Concept of Sustainable Transport and integrated

Land Use Planning-

An Overview

Manfred Breithaupt
GIZ – Water, Energy, Transport
 The adverse impacts of growth in motorization
- in economic, environmental and social terms - are ruining the quality of life in
our cities and our global climate.

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 Challenges in developing cities

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 Challenges in developing cities

In most cities, mobility is dominated by personal motorized transport.

Many people choose cars to move around…
 Challenges in developing cities

Road transport is a major contributor to air pollution and climate change.

Transport contributes to now 27% of energy-related CO2 emissions and is still growing!
Challenges in developing cities
 Challenges in developing cities

Worldwide, 1.3 Million road deaths and up to 50 Million people injured per year
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…where is the space for people?

the silent pedestrian, the invisible cyclist must be seen
 Urban Transport Challenges
‡ Growing Economy:
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The transport paradox - “Transport is unique as
the only development sector that worsens as
incomes rise. While sanitation, health,
education and employment tend to improve
through economic development, traffic
congestion tends to worsen.”
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Urban Transport Planning Approaches

Traditional Approach Sustainable Approach

Known as

Automobile centered Approach Contemporary Approach, planning

to improve access


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Trends in cities
ƒ Rapidly increasing car ownership
and use
ƒ Declining mode share of public
transport, walking, and cycling
ƒ Declining city centres; rapid
decentralisation into car-oriented
suburban sprawl

Focus was given to road

design:
ƒ More infrastructure for cars
ƒ More space for motorized
vehicles, which let to less density
and often to sprawl
ƒ Unsustainable focus

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 ¾ Greater
demand for
space

¾ Greater impact
on health and
environment

¾ Greater impact
on traffic
¾ Greater
demand for
travel
¾ Living areas
often far away
from
commercial
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activities
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Rankings of Quality of Living

Mercer Quality of Living Survey 2014 – Top 10 (worldwide):

‡ Vienna, Austria (1st) ƒ Düsseldorf, Germany (6th)

‡ Zurich, Switzerland (2nd) ƒ Frankfurt, Germany (7th)
‡ Auckland, New Zealand (3rd ) ƒ Geneva, Switzerland (8th)
‡ Munich, Germany (4th) ƒ Copenhagen, Denmark (9th)
‡ Vancouver, Canada (5th) ƒ Bern, Switzerland (10th)
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Traditional focus was given to road design: More infrastructure for cars, more
space for motorized vehicles, unsustainable focus: Question is, how to use
limited road space best

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Adopt
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Policy and
strategies

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 Transport Demand Management (TDM)

Rationale: “Demand for

transport services is
not given, but depends
on transportation
policies, pricing,
investments & choices”

Definition: „TDM is a strategy which aims to maximize

the efficiency of the urban transport system by
discouraging unnecessary private vehicle use and
promoting more effective, healthy and environmental-
friendly modes of transport, in general being public
transport and non-motorised transport“.
CO2 emissions from passenger transport vs. modal split: Selected
cities, different densities, different lifestyles
 Share (%) of public CO2 emissions (kg
transport, walking per capita per year)
and cycling
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 AVOID/Reduce
Reducing the need to travel

SHIFT
Changing mode choice or at least
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IMPROVE
Increasing the energy efficiency
of vehicles, fuels and transport
operations

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 …so, what is the impact of the Traditional/
automobile oriented approach to land use and
transport planning?
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Strategies to solve the problem

‡ Avoid sprawl
‡ Encouraging mixed Land Use
‡ Dense, compact development
‡ Transit oriented development
‡ Good urban design (buildings
AND public realm)
‡ Not too much land for roads and
parking (normally between 10
and 25% of land in a city, in US
can be up to 45%, incl parking)
The principles of the sustainable approach

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Encourage Compact and Mixed Land use

• Mixed Land-use reduces the

necessity to make some trips
• Distance traveled is greatly
reduced

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 Encourage Compact and Mixed Land use
• Complemented with
space for walking and
cycling

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 Planning Level ǦFailure of Existing Transport
Network
Traffic dependent on major arterial roads even for short
Local Trips!
Experience in the developing world …

Development of … Kathmandu is not very far behind

townships far from
the city center

Homogenous form.
Predominantly
residential. No
mixed use

Connected to the
city center by broad
roads, encourages
automobile use.

Ad-hoc
development; no
public transport,
NMT networks
planned
Urban Density & Carbon Intensity
To sum up, the traditional automobile oriented approach of planning
has resulted in

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Pedestrian friendly connections
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TOD Plan
Influence Zones of Transit Stops

‡ Core station area (400m):

Pedestrian access generates a
significant portion of transit trips.

‡ Primary catchment area (800m):

Bike and pedestrian access are
450 300
major contributors to ridership
Mete
M et e Mete
M et e
r r ‡ Secondary catchment area (1.5 km):
Bike, feeder transit, and auto are the
primary access modes to and from
the stop or station.
Transit Oriented Development (TOD)
Medium-density
residential High-density
Transit line residential

High-density
commercial and
residential

Transit station

Transit users benefits Transit operator Benefits to society

benefits
ƒ More destinations ƒ Increased ridership ƒ Reduced traffic
near transit stations ƒ Lower costs per ƒ Reduced public
ƒ Better walking rider infrastructure / service
conditions ƒ Better image costs
ƒ Increased security ƒ Community liveability
near transit stations ƒ Increased property
values / business
activity / tax revenues
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 Main Components of Sustainable Transport

‡ Public Transport
with priority over
all other modes
on the road
‡ Non-motorised
transport
‡ Creating/conservi
ng public space
‡ PT Integration
‡ TDM measures
Do you see these factors here?
 

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Promoting Public Space
Walking areas, proper sidewalks, cycling network, and car-
restricted zones

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 Promoting NMT
Promoting cycling$PVWHUGDP
 Promoting NMT

Promoting cycling$PVWHUGDP
“In terms of infrastructure, what differentiates advanced cities are
not highways or subways but quality sidewalks and cycleways”
Enrique Penalosa, former Mayor of Bogota, Colombia
 Equity

 “The highest priority

should go to public 2 people
transport, walking and 2 people
non-motorised vehicles
that are accessible to
almost everyone and
have low impacts”
Enrique Peñalosa
BRT Guangzhou (Winner of 2011 STA Award)
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International Experiences reg livable Cities

Europe: Non-European
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All of these successes featured an integrated and packaged approach:

1. High-quality public transport

2. Improved conditions for walking and bicycling
3. Effective integration of modes
4. Supportive land-use policies
5. Car-restriction measures
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Examples: Vienna (#1 Quality of living

Index)
Public Transport and NMT
(PT and NMT not for poorer cities, but smart
solutions, promoting growth and attractive-
ness. Proven to be a success factor for high
income and successful cities)

‡ Integrated Transport Policy: PT, NMT and IMT

‡ Modal Share of PT 36%

‡ More than 2/3 of journeys are done by PT and

NMT

‡ Vienna top ranked in quality of living surveys

conducted by the British consultancy firm
Mercer during years 2009 to 2012

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 Relationship between GDP per Capita and
Individual Motorized Modal Share
Relationship between GDP per Capita and Individual Motorized Modal Share
The transport paradox
“Transport is unique as
the only development
sector that worsens as
incomes rise. While
sanitation, health,
education and
employment tend to
improve through
economic development,
traffic congestion tends
to worsen.”

…but still: Decoupling of

economic growth and
individual motorized
transport is achievable!
Source: IEA, Energy Technology Perspectives, Paris 2008
Perspective
Leadership

World’s best systems

were developed with
high levels of political Enrique Peñalosa
support Lee Myung-bak Former mayor of Bogota
Mayor of Seoul
With strong political
will, anything is
possible

Jaime Lerner
Former mayor of Curitiba
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