Hypothesis

Testing
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
✓ determine whether a hypothesis test is non – directional or directional;

✓ determine whether a directional test is left – tailed or right – tailed;

✓ understand the concept of Type I and Type II errors;

✓ illustrate the rejection region

✓ make decision about the null hypothesis.

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Review:
Direction: Formulate the null and alternative hypothesis.
1. Mr. Wonka believes that his chocolate machine makes
candy bars that are on average of 7 grams.
Solution:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 7
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 7

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Review:
2. The average monthly income of Filipino families who
belong to low – income bracket is ₱ 8,000.
Solution:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = ₱ 8,000
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ ₱ 8,000

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Review:
3. A farmer believes that using organic fertilizers on his plants will yield
greater income. His average income from the past was ₱200,000 per
year. State the hypotheses in symbols.
Solution:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = ₱200,000
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > ₱200,000

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Review:
4. The mean age of senior high school teachers is more than
30 years old.
Solution:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≤ 30
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 30

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Review:
5. The mean weight of volleyball players is at most 140
pounds.
Solution:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≤ 140
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 140

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Review:
6. The mean monthly maintenance cost of a luxury ship is
P450,000.
Solution:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = P450,000
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ P450,000

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Review:
7. Themean IQ of bus driver is below 105.
Solution:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 ≥ 105
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 105

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 Level of Significance
Significance is defined as the quality of being statistically significant.
Level of Significance
• It is denoted by alpha or 𝜶 refers to the degree of significance in
which we accept or reject the null hypothesis.
• 100 % accuracy is not possible in accepting or rejecting a
hypothesis.
• The significance level is also the probability of making the wrong
decision when the null hypothesis is true.
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 Level of Significance
• In public health research, alpha is usually 0.01 or 1%. In social
science, alpha is usually 0.05 or 5% and 0.10 or 10% in other
studies.
• This implies that there is 1%, 5%, or 10% probability of rejecting a
true null hypothesis.

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In symbol, it is written as: Example 1: Maria uses 5% level of significance in
𝛼 = 0.01 proving that there is no significant change in the
𝛼 = 0.05 𝑜𝑟 average number of enrollees in the 10 sections for
𝛼 = 0.10 the last two year. It means that the chance that the
null hypothesis 𝐻0 would be rejected when it is true
is 5%.
If the alternative hypothesis
used ≠, then alpha will be
divided by 2.
𝛼
= 0.005
2
𝛼
= 0.025 or
2
𝛼 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 is the area under the normal curve within
= 0.05 the rejection region. 13
2
 𝛼
In symbol, it is written as: Determine the value of 𝛼 or based on the
2
𝛼 = 0.01 alternative hypothesis in decimal form.
𝛼 = 0.05 𝑜𝑟
Example 2: In 2015, it was recorded that around
𝛼 = 0.10
34% of the population were not married. A
researcher surveyed a random sample of 500
If the alternative hypothesis couples. He found out that 18% of them were living
used ≠, then alpha will be together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level
divided by 2. if the current percentage of unmarried couples is
𝛼 different from 34%.
= 0.005
2 𝜶
𝛼 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓
= 0.025 or 𝟐
2
𝛼
= 0.05 14
2
 𝛼
In symbol, it is written as: Determine the value of 𝛼 or based on the
2
𝛼 = 0.01 alternative hypothesis in decimal form.
𝛼 = 0.05 𝑜𝑟 Example 3: An average construction worker hourly
𝛼 = 0.10 rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with a
standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of
If the alternative hypothesis 20 manufacturing workers were asked on their hourly
used ≠, then alpha will be rate and found out that they had an average of Php
divided by 2. 50 hourly rate pay with a standard deviation of Php
𝛼 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval that he
= 0.005
2 average hourly rate for construction workers is
𝛼
= 0.025 or higher than the average hourly rate for
2
𝛼 manufacturing workers.
= 0.05 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎 15
2
 𝛼
In symbol, it is written as: Determine the value of 𝛼 or based on the
2
𝛼 = 0.01
alternative hypothesis in decimal form.
𝛼 = 0.05 𝑜𝑟
𝛼 = 0.10 Example 4: A chemist invented an additive
to increase the lifespan of rechargeable
If the alternative hypothesis battery. The said additive will extend on
used ≠, then alpha will be average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months.
divided by 2. Test the hypothesis at 0.01 level of
𝛼
2
= 0.005 significance that the average lifespan is
𝛼
= 0.025 or
higher than 48 months.
2
𝛼 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
= 0.05 16
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Directional and Non –
directional Tests
Non – directional test
➔ also called as a two – tailed test.
➔ The probability is found on both tails of the distribution.

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Directional test
➔ also called as a one – tailed test.
➔ The probability is found at the left tail or right tail of the distribution.

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Two – tailed test vs One – tailed test
When the alternative hypothesis is two – sided like 𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2 , it is
called two – tailed test.
When the given statistics hypothesis assumes a less than or greater than
value, it is called one – tailed test.
≠ : not equal, different from, changed from, not the same as
> : greater than, above, higher than, longer than, bigger than, increased
< : less than, below, lower than, shorter than, smaller than, decreased or
reduced from
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Example: The school registrar believes that the average number
of enrollees this school year is not the same as the previous school year.
Let 𝝁𝟎 be the average number of enrollees last year.
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0
If 𝐻𝑎 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 ≠, use a two – tailed test.
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 𝜇0

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Example: However, if the registrar believes that the average number of
enrollees this school year is less than the previous school year, then:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 𝜇0
If 𝐻𝑎 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 <, use the left – tailed test.

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Example: On the other hand, if the registrar believes that the average
number of enrollees this school year is greater than the previous school
year, then:
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 𝜇0
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 𝜇0 If 𝐻𝑎 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠 >, use the right – tailed test.

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Activity 1:
Direction: Determine whether the test is two – tailed or one – tailed. If it
is one tailed, is it left tailed or right – tailed?
1. A nutritionist claims that her developed bread is fortified with vitamin B.
2. A musician believes that listening to classical music affects mood.
3. A storekeeper thinks that time of day influences sale of ice cream.
4. A mother wants to prove that reading books to children improves their
thinking processes.
5. A certain combination of fruits provides the daily requirement for
Vitamin C.
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Understanding Errors
Four Possible Outcomes in Decision – Making
Decision about the 𝑯𝒐

Do not Reject 𝑯𝒐
Reject 𝑯𝒐 (or Accept 𝑯𝒐 )

𝐻𝑜 is true. Type I error Correct decision

Reality
𝐻𝑜 is false. Correct decision Type II error

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 Understanding Errors
Example 1: Maria’s Age
Maria insists that she is 30 years old when, in fact,
she is 32 years old. What error is Mary committing?
Solution:
Mary is rejecting the truth. She is committing a Type I
error.
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 Understanding Errors
Example 2: Stephen’s Hairline
Stephen says that he is not bald. His hairline is just
receding. Is he committing an error? If so, what type
of error?
Solution:
Yes. A receding hairline indicates balding. This is a
Type I error. 28
 Understanding Errors
Example 3: Monkey – Eating Eagle Hunt
A man plans to go hunting the Philippine monkey –
eating eagle believing that it is a proof of his mettle.
What type of error is this?
Solution:
Hunting the Philippine eagle is prohibited by law.
Thus, it is not a good sport. It is a Type II error. 29
Activity 2:
Direction: Analyze the possibilities of Sophia’s conclusion. Identify if it is a
Type I Error , Type II Error, or a Correct Decision.
If Sophia finds out that her null hypothesis is …..
1. true and she fails to reject it, then she commits _____________.
Correct Decision

2. true and she rejects it, then she commits _____________.

Type I Error

3. false and she fails to reject it, then she commits _____________.
Type II Error

4. False and she rejects it, then she commits _____________.

Correct Decision

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Illustration of the
Rejection Region
Rejection Region – also known as the critical region is the
set of all values on the test statistic that causes us to reject
the null hypothesis.
Non – rejection Region (acceptance region) – is the set of
all values of the test statistic that causes us to fail to reject
the null hypothesis.
Critical value – is a point (boundary) on the test distribution
that is compared to the test statistic to determine if the null
hypothesis would be rejected. 32
Acceptance Region Critical region

Acceptance Region

Critical region

Acceptance Region Critical region

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What Have I learned?
Fill in the blanks.
▪ I have learned that ……
▪ level of significance is ___________.
▪ non – directional test is __________.
▪ directional test is _______________.
▪ type I error is __________________.
▪ type II error is __________________.
▪ rejection region is ______________.
▪ non – rejection region is ______________.
▪ critical value is ______________.
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Exercise 1:
Direction: Determine the level of significance on each of the following
problems.
1. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14. A sample of 30 senior
high school students were asked and found out that the mean number of years to
finish their basic education is 12 with a standard deviation of 2 years. Test the
hypothesis at 91% confidence interval that the average number of years to finish
basic education is less than 14 years.
2. A sample of 100 private school students were surveyed whether they planned to
transfer to public school in the incoming school year. Results showed that 40% of
these students will transfer to public school. Test the average number of private
school students that will transfer to public school is not 40% at 5% level of
significance. 39
Exercise 2:
Direction: Determine whether the test is two – tailed or one – tailed. If it
is one tailed, is it left tailed or right – tailed?
1. A researcher claims that method of teaching affects learning.
2. A food additive enhances food flavor.
3. A study habit improves the memory.
4. Health is related to lifestyle.
5. People’s culture affects tourism.

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Exercise 3:
Direction: Identify what type of error is each problem is
committing.
1. Suppose it is the Christmas season and Janine thinks that it
is the month of January, what type of error is she
committing?
2. What type of error is committed when you reject a null
hypothesis when, in fact, it is true?
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Exercise 4:
Direction: Illustrate the rejection region given the critical value
and identify if the t – values lie in the acceptance region or
rejection region.
1. Critical t-value of 2.351, computed t-value of 1.972. The
computed value is at the __________ region.
2. Critical t-value of -1.601, computed t-value of -2.32. The
computed value is at the __________ region.
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