 c
⎛ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ tf ⎞⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎜Asw ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ + Asf ⋅ f y ⋅ ⎜ d - ― ⎟⎟ = 318.988 ⋅
⎝ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
1) 단면과 철근량 결정
fck 0.003
ϕmax ≔ 0.783 ρmax ≔ 0.85 β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ―――― = 0.016
fy 0.003 + εta
⎛ ρmax ⋅ fy ⎞
Rua ≔ ϕmax ⋅ ρmax ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ = 4.16
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
Mu = Rua ⋅ b ⋅ d 2
‾‾‾‾‾‾
Mu
d≔ ――― = 554.428
Rua ⋅ b
- 철근 선택 시도 1
2
Asused ≔ 2027 N≔4 S ≔ 25 D ≔ 25
- 철근 선택 시도 2
2
Asused ≔ 1927 N≔3 S ≔ 30 D ≔ 29
⎛d-c⎞
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ = 0.006 >0.005
⎝ c ⎠
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.907
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.85
‖ 1
⎛ a⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ Asused ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 336.524 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2
k ≔ -n ⋅ ρ + ((n ⋅ ρ)) + 2 ⋅ n ⋅ ρ = 0.362 x ≔ k ⋅ d = 217.261
1 2
Icr ≔ ―⋅ b ⋅ x 3 + n ⋅ Asused ⋅ ((d - x)) = ⎛⎝3.113 ⋅ 10 9 ⎞⎠ 4
Mu ≔ 320 ⋅
Mu D
fs ≔ n ⋅ ―― ⋅ ((d - x)) = 314.761 Cc ≔ ((h - d)) - ―= 55.5
Icr 2
건조환경이 아닌 그외의 경우
⎛ 210 ⋅ ⎞
s ≔ 375 ⋅ ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ - 2.5 ⋅ Cc = 111.44
⎝ fs ⎠
그러므로 철근의 최대간격은 110mm
⎛ 210 ⎞
s ≔ 300 ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = 200.152 이며, 본 설계는 이를 만족한다.
⎝ fs ⎠
1) 철근량 결정
fck 0.003
ρt ≔ 0.85 β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ―――― = 0.019 ϕt ≔ 0.85
fy 0.003 + εtt
⎛ ρ t ⋅ fy ⎞
Rut ≔ ϕt ⋅ ρt ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ = 4.07
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
Mu ≔ Rut ⋅ b ⋅ d 2 = 284.582 ⋅
As ≔ ρt ⋅ b ⋅ d = ⎛⎝2.655 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
- 철근 선택 시도 1
2
Asused ≔ 2570 N≔4 S ≔ 29 D ≔ 29
- 철근 선택 시도 2
2
Asused ≔ 2383 N≔3 S ≔ 32 D ≔ 32
D
hmin ≔ d + ―+ 50 = 566
2
h ≔ 570 (570mm로 설계)
⎛ D⎞
dactual ≔ h - ⎜40 + 10 + ―⎟ = 504 문제에서 주어진 500mm와 거
⎝ 2⎠ 의 유사함으로 변동없이 적용
- 철근비 적정성 검토 : 적합
1.4 Asused fck 0.003
ρmin ≔ ―― = 0.005 < ρ ≔ ――= 0.017 < ρmax ≔ 0.85 β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ―――― = 0.022
fy b⋅d fy 0.003 + εta
――
⎛d-c⎞
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ = 0.006 > 0.005
⎝ c ⎠
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.944
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.85
‖ 1
⎛ a⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ Asused ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 260.373 ⋅ > 250kNm 적합한 단면
⎝ 2⎠
‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
2
k ≔ -n ⋅ ρ + ((n ⋅ ρ)) + 2 ⋅ n ⋅ ρ = 0.403 x ≔ k ⋅ d = 201.583
1 2
Icr ≔ ―⋅ b ⋅ x 3 + n ⋅ Asused ⋅ ((d - x)) = ⎛⎝2.462 ⋅ 10 9 ⎞⎠ 4
Mu ≔ 250 ⋅
3
Mu D
fs ≔ n ⋅ ―― ⋅ ((d - x)) = 242.395 Cc ≔ ((h - d)) - ―= 54
Icr 2
건조환경이 아닌 그외의 경우
⎛ 210 ⋅ ⎞
s ≔ 375 ⋅ ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ - 2.5 ⋅ Cc = 189.883
⎝ fs ⎠
그러므로 철근의 최대간격은
⎛ 210 ⎞
s ≔ 300 ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = 259.907 40mm이며, 본 설계는 이를 만족한
⎝ fs ⎠ 다.
1) 철근량 결정
fck 0.003
ρt ≔ 0.85 β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ―――― = 0.019 ϕt ≔ 0.85
fy 0.003 + εtt
⎛ ρ t ⋅ fy ⎞
Rut ≔ ϕt ⋅ ρt ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ = 5.42
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
ρreq ≔ 0.0001
풀이제약 조건
⎛ ρreq ⋅ fy ⎞ 2
0.85 ⋅ ρreq ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ ⋅ b ⋅ d = 250 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ f ck ⎠
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 0.0116
1) 대략의 단면 설정
25
-h/b=2.0 가정: d ≔ h - 50 - ――― = 537.5
h ≔ 600 2
d ≔ 530
ρreq ≔ 0.0001
풀이제약 조건
⎛ ρreq ⋅ fy ⎞ 2
0.85 ⋅ ρreq ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ ⋅ b ⋅ d = 144.6 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
⎛⎝ρreq⎞⎠ = 0.0053
2
ρreq ≔ 0.0053 Asreq ≔ ρreq ⋅ b ⋅ d = 842.7
4) 보강 철근과 실제 보강철근비의 결정
- 3D19의 경우 860mm^2
2
Asused
Asused ≔ 860 ρused ≔ ――= 0.0054
b⋅d
1.4
ρmin ≔ ―― = 0.004 < ρused < ρmax = 0.022
fy
――
N≔3 S ≔ 25 D ≔ 19
D
hmin ≔ d + ―+ 50 = 589.5
2
h ≔ 590
⎛ D⎞
dactual ≔ h - ⎜40 + 10 + ―⎟ = 530.5
⎝ 2⎠
dactual ≔ 530 당초 가정이 타당함
5) 중립축 계산 및 인장철근 검토
Asused ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ―――― = 48.2 c ≔ ―= 56.7
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ b β1
d-c
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.025 인장지배단면 ϕ ≔ 0.85
c
6) 설계모멘트의 계산 및 검토
⎛ a⎞
Md ≔ ϕ ⋅ Asused ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 147.928 ⋅ > Mu = 144.6 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠
Given conditions
Sol.
1) 구조해석
- 고정하중만 작용하는 경우
wd ≔ 1.2 ⋅ 30 ――
= 36 ――
L ≔ 2.4
wd 4 wd
Md ⎛⎝x1 , x2⎞⎠ ≔ -―― ⋅ ⎛⎝x1⎞⎠ 2 + ―⋅ wd ⋅ L ⋅ x1 - ―― ⋅ ⎛⎝x2 2 ⎞⎠
2 3 2
x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ 0 Md ⎛⎝x1 , x2⎞⎠ = 0 ⋅
x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ 0 Md ⎛⎝x1 , x2⎞⎠ = 0 ⋅
4
V ⎛⎝x1 , x2⎞⎠ ≔ ―⋅ wd ⋅ L - wd ⋅ x1 + wd ⋅ x2
3
전단력 V가 0이 되는 점에서 최대모멘트이며, 이 점은 x1=(4/3)L임을 알 수 있
다. 따라서 최대모멘트 Md,max=M(3.2, 0)로 다음과 같다.
L ≔ 2.4
wL1 4.5
ML1 ⎛⎝x1 , x2⎞⎠ ≔ -―― ⋅ ⎛⎝x1⎞⎠ 2 + ―― ⋅ wL1 ⋅ L ⋅ x1
2 3
x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ 0 ML1 ⎛⎝x1 , x2⎞⎠ = 0 ⋅
4.5
V ⎛⎝x1 , x2⎞⎠ ≔ ―― ⋅ wL1 ⋅ L - wL1 ⋅ x1
3
전단력 V가 0이 되는 점에서 최대모멘트이며, 이 점은 x1=(4.5/3)L임을 알 수
있다. 따라서 최대모멘트 ML1,max=M(3.6, 0)로 다음과 같다.
L ≔ 2.4
wL2 wL2
ML2 ⎛⎝x1 , x2⎞⎠ ≔ -―― ⋅ L ⋅ x1 - ―― ⋅ x2 2
6 2
x1 ≔ 0 x2 ≔ 0 ML2 ⎛⎝x1 , x2⎞⎠ = 0 ⋅
2) 단면설계
- 대략의 단면 설정
25
-h/b=2.0 가정: d ≔ h - 50 - ――― = 537.5
h ≔ 600 2
d ≔ 530 여기서는 일단 25mm직경의 철근을
사용한다고 가정함.
- 계수모멘트 확인
ρpreq ≔ 0.0001
풀이제약 조건
⎛ ρpreq ⋅ fy ⎞ 2
0.85 ⋅ ρpreq ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ ⋅ b ⋅ d = 368.64 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ f ck ⎠
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 0.0151
ρnreq ≔ 0.0001
풀이제약 조건
⎛ ρnreq ⋅ fy ⎞ 2
0.85 ⋅ ρnreq ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ ⋅ b ⋅ d = 186.62 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 0.007
4D19의 경우 1146mm^2
2
Asnused
Asnused ≔ 1146 ρnused ≔ ――― = 0.0072
b⋅d
1.4
ρmin ≔ ―― = 0.004 < ρnused < ρmax = 0.022
fy
――
N≔4 S ≔ 25 D ≔ 19
4D29의 경우 2570mm^2
2
Aspused
Aspused ≔ 2570 ρpused ≔ ――― = 0.0162
b⋅d
1.4
ρmin ≔ ―― = 0.004 < ρpused < ρmax = 0.022
fy
――
D
hmin ≔ d + ―+ 50 = 594.5 h=600mm 설정 적합
2
h ≔ 600
⎛ D⎞
dactual ≔ h - ⎜40 + 10 + ―⎟ = 535.5
⎝ 2⎠
dactual ≔ 530 당초 가정이 타당함
정모멘트 단면
Aspused ⋅ fy ap
ap ≔ ―――― = 168 cp ≔ ―= 197.6
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ b β1
d - cp
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.005 인장지배단면 ϕ ≔ 0.85
cp
⎛ ap ⎞
Mpd ≔ ϕ ⋅ Aspused ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 389.726 ⋅ > Mu = 368.64 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠
부모멘트 단면
Asnused ⋅ fy an
an ≔ ―――― = 74.9 cn ≔ ―= 88.1
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ b β1
d - cn
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.015 인장지배단면 ϕ ≔ 0.85
cn
⎛ an ⎞
Mpd ≔ ϕ ⋅ Asnused ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 191.917 ⋅ > Mu = 186.62 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠
wd ≔ 12 ―― wl ≔ 15 ―― L ≔ 4.5 b ≔ 350
sol.)
1) 계수모멘트 계산
⎛⎝1.2 ⋅ wd + 1.6 wl⎞⎠ ⋅ L 2
Mu ≔ ―――――――= 388.8 ⋅
2
2) 대략의 단면 설정
25
-h/b=2.0 가정: d ≔ h - 50 - ――― = 637.5
h ≔ 700 2
d ≔ 630
3) 필요 철근비와 철근량 가정
추측값
ρreq ≔ 0.0001
풀이제약 조건
⎛ ρreq ⋅ fy ⎞ 2
0.85 ⋅ ρreq ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ ⋅ b ⋅ d = 388.8 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ f ck ⎠
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 0.0089
4) 보강 철근과 실제 보강철근비의 결정
2
Asused
Asused ≔ 2027 ρused ≔ ――= 0.0092
b⋅d
1.4
ρmin ≔ ―― = 0.004 < ρused < ρmax = 0.022
fy
――
D
hmin ≔ d + ―+ 50 = 692.5
2
h ≔ 700
⎛ D⎞
dactual ≔ h - ⎜40 + 10 + ―⎟ = 637.5
⎝ 2⎠
dactual ≔ 630 당초 가정이 타당함
5) 중립축 계산 및 인장철근 검토
Asused ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ―――― = 97.3 c ≔ ―= 114.5
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ b β1
d-c
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.014 인장지배단면 ϕ ≔ 0.85
c
6) 설계모멘트의 계산 및 검토
⎛ a⎞
Md ≔ ϕ ⋅ Asused ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 400.643 ⋅ > Mu = 388.8 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠
fck ⎛ 600 ⎞
ρb ≔ 0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ⎜―――― ⎟ = 0.034
fy ⎝ 600 + 300 ⎠
0.003 + 0.0015
ρt ≔ ――――― ⋅ ρb = 0.019
0.003 + 0.005
sol.)
1) 지점부 계수모멘트 계산
2) 지점부 대략의 단면 설정
25
-h/b=2.0 가정: d ≔ h - 50 - ――― = 537.5
h ≔ 600 2
d ≔ 500
ρreq ≔ 0.0001
풀이제약 조건
⎛ ρreq ⋅ fy ⎞ 2
0.85 ⋅ ρreq ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ ⋅ b ⋅ d = 180 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 0.0103
2
Asused
Asused ≔ 1548 ρused ≔ ――= 0.0103
b⋅d
1.4
ρmin ≔ ―― = 0.005 < ρused < ρmax = 0.022
fy
――
N≔4 S ≔ 25 D ≔ 22
D
hmin ≔ d + ―+ 50 = 561
2
h ≔ 560
⎛ D⎞
dactual ≔ h - ⎜40 + 10 + ―⎟ = 499
⎝ 2⎠
dactual ≔ 500 당초 가정이 타당함
d-c
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.012 인장지배단면 ϕ ≔ 0.85
c
6) 설계모멘트의 계산 및 검토
⎛ a⎞
Md ≔ ϕ ⋅ Asused ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 180.254 ⋅ > Mu = 180 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 2⎠
d는 길이에 따라 1/10mm 감소하므로,
1 Asused
d ((x)) ≔ 500 - ―⋅ x ρ ((x)) ≔ ―――
10 b ⋅ d ((x))
wtotal wtotal ⋅ L 2 ⎛ a⎞
M ((x)) ≔ wtotal ⋅ L ⋅ x - ――⋅ x 2 - ――― Md ((x)) ≔ ϕ ⋅ Asused ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d ((x)) - ―⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
df ≔ 200
Asused ≔ b ⋅ df ⋅ ρt = ⎛⎝1.138 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
ρreq ≔ 0.0001
풀이제약 조건
⎛ ρreq ⋅ fy ⎞ 2
0.85 ⋅ ρreq ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ ⋅ b ⋅ d = 180 kN ⋅ m
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
⎛⎝ρreq⎞⎠ = 0.0053
2
Asused
Asused ≔ 1146 ρused ≔ ――= 0.0056
b⋅d
1.4
ρmin ≔ ―― = 0.005 < ρused < ρt = 0.019
fy
――
N≔4 S ≔ 25 D ≔ 19
D
hmin ≔ d + ―+ 50 = 739.5
2
h ≔ 740
⎛ D⎞
dactual ≔ h - ⎜40 + 10 + ―⎟ = 680.5
⎝ 2⎠
dactual ≔ 680 당초 가정이 타당함
d-c
εs ≔ ――⋅ 0.003 = 0.024 인장지배단면 ϕ ≔ 0.85
c
wtotal wtotal ⋅ L 2 ⎛ a⎞
M ((x)) ≔ wtotal ⋅ L ⋅ x - ――⋅ x 2 - ――― Md ((x)) ≔ ϕ ⋅ Asused ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d ((x)) - ―⎟
2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
fck 0.003
ρmax ≔ 0.85 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ――――― = 0.019
fy 0.003 + 0.004
Asmax ⋅ fy
amax ≔ ―――― = 173.036 εs ≔ 0.004
0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ b
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.783
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.783
‖ 1
⎛ amax ⎞
Md ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ Asmax ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―― ⎟ = 322.259 ⋅
⎝ 2 ⎠
Mu2
As2 ≔ ―――――― = 604.8 2
As ≔ As1 + As2 = ⎛⎝3.252 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
⎛⎝As - As2⎞⎠ ⋅ fy a
a ≔ ――――― = 173 c ≔ ―= 203.6
0.85 fck ⋅ b β1
⎛d-c⎞ ⎛ c - d' ⎞
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟ = 0.004 εs1 ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ⎜――⎟ = 0.002 압축철근 항복
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠
가) 단철근 직사각형보 설계
1) d와 철근량 결정
fck 0.003
ρt ≔ 0.85 β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ――――― = 0.016 ϕt ≔ 0.85
fy 0.003 + 0.005
⎛ ρ t ⋅ fy ⎞
Rut ≔ ϕt ⋅ ρt ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ = 4.65
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
‾‾‾‾‾
Mu
d≔ ―― = 556.712 d ≔ 560
Rut ⋅ b
As ≔ ρt ⋅ b ⋅ d = ⎛⎝2.276 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
- 철근 선택 시도 1
2
Asused ≔ 2383 N≔3 S ≔ 32 D ≔ 32
- 철근 선택 시도 2
2
Asused ≔ 2570 N≔2 S ≔ 29 D ≔ 29
29
hmin ≔ d + ――― + D + 50 = 653.5
2
h ≔ 660 (660mm로 설계)
⎛ D⎞
dactual ≔ h - ⎜40 + 10 + D + ―⎟ = 566.5 d ≔ 560
⎝ 2⎠
dt ≔ d + D = 589
⎛ dt - c ⎞
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ⎜――⎟ = 0.0045 < 0.005
⎝ c ⎠
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.813
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.813
‖ 1
⎛ a⎞
Mu ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ Asused ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 383.994 ⋅ > 360kNm 적합한 단면
⎝ 2⎠
Given conditions
1) d와 As1을 결정
fck 0.003
ρt ≔ 0.85 β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ――――― = 0.019 ϕt ≔ 0.85
fy 0.003 + 0.005
⎛ ρ t ⋅ fy ⎞
Rut ≔ ϕt ⋅ ρt ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ = 4.07
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
‾‾‾‾‾
Mu1
d≔ ―― = 515.415 d ≔ 520
Rut ⋅ b
As1 ≔ ρt ⋅ b ⋅ d = ⎛⎝2.466 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
2) As2 결정
d' ≔ 70 로 가정하고
Mu2 2
As2 ≔ ――――― = 784.314
ϕt ⋅ fy ⋅ ((d - d'))
3) 실제 사용될 철근을 결정
- 철근 선택 As1은 784 2
+ 2466 2
= ⎛⎝3.25 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
이상의 철근 필요
2
Asused ≔ 3854 N≔3 S ≔ 30 D ≔ 29
- 철근 선택 As2
2
Asused2 ≔ 1013 N≔2 S ≔ 25 D ≔ 25
hmin ≔ d + 30 + 15 + 50 = 615
4) 철근비 적정성 검토
fck d' 600
ρmin ≔ 0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ―⋅ ――――― = 0.013
fy d 600 - fy
fck 0.003
ρmax ≔ 0.85 β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ―――― = 0.022
fy 0.003 + εta
Asused Asused2
ρ ≔ ――= 0.029 ρ1 ≔ ――― = 0.008 ρ - ρ1 = 0.021
b⋅d b⋅d
⎛ dt - c ⎞ ⎛ c - d' ⎞
εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ⎜――⎟ = 0.0045 < 0.005 εs1 ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ⎜――⎟ = 0.0021 항복
⎝ c ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠
200
ϕ1 ≔ 0.65 + ⎛⎝εs - εy⎞⎠ ⋅ ―― = 0.848
3
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ if ϕ1 ≥ 0.85
‖ 0.85
‖
else if ϕ1 ≤ 0.65
‖ 0.65
‖
else
‖ϕ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ = 0.848
‖ 1
⎛ a⎞
Md1 ≔ ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ⋅ Asused1 ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 314.205 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
Md1 Md2
―― = 0.726 ―― = 0.274
Md Md
다) T형보 설계
Given conditions
tf ≔ 75 bf ≔ 500 bw ≔ 250
1) 유효 깊이 d가 주어지지 않았으므로 d를 계산
fck 0.003
ρt ≔ 0.85 β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ――――― = 0.016 ϕt ≔ 0.85
fy 0.003 + 0.005
⎛ ρ t ⋅ fy ⎞
Rut ≔ ϕt ⋅ ρt ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ = 4.65
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
br ≔ 0.6 ⋅ bf = 300
‾‾‾‾‾‾
Mu
d≔ ――― = 508.206 d ≔ 510
Rut ⋅ br
⎛ tf ⎞
Mnf ≔ 0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ tf ⋅ bf ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 361.463 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
ϕt ⋅ Mnf = 307.243 ⋅ < 360kNm(=Mu)
3) Asf 를 계산한다.
4) Mu2 를 계산한다.
⎛ tf ⎞
Mu2 ≔ 0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ ⎛⎝bf - bw⎞⎠ ⋅ tf ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 180.731 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
Mu1 ≔ Mu - Mu2 = 179.269 ⋅
Mu1
Ru1 ≔ ――― = 2.757
bw ⋅ d 2
추측값
ρ1 ≔ 0.0001
풀이제약 조건
⎛ ρ1 ⋅ fy ⎞
0.85 ⋅ ρ1 ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ = 2.757 MPa
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
⎛⎝ ⎞⎠ = 0.0089
ρ1 ≔ 0.0089
5) Asw , As 를 계산한다.
Asw ≔ ρ1 ⋅ bw ⋅ d = ⎛⎝1.135 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
2
As ≔ 2323
6) 강도 및 철근비의 적정성 검토
a ≔ 76
(( )) = 107
a ((d - c))
a ≔ 107 c ≔ ―= 126 εs ≔ 0.003 ⋅ ――― = 0.009
β1 c
ϕ ⎛⎝ϕ1⎞⎠ ≔ 0.85
75 ⎛ a - 75 ⎞
75 ⋅― + ((a - 75
⋅ 500 )) ⋅ 250 ⋅ ⎜75 + ―――― ⎟
2 ⎝ 2 ⎠
y ≔ ―――――――――――――――――――――――― = 47
((75 ⋅ 500 )) + ((a - 75 )) ⋅ 250
철근비를 검토하면,
As Asf
ρw ≔ ――= 0.018 ρf ≔ ――= 0.008 ρw - ρf = 0.011
bw ⋅ d bw ⋅ d
fck 0.003
ρmax ≔ 0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ――――― = 0.019 > ρw - ρf 철근비 만족
fy 0.003 + 0.004
Given conditions
1) 유효 깊이 d가 주어지지 않았으므로 d를 계산
fck 0.003
ρt ≔ 0.85 β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ――――― = 0.016 ϕt ≔ 0.85
fy 0.003 + 0.005
⎛ ρ t ⋅ fy ⎞
Rut ≔ ϕt ⋅ ρt ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ = 4.65
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
br ≔ 0.6 ⋅ bf = 600
‾‾‾‾‾‾
Mu
d≔ ――― = 518.686 d ≔ 520
Rut ⋅ br
⎛ tf ⎞
Mnf ≔ 0.85 ⋅ fck ⋅ tf ⋅ bf ⋅ ⎜d - ―⎟ = 958.8 ⋅
⎝ 2⎠
ϕt ⋅ Mnf = 814.98 ⋅ > 750kNm(=Mu)
3) As 를 계산한다.
Mu
Ru ≔ ―― = 2.774
bf ⋅ d 2
ρ ≔ 0.0001
제약 조건
⎛ ρ ⋅ fy ⎞
0.85 ⋅ ρ ⋅ fy ⋅ ⎜1 - ――― ⎟ = 2.774 MPa
⎝ 1.7 ⋅ fck ⎠
풀이
(( )) = 0.0089
ρ ≔ 0.0089 As ≔ ρ ⋅ b ⋅ d = ⎛⎝1.157 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ 2
3D22사용하면
2
Asused ≔ 1161
철근비를 검토하면,
Asused
ρ ≔ ――= 0.009
bw ⋅ d
fck 0.003
ρmax ≔ 0.85 ⋅ β1 ⋅ ―― ⋅ ――――― = 0.019 > ρ 철근비 만족
fy 0.003 + 0.004