Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Course weightages
Quiz 15% Surprise
MS 25%
ES 25%
Term paper 5%
Home assignment 10%
Lab Assignment 10%
Lab Exam 10% (one surprise one ES)
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Material
Notes to be downloaded now
Book on laser scanning
Topographic laser ranging and scanning by Jie Shan
and Charles K Toth
Airborne and terrestrial laser scanning by Prof.
Vosselman and Prof. Mass
Book on photogrammetry
Digital Photogrammetry: A practical course by Linder
Introduction to modern photogrammetry by Mikhail,
Bethel and McGlone
Course outline
Exam and course more based on the
work-assignment that you do
Good number of Home assignment
Need preperation
Need programming and computer skills
Exam method can be also some form
of work using data
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Revision
Laser scanning
Photogrammetry
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
What is laser ?
Laser (Light Amplification by the Stimulated
Emission of Radiation)
highly monochromatic,
coherent,
directional, and
can be sharply focused
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Laser pulse
Diode pumped solid state
lasers 100%
Amplitude
Nd-Yag laser 90%
Pulse width of order of 50%
10 ns
Rise time of order 1 ns 10%
Ranging accuracy 2-7 cm
tp
trise
Principle of LiDAR
Known since 1960s
t
T/R R
d
d = c*t/2
c = velocity of light
t = time of travel of laser pulse
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Principle of LiDAR
Laser scanner
d
(x,y,z, ω,φ,κ)
?
X,Y,Z
Principle of LiDAR
(x,y,z, ω,φ,κ)
X,Y,Z
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
600m
Principle of LiDAR
Speed:
36 – 90+
km/h
Altitude:
60 – 6000
m
Swath:
= 2d Laser footprint
20 – 5000
diameter:
m
d = 0.25 – 4.00 m 0.1 – 3.8 m
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Bathymetric LiDAR
Bottom
X,Y,Z
Time
Last Pulse
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Operational steps
Flight planning
x
θ
y
H
B n
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
LiDAR data
X Y Z R X Y Z R
512548.36 5403119.37 314.29 10 512548.20 5403120.90 303.43 28
512548.39 5403120.61 313.73 20 512548.24 5403122.08 303.45 44
512548.36 5403122.39 308.73 48 512548.28 5403123.17 303.35 66
512548.40 5403123.05 310.07 26 512548.31 5403124.02 303.45 172
512548.40 5403123.92 308.46 0 512548.33 5403124.67 303.40 203
512548.34 5403125.09 303.43 290 512548.34 5403125.09 303.43 290
512548.35 5403125.41 303.47 319 512548.35 5403125.41 303.47 319
512548.35 5403125.74 303.47 319 512548.35 5403125.74 303.41 319
512548.36 5403125.95 303.46 290 512548.35 5403125.96 303.43 290
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Advantages of LiDAR
Higher accuracy
Vertical accuracy 10-15 cm (1σ)
Horizontal accuracy 30-50 cm
Fast acquisition and processing
Acquisition of 1000 km2 in 12 hours.
DEM generation of 1000 km2 in 24 hours.
Minimum human dependence
Weather/Light independence
Data collection at night and slightly bad
weather.
Advantages of LiDAR
Canopy
penetration
Can see beneath
/through the
canopy.
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Advantages of LiDAR
Higher data density
Up to 100,000 pulses per second. More than 24
points per m2 can be measured.
Multiple returns to collect data in 3D.
GCP independence
Only one or two GCPs needed for DGPS.
Ideal for mapping inaccessible areas.
Advantages of LiDAR
Digital compatibility
Data (ASCII files with X, Y, and Z) can
be directly imported in GIS.
Can be combined with other data types.
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Applications of LiDAR
Floods
Improving flood
forecast models and
flood hazard zoning
operations.
Determination of the
friction coefficient on
flood plains.
Topographic data
input to GIS based
relief, rescue, and
flood simulation
operations.
Simulation EXAMPLE
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Coastal
applications
Coastal
engineering
Flood
management
Erosion
monitoring
Excellent in
inaccessible and
featureless terrain
Bathymetric applications
For mapping river
and coastal
navigation
channels
River and coastal
bed topography
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Landslides
Monitoring landslide
prone zones.
Continuous
monitoring will lead
to prediction of
possible slope
failures.
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Forest
mapping
Generation of bare
earth DEM
Estimation of
biomass volumes
Data for forest fire
hazard zoning and
disaster
management
Urban
applications
Generation of 3D
city models
Change detection
to
assess structural
damage to structures
after a disaster,
particularly after
an Earthquake
Ground
Zero
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Urban applications
Drainage and
other utility
network
planning
Emergency
route planning
Other GIS
applications
Cellular
Networks
Details of building
outlines, ground
cover and other
obstructions.
Line of sight, and
view shed
analysis.
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Mining
To estimate
ore
volumes
Subsidence
monitoring
Planning
mining
operations
Corridor mapping
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Bharat Lohani, PhD
Transmission line
trans section cross section
Tree location
Tower location
Catenary models
Vegetative critical distance analysis
For carrying out repair and planning work.
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