4.1 BT PSSR Handouts

Saint Joseph Institute of Technology
PERSONAL SAFETY
AND
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
HANDOUTS
STCW VI/I-4 (IMO Model Courses 1.23)
Compiled by:
Capt. Nestor A. Almero, M.M.
Revision: Initial
Date: March 2015
Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 1 of 58

COURSE OUTLINE:
This course is designed to give trainees a basic introduction to safety procedures and accident prevention
and to familiarize them with the employment condition and working environment on board merchant vessel.
OBJECTIVES
- Identify safety hazards in given situation.
- Select the correct personal protective equipment for shipboard task.
- Adheres to procedures for entry into enclosed spaces.
- Complies with established emergency response plan and procedures.
- Identify emergency alarm signal.
- Take correct action in given emergency drill.
- Understand and action promptly orders commonly given on board ship.
- Communicates clearly and effectively with shipmates and those in authority.
- State that it is a legal requirement to protect the marine environment from pollution by ship.
- Describe the effects of operational or accidental marine pollution.
- Describe procedures adopted on board to minimize marine pollution.
- Describes the danger of drug and alcohol abuse.
- Recognizes effects of drugs and alcohol.
- Demonstrates a harmonious working relationship with other prospective seafarers.
HAZARDS
Is anything that has the potential to cause harm to personnel, equipment or environment.
RISK
Is the probability that a hazard will become active and cause harm?
SAFETY
Relative freedom from danger, risk, or threat of harm, injury, or loss to personnel and/or property, whether
caused deliberately or by accident.
SHIPBOARD FAMILIARIZATION
Seafarer should be able to identify the hazards on the following areas:
GANGWAY & SAFETY NET MAIN DECK

HOLD & HATCHES FORECASTLE & POOP DECK
WINDLASS CRANE OR DERRICKS
MANIFOLD AND DECK PIPELINES ACCOMODATION

BRIDGE
ENGINE ROOM
SHIP FAMILIARIZATION
Locate the following:
1. Muster and embarkation stations;

2. Alarms and the appropriate actions to take if the fire or abandon ship alarm is sounded;
3. Life-saving appliances including life-jackets and their use;
4. Emergency escape routes;
5. Firefighting equipment including demonstrating basic knowledge of the use of portable fire
extinguishers and detection of fire or smoke;
6. Pollution response equipment;
7. Various safety information symbols and signs as well as understanding the fire and lifesaving
appliance plan posted on the bulkhead in the galley passageway;
8. Fire and watertight doors (other than those for hull openings), and
9. Means of emergency communications to report “man overboard” and detection of fire or smoke;
10. Locate the equipment necessary to perform their duties and learn the control and display features
for that equipment;
11. Locate operational manuals or other documentation needed to perform your duties (including the
Safety Management Manual located in the ship’s library);
12. Locate any personal protection gear required to perform your duties, as well as first aid/medical kits
available at the work site;
13. Read and understand relevant standing orders (located on the bridge or in the engine room),
clarifying any unclear or confusing material.
14. Read and understand the Ship’s Safety Management System (SMS) which includes: Safety and
Environmental Policy;
15. Master’s responsibility and authority statements outlined in the Master’s Sailing Orders (located in
the Master’s Office)
16. Crew member’s chain of command;
17. Duty requirements regarding ship safety and pollution prevention;
18. Personnel procedures and resources which are available ashore and aboard the ship.
If you will be serving in a watch keeping capacity, get acquainted with the watch schedule and discuss with
your supervisor a personal work schedule that complies with work hour limits and rest period requirements.
DESIGNATED PERSONS (DP)
The Ship’s Safety Management manual outlines the responsibilities of the DP. In summary, the DP is
responsible for the management, maintenance and communication of the Safety Management System
requirements throughout the Ship’s Marine Operations department.
DIRECTION SIGNS

IMO SYMBOLS

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
- A common name for respiratory protection, eye protection, special working clothes, ear protection,
head protection, different forms of safety shoes and boots, etc.
- You must use PPE to protect yourself from risk that may threaten your safety or health when
working.
- If the work on board cannot all stages be performed and organized so as to ensure safe and
healthy working condition, it shall be ensured that the work can only be performed if PPE is used.
FACE AND EYE PROTECTION
FACE SHIELD and PROTECTIVE GOGGLES
HEAD PROTECTION / SAFETY HELMETS

HEARING PROTECTION
EAR MUFF / EAR PLUG
RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT / SCBA
HAND AND FEET PROTECTION

HAND GLOVES AND SAFETY SHOES
PROTECTION FROM FALLS
SAFETY BELTS, HARNESS, LOWBAR BELT
BODY PROTECTION
COVER ALL, BOILER SUITS, APRON

SHIPBOARD HAZARDS AND it’s PRECAUTION
LOADING AND UNLOADING OPERATION
The following is a guide you may use in:
CARGO OPERATION
- Tell and demonstrate how to work safely
- Never permits personnel to stand or work under suspended sling loads.
- Tell and demonstrate how to grip slings and bridles.
- See that personnel stand out of the bight, and clear of the throw of the block and hook when using
a bull line to move cargo.
- Show personnel how to break down or build piles of slings loads and safely breaks and stow cargo.
- See that your crew does not enter dark places (holds, decks, or compartments) without a light.
- Discourage the wearing of rings, gauntlet-type gloves, and trousers with legs so long that they are
tripping hazards.
- Ensure that your crew wears safety shoes, and helmets while handling cargo.
- Ensure your crew’s alertness.
- Know the location of fire axes, hose, and other firefighting equipment.
- Know how to remove personnel quickly from the hold should a fire develop or they require medical
attention.
- Observe your crew and ensure that they work in a safe manner.

MOORING AND UNMOORING
BEFORE THE MANEUVER
ORGANIZATION AND SAFETY
- The crew should be briefed on the mooring plan and division of labor.
- The crew should wear appropriate protective clothing, including reflecting overalls, helmets, safety
shoes, safety goggles and gloves.
- The workspace should be carefully prepared for the Maneuver.
- The communication equipment connecting the bridge and the mooring stations should be carefully
tested.
- The maneuvers should only be carried out by authorized persons.
- The supervision and operation of the winches should be entrusted to an experience crew member.
- The officers in charge should have an unobstructed view of the situation at all times.
- All supervising officers should be familiar with the nature of the equipment to be used.
WHILE MOORING/UNMOORING
- In order to avoid becoming trapped, always maintain a safe distance from warping ends/drums.
- Sound communication between ship and shore (and tug, if applicable) are essential.
- Never lay ropes or warps around sharp corners.
- When using a winch, the angle to the hawsehole should be as wide as possible.
- Never stand close to ropes or warps under tension, and stay clear of the snap-back zone.

Confined space is a term from labor safety:
A regulation that refers to an area which is enclosed with limited access which makes it dangerous.
- Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit;

- Is large enough for a person to enter to perform tasks;
- Is not designated or configured for continuous occupancy; and
- Has the potential for a significant hazard to be present.
ENTRY INTO ENCLOSED / CONFINED SPACES
HAZARDS
There are seven types of hazardous atmosphere:

 Oxygen depleted or oxygen enriched
 Presence of toxic gases or liquids
 Flammable atmosphere
 Presence of dust
 Absence of free flow of air
- The acceptable range of oxygen inside an enclosed space is between 19.5 % and 23.5% .
- Normal air is made up of 78 % nitrogen (N2); 21% oxygen (02); and 1 % other trace gases.
- An enriched oxygen atmosphere (>23.5% 02) can cause flammable and combustible materials to
burn quickly and violently when ignited.
- Everyone has the right to refuse to enter a space they consider unsafe.
- Do not enter an enclosed space if in doubt, and only do so when the correct procedures have been
followed, even in an emergency.
- Always used an enclosed space entry permit or a tank entry permit.

RISK ASSESMENT
The company should provide guidance on how to carry out risk assessment and any Hazard Identification
(HAZID) techniques that must be used. The hazard register records all the hazards that have been
identified by the various HAZI techniques. Such registers should be “living documents” – continually
reviewed and updated. Enclosed space entry hazards, methods for controlling the hazards and mitigating
measures – steps that can be taken that should reduce the impact of any incident:
All parties to discuss the job to be done in the space:

 What are the hazards of the space and how can they is controlled?
 What are the hazards of the job and how can they is controlled?
 Document the hazards and necessary safety measures and controls secure the space.
 Empty the space if necessary and take steps to prevent the space filling up:
- Lock out valve and pumps; and
- Place notices for bidding their operation.
- Is the space adjacent to other tanks, holds, or pipelines which if not secure could present a danger?
VENTILATE
 Allow sufficient time for the space to be thoroughly ventilated naturally or mechanically.
 Guard any openings against accidental and unauthorized entry test.
TEST
 Test the atmosphere in the space for oxygen content and the presence of flammable and toxic
gases and vapors.
 Do not enter until the atmosphere has been determined to be safe.
PERMIT
 Complete an enclosed space entry permits to work, confirming that communication have been
established between bridge and entry point, and entry point and entry party.
 Emergency rescue equipment is available at the entrance and there are sufficient personnel on
board to form a rescue party.
 All personnel involved are aware of the task and the hazards, and are competent in their role.
 The hazards of the job and of the space have been dealt with
 The atmosphere in the space is safe and ventilated
 The space will be adequately illuminated
 The attendant at the entrance has been appointed.
DURING ENTRY
 Ensure the space is suitably illuminated
 Wear the right Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
 Continue to ventilate the space
 Test the atmosphere at regular intervals
 Communicate regularly
 Be alert and leave the space when requested or if you feel ill
AFTER ENTRY
 Ensure all equipment and personnel are removed from the space
 Close the access of the space to prevent unauthorized entry
 Close the entry permit
 Reinstate any systems as appropriate.

HOT WORKS
HOT WORK is any process that can be a source of ignition when flammable material is present or can be a
fire hazard regardless of the presence of flammable material in the work place.
- Common hot work processes are welding, soldering, cutting and brazing. When flammable
materials are present processes such as grinding and drilling become hot work processes.
- All hot work shall be performed in an Established Welding Area, if possible. Hot work performed in
this area does not require a Hot Work Permit.
- If hot work cannot be performed in an Established Welding Area, then a Hot Work Permit shall be
issued before the work may commence. During hot-work activities the following requirements shall
be met to provide minimal protection to personnel.
- Additional requirements shall be made depending on the nature of the work. Persons performing
hot work activities shall be aware of potential hazards in the area in which they are working and the
requirements specified on the Hot Work Permit designed to mitigate these hazards.
- A Fire Watch shall be present to ensure that sparks, slag and heat generated by the hot work do
not start a fire while the welder is working.
WORKING ALOFT

Shipboard operations – Working aloft permit
- Has pre-meeting been held and personnel clearly instructed of work scope, procedure and
precautions?
- Are personnel carrying out the work, in a physically fit condition for the work?
- Are personnel carrying out the work, wearing appropriate clothing for the work?
- Have personnel carrying out the work been provided with adequate personal protective equipment?
- Has the condition and strength of safety harnesses, lifelines, safety belts been confirmed and
adequate?
- Are bosun chairs, stage boards, scaffoldings and ladders suitable for use and in good condition?
- Has the condition and strength of ropes and lifelines been confirmed and adequate?
- Has equipment been correctly and properly rigged and measures taken to prevent damage by
chafing?
- Have anti-falling measures for tools been taken?
- Taking into account rolling period and wind speed, can the work be carried out safely?
- Has traffic under the working site been prohibited?
- Before working in vicinity of radar scanner, aerials funnel and whistle, have concerned persons
been notified?
- Are warning notices posted at proper places to avoid accident by use of such equipment during
working?
- Is watchman posted where working crew is insufficient to take appropriate measures during
working?
- If using portable ladders, have they been set correctly at suitable places?
WATCHKEEPING AND MAINTENANCE ENGINE ROOM
Ship’s Engine Room
- Keep clean and tidy, floors free from oil or grease spills.
- Initiate “Isolation Procedures” before beginning any maintenance or repairs.
- Repair any oil/ fuel leaks as soon as discovered.
- Check operation of all safety alarms on a daily basis.
- Make sure all safety guards on moving parts are in place.
- Store used oily rags correctly.
- Check operation of emergency cut-offs/ shut downs regularly.

WORKING IN THE GALLEY
SAFETY in the GALLEY

- Always keep the galley clean and tidy.
- Clean up food spills immediately – remember the moving deck!
- Wear correct clothing – non- skid boots.
- Fire blanket and portable extinguisher available.
- All “sharps” kept in correct stowage when not in use.
- Use deep pots, but only half fill them for cooking, less chance of slopping out.
- If deep frying – let fat cool off before moving pots.
- Use “fiddle rails” on stove to stop pots sliding about in a seaway.
- Clean range hood ventilators very regularly.
- After use, turn off gas at bottle as well as at isolation valve near installation.
- Never leave galley operations unattended.
An interpersonal relationship can develop between any of the following:

- Individuals working together in the same organization.
- People working in the same team.
- Relationship between a man and a woman (Love, Marriage).
- Relationship with immediate family members and relatives.
- Relationship of a child with his parents.
- Relationship between friends.
Must have in an Interpersonal Relationship

- Individuals in an interpersonal relationship must share common goals and objectives.
- They should have more or less similar interests and think on the same lines.
- It is always better if individuals come from similar backgrounds.
- Individuals in an interpersonal relationship must respect each other’s views and opinions. A sense
of trust is important.
- Individuals must be attached to each other for a healthy interpersonal relationship.
- It is important for an individual to be honest and transparent.
Relationship between friends

- Friends must be honest to each other.
- Stand by your friends at times of need.
- Avoid leg pulling, criticism and making fun of your friends
- Try not to mix friendship with love as it creates problems and misunderstandings.

TEAM BUILDING
Team Building is a philosophy of job design in which employee are viewed as members of interdependent
teams instead of as individual workers. Team building is an important factor in any environment, its focus is
to specialize in bringing out the best in a team to ensure self -development.
Positive communication, leadership skills and the ability to work closely together as a team to problem
solve. Team building is pursued via a variety of practices, and can range from simple bonding exercises to
complex simulations and multi-day team building retreats designed to develop a team (including group
assessment and group-dynamic games). Team building is not to be confused with “team recreation” that
consists of activities for teams that are strictly recreational. Team building can also be seen in day-to-day
operations of an organization and team dynamic can be improved through successful leadership.
Team Dynamic
When assembling or building a team, five dynamics are fundamental to team success:
The team member: Successful teams are made up of a collection of effective individuals. These are people
who experienced, have problem solving ability, openness to addressing the problem, action oriented.
Team relationship: For a team to be successful the members of the team must be able to give and receive
feedback.
Team problem solving: An effective team depends on how focused and clear the goal of the team is.
Team leadership: A competent leader is focused on the goal, ensures a collaborative climate, builds
confidence of team members, set priorities, demonstrates sufficient “know-how” and manages performance
through feedback.
Organizational environment: The climate and culture of the organization must be conductive to team
behavior.
GOAL
The overall goals of team building are to increase the teams understanding of team dynamics and improve
how the team works together. Unlike working as a group, working as a team incorporates group
accountability rather than individual accountability and results in a collective work product. Team building
encourages the team approach to working on a project.
BENEFITS OF TEAMWORK:
Problem Solving: Each team member has a responsibility to contribute equally and offer their unique
perspective on a problem to arrive at the best possible solution. Teamwork can lead to better decisions,
products, or services.
Accomplish tasks faster: When people work together they can complete tasks faster by dividing the work
to people of different abilities and knowledge.
Healthy competition: A healthy competition in groups can be used to motivate individuals and help the
team excel.
Developing Relationships: A team that continues to work together will eventually develop an increased
level of bonding. This can help people avoid unnecessary conflicts.

Everyone has unique qualities: Every team member can offer their unique knowledge and ability to help
improve other team members.
Six components of collaboration among team members:
1. Communication
2. Coordination
3. Balance of member contributions
4. Mutual support
5. Effort
6. Cohesion (unity)
Communication
(from Latin “Communis”, meaning to share) is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of
thoughts, messages or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing or behavior.
Communication: Requires a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the

receiver need not be present or aware of the sender’s intent to communicate at the
time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in
time and space. Requires that the communicating parties share an area of
communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the
receiver has understood the message of the sender.
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
VERBAL
NON-VERBAL
ICONIC
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
PERIPHERAL LEVEL
IDEAS LEVEL
FEELING LEVEL
GUT LEVEL
SOULMATE LEVEL
METHODS OF COMMUNICATION
Verbal communication is communication that uses words, either written or spoken. This is in contrasts to
non-verbal communication, such as body language.

Nob-verbal communication includes pitch, speed, tone and volume of voice, gestures and facial
expressions, body posture, stance and proximity to the listener, eye movements and contact and dress and
appearance. Transmission of messages by a medium other that speech of writing.
Iconic communication the possibility to the users to communicate using an international language icons.
The communication can take place without the user knowing an international language, which is in our case
English, and even the fact that he/she may not be able to speak. There do exists and symbols (icons),
which are understood internationally.
For example:
Icons on the toilet door, iconic road signs and complex icons on electronic goods.
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is the glue that enables people to work together to accomplish results. It is also subject to
inevitable breakdowns, and these breakdowns can create chaos, hamper timelines, and generate ill will
between people. The ability to communicate effectively is important in relationships, education and work.
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMMUNICATION
UNDERSTANDING
The most important fundamentals in communication is understand. Without this, you cannot call verbal
contact or whatever your communication methods successful.
OVERCOME the BARRIERS
Though most communication barriers require situation specific handling, a few basic methods for dealing
them are available. These methods such as know your subject, focus on the purpose, know your audience,
and be organized.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
The main components of communication process are as follows:
Context: Every communication proceeds with context. The sender chooses the message to communicate
within a context.

Sender / Encoder: Sender / Encoder is a person who sends message. A sender makes use of symbols
(words or graphic or visual aids) to convey the message and produce the required response.
Message: Message is a key idea that the sender wants to communicate. It must be ensured that the main
objective of the message is clear.
The main components of components of communication process:
Medium: Medium is a means used to exchange / transmit the message. The sender must choose an
appropriate medium for transmitting the message else the message might not be conveyed to the desired
recipients.
Recipient / Decoder: Recipient / Decoder is a person for whom the message is intended / aimed /
targeted.
Feedback: Feedback is the main component of communication process as it permits the sender to analyze
the efficacy of the message.
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Physical barriers are easy to spot doors that are closed, walls that are erected and distance between
people all work against the goal of effective communication.
Perceptual barriers, in contrast, are internal. If you go into a situation thinking that the person you are
talking to is not going to understand or be interested in what you have to say, you may end up
subconsciously sabotaging your effort to make your point.
Emotional barriers are important to put aside to engage in conversations. We are often taught to fear the
words coming out of our own mouths, as in the phrase “anything you say can and will be used against you”.
Overcoming this fear is difficult, but necessary.
Cultural barriers are a result of living in an ever shrinking world. Different cultures, whether they be a
societal culture of a race or simply the work culture of a company, can hinder developed communication if
two different cultures clash.
Language barriers there often hidden language barriers that we are not always aware of. If you work in an
industry that is heavy technical language, imagine explaining a situation to a child.
Gender barriers have become less of an issue in recent years, but there is still the possibility for a man to
misconstrue the words of a woman, or vice versa. Men and women tend to form their thoughts differently,
and this must be taken into account when communicating.
Interpersonal barriers are what ultimately keep us from reaching out to each other and opening ourselves
up, not just to be heard, but to hear others. By engaging with others, we learn what our actual strengths and
weaknesses are. This allows us to put forth our ideas in a clear, straightforward manner.
Communication is not a one-way street. To have others open to you, you must be open yourself.
Effective transmissions generate the following:

 desired effect and maintain the effect
 Bring out change
 Generate actions
 Create understanding
 Inform or communicate a certain idea or point of view

Effective listening skills can lead to:
 Better customer satisfaction

 Greater productivity with fewer mistakes
 Increased sharing of information that in turn can lead to more creative and innovative work
Misunderstandings – this could lead to:
 Arguments
 Fights
 Loss of friends
 Loss of employment
 Loss of relationships
 Loss of self-esteem
 Loss of self-confidence
 Loss of value
It’s important to really think things through before speaking, and especially before making major decisions.
When writing, be sure to make several drafts until you are sure it will be understood. Same goes if you need
to speak publicly.
Listening is the ability to accurately receive messages in the communication process. Without the ability to
listen effectively messages is easily become frustrated or irritated.

EMERGENCY
Emergency is any condition situation that endangers or threatens the loss of life, injury to individual, loss
and damage to ship’s property and as well as damage to environment.
A sudden unforeseen crisis (usually involving danger) that requires immediate action
crisis,danger,difficulty,accident,disaster,necessity,catastrophe,predicament,calamity,extremity,quandary,criti
cal situation and urgent situation.
CAUSES OF EMERGENCY
 Internal
 External
ABANDONSHIP
COLLISION

EMERGENCY TOWING
FIRE ON BOARD
HEAVY WEATHER DAMAGE LEADS TO CARGO SHIFTING AND FLOODING

POLLUTION
GROUNDING
MAN OVERBOARD

PIRACY AND TERRORISM
RESCUE FROM CONFINED SPACE
FAILURES

HELICOPTER OPERATION
EMERGENCY
No one is 100% ready for emergency at sea. Anything can happen unexpectedly and every situation is
unique. Nearly all vessels’ casualty is a result of human error.
Fear and confusion may ruin judgment.
PREPARATION VS CHAOS
PRACTICE VS PANIC
The Company, in order to identify potential emergency situations and prepare itself for promptly and
efficiently responding to such situations:
- Ensures that each ship is equipped with all necessary Life-Saving and Fire-Fighting appliances,
security equipment and arrangements required by SOLAS/MARPOL/FLAG STATE.
- Has developed and implements a Safety Drills Program.
- A “Shore Emergency Response Plan” and a “Ship-Board Contingency Plan” providing instructions,
guidelines and communication details for emergency response purposes to both Shore Based
personnel and Sea Going personnel.
- “Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plans (SOPEP)” for each vessel, regarding onboard
mobilization in case of emergency.
- Vessel Response Plans for each vessel regarding onboard mobilization in case of emergency.
- Ensures that the above Emergency Plans developed are drilled and exercised.

EMERGENCY RESPONSE (Contingency) PLAN
Means a detailed program of action to control and/or minimize the effects of emergency requiring prompt
corrective measures beyond normal procedures to protect human life, minimize injury, to optimize loss
control, and to reduce the exposure of physical assets and the environment from an accident.

The important features which are displayed in the Muster Lists are:
TYPES OF EMERGENCY and DIFFERENT ALARMS FOR THE SAME
- Main emergencies like fire, man overboard abandon ship, oil spill etc, are listed along with
dedicated visual and audible alarms.
INSTRUCTION TO FOLLOW IN CASE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF EMERGENCY
- Brief instruction is given in case the alarm for particular emergency is sounded, which includes
actions to be taken by the crew onboard.
COMMOM MUSTER POINT FOR ALL THE CREW
- The common muster point is clearly described if any emergency alarm is sounded.
CREW LIST OF ALL CREW MEMBERS WITH ASSIGNED LIFE BOAT
- The crew name is displayed along with the assigned life boat for abandon ship emergency.
Normally two life boats are assigned in between all the crew member i.e port side and starboard
side life boat.
ASSIGNED DUTIES FOR ABANDON SHIP
- All the crew listed in the muster list is assigned with duties to perform in emergency situation like
carrying EPIRB and SART, lifeboat and life raft launching etc.
DIFFERENT TEAMS WITH ASSIGNED DUTIES FOR THE INDIVIDUAL OF THE TEAM FOR
EMERGENCIES
Different teams are made to tackle emergencies like fire, flooding etc. these are :
1. Command Team: Operated from bridge.

2. Emergency Team 1: Operates at the point of the scenario.
3. Emergency Team 2: Standby team and helping hand for emergency team.
4. Roving Commission: Team working along with all other team.
5. Engine room team, this team stands by in ECR.
SHIP SPECIFICATION AND EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
Ship specifications are displayed along with the communication methods and equipment to be used in case
of emergency.
SPECIAL AND GENERAL INSTRUCTION BY MASTER
A separate section for general and special instruction is provided which is used by the master or the chief
engineer of the vessel to keep inform or to instruct the crew of the ship.

ESCAPE ROUTE
TRANING AND DRILLS DEVELOPED TEAMWORK, FAMILIARIZATION OF EQUIPMENT DEVELOP

EXPERIENCE

What are the benefits of drills?
- Drills help you and your crew responds rapidly and effectively in an emergency situation.
- Drills can help you and your crew prepares to make decisions under pressure.
- Drills can help you identify how your procedures might be improved.
- Drills help new crew to become familiar with the vessel, her equipment and her procedures.
- Drills help regular crew to “keep up to speed” with the vessel, her equipment and her procedures.
- Drills help develop teamwork.
- Drills help develop self-confidence.
- Drills help the crew to build confidence in each other which means you can be more confident in
them.
- Drills help crews develop confidence in you and your ability to deal with an emergency.
- Drills give you the opportunity to check that your safety gear is working and fix it if necessary.
- Drill records show that you are thinking about safety.
INTERNAL COMMUNICATION

MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Towards a Safe, Secure and Efficient Shipping on Cleaner Oceans
Competence: Take precautions to prevent pollution of the marine environment
Specific Learning Objectives: At the end of this season, the students should be able to :
1. Discuss the role of shipping and recognize its impact on the environmental.
2. Briefly describe the complexity and diversity of the marine environment.
3. Define marine pollution and other terms used in the regulations.
4. Identify the sources of pollution and describe the effects of ship operational or accidental pollution.
5. Briefly describe the contents of MARPOL 73/78.
6. Explain the specific measures and procedures adopted to prevent, avoid and contain pollution of
oil, noxious liquid and harmful substances, sewage, garbage and exhaust gases from ships.
OVERVIEW OF SHIPPING AND THE ENVIRONMENT
The shipping industry plays a vital role in underpinning international commerce and the world economy.
Ships provide the only cost effective method of bulk transport over great distances.
The history of shipping had been a glorious one and today it is in another truly golden age.
Shipping is most efficient, safe and environmentally-friendly method of transporting goods.
Shipping operation, however, continue to be a potential threat to the marine environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SHIPPING

Ballast water discharges by ships can have negative impact on the marine environment. Exhaust
emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution. Sound pollution caused
by shipping is a potential threat to marine life. Ship impacts have become a threat of extinction on
marine mammals. Oil spills are most commonly associated with ship pollution. Sewage discharged from
ships can cause bacterial and viral contamination, producing risks to public health. Solid waste
generated on ships can be a threat to marine organisms, human, coastal communities and industries
that utilize marine waters. Bilge water from ships can harm fish and marine wildlife and pose threats to
human health if ingested.
Fishing Practices: intense harvesting and destructive fishing practices, such as cyanide and blast
fishing, damage the reefs. Muro-ami and the use of bottom dragging gear such as beach seines and
trawling damage the corals by abrasion and fracturing.
Excess Nutrients: nitrogen and phosphorus upset the balance of the reef enhancing algae growth and
crowding out corals.
Climate Change: rising sea levels requires coral to grow close to the surface to continue
photosynthesis. Water temperature changes can also induce coral bleaching.
DEFINITION OF MARINE POLLUTION

The introduction by man, directly or indirectly of substances or energy into marine environment.
Consists of garbage or trash like plastics, glass, rubber, tin, metal, paper, wood and cloth, cigarette
butts, plastics, styro foam, paper bags and wrappers, papers, glass pieces, plastic cups and lids and
bottles, metal beverage cans, glass bottles, plastic straws, foamed plastic cups and etc., dunnages,
drums and discarded fishing nets and traps.

SOURCES OF MARINE POLLUTION
Land-based/coastal-based activities;
Continental shelf-drilling;
Sea-bed mining;
Ocean dumping;
Discharges from ships;
Atmospheric source pollution.
EFFECTS OF MARINE POLLUTION

 Aquatic life can be threatened by entanglement, suffocation, and ingestion.
 Entangled sea birds and animals are restricted in their movement causing starvation, laceration and
infection.
 Oil and marine debris are eye sores.
 Oil and other marine pollutants can.
 Cost money in lost tourist revenues, clean up and damaged livelihood.
 Devastating to endanger fishing industry in terms of fish kills.
 Endanger human lives and prevent use of the sea for livelihood and recreation.
OPERATIONAL MARINE POLLUTION

 Discharge of ballast water from fuel oil tanks.
 Discharge of dirty ballast water from ballast tanks and cargo tanks.
 Discharge of slops from tank washing.
 Discharge of oily water from machinery bilges.
 Discharge of sewage.
 Throwing overboard of trash and garbage, plastics, dunnages and hold sweepings.
ACCIDENTAL MARINE POLLUTION

 Overfilling of cargo tanks.
 Wrong handling of valves.
 Faulty or non-functioning equipment.
 Blowing overboard of garbage or washed out from ship by shipping seas.
 Loss of integrity due to groundings, collisions, explosions and cracks from hull.
 Unchecked chemical disposal in bulk or packaged form and ballasting.
SPECIFIC CAUSES OF SHIPBOARD MARINE POLLUTION

 Stranding and Collision;
 Lightening operations;
 Unchecked garbage and sewage disposal;
 Tank cleaning, washing and line flushing;
 Unchecked chemical disposal in bulk or packaged form and blasting

INFAMOUS OIL SPILL INCIDENTS
TORREY CANYON ran aground on Pollard Rock on the Seven Stones Reef, near Lands End,
Cornwall on 18 March 1967.
Amoco Cadiz ran aground on Portsail Rocks off the coast of Brittany, France on 16 March 1978.
Exxon Valdes ran aground at Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska on March 24, 1989.

IMO MARINE POLLUTION MEASURES
Prevention of Operational Pollution – introducing measures in Ship’s construction design, equipment and
operations.
Reduction of Maritime Accidents – enforcing strict standards and navigational procedures.
Reducing the Consequences of Accidents –limiting the size of cargo tanks.
Providing Compensation – providing victims of pollution incidents with compensation for their losses.
Helping in the Implementation – providing technical assistance to governments in developing contingency

plans.
MARPOL 73/78
Internal Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973 as modified by Protocol of 1978.
Superseded OILPOL Convention in 1954.
Ground of Tanker Torrey Canyon in 1967 led to the conference in 1973.
Articles of 1973 Convention to include Protocol I and Protocol II and Protocol of 1978 as well as Annexes.
MARPOL 73/78 ANNEXES
Annex I – Regulation for Prevention of Oil Pollution; implemented 02 October 1983.
Annex II – Regulation for Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk; implemented 06 April
1987.
Annex III – Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged
Form; implemented 01 July 1992.
Annex IV – Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships; implemented on 27 September
2003.
Annex V – Regulation for Prevention of Pollution by Garbage by Ships; implemented 31 December 1988.
Annex VI – Regulation for Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships; implemented 19 May 2005.
Revised Annex I and Adopted on 15 October 2004
(Prevention of Oil Pollution by Oil)
MARPOL 73/78
PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

 Minimize generation of oil and water mixtures.
 Separate oil from water, where mixtures cannot be avoided.
 Set limits to the quantity of oil which may be discharge harmless and take extra protective
measures for special areas and coastal zones.
 To stranding.
 Limit the size of oil cargo tanks.
 Carry oil in ships, which have a greater survival capability in case of damage.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
(Regulation 1, Annex I, MARPOL 73/78)
Oil – petroleum in any form including crude oil, fuel oil, sludge, oil refuse and refined products other than
petrochemicals.
Oil Fuel – any oil used as fuel in connection with the propulsion and auxiliary machinery of the ship.
Crude Oil – any liquid hydrocarbon mixture occurring naturally in the Earth whether or not treated to render
it suitable for transportation.
Oil Tanker – a ship constructed or adapted primarily to carry oil in bulk in its cargo spaces and includes
combination carriers and any “chemical tanker” when it is carrying a cargo or port cargo of oil in bulk.
Crude Oil Tanker – an oil tanker engaged in the trade of carrying crude oil.
Product Carrier – an oil tanker engaged in trade of carrying oil, other than crude oil.
Special Area – sea areas where its oceanographic and ecological condition and character of its traffic,
special methods to prevent pollution is required.
Reception Facilities – facilities in ports and terminals wherein tankers and other ships can discharge oily
residues and oil mixtures as well as sewage and garbage without undue delay.
Segregated Ballast Tanks – tanks which are separated from cargo oil tank and oil fuel tanks systems
permanently allocated for ballast water or cargoes, other than oil or noxious substances.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
(Regulation 1, Annex I, MARPOL 73/78)
Double-Hull Design –hull construction system wherein the entire cargo tank length is protected by an
arrangement of ballast tanks or spaces other than cargo and fuels tanks.
Dedicated Clean Ballast Tanks – tanks dedicated for carriage of clean water ballast, which means the
ballast water has been so cleaned that effluents there from would not produce visible trace of oil on the
surface of the water.
Crude Oil Washing (COW) – rank cleaning system installation and equipment which uses crude oil for tank
washing.
Sludge Tank for Oil Residues – tanks to receive oil residues (sludge) such as those resulting from
purification of fuel and lubricating oils and oil leakages in the machinery spaces.
DISCHARGE OF OIL FROM MACHINERY SPACES
(Outside/Inside the Special Areas)
Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures from ships of 400GT and above shall be prohibited except
when all the following conditions are satisfied: (Regulation 15, Annex I)
 Ship is proceeding to en route

 Oily mixture is processed through an oil filtering equipment and has a sludge tanks for oil residues
 Oil content of the effluent without dilution does not exceed 15 parts per million

 Oily mixture, in case of oil tankers, is not mixed with oil cargo residues.
 In the case of a ship of less than 400 GT, oil and oily mixtures shall either be retained.
 On board (sludge tanks) for subsequent discharge to reception facilities or discharged.
 Into the sea in accordance with following provision: (Regulation 15, Annexes I).
 Ships is proceeding en route.
 Dilution does not exceed 15 parts per million.
 Oily mixture does not originate from cargo pump room bilges on oil tankers.
 Oily mixture, in case of oil tankers, is not mixed with oil cargo residues.
DISCHARGE OF OIL FROM CARGO AREA OF TANKERS
(Outside but not inside the Special Area)
 Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures from the cargo area of an oil tanker shall be
prohibited except when the following conditions are satisfied: (Regulation 34, Annex I).
 More than 50 nautical miles from the nearest land; proceeding en route.
 Instantaneous rate of discharge of oil content does not exceed 30 liters per nautical mile; total
quantity of discharged does not exceed 1/15,000 of the total quantity of cargo, for tankers delivered
on or before 31 December 1979; and 1/30,000 of the total quantity of cargo for tankers delivered
after 31 December 1979; and has in operation an oil discharge monitoring and control system and a
slop tank arrangement.
EXCEPTIONS TO THE DISCHARGE OF OIL/OILY MIXTURES

(Regulation 4, Annex I)
 Necessary for the safety of a ship or saving life at sea.
 Resulted from damage to the ship or its equipment.
 Provided all reasonable precautions have been taken to prevent or, minimize the discharge.
 Except if the owner/Master acted either with intent to cause damage.
 Used to combat pollution incidents to minimize damage.
SPECIAL AREAS FOR PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION

(Regulation I, Annex I)
 Baltic Sea
 Northwest
 European Waters
 Mediterranean Sea
 Black Sea
 Red Sea
 Arabian Gulf
 Gulf of Aden
 Antarctic Ocean
 Gulf of Oman
 South African Waters

OIL RECORD BOOK
Every oil tanker of 150 GT and above and every ship of 400 GT and above other than an oil
tanker shall be provided with an Oil Record Book Part I (Machinery Space Operations)
(Regulation 17, Annex I)
Completed whenever any of the following takes place:
 Ballasting or cleaning of oil

 Fuel tanks
 Discharge of dirty ballast or cleaning water from oil fuel tanks
 Collection and disposal of oil residues (sludge and other oil residues)
 Machinery spaces and bunkering of fuel or bulk lubricating oil
OIL RECORD BOOK

 Each completed operation recorded is signed by the Officer in Charge and each completed page is
signed by the Master. (Regulation 17, Annex I).
 Any failure of the oil filtering equipment shall be recorded in the Oil Record Book.
 Part I. It shall be kept on board and preserved for a period of three (3) years after the last entry.
Every oil tanker of 150 gross tonnage and above shall be provided with an Oil Record Book Part II
(Cargo/Ballast Operations). (Regulation 36, Annex I).
 Completed whenever any of the following takes place.

 Loading/Unloading of oil cargo.
 Internal transfer of oil cargo during voyage.
 Ballasting of cargo tanks and dedicated clean ballast tanks.
 Cleaning of cargo tanks including crude oil washing.
 Discharge of ballast except from segregated ballast tanks and water from slop tanks.
 Closing of all applicable valves or similar devices and those necessary for isolation of dedicated
clean ballast tanks.
 Disposal of residues.
 Each completed operation recorded is signed by the Officer in Charge and each completed page is
signed by the Master.(Regulation 36, Annex I).
 Any failure of the oil discharge monitoring and control system shall be noted in the Oil Record Book
Part II. It shall be kept on board the ship and preserved for a period of three (3) years after the last
entry has been made.
SHIPBOARD OIL POLLUTION EMERGENCY PLAN (SOPEP)

Every oil tanker of 150 GT and above and every ship other than an oil tanker of 400 GT and above
shall carry on board a shipboard oil pollution emergency plan (SOPEP). (Regulation 37, Annex I).
Such plan shall contain the following:

 Procedure to be followed by Master or other persons to report an oil pollution incident.
 List of authorities or persons to be contacted in the event of an oil pollution incident.
 Detailed action to be taken to reduce or control the discharge of oil following the incident.
 Procedures and point of contact for coordinating action with national and local authorities.
 Maybe combined with Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Plan (SMPEP) for noxious liquid
substances.

OBLIGATION TO REPORT OIL POLLUTION INCIDENT
(Protocol I, MARPOL 73/78)
 The master shall render a report or in the absence, the owner, charterer, manager of operator or
agent.
 It shall be made if it involves a discharge above permitted level or probable discharge of oil or
noxious liquid substances.
 Report shall be made with highest priority to the nearest coastal state containing all the information
about the incident to include assistance or salvage required and followed by progress reports.
REVISED ANNEX II and ADOPTED on 15 October 2004

(Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances)
MARPOL 73/78
Entered into force on 01 January 2007
DEFINITION OF TERMS
(Regulation 1, Annex II, MARPOL 73/78)
 Liquid Substance – any substance having a vapor pressure not exceeding 0.28 MPA at a
temperature of 37.8 degree Celsius.
 Noxious Liquid Substances (NLS) – any substance indicated in the Pollution Category column of
the International Bulk Chemical (IBC) Code of provisionally as assessed under the provisions of
Regulation 6 as falling into Category X,Y,Z.
 Solidifying Substance – any NLS with a melting point of less than 15 degree Celsius and at a
temperature of less than 5 degree Celsius above its melting point at the time of unloading or a
melting point of equal to or greater than 15 degree Celsius and at a temperature of less than 10
degree Celsius above its melting point at the time of unloading.
 Non-solidifying substances – any NLS not a solidifying substance.
 International Bulk Chemical (IBC) Code – the International Code for the Construction and
Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk.
 Chemical Tanker – a ship constructed or adapted for the carriage in bulk of any liquid product listed
in Chapter 17 of the IBC Code.
 NLS Tanker – a ship constructed or adapted to carry of Noxious Liquid Substances in bulk and
includes an oil tanker when certified to carry a cargo or part cargo of Noxious Liquid Substances in
bulk.
CATEGORIES OF NLS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES

(Regulation 5, Annex II, MARPOL 73/78)
Category X – an NLS which, if discharged into the sea, present a major hazard to marine resources or
human health and, therefore, prohibited to be discharge into the marine environment.
Category Y – an NLS which, if discharged into the sea, present a hazard to marine resource or human
health or cause harm to amenities and therefore justify a limitation on the quality and quantity of discharge
into the marine environment.
Category Z – an NLS which, if discharged into the sea, present a minor hazard to marine resources or
human health and therefore justify less stringent restrictions on the quality and quantity of discharge into
marine environment.
Other Substances (OS) – as indicated in pollution category column of the IBC Code, they have been
evaluated and found to fall outside Category X,Y, or Z because they present no harm to marine resources,
human health, amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea when discharged into the sea.

Capability
TYPES OF CHEMICAL TANKERS
(IBC CODE)
Type 1 Ship – a tanker intended to transport products with very severe environmental and safety hazards
requiring maximum preventive measures to preclude escape of such cargo.
Type 2 Ship – a tanker intended to transport products with appreciably severe environmental and safety
hazards requiring significant preventive measures to preclude escape of such cargo.
Type 3 Ship – an intended to transport products with sufficiently severe environmental and safety hazards
requiring a moderate degree of containment to increase survival capability in a damaged condition.
DISCHARGE OF RESIDUES OF NLS
The discharge into the sea of residues of substances assigned to Category X, Y or Z or those provisionally
assessed as such or ballast water, tank washing or other mixtures containing such substances shall be
prohibited unless made in full compliance with regulations. (Regulation 13, Annex II).Where regulations
allow the discharge, the following standards shall apply:
 Ship is proceeding en route at not less than 7 knots;

 The discharge is made at a distance of not less than 12 nautical miles from nearest shoreline at a
depth of 25 meters.
 Every ship constructed on or after 1 January 2007 shall provided with pumping and piping
arrangement such that substances in Category X, Y, or Z does retain residue in excess of 75 litres.
(Regulation 12, Annex II).
 For ships constructed before 1 January 2007 the discharge into the sea of residues of substances
in Category Z or those provisionally assessed as such or ballast water, tank washings or other
mixtures containing such substances below the waterline is not mandatory. (Regulation 12, Annex
II).
EXCEPTIONS TO DISCHARGE OF NLS/NLS MIXTURES

(Regulation 3, Annex II)
 Necessary for the safety of a ship or saving life at sea;
 Resulted from damage to the ship or its equipment. Provided all reasonable precautions have been
taken to prevent or, minimize the discharge and except if the owner/Master acted either with intent
to cause damage;
 Used to combat pollution incidents to minimize damage.
CARGO RECORD BOOK

Every ship certified to carry NLS shall be provided with a Cargo Record Book
Wether as part of the ship’s official logbook or otherwise.
(Regulation 15, Annex II)
This book shall record the completion of any operation conducted, such as:
 Loading of cargo
 Internal transfer of cargo
 Unloading of cargo
 Mandatory of pre-wash
 Discharge into the sea of tank washings
 Ballasting of cargo tanks
 Discharge of ballast water from cargo tanks
 Accidental or other exceptional discharge
 Control by authorized surveyors and additional operational procedures and remarks.
In the event of an accidental discharge of NLS or a mixture containing such a substance, an entry shall be
made in the Cargo Record Book stating the circumstances and the reason for the discharge. (Regulation
15, Annex II). Each entry shall be signed by the Master of the ship. It shall be kept in such a place as to be
readily available for inspection and shall be retained for a period of three years after the last entry has been
made.
SHIPBOARD MARINE POLLUTION EMERGENCY PLAN (SMPEP)
Every ship of 150 gross tonnage and above certified to carry NLS in bulk shall carry on board Shipboard
Marine Pollution Emergency Plan (SMPEP) for Noxious Liquid Substances. (Regulation 17, Annex II).
Such a plan shall consists at least of: the procedure to be followed by the Master or other persons to report
a NLS pollution incident; the list of authorities or person to be contacted in the event of a NLS pollution
incident; detailed action to be taken to reduce or control the discharge of NLS following the incident; the
procedure and point of contact for coordinating action with national and local authorities.
Revised Annex III
And Adopted on 13 October 2006
(Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged form)
MARPOL 73/78
Effective 01 January 2010
DEFINITION OF TERMS
(Regulation 1, Annex III, MARPOL 73/78)
Harmful or dangerous substances/goods or US Hazardous Materials (HAZMAT) — are those substances/goods,

which are identified as marine pollutants in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (IMDG Code), or,
which meet the criteria for identification of harmful substances.
Packaged form — the forms of containment specified for harmful substances in the IMDG Code.
IMDG CODE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
 Class 1 —Explosives
 Cl as s 2 — G as es
 Flammable gases
 Non-flammable/non-toxic gases
 Toxic gases
 Class 3 — Flammable liquids
 Class 4 — Flammable solids
 Self-reactive substances and desensitized explosives
 Substances liable to spontaneous combustion
 Substances which, in contact with water, emit flammable gases
 Class 5 — Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides

 Class 6 — Toxic and infectious substances
 Class 7 — Radioactive materials
 Class 8 — Corrosive substances
 Class 9 — Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles
IDENTIFICATION OF DANGEROUS GOODS

Dangerous goods are identified by UN number – a 4 digit number preceded by the letters UN and PSN, -
Proper Shipping Nagge (Kerosene) Ex. UN 1223 Kerosene Dangerous goods are also labelled by symbols
of the hazard class/categories.
HAZARD CLASS/HAZMAT LABELS/CATEGORIES
MARKING AND LABELING OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES

Adequately packaged to minimize the had] involved, having regard to its contents. Durably marked with
correct technical name (UN number and PSN) as well as labeled to indicate the substance is a marine
pollutant The durability of the materials used and the surface of the package should be taken into account.
Small packages may be exempted from the marking requirements.
DOCUMENTATION OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES


All documents relating to carriage of harmful substances shall be further identified by the words "MARINE POLLUTANT."
The documents shall be accompanied by signed certificate or declaration that the shipment is properly packaged,
markedand labeled and in proper condition for carriage. Ship carrying harmful substances shall have a special list or
manifest of such substances and the location is indicated thereof. A stowage plan may be used in lieu thereof. At
any stopover, where loading/ unloading are carried out, a revision of the documents listing the harmful substances on
board, indicating their location of showing a stowage plan, shall be made available before departure to port
authority. When the ship carries a special list or manifest or a stowage plan required for the carriage of
dangerous goods by SOLAS 1974, as amended, the documents required by, this regulation may be combined with
those for dangerous goods.
Revised Annex 1V
And Adopted in 01 April 2004
(Prevention of Pollution by Sewage)
MARPOL 73/78
Entered into force on 01 August 2005
SEWAGE DEFINED
(Regulation 1, Annex IV, MARPOL 73/78)
 Drainage and other wastes from any form of toilets, urinals, and WC scuppers;
 Drainage from medical premises (dispensary, sick bay, etc.) via wash basins, wash tubs and scuppers;
 Drainage front spaces containing living animals;
 Other water waste when mixed with the drainages defined above.
DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE
(Regulation 10, Annex IV, MAPOL 73178)
 The discharge of sewage into the sea is prohibited except when;

 discharging comminuted and disinfected sewage at a distance of more than 3 nm from the
nearest land; or,
 discharging not comminuted or disinfected sewage at a distance of more than 12 nm from
the nearest land;
 The sewage stored in holding tanks shall be discharged when the ship is en route at not less
than 4 knots.
 The ship may have a sewage treatment plant in lieu of the sewage comminuting and
disinfecting system;
EXCEPTIONS TO THE DISCHARGE

OF SEWAGE
(Regulation 3, Annex IV, MARPOL 73/78)
 Necessary for the safety of a ship or saving life at sea; or,

 Resulted from damage to the ship or its equipment provided all reasonable precautions have been
taken to prevent or, minimize the discharge; and,
Revised Annex V
was Adopted on 15 July 2011
(Prevention of Pollution by Garbage)
MARPOL 73/78
Will enters into force on 01 January 2013
PRINCIPLES OF PREVENTING GARBAGE POLLUTION
 Reduction on the generation of garbage do board ship

 Segregation of garbage
 Rec yc ling of garbage, and
 Garbage disposal at port reception facilities.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
(Regulation 1, Annex V, MARPOL 73/78
 Garbage— all kinds of food waste, domestic and operational waste all plastics, cargo residues,
cooking oil, fishing gear, and animal carcasses generated during the normal operation of the ship and
liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically, except fresh fish and parts thereof generated
as a. result of fishing activities.
 Domestic waste — all kinds of waste generated in the accommodation spaces on board ship.
 Operational waste — all solid wastes collected on board during the normal maintenance or
operations of a ship, or used for cargo stowage and handling.
 Food waste — any spoiled or unspoiled food substances and includes fruits, vegetable, dairy
products, poultry, meat products, and food scraps generated aboard ship.
 All Plastics — all garbage that consists of or includes plastics (high molecular mass polymers) in
any form, including synthetic ropes, synthetic fishing nets, plastic garbage bags and incinerator ashes
from plastic products.
 Incinerator ashes — ash and clinkers resulting from shipboard incinerators used for incineration of
garbage.
 Animal carcass— bodies of any animals carried on board as cargo and that die or euthanized
during the voyage.
 Cooking oil- any type of edible oil or animal fat used or intended to be used for the preparation or
cooking of food, but does not include the food itself.
 Fishing gear - any physical device or part thereof or combination of items that may be placed on or in
the water or on the sea bed with the intended purpose of capturing, or controlling for subsequent
capture or harvesting, marine or fresh water organism.

GENERAL PROHIBITION
(Regulation 3, Annex V, MARPOL 73/78)
 Discharge of all garbage into the sea is prohibited.

 Discharge into the sea of all plastics, including but not limited to synthetic ropes, synthetic
fishing nets, plastic garbage bags and incinerator ashes from plastic products is
prohibited.
 Discharge into the sea of cooking oil prohibited.
DISCHARGE OF GARBAGE OUTSIDE SPECIAL AREAS

 Discharge of the following garbage into the sea shall only be permitted while the ship is en
route and as far as practicable far from the nearest land, but in any case not less than: 3 nautical
miles for food waste which have passed through a comminute or grinder (25mm screen openings);
12 nautical miles for food waste that have not been treated above
 12 nautical miles for cargo residues; and As far from the nearest land as possible for animal
carcasses. Discharge of the following garbage into the sea shall only be permitted while the ship
is en route and as follows:
 As far as practicable from the nearest land but not less than 12 nautical miles for food waste which
have passed through a comminute or grinder (25mm screen openings);
 As far as practicable from the nearest land but not less than 12 nautical miles for cargo residues
provided: they do not include any substances classified as harmful to the marine environment; die
port of departure and die next port of destination are within the special area; and no adequate
port reception facilities are available in those ports.
GARBAGE PLACARD AND MANAGEMENT PLAN
Every ship of 12 m or more in length shall display placards which notify the crew and passengers of the
garbage discharge requirements. Every ship of 100GT and above and every ship carrying 15 persons or
more shall carry a Garbage Management Plan. This plan shall provide written procedures for
minimizing, collecting, storing, processing and disposing of garbage including-the use of equipment
on board. A person (s) in charge shall be designated for carrying out the plan. Every ship of 400GT
and above and every ship carrying 15 persons or more shall be provided with a Garbage Record Book.
This book shall record the following: each discharge into the sea or reception facility, or incineration
signed on the date by the OIC and each completed page by the Master, the entry for each shall include
date, time, position of ship, category of garbage, and estimated amount; it shall be kept on board and
preserved for at least two (2) years from the date of last entry; in the event of accidental loss, an entry
shall be made on the location, circumstances and reason, details of items discharged or lost and the
precautions taken to prevent or minimize the discharge or loss.

SPECIAL AREAS FOR PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY GARBAGE
 North Sea
 Baltic Sea
 W ider Caribbean Region
 Mediterranean Sea
 Black Sea
 Red Sea
 Ar abian G ulf
 Antarctic Ocean
Revised Annex VI and Adopted on 10 October 2008
(Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships)

MARPOL 73/78
Entered into force on 01 July 2010
DEFINITION OF TERMS
(Regulation I, Annex VI, MARPOL 73178
Emission — any release of substances, subject to control from ships into the atmosphere
or sea.
Emission Control Area — an area where the adoption of special mandatory, measures for emissions from
ships is required to prevent, reduce and control air pollution from NOx or Sox and particulate matter or all
three types of emissions and their adverse impacts on human health and the environment.
Shipboard Incineration — the incineration (or burning) of wastes or other matter on board ship, if such
wastes or other matter were generated during the nonnal operation of that ship.
Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) — controlled substances defined in the Montreal Protocol on
substances that deplete the ozone layer. OAS that may be found on board ships are:
 Halon 1221 (Bromochlorodifluoromethane)

 Halon . 1301 (Bromotrifluoromethane)
 Halon 2402 (Dibromotetraflouroethane)
 CFC —11 (Trichlorofluoromethane)
 CFC — 12 (Dichlorodifluorom ethane)
 CFC — 113 (Trichlorotrifluoroethane)
 CPC — 114 (Dichlorotetrafluoroethane)
 CFC — 115 (Chloropentafluoroethane)
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) — gases made up of oxygen and nitrogen that are formed when certain fuels are
bunted at a high temperature, such as in combustion, and emitted by vehicle and marine engines.
Sulphur Oxide (Sox) and Particulate Matters (PM) — gases with pungent, unpleasant and irritating odor
emanating from volcanoes and fossil fuels as well as the process of combustion.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) — chemical compounds emitting odors that have high vapor pressure,
which results in their evaporation in the air as found in cleaning agents, paints, thinners and strippers,
adhesives, cosmetics and aerosols.
CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS
Prohibition in deliberate emission of ODS contained in installations, systems and equipment except
those that are permanently sealed; ODS-contained installations
except HFC (hydro-chlorofluorocarbons) on ships constructed after 19 May 2005; and, HFC contained
installations on ships constructed after 1 January 2020. (Regulation 12).
Maintenance of ODS Record Book for ships of 400GT and above. The record book shall enter the
following:
 recharge, full or partial, of equipment containing ODS;

 4- repair or maintenance of equipment containing ODS;
 discharge of ODS to the atmosphere, deliberate and non-deliberate;
 discharge of ODS to land-based reception facilities; and supply of ODS to the ship.
 Reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from marine engines to certain standards with
the most stringent controls on the so-called "Tier III" engines, i.e. those installed on ships constructed
on or after 1 January 2016. (Regulation 13).
 Reduction of sulphur oxide (SOx) from 3.50% effective 1 January 2012; to 0.50% effective I
January 2020, subject to review to be completed by 2018. (Regulation 14).
 In Sulphur Emission Control Areas (SECAs), reduction will be 1.00% beginning 1 July 2010 to
0.10% effective 1 January 2015. (Regulation 14).
Provisions for VOC emission from tankers and installation of Vapor Emission Control System in
ports and/or tankers for use during loading of relevant cargoes.(Regulation 15).
Implementation of VOC Management Plan for tankers carrying crude oil. Such plan shall be specific to
each ship and shall at least: provide written procedures for minimizing VOC emissions during the loading, sea
passage and discharge of cargo; give consideration to the additional VOC generated by crude oil washing and;
identify a person responsible for implementing the plan.
Allowing shipboard incineration only in a shipboard incinerator and prohibiting the incineration of
following substances (Regulation 16):residues of cargoes subject to Annex I, II or III or related
contaminated packing materials;
 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); garbage, as defined by Annex V, con 12302 training more than
traces of heavy metals;
 refined petroleum products containing halogen compounds; sewage sludge and sludge oil either
of which are not generated on board the ship; and exhaust gas cleaning system residues.
 Allowing shipboard incineration only in a shipboard incinerator and prohibi ting the incineration
of following substances (Regulation 16):residues of cargoes subject to Annex ], II or 111 or related
contaminated packing materials;
 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs);garbage, as defined by Annex V, containing more than traces of
heavy metals;

 refined petroleum products containing halogen compounds; sewage sludge and sludge oil either
of which arc not generated on board the ship; and exhaust gas cleaning system residues.
CONTROL OF EMISSION FROM SHIPS
Promoting the availability of compliant fuel oils for combustion purposes in ports and terminals, which
meets the following requirements (Regulation 18):
 fuel oil shall be blends of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum refining, includ ing incorporation
of small amounts of additives intended to improve some aspects of performance;
 fuel oil shall be free from inorganic acid; and fuel oil shall not include any added substance or
chemical waste which: jeopardizes the safety of ships or adversely affects the performance of the
machinery, or is harmful to personnel, or contributes overall to additional air pollution.

Duties of the Employer/Agency/Master
 To faithfully comply with the stipulated terms and conditions of this contract, particularly the
prompt payment of wages, remittance of allotment and the expeditious settlement of valid claims
of the seafarer.
 To make operational on board the vessel the grievance machinery provided in this contract and
ensure its free access at all times by the seafarer.
 To provide a seaworthy vessel for the seafarer and take all reasonable precautions to prevent
accident and injury to the crew including provision of safety equipment fire prevention, safe and
proper navigation of the vessel and such other precautions necessary to avoid accident, injury
or sickness to
 the seafarer.
 To observe the Code of Ethics for Seafarer's and conduct himself in the traditional decorum of a
master.
Duties of the Seafarer

 to faithfully comply with and observe the terms and \conditions of this contract. Violation of which
shall be subject to disciplinary action pursuant to Section 33 of this contract;
 to abide by the Code of Discipline as provided in the POEA rules and regulations governing
overseas contract workers and the Code of ethics for Seafarers;
 to be obedient to the lawful commands of the Master or any person who shall lawfully succeed
him and to comply with company policy including safety policy and procedures and any
instructions given in connection therewith.
 to be diligent in his duties relating to vessel, its stores and cargo, whether on board, in boats or
ashore; and
 to conduct himself in any orderly and respectful manner towards passengers and shippers
stevedores, port authorities and other persons on official business with the ship.
COMPONENT OF A GOOD AND HARMONIOUS RELATIONSHIP
 MAN IN RELATION TO HIMSELF

 RO LE
 ROLE CONFLICT
 STATUS
 THE SELF
 THE I NDIVIDUAL
 BEHAVIOR
 MOTIVATION ROLE is a pattern of actions expected of a person in activities involving others.
 When other people have different perceptions of a person's role, ROLE CONFLICT comes in.
 STATUS is the social rank of a person within a group. It represents the recognition, honor and
acceptance given to a person by the member of the group.

 THE SELF
your existence your beingness
your feeling 'I Am. (I exist) your awareness
your consciousness your spirit
 An INDIVIDUAL is a person or a specific object.

 Individuality (or selfhood) is the state or quality of being an individual; a person separate from
other persons and possessing his or her own needs or goals
 Human behavior refers to the range of behaviors exhibited by humans and which are
influenced by culture, attitudes, emotions, values, ethics, authority, rapport, hypnosis, persuasion,
coercion and/or genetics
 Motivation is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal apd
elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors. It can be considered a driving force; a
psychological drive that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal.
 Motivation may be rooted in a basic impulse to optimize well-being, minimize physical pain and
maximize pleasure.
It can also originate from specific physical needs such as eating, sleeping or resting, and sex.
There are factors that influenced the human development and behaviors.
Biological / parental inheritance; environment, where he was born, cultural peculiarities of the place where
he was born and reared; educational influence; and working environment
Importance of Good Human Relationship
 Promote harmony and understanding— at home, at work or anywhere else.

 Confidence in oneself when dealing with others.
 Promote better motivation among employees / shipmates.
 Avail of some service or benefits not ordinarily extended to others.
Effects of Poor Human Relations

 Problems at home — broke homes, separation, misunderstanding among relatives, etc.
 Problems at work area — demotions, intrigues, termination of contract, etc.
 Problems in the community — misunderstanding with neighbors, misjudgment from people.

ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION
FACTORS TO ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE
 Pressure/Stress
 Boredom
 Homesickness
 Long hours of work
 Job fatigue
 Shift work
 Escape from problems
 Performance enhancer
 Access to Supply
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
PRIMARY PREVENTION
 Education and information

 Prevention program as a curriculum in Maritime schools
 Prevention program course to be integrated with upgrading course or included in their in house training
program
 PDOS – Pre-departure Orientation Seminar
PERSONAL HEALTH & HYGIENE
 Proper hygiene and sanitation

 Adequate rest and exercise
 Proper nutrition / balance diet / substantial meal
 Avoidance of vices such as:
- Smoking
- Excessive alcohol intake
- Drugs and substance abuse - Unsafe sexual practice

CONTROL OF FATIGUE
OBJECTIVES
Develop awareness of the principal dimensions of fatigue and relate its effect on a personal level.
Comprehend the short and long term fatigue symptoms including its effects and possible preventive and
mitigating measures.
Develop strategies for preventing and mitigating fatigue.
Competence: Understand and take necessary actions to control fatigue Specific Objectives:
Upon completion of the topic, the students should be able to: Define fatigue.
Explain the factors affecting fatigue and their characteristics. Identify the causes of seafarers'
fatigue.
Recognize the signs and symptoms of fatigue and its effect on seafarers. Discuss the possible preventive
and mitigating measures to control fatigue. Develop strategies that will reduce seafarers' fatigue and its
consequences.
THE ISSUE OF FATIGUE

A major safety concern in many fields, especially in transportation as fatigue can result in disastrous accidents.
An internal precondition for unsafe act leading to errors as it negatively affects the human internal state.
It degrades human performance at work.
DANGERS POSED BY FATIGUE ON SEAFARERS

More risks to human lives, property damage and environmental disasters Economic losses due to fines for
accidents and/or increased insurance premiums serious health implications to seafarers
FATIGUE: IMO DEFINITION

"A reduction in physical and/or mental capability as the result of physical, mental or emotional exertion which may
impair nearly all physical abilities including: strength; speed; reaction time; coordination; decision making; or balance."
FACTORS AFFECTENG FATIGUE

Circadian Rhythm — tendency of humans to experience a regular schedule and normal cycle in attentiveness and
sleepiness through the 24-hour day.
Sleep — need of a human body to have an average of 7-8 hours of continuous, goodquality sleep per 24-hour day.
Stress — inability or difficulty of an individual to cope with overwhelming environmental demand or threat.
FACTORS AFFECTING SEAFARERS' FATIGUE

A seafarer is a captive of shipboard work environment
He/she works and lives away from home, on a vessel subjected to unpredictable environmental factors.
There is no clear separation between shipboard work and recreation.
The crew is composed of various nationals who work and live together for long periods of time.
Shipping activities are more complex than shore industries due to varied ship-types; pattern and length of voyage,
port rotation, and stay in port.

CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
A biological clock or body clock, a biochemical, physiological or behavioral process in humans, animals or plants
that drive an endogenous, entrain able oscillation of about 24 hours.
It affects the body temperature, alertness, appetite, hormone secretion, as well as sleep timing
The rhythm is built-in (endogenous), and are adjusted (entrained) to the local environment and by external cues like
daylight.
HUMAN CIRCADIAN BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
CREW SPECIFIC CAUSE OF FATIGUE
 Sleep and rest

 Biological clock / Circadian rhythm
 Age
 Health
 Stress
 Ingested chemicals
 Workload
 Shift and work schedules
 Jet lag

MANAGEMENT CAUSES OF FATIGUE
 Organizational Factors
 Staffing policies and retedt03n
 Role of riders and shore personnel
 Schedules-shift, overtime, breaks
 Company culture and management style
 Paperwork requirements
 Econom ics
 Resources
 Training and selection of crew
 Upkeep of vessel
 Rules and regulations
 Voyage and Scheduling Factors
 Frequency of port calls
 Time between ports
 Routing
 Weather and Sea condition on route
 Traffic density on route
 Nature of duties/workload while in port
SHIP-SPECIFIC CAUSES OF FATIGUE

 Ship design
 Level of automation
 Level of redundancy
 Ship motion, noise and vibration
 Age of vessel
 Inspection and maintenance
 Equipment reliability
 Physical comfort in work spaces
 Physical comfort of accommodation spaces
 Location of quarters
ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF FATIGUE

Internal Condition
Temperature — heat, cold
Humidity
Noise
Vibration
External Condition
Sea
Weather
Port
Vessel traffic

SPECIFIC CAUSES OF FATIGUE
Lack of sleep
Poor quality of sleep
Insufficient rest time between work periods
Poor quality of rest Stress
Food (timing, frequency, content and quality)
Poring and repetitive work
Noise or vibration Ship movement
Medical conditions and illnesses
Ingesting chemicals
Jet-lag
Excessive work load
EFFECTS OF FATIGUE
 Detrimental on state of alertness, particularly on bridge watch keeping and lookout duties
 Significantly impair performance, such as; decision-making, response time, judgment, coordination, etc.
 Susceptible to errors of attention and memory like, omission of steps in sequence
 Often select risky strategies as they require less effort to execute.

 Affect ability to perceive, interpret or understand stimuli, and can take longer reaction time.
 Affects problem-solving skill especially in handling new tasks.

 Affect performance and reduce crew effectiveness and efficiency: decrease productivity; lower standards of work
which may all lead to errors.
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL STRESSOR ON SEAFARERS

 Unable to lift a heavy box or walk as far as you could
 Experience decline in performance or impair the ability to perform
 Fall asleep, react very slowly or be inattentive
 Affect one's judgment, productivity, work efficiency and quality
 Increase risks to the individual, the crew, the ship and its cargo
 Incur safety problems that can lead to serious occupational accidents
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSOR ON SEAFARERS

 Difficulty in falling asleep or sleep soundly and eventually stiffer sleep deprivation
 Build up a stressful condition
 Addiction to alcohol and drugs
 Disruptive thinking and behavior
 Exertion of extra effort or difficulty in maintaining balance
 Medical and mental health problems
 Anxiety and depression

EFFECTS OF SCHEDULE CHANGES ON SEAFARER'S FATIGUE
 Can lead to accidents

 Long hours of work may lead to insufficient recuperative rest
 The likelihood of reporting impaired health due to fatigue increases in relation to exposure to them
 Fatigue reduces the individual well-being and increases the risk of acute illnesses and life-threatening
chronic diseases
 Fatigue and reduced performance may lead to ill-health and reduce life-span among seafarers
HOW TO MITIGATE FATIGUE

 Interest and opportunity - an interesting challenge, an exciting idea, a change in work routine or anything
new and different may help to keep you awake.
 Environment - bright lights, cool dry air, obtrusive or loud music or other annoying irregular sounds, and some
invigorating aromas may temporarily increase alertness.
 Food and consumption of chemicals— caffeine in coffee and tea or in colas and chocolate may combat
sleepiness in some people for short periods.
 Muscular activity - any type of physical exercise helps to keep you alert; running, walking, stretching or even
chewing gum can stimulate your level of alertness.
 Social interaction — conversation can help you stay awake.
 Job rotation - changing the order of activities, where personnel are assigned tasks that include variety in the
nature of tasks, can be beneficial in breaking up job monotony.
 "Strategic Napping" as a short-term relief technique to help maintain performance levels during long periods
of wakefulness.
HOW TO REDUCE CREW'S FATIGUE
 Ensuring compliance with the minimum hours of rest and/or maximum hours of work
 Utilizing rested personnel in lieu of newly reported ones expected to go on watch as soon as they arrive
 Encourage reporting when fatigue is impairing one's performance without recriminations
 Scheduling drills in a manner that minimizes the disturbance of rest/sleep periods
 Establishing an efficient scheduling of ship's work and rest periods, 'catch keeping and other duties
 Mixing tasks to break monotony and combining work that requires high demand with low-demand tasks
 Scheduling potentially hazardous tasks for daytime hours

 Promoting the need to accomplish the individual record keeping of hours rested or worked
 Appraising traditional work and areas of responsibility to establish an efficient utilization of resources
 Ensuring that shipboard conditions are maintained in good state
 Assessing and evaluating incidence of fatigue and taking note of lessons learned

 Increasing awareness of the long-term health care and appropriate lifestyle behavior
HOW TO PREVENT THE ONSET OF FATIGUE

 Get the very best quality and quantity of sleep i.e an average of 7-8 hours of uninterrupted, deep sleep per 24-hour day.
 Take a rest or break from ship's work to maintain the physical requirement in the performance of the job the need of
which shall be based on the length and intensity or a change in activity.
GUIDELINES ON DEVELOPING GOOD SLEEPING HABITS
 Develop and follow a pre-sleep routine to promote sleep at bedtime

 Make the sleep environment conducive to sleep
Ensure that you will have no interruptions during your extended period of sleep.
 Consider relaxation techniques such as meditation and yoga

 Satisfy any other physiological needs before frying to sleep
 Avoid alcohol and caffeine prior to sleep
GUIDELINES FOR MAINTAINING PERFORMANCE

 Take strategic naps
 Get sufficient sleep
 Ensure continuous periods of sleep
 Eat regular, well-balanced meals.
 Take breaks when scheduled breaks are assigned
 Develop and maintain good sleep habits
 Exercise regularly
 Manage hours of work and rest by maintaining individual records
 Maintain fitness for duty including Medical fitness.
RULES AND REGULATIONS TO DEAL WITH FATIGUE
 Flag Administration guidelines

 Company policies
 ILO Maritime Labor Convention (MW) 2006
 STCW Convention and Code

 ISM Code

IMPORTANCE OF REST
 Prevents commission of unsafe acts that may lead to human error, hence, accidents 113
 Preserves one's fitness and health condition

 Enhances one's mental alertness and physical agility
 Provides time to recover from strenuous work
 Gives someone a break from routine and monotonous activity
 Heals the trauma on the body's muscle fibers caused by over physical exertion
 Replenishes the energy that the body has lost
 Helps improve one's performance and quality of work
 Regains one's physical strength and stamina
MINIMUM REST PERIOD
 The 2010 STCW Convention has adopted the 2006 Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) work and rest hour
requirements for seafarers
 Section A-1/111/1, Chapter III of the STOW Code provides that all persons who ore assigned duty as OIC of the
Watch or as Ratings Forming Part of the Watch and those whose duties involve designated safety, prevention of
pollution and security duties shall be provided with a rest period of not less than:
 A minimum of 10 hours of rest in any 24-hour period; and
 77 hours in any 7-day period
 Seafarers must always have 10 hours rest in any 24 hour period with no exceptions, except in an emergency;
 It is mandatory to maintain records of each individual seafarers rest
hours, which may be inspected by Port State Control;
 The rest hour limits apply to most seafarers on board including Masters, not only watch keepers.
 From January 2012, seafarers will need to review and sign a record of their work/rest hours at least once a
month, to ensure compliance with minimum rest hours as stipulated
 Seafarers must always have 10 hours rest in any 24 hour period with no exceptions, except in an emergency;
 It is mandatory to maintain records of each individual seafarers' rest hours, which may be inspected by Port
State Control;
 The rest hour limits apply to most seafarers on board including Masters, not only watch keepers.
-END OF PERSONAL SAFETY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY-

NOTES
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Saint Joseph Institute of Technology

STCW VI/I-4 (IMO Model Courses 1.23)

Capt. Nestor A. Almero, M.M.

Date: March 2015

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 1 of 58

GANGWAY & SAFETY NET MAIN DECK

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 2 of 58

WINDLASS CRANE OR DERRICKS

MANIFOLD AND DECK PIPELINES ACCOMODATION

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 3 of 58

Locate the following:

1. Muster and embarkation stations;

DESIGNATED PERSONS (DP)

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 5 of 58

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 6 of 58

FACE AND EYE PROTECTION

FACE SHIELD and PROTECTIVE GOGGLES

HEAD PROTECTION / SAFETY HELMETS

EAR MUFF / EAR PLUG

RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT / SCBA

HAND AND FEET PROTECTION

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 9 of 58

The following is a guide you may use in:

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 10 of 58

BEFORE THE MANEUVER

ORGANIZATION AND SAFETY

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 11 of 58

- Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit;

ENTRY INTO ENCLOSED / CONFINED SPACES

There are seven types of hazardous atmosphere:

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 12 of 58

All parties to discuss the job to be done in the space:

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 13 of 58

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 14 of 58

WATCHKEEPING AND MAINTENANCE ENGINE ROOM

Ship’s Engine Room

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 15 of 58

SAFETY in the GALLEY

An interpersonal relationship can develop between any of the following:

Must have in an Interpersonal Relationship

Relationship between friends

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 16 of 58

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 17 of 58

Six components of collaboration among team members:

Communication: Requires a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 18 of 58

OVERCOME the BARRIERS

The main components of communication process are as follows:

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 19 of 58

The main components of components of communication process:

Effective transmissions generate the following:

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 20 of 58

 Better customer satisfaction

Misunderstandings – this could lead to:

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HEAVY WEATHER DAMAGE LEADS TO CARGO SHIFTING AND FLOODING

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RESCUE FROM CONFINED SPACE

Basic Training – Personal Safety and Social Responsibility – Handouts Page 25 of 58

Fear and confusion may ruin judgment.