CRITICAL BOOK REVIEW

CATION AND ANION GROUP IV AND V

Arranged by :
NAME : Fatayatul Hasniyah (4173131)
: Khairul Afni (4173332001)
: Wenny Cimarmata (4172131026)
CLASS : Bilingual Chemistry Education 2017

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN
2018/ 2019
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Chemical analysis is a chemical investigation that aims to find the composition of

compounds or mixtures of compounds in a sample. Chemical analysis consists of qualitative
analysis and quantitative analysis.

Qualitative analysis with the main objective is to recognize the composition or structure of
chemicals, quite a number of types, according to the types of chemicals contained in the sample
qualitative analysis for organic matter is usually part of the study of organic chemistry so it is not
included in the study section of analytical chemistry. can be broken down into anions and cations.

Qualitative analysis of cations and anions has developed systematically for a long time.
Thanks to a study carried out by Kari Remegius Fresenius since 1840. Qualitative analysis for
cations and anions was given separately.

Qualitative analysis of anions is simpler than cation analysis, but anion analysis requires
precision in observing the symptoms that arise.

Qualitative analysis is one way to study chemistry and elements as well as very effective
ions in solutions. Qualitative analysis is a field of analytical chemistry that discusses the
identification of substances. Regarding what elements or compounds are contained in a sample or
example. In the qualitative analysis method, several specific reagents can be used, both of which
are carried out to determine the type of anion or cation in a solution.

Qualitative analysis has two important aspects, namely separation and identification where
both aspects are based on solubility, evaporation and extraction. In qualitative analysis there are
three reactions carried out to identify a sample that is selective, specific, and sensitive reactions.

Group I cations do not react with group I, II, III regensia. These cations form deposits with
ammonium carbonate in the presence of ammonium chloride in a neutral or slightly acidic
atmosphere. These cations are calcium, strontium, and barium. Some group clarification systems
exclude the use of ammonium chloride in addition to ammonium carbonate as a group regensia.

Group IV cations consist of Barium, Strontium and Calcium. This group IV cation does
not react with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulfide or ammonium sulfide; but ammonium carbonate
(if there is a moderate amount of ammonia or ammonium ion) forms white deposits. This test must
be run in a neutral or alkaline solution. If there is no ammonia or ammonium ion, magnesium will
also settle. The white deposits formed by group reagents are barium BaCO3 carbonate, strontium
carbonate SrCO3, and calcium carbonate CaCO3.

B. Objective
1. To detect the ingredients of a mixture.
2. Separating the composition of a mixture into groups IV and V.
3. Identify group IV and V cations.
C. Advantage
1. Can detect the ingredients of a mixture.
2. Can separate compilers of a mixture into groups IV and V.
3. Can identify group IV and V cations.
 CHAPTER II

SUMMARY OF BOOKS

A. Summar of Book I
B. Summary of Book II

Group V The Alkali Group

The metals potassium and sodium are the most reactive of all the common positive
elements. They oxidize very rapidly when exposed to the air and decompose water at ordinary
temperatures, the hydrogen is oxidized to alkali hydroxides form very strong base.

Ammonium is classed with alkali metals because the solubility of ammonium salts is
similar to that of potassium salts. The ammonium radical differs from the alkali metals in being
capable of oxidation, the usual product of oxidation being nitrogen gas. The salts of potassium,
sodium and ammonium are colorless for the most part, and readily soluble in water.

1. Potassium
Potassium forms very few sakts that are difficulty soluble in water. The chloroplatinate,
acid tartrate, and perchlorate are the least soluble and are consequently used in the detection of
potassium.
a) Chloroplatinic acid, gives in concentrated solutions of the chloride a yellow precipitate
of potassium chloroplatinate which consist of small regular octahedra.
b) Tartaric acid, produces in not too dilute neutral solutions of potassium salts, a white
crystalline precipitate of potassium acid tartrate
c) Bismuth-sodium thiosulphate, if one drop of half-normal bismuth nitrate solution is
mixed with two or three drops of half-normal thiosulfate solution. Of absolute alcohol,
a sensitive reagent for potassium ions is prepared in which the bismuth is present in
complex anion.
d) Fluosilicic acid, added in considerable excess to solution of a potassium salt, precipitates
gelatinous potassium fluosilicate, which is difficulty soluble in water and dilute acids in
soluble in alcohol.
 e) Perchloric acid, precipitates white, crystalline potassium perchlorate and KClO4. It is so
slightly soluble in alcohol 97% that the precipitates can be obtained with less potassium
ions.
f) Sodium cobaltinitrite, precipitates yellow potassium-sodium cobaltinitrite from neutral
or slightly acid solution.
2. Sodium
Sodium occurs very extensively in nature, its most important mineral is halite, rock salt
(NaCl), isometric system. Halite is found in very large deposits often quite pure, but usually
contaminated with clay, anhydrite, and gypsum, and is present in large amounts in the ocean,
and in many salt spring.
Reaction In The Wet Way
a) Potassium pyroantimonate, producesin neutral or weakly alkaline solutions of sodium
salts a heavy, white crystalline precipitate, which is formed more quickly by rubbing the
sides of the vessel with glass rod.
b) Tartaric acid and chloroplatinic acid do not precipitate sodium salts, the sodium salts of
these acids being soluble in alcohol as well as in water. Sodium chloroplatinate is orange
color.
c) Hydrochloric acid and alcohol precipitate sodium chloride. Sodium chloride is prepared
pure for chemical purpose by passing hydrogen chloride gas into the saturated aqueous
solution of the salt and expelling the moisture and hydrochloric acid from the crystals
by heating them.
3. Ammonium
In small amounts as carbonate and nitrite in the air, as ammonium chloride in the fissures
of active volcanoes. Ammonium derivatives are formed by decay of many organic substances
containing nitrogen and similar way by the dry distillation of many nitrogenous substances,
such as coal, horn, hair, etc.
Reactions in The Wet Way
a) Strong bases, added to an ammonium salt in the presence of a little water cause the
evolition of ammonia on heating, the gas can be recognized by its odor, by fumes of
ammonium chloride being formed when a rod moistened with hydrochloric acid is
placed in contact with vapors, by its turning red litmus blue.
 b) Chloroplatinic acid gives a yellow crystalline precipitate. This salt may be distinguished
from potassium salt by its behavior on ignition, the platinum alone is left behind and by
its behavior on treating with strong bases, whereby the smell of ammonia may be
detected.
c) Tartaric acid produces, as with potassium, a white crystalline precipitate of ammonium
acid tartrate.
4. Magnesium
Magnesium compounds are found very abundantly in nature, the most important minerals
are magnesite. Magnesium is a silver-white metal. It decomposes water very slowly, forming
an oxide MgO, which small quantity the dissolves is largely ionized, so that the solution has
an= faint allaline reaction.
Reaction In The Wet Way
a) Strong bases
b) Mercuric oxide
c) Ammonium carbonate
d) Sodium phosphate

Group IV Alkaline Earth

The metals of alkaline-earth group are bivalent and heavier than water, which they
decompose slowly at ordinary temperatures, with evolution of hydrogen and formation of
difficulty soluble hydroxides of strongly alkaline reactions. The salts are mostly colorless and very
slightly soluble in water. Strontium carbonate is less readily decomposed than calcium carbonate,
and barium carbonate loses its carbon dioxide only when heated to a white heat, its oxide is not
very luminous.

1. Calcium (Ca)
Calcium is widely distributed in nature. It is found in enormous deposits in all stratified as
carbonate, often rich in petrification. The reaction in wet way is:
a) Ammonia, in case it is free from carbonate, produces no precipitate with calcium
salts, on standing in the air, however carbonic acid is absorbed and turbidity of
calcium carbonate results.
 b) Ammonium carbonate, or any other soluble, normal carbonate precipitate white
calcium carbonate, the precipitate is voluminous and flocculent when it first forms,
but soon becomes crystalline particularly when in contact with boiling water.
c) Ammonium oxalate
d) Sulfuric acid
e) Water
f) Absolute alcohol
2. Strontium (Sr)
Strontium occurs quite commonly with calcium, but usually in much smaller amounts.
There are only few true strontium minerals. Reactions in the wet way is:
a) Ammonia
b) Ammonium carbonate
c) Ammonium oxalate
d) Dilute sulfuric acid produce white precipitate of strontium sulfate
e) Calcium sulfate produces in neutral or weakly acid solution
3. Barium (Ba)
Barium is almost always found associated with calcium but only in small amounts. The
most imismorphous with aragonite, barite or heavy spar. Reactions in the wet way is:
a) Ammonia and ammonium carbonate, same as with calcium and strontium.
b) Ammonium oxalate, same with calcium and strontium, except that the barium
oxalate formed is more soluble in water.
c) Phosphates of the alkalies
d) Chromates of the alkalies
 CHAPTER III
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
A. Advantages and Disvantages Book I
B. Advantages and Disvantages Book II
1. Advantages
a) Has a broad explanation of the identification of types of cations in groups 4 and 5,
b) Use analysis translation when adding reagents for identification,
c) Good introduction of each substance contained in each group.
d) Has an explanation and several ways to identify cations
2. Disadvantages
a) Books have been published long ago which have enabled a much better way to
identify cations
b) The book does not provide an identification scheme for each cations.
 CHAPTER IV

CONCULATION AND SUGGESTION

From the results of my research based on the definition, advantages, disadvantages, even
completeness of the three books, I draw the conclusion that the Book B is Chemistry The Central
Science is suitable for use. The reason why I say that, because it is an international book. In
addition to that, the book also attracted my attention in the provision of learning studies.

The material presented is easily to understood, accompanied by a picture that is not

monotonous. In the images/picture shown are described the chemical figures and chemical
reactions. In this book also explains some examples where chemistry is closely related to life. In
addition, many examples are given so we can learn them well.

And my advice on one book again. Both books are good. However, for example in Book A, in
the book too many theories presented. Sometimes when a book or material more theories more
than the picture/discussion/question, people tend to be bored to learn it. Well let the book or
material loaded for the better.
 REFERENCE

Hall, W.T.,(1903), Analytical Chemistry, John Willey and Sons Inc, New York.