LFR LOGIC BASE

REPORT

Group Member:
Mufaddal Arif
(1745155)
Zeeshan Rafiq
(1745176)
INTRODUCTION:
It is a machine that follows a line, either a black line on white surface or vise-
versa. For Beginners it is usually their first robot to play with. In the following
steps you will completely understand the concept of line follower.

Now we are going to build a line follower which will follow black line on a white
surface, we will be using two IR sensor pair which will have an IR LED and Photo
diode.

WORKING OF IR SENSOR:

Generally IR rays will be reflected by white surface while black surface will absorb
IR rays.In the line follower that we are going to build, both the IR sensors will be
on the white surface . IR rays will be emitted and reflected back which will be
detected by the Photo diode, in this state the IR sensor will send a HIGH digital
signal ("1"). similarly when the sensor is on a black surface IR rays will be emitted
and will not be reflected back which will be absorbed by the black surface, in this
state the IR sensor will send LOW digital signal ("0"). Thus with these digital values
1 and 0 we can easily identify the state of the sensors.
COMPONENTS:

1) IC7805 Voltage Regulator - 1

2) L293D Motor Driver - 1

3) IR LED pair - 2

4) 300-500rpm DC Motor - 2

5) Battery 9v-12v - 1

6) Vero Board - 1

7) Chasis - 1

8) Castor wheel - 1

9) Wheels - 2
We will be using two DC motors. These motors will work when they are
connected to any DC power source and the direction of rotation of the motor can
be changed by changing the polarity of the source.

IC L293D will be used to control the motors which will work with digital I/O .
Assume that the input given to the motor through L293D is HIGH("1") and
LOW("0"), that will make the motors to rotate in clockwise direction, similarly
when the inputs are LOW("0") and HIGH("1") the motor will rotate in
anticlockwise direction. But when both the inputs are same (1 & 1 or 0 & 0) the
motors won't work.

Give the connections as per the circuit given and place the whole setup on the
chasis.

Circuit Diagram:
L293D IC:

The digital signal given to the INPUT 1,2,3 and 4 of L293D will be thrown back to
the OUTPUT 1,2,3 and 4 respectively. The INPUT 2 and 3 of L293D is connected to
ground which is LOW("0") and the signal from the IR sensors are connected to
INPUT 1 and 4. Hence the value of OUTPUT 2 and 3 will be constantly LOW("0")
while the value of OUTPUT 1 and 4 will be HIGH("1") when the IR sensor is on the
white surface and will be LOW("0") when the sensor is on black surface.

.
 COMPLE PROJECT STRUCTURE
LFR follows a line, either a black line on white surface or vise-versa. For Beginners
it is usually their first robot to play with