Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STAGE-GATE ® PROCESS
What Best Practice Companies
Are Doing
- “Part 2”
Authors
Dr. Robert G. Cooper
Dr. Scott J. Edgett
Dr. E.J. Kleinschmidt
© 2006
The Product Development Institute
P: 905-304-8797
A Member Company of the F: 905-304-8799
Product Development Institute www.stage-gate.com
Optimizing the Stage-Gate Process:
What Best Practice Companies Are Doing – Part II
Introduction
Some specific problems:
Now that most businesses have implemented a Why do firms consistently admit to saying yes
systematic new product process, what are the to too many projects? And why are the gates
leading firms doing to make the process even so weak – why do so many companies have
more effective? Part I of this two-part series trouble killing projects or pruning the new
focused on adding a new stage, namely product portfolio? Here are some reasons we
Discovery, to enhance the flow of solid new observe:
product ideas and opportunities into the
process. Harnessing fundamental research by 1. There are too many “must do” projects:
applying a unique form of Stage-GateTM companies seem to respond to customer
method to these projects was also outlined1. and sales force requests, often a little too
Now Part II moves to a critical and difficult quickly and willingly. “We must have this
topic, namely better project selection and product … otherwise we’ll lose this
becoming much more discriminating in terms customer,” is the frequent refrain from the
of the projects one undertakes. This translates sales force.
into building in more effective Go/Kill
decision points – tough gates – and moving 2. There is no mechanism to kill projects:
towards portfolio management. once projects are born, they get a life of
their own. Other than project status
meetings and review points, there are no
Building In More Effective Go/Kill
serious Go/Kill decision points built into
Decisions Points the project or process.
Most companies have too many projects and 3. No criteria have been established for
not enough resources to do them well [1]. The making Go/Kill and prioritization
result is that resources are spread too thinly decisions. This is a very weak area, with
over too many projects, and there simply is almost 50% of firms confessing to
not the time or ability to do many of the key deficiencies here [2]. What’s missing is a
activities in the new product project scorecard with criteria or metrics for rating
proficiently. Consistently, we hear from senior the “goodness” of projects, and helping
people that, in spite of the fact that they managers make prioritizing decisions in an
indeed have a world-class new product objective fashion.
process on paper, there is a lack of discipline
to adhere to it – that key activities in projects 4. Senior people are not engaged in the
are not executed as well as they should, or decision process properly. They’re very
when they should be. Often the problem boils busy; thus scheduling these critical
down to simply trying to do too many projects Go/Kill decision point meetings is
and too quickly. difficult. Moreover many senior managers
1
do not understand their pivotal role in
Stage-GateTM is a legally registered tradename of R.G. product innovation: they confess to not
Cooper & Associates Consultants Inc., a member
company of the Product Development Institute, in being close enough to the action; they do
Canada and Europe (Germany, UK, France, etc.). not understand the key projects fully; and
Optimizing the Stage-Gate Process: What Best Practice Companies are Doing
© Copyright 2002 Product Development Institute
are unprepared or unable to make vital management. That is, make conscious
Go/Kill and prioritization decisions. decisions on what proportion of your
resources will be devoted to different types of
5. Finally, it’s simply very difficult to projects: platform developments, new product
“drown puppies”. All the approved projects, and smaller projects, such as
projects look good, and it’s difficult to say customer requests (Figure 1). Then rank your
no to any of them. Besides, given the way projects in each category until out of resources
senior people are measured, there is often in each bucket. This way one sets an upper
a huge pressure on senior management to limit on spending on these “small” projects.
get anything to market.
Second, use a stage-and-gate process even for
Some solutions – a customer request these smaller projects. That is, make your
process process a flexible and scalable one. The
Customer request projects are often small mistake some businesses have made is to
ones, and can be initiated with little formality, rigidly adhere to their standard new product
sometimes with little more than a chat process, regardless of the project size and risk
between the salesperson and a technical level. And so small projects – customer
manager. The problem is that, while requests – are seen as too small to move
individually these projects consume few through the process, hence circumvent it. The
resources, collectively they can account for result is that there is never a “no” decision on
the majority of your resources. At these projects.
AlliedSignal-Honeywell, for example, the
“Other” category of projects – tweaks, Progressive firms recognize that their Stage-
modifications and customer requests – was GateTM process is a risk management model;
taking an ever increasing piece of the resource and that the higher the project’s risk – project
pie. magnitude and impact coupled with
uncertainties – the closer one should adhere to
There are several solutions. The first is to use the standard five-stage, five-gate process as at
a Strategic Buckets approach to portfolio the bottom of Figure 2. But when risk is low –
when the project is smaller, lower
impact and has fewer technical and
business uncertainties – then
detours are possible. One major
company has designed three
New Product Platform
Projects Projects
versions of its new product system:
(change the basis
of competition) q The SCR process – for
significant customer requests (a
major customer desiring some
new features and functionality
Other: in the product). Here the five
Extensions, Modifications,
Improvements, Fixes, Cost
stages are collapsed to a two-
Reductions stage, two gate model.
Figure 1. In the Strategic Buckets Method of Portfolio Management, management q The Fast Track Process – for
makes strategic decisions and splits the R&D resources by project type into one of projects with moderate risk
three buckets. Projects are rank ordered within buckets, but using different criteria
in each bucket. By separating projects and resources, management ensures that the (technical feasibility is high;
smaller but easier-to-approve projects (the “Other” category) do not dominate the
portfolio.
Optimizing the Stage-Gate Process: What Best Practice Companies are Doing 2
© Copyright 2002 Product Development Institute
and costs are less than $1 million). Here was shown at the bottom of Figure 2, with five
the model is collapsed to three stages: the gates or Go/Kill decision points. Note that
two up-front homework phases become a gates are not merely project review points,
single stage, with Gate 2 skipped; and the status reports or information updates; rather
Development and Testing stages are they are tough decision meetings, where the
collapsed into a single stage. critical Go/Kill and prioritization decisions are
q The Full Process – for larger and higher made on projects. Thus the gates become the
risk projects. This is the standard five quality control check points in the process –
stage process. ensuring that you do the right projects, and
also do projects right.
Note that the senior gatekeepers only meet for
Gates 3, 4 and 5 in the full 5-stage process. Using scorecards to rate and rank projects:
But for Gates 3 and 5 in the Fast Track and Next, gates must have clear and visible criteria
SCR processes, the gatekeepers are a lower so that senior managers can make Go/Kill and
level group (in this company’s case, simply prioritization decisions objectively. But most
the Gate 2 gatekeepers from the full 5-stage important these criteria must be effective –
process). that is, they must be operational (easy to use),
realistic (make use of available information)
Incorporating tough gates: and, at the same time, discriminating
The next solution is to ensure that tough (differentiate the good projects from the
Go/Kill decisions are built into your new mediocre ones). These criteria can be Must
product process, where all projects are Meet (knock-out questions in a check list,
carefully scrutinized, and where weak ones designed to kill the misfit or poor projects
really are killed. A typical five-stage process outright) and Should Meet items – highly
desirable characteristics which are rated and
SCR Process (Significant Customer Request)
Post
added in a point-count scheme. A sample list
Initial
Screen
Decision on
Business Case
Launch
Review
of criteria is shown in Figure 3, from which
Gate Stages Gate Stages
a scorecard can be developed, that can then
34&5
1 1&2 3
be used to score projects right at the gate
Ideas
Analysis &
Business
Development &
Implementation
meeting.
Case
Fast Track Process (for lower risk projects) A word of caution: many businesses rely on
Initial
Decision on
Business Decision
Post
Launch
very poor gate decision criteria – more a
Screen Case to Launch Review deliverables check than Go/Kill and
Stages Stage
Gate
1
Stages
1&2
Gate
3 3&4
Gate
5 5 prioritization criteria. Examples of poor
Ideas Analysis & Development Launch & prioritization criteria:
Business & Test Implementation
Case
Optimizing the Stage-Gate Process: What Best Practice Companies are Doing 4
© Copyright 2002 Product Development Institute
gatekeepers did not show up, but sent their process, and only for certain levels of projects
lieutenants instead; senior people arrived at (where the risk is not too high). Although self
the meeting preoccupied with other issues and managed, the team still is required to prepare
spent more time on their cell phones in the the necessary deliverables (a project update
hallway; or worse yet, they had not even read with documentation) and review the project
the background material on each project they against key gate criteria. In other firms, the
were supposed to discuss and vote on. These team is encouraged to invite some colleagues
“small details” are often the result of a over- who are knowledgeable about the project’s
worked, frenetic businesses leadership team – technology and market, but are not on the
the result of time, geographic and travel project team – no vested interests. This “peer
pressures. review” can take the place of certain gates and
for lower risk projects.
Here are some tactics that are useful in dealing
with these time and travel pressures faced by Team recommendation: At companies, such as
senior gatekeepers: Kraft Foods, the project team is encouraged to
make its own gate recommendation, along
Virtual gates: One major paper company has with the rationale. In this way, the senior
moved to virtual gates, where no one is gatekeepers act more as a second approval
physically at the gate meeting, except the group, and avoid the necessity of digging into
project team. The virtual gate is this firm’s the details and debate of many projects,
attempt to deal with the fact of geographic especially those whose fates are fairly evident.
distances between the gatekeepers – they are
spread across the world, and they are also very Integrating Portfolio Management
busy. In this system, gatekeepers receive the into Your Gating Process
project team’s deliverables electronically
ahead of time. Then each gatekeeper scores
Portfolio management is seen as one way to
the project on his/her computer on a list of
improve new product profitability [4].
gate criteria: they are two different criteria
Portfolio management is about resource
lists – one for new product developments; the
allocation – more specifically, about selecting
other for process developments. These e-
the right set of development projects and the
scores (0-10 scales) are compiled
right number of projects [5]. An effective
electronically. The gate meeting itself is a
gating process (as in Figure 2) is only half the
video conference, and the first screen
battle; but it does go some of the way towards
displayed is the summary rating e-scores –
effective portfolio management. Properly
means and deviations – from all gatekeepers.
implemented, a Stage-Gate process should at
This helps to highlight areas of agreement,
minimum get rid of poor projects at the gates,
area of disagreement, and areas of uncertainty.
thereby improving the overall portfolio. It
The gate meeting proceeds, and a Go/Kill
should also yield much better information on
decision is reached relatively efficiently and
projects, the result of solid up-front
with no travel and time lost.
homework, which has pay-offs in terms of
better project selection.
Self managed gates: Companies, such as
Nortel Networks, incorporate self-managed
Leading firms are moving beyond operating
gates, where the project team runs its own gate
an effective gating process however, and are
meeting. These gates are restricted to only
integrating portfolio management into their
some of the gates in their stage-and-gate
Optimizing the Stage-Gate Process: What Best Practice Companies are Doing 5
© Copyright 2002 Product Development Institute
new product process. Portfolio management projects and where the resources are spent
has four main goals: both mirror the strategic priorities of the
business. Various strategic tools include:
1. Selecting high value projects: Here one building strategic criteria into the gating or
can use the scorecard method (a scoring scorecard model (as in Figure 3); using
model scheme, as in Figure 3) along with strategic buckets (to allocate resources into
financial criteria to help drive the high envelopes for different project types,
value projects to the top of priority list. A different market sectors, and different
recent benchmarking study revealed that product groups – Figure 1); and
businesses that utilized such scorecard developing product roadmaps (a tool
methods obtained a higher value portfolio which maps out the major initiatives
than did other firms [6]. A major required in order to realize the business’s
deficiency, however, is lack of data strategy) [8].
integrity: the sophisticated portfolio tools
are worthless without solid market and Some firms have piggy-backed effective
technical data, hence the need to portfolio management on top of an already
emphasize the “homework activities” in proficient new product gating process [9].
the early stages of the new product process Gates are run as two-part meetings, as shown
(Stages 1 and 2 in Figure 2). in Figure 5. The first part – the first diamond
2. Achieving the right balance of projects: on the left – is the traditional gate meeting,
Various charts – bubble diagrams and pie where the project in question is scrutinized
charts – are useful in order to display against an absolute set of standards: does the
balance in the portfolio (the split in project fit your strategy; does it leverage your
projects and in resources being spent) on strengths; is its NPV positive; is the payback
any dimension relevant to management. less than 3 years; and so on. If the answers are
The most popular bubble diagram is the positive, the decision is not Go, but merely a
risk-reward chart, while popular pie charts Pass. Negative answers signal a Kill decision.
depict resource splits by project type,
market sector and product line or group Next, the second part of the gate meeting – the
[7]. second diamond on the right in Figure 5 –
3. Selecting the right number of projects:
In effective portfolio reviews, all Lef
t
Pro Diam
projects are up for auction. One ranks the jects ond t Dia
mon
d:
ir
A P own are a
: Righ ssessed
a
projects according to criteria (such as madeass vs meritsssesse cts a re
pro
Proje to other pact on
jec ts
.K do ve im lio
in a gate scorecard) until one runs out ill d
ecis
n relatid on theirtal portfo
an is
ion the to ecision de
is ld d m a
of resources. Projects past this Pass/Kill: Prioritization: A Go
vs. Ho
Optimizing the Stage-Gate Process: What Best Practice Companies are Doing 6
© Copyright 2002 Product Development Institute
looks at the impact of adding this one project The Challenge Ahead
to the portfolio. That is, this project is
considered in a relative sense – relative to the
other active and on-hold projects. How well your business manages its new
Questions are: product projects and pipeline may well
determine your future prosperity. Putting in
ü Does this project improve the overall place an effective new product process, such
value of the portfolio (does it have a as Stage-GateTM, is a first step. Next, ensure
higher value to the business than the other that you practice some discipline here …
projects underway? Or lower?) really commit to using the process. Then
ü Does it improve the balance of projects in move to improving the process. First, begin
the portfolio (or do you already have too with some great new product ideas: build in an
many of this type of project)? idea capture and handling system, and then try
ü Are the resources available? Does this some proactive idea generating activities –
project avoid over-straining your limited camping out with your customers, as at Fluke;
resources (or does it suck resources away an MRG event as at OMNOVA Solutions;
from other important projects)? scenario generation; or working with lead
ü Does the project improve the strategic (very innovative) customers as at Hilti and
alignment of the portfolio (does it fit your 3M. If fundamental research is undertaken at
strategy; does this spending mirror your your business, make sure it is directed
strategic priorities)? research: develop a stage-and-gate process for
such research projects.
If the answers are positive, then the project is
resourced, and becomes an active one. Now that you’ve tackled the issue of “doing
Otherwise it is put on hold (on its own, it may projects right”, turn to the challenges of
be a decent project, but it simply does not “doing the right projects”. Ensure that the
impact the portfolio positively; perhaps it’s gates in your new product process are well-
time will come). defined, rigorous and based on visible criteria:
use a gate scorecard to help select projects.
This two-part gating structure, combined with Finally implement portfolio management,
periodic portfolio reviews, where all projects seeking high value projects, the right number
are considered together, are ways that of projects, a balanced mix of projects, and
progressive companies are trying to build strategically aligned projects.
portfolio management into their new product
processes and methods.
Optimizing the Stage-Gate Process: What Best Practice Companies are Doing 7
© Copyright 2002 Product Development Institute
References:
1
Cooper, R.G., Edgett S.J. & Kleinschmidt E.J., “New problems, new solutions: making portfolio management
more effective”, Research-Technology Management 43, 2, 2000, pp. 18-33.
2
See major benchmarking study: Cooper, R.G. & Kleinschmidt, E.J., Benchmarking firms’ new product
performance and practices”, Engineering Management Review 23,3 (Fall 1995), pp. 112-120; and: Cooper, R.G. &
Kleinschmidt, E.J., “Winning businesses in product development: critical success factors”, Research-Technology
Management 39, 4 (July-Aug 1996), pp. 18-29.
3
Numerous studies into new product success/failure drivers have been undertaken. For reviews, see: Montoya-
Weiss, M.M. & Calantone, R.J., “Determinants of new product performance: a review and meta analysis”, Journal
of Product Innovation Management 11, 5 (Nov. 1994), pp. 397-417; see also: Cooper, R.G., "New Product
Development", in: International Encyclopedia of Business & Management: Encyclopedia of Marketing, First
Edition, edited by Baker, M.J., London, U.K.: International Thomson Business Press, 1999, pp. 342-355.
4
Roussel, P., Saad, K.N. & Erickson, T.J. Third Generation R&D, Managing the Link to Corporate Strategy.
Boston: Harvard Business School Press & Arthur D. Little Inc, 1991.
5
Cooper, R.G., Edgett, S.J. and Kleinschmidt, E.J., Portfolio Management for New Products, 2nd edition. Reading,
Mass: Perseus Books, 2001.
6
Cooper, R.G., Edgett, S.J. & Kleinschmidt, E.J., “Portfolio management for new product development: Results of
an industry practices study, R&D Management 31, 4 (October 2001); also: Cooper, R.G., Edgett, S.J. &
Kleinschmidt E.J, “Best practices for managing R&D portfolios”, Research-Technology Management 41, 4 (July-
Aug. 1998), pp. 20-33.
7
Portfolio charts are described in: Cooper, R.G., Edgett, S.J., & Kleinschmidt E.J, “Portfolio management in new
product development: lessons from the leaders – Part I”, Research-Technology Management, Sept.-Oct. 1997, pp.
16-28; and: Cooper, R.G., Edgett, S.J., & Kleinschmidt E.J, “Portfolio management in new product development:
lessons from the leaders – Part II”, Research-Technology Management, Nov.-Dec. 1997, pp. 43-52. See also endnote
5.
8
Methods described in references in endnote 7.
9
See endnote 1.
Optimizing the Stage-Gate Process: What Best Practice Companies are Doing 8
© Copyright 2002 Product Development Institute
About the Authors
www.stage-gate.com
A Member Company of the Product Development Institute ©2006 Product Development Institute
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