decreased, smell
When nasal passages are congested, the sense of
taste is _________. This indicates that much of
what is actually considered taste depends on
______
sclera
the "white" of the eye; eye's protective outer
coat, 6 tiny muscles control eye movements;
maintains shape of the eye
lacrimal fluid
tears; dilute salt solution, contains antibodies and
lysozome; protects, moistens, lubricates the eye;
empties into nasal cavity
signal path of retina
signals leave the retina toward the brain through
the optic nerve
smell, taste, sight, hearing, equilibrium
special senses
middle ear
air filled cavity within temporal bone; only
involved in the sense of hearing
crista ampullaris
-receptors in the semicircular canalas
-tuft of hair cells
-copula (gelatinous cap) covers the hair cells
VII Facial, IX Glossopharyngeal, X Vagus
three cranial nerves involved in transmitting
impulses for the sense of taste are _________,
_________, __________.
sweet, salty, bitter, sour
The four basic taste sensations are ______,
_________, ________,and _________
bitter
The most protective receptors are thought to be
those that respond to _______ substances.
cornea
anteriormost part of the sclera- your "window on
the world" ; performs the intial refraction
(bending) of light as it enters the eye;
transparent, central anterior portion; repairs
itself easily; only human tissue that can be
transplanted w/out fear of rejection
oval window
transmits the vibrations from the stirrup to the
fluid in the inner ear
perilymph
fluid contained within the osseus labyrinth, which
bathes the membranous labyrinth
Olfaction
receptors are in roof of nasal cavity; bneurons
with long cilia; chemicals dissolved in mucus for
detection; impulses are transmitted via the
olfactory nerve; interpretation of smells made in
the cortex
auditory tube glaucoma

connects middle ear with the throat; allows for condition of increasing pressure inside the eye,
equalizing pressure during yawning or resulting from blocked drainage of aqueous
swallowing; tube is otherwise collapsed humor

refraction convergence

light bending medial movement of the eyes during focusing on

close objects

accommodation
accommodation pupillary reflex
ability to focus for close vision (under 20 ft)
reflex constriction of the pupils when viewing
close objects
Emmetropia

normal vision
night blindness

inability to see well in the dark; often a result of

Hyperopia Vitamin A deficiency

inability to focus well on close objects;

farsightedness
autonomic nervous system

the intrinsic eye muscles are under the control of

photopupillary reflex what division of the nervous system?

reflex- constriction of pupils when they are

exposed to bright light
I Olfactory

Impulses for the sense of smell are transmitted

cataract by the ______ nerve

clouding of the lens, resulting in loss of sight

mucosa of the roof, sniffing

myopia The receptors for smell are located in

the_______ of the nasal passages; act of
nearsightedness __________ increases the sensation, because it
brings more air into contact with receptors

astigmatism

blurred vision, resulting from unequal curvatures

of the lens or cornea
taste buds, fungiform, circumvallate
The receptors for for taste are found in
clusterlike areas called _______, most of which
are located on the sides of ________ or ______
papillae.
dry
It's impossible to taste substances with a ____
tongue, because foods must be dissolved (or in
solution) to excite the taste receptors.
memories
The sense of smell is closely tied to the emotional
centers of the brain (limbic region), and many
odors bring back _________.
ciliary zonule
attaches the lens to the ciliary body
aqueous humor
fluid that provides nutrients to the lens and
cornea; helps maintain intraocular pressure;
reabsorbed into veinous blood through the canal
of schlemm; similar to blood plasma
optic disk
area of retina that lacks photoreceptors; the
point on the retina where all the nerve fibers
(axons) from the photoreceptors converge and
exit to become the optic nerve
ciliary body
contains muscle that controls the shape of the
lens, a smooth muscle structure; ring of muscle
around the lens adjusting its shape for focusing
choroid
nutritive (vascular) tunic of the eye, heavily
pigmented tunic that prevents light from
scattering within the eye; nourishes retina and
prevents light scattering
canal of schlemm
drains the aqueous humor of the eye; collects
aqueous humor from the anterior chamber and
delivers it into the bloodstream via the anterior
ciliary veins
retina
tunic, containing the rods and cones; where the
energy of light is converted into electrical nerve
impulses by photoreceptors called rods and
cones
vitreous humor
gel-like substance that helps reinforce the
eyeball; keeps eye from collapsing; lasts a
lifetime and isn't replaced
iris
a smooth muscle structure, pigmented
"Diaphragm" of the eye; colored part of eye;
consists of pigment and 2 layers of muscles that
adjust the diameter of the pupil to control the
amount of light entering the eye
fovea centralis
area of acute or discrimatory vision; cones are
concentrated here providing the sharpest visual
activity
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
refractory media of the eye
lens
performs accomadation (focusing); biconvex
crystal-like structure; held in place by a
suspensory ligament attached to the ciliary body;
the eye is set for distance vision (over 20 ft away)
suspensory ligament
support lens and hold it in place
pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic
membrane
structures composing outer ear
cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule
structures composing the bony osseus labyrinth
Incus (anvil), Malleus (hammer), Stapes (stirrup)
collectively called the ossicles
cochlea and semicircular canals
ear structures not involved with hearing
auditory tube
allows pressure in the middle ear to be equalized
with the atmospheric pressure; connects the
nasopharynx and the middle ear
tympanic membrane
vibrates as sound waves hit it; transmits the
vibrations to the ossicles
cochlea
contains the organ of corti
semicircular canals and vestibule
contain receptors for the sense of equilibrium
endolymph
fluid that bathes the sensory receptors of the
inner ear
otoscope
what instrument is used by physicians to evaluate
the ear?
regulates and equalizes pressure in the middle
ear
what does the Eustachia tube do in terms of ear
pressure?
meibomian glands
modified sebaceous glands produce an oily
secretion to lubricate the eye
ciliary glands
modified sweat glands between the eyelashes
conjunctiva
membrane that lines the eyelids, connects to the
surface of the eye, secretes mucus to lubricate
the eye
lacrimal apparatus
consists of lacrimal gland, lacrimal canals,
lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct
 bright light

lacrimal gland causes pupils to constrict through action of radial

and ciliary muscles
produces lacrimal fluid

cortex
lacrimal canals
interpretation of smells is made in the ______
drains lacrimal fluid from eyes

taste
lacrimal sac
receptors taste buds house receptors organs;
provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards nasal
locations: cheeks, tongue, soft plate
cavity
Impulses are carried to the gustatory complex by
several cranial nerves because taste buds are
nasolacrimal duct found in different areas

empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity Taste sensations: sweet: sugars, saccharine, some
amino acids, sour: acids, bitter:alkaloids, salt:
metal ions
extrinsic eye muscles

muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye; papillae

produce eye movements
projections on tongue

rods
most are found towards the edges of retinas;
allow dim light vision and peripheral vision ;
perception is all in gray tones
gustatory cells
have gustatory hairs (long microvilli); hairs
stimulated by chemicals dissolved in saliva

cones touch

allow for detailed color vision; densest in the temperature, pressure, pain
center of the retina; forvea centralis- area of the
retina with only cones
external auditory canal

narrow chamber in temporal bone; lined with

wavelengths
skin; ceruminous (wax) glands present; ends at
different cones are sensitive to different tympanic membrane
_________
auditory canal

covered by tympanic membrane

inner ear (bony labyrinth)

includes sense organs for hearing and balance;

filled with perilymph

Organ of corti

-located within cochlea

-receptors= hair cells on the basilar membrane

-cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits

nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal
lobe

mechanisms of hearing

-vibrations from sound waves move tectorial

membrane

-hair cells are bent

-an action potential starts in the cochlear nerve

-continued stimulation can lead to adaptation

static maculae

receptors in the vestibule

-report on position of the head

-send info via the vestibular nerve

Anatomy:

-hair cells are embedded in the otolithic

membrane

-otoliths (tiny stones) float in a gel around hair

cells

-movements cause otoliths to bend the hair cells