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Oxygen

Carbon
Cell dioxide
membrane
Film of
water

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Gas Exchange/Hydra

O2

CO2

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O2

CO2
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Gas exchange through gills

Gill arch
Oxygen-poor
blood
Lamella • When the mouth is open, the
Direction
of water flow
Oxygen-rich
opercula are closed and water is
Gill arch
blood
drawn in; the mouth then closes and
40
%15%
opercula open, drawing water from
%

the pharynx through gill slits

70

30% 5%
0%

%
60
10

80%

Blood

• Countercurrent mechanism - blood

vessels

% O 2 in water
flowing over
lamellae % O 2 in blood
in capillaries of gill lamellae flows in
Gill
filaments
flowing through capillaries
in lamellae a direction opposite to that of water
Countercurrent exchange acshadsall.bio14

Gills in a Tuna head

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Variations in gills

CO2 O2

O2

CO2

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Tracheal Tubes

Spiracle
opening

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Exhaled air Inhaled air

Alveolar
epithelial Air spaces
cells
CO2 O2

O
CO
2
2

Alveolar
capillaries of lung

CO2-rich, O2-rich,
O2-poor CO2-poor
blood blood

Heart
Tissue
capillaries

2
O
O2
CO2 Interstitial O2
fluid

Tissue cells
acshadsall.bio14 throughout body

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Lungs of birds

lhighoxygen requirements of flying birds require

complete ventilation system
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