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WATER
POLLUTION
By
Ahmad Ramadana
Mega Feronika Purba
Gielf Justin Salisia S. Silalahi
Veronika Simbolon
Water Pollution
Indicators
■ Physical observations, namely observations of water pollution based
on the level of water clarity (turbidity), changes in temperature, colour
and the presence of changes in colour, smell and taste
■ Chemical observations, which are observations of water pollution
based on dissolved chemicals or changes in Ph
■ Biological observations, namely observations of water pollution based
on microorganisms present in water, especially the presence or absence
of pathogenic bacteria.
Common indicators for water testing are:
• pH or Hydrogen Ion Concentration. Normal water that meets the requirements
for life has a pH of around 6.5 - 7.5. At pH <4, most aquatic plants die because
they cannot tolerate low pH. Most aquatic biota are sensitive to pH changes and
prefer a pH between 7 - 8.5.
• Dissolved oxygen (DO). Without dissolved oxygen, many microorganisms in
water cannot survive because dissolved oxygen is used for the degradation of
organic compounds in water. Existence of excessive metal in the waters will
affect the respiratory system of aquatic organisms, so that when the dissolved
oxygen levels are low and there is heavy metal with high concentrations,
aquatic organisms become more afflicted
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) is the amount of oxygen needed by
microorganisms in the water environment to break down (degrade) organic
waste material present in water into carbon dioxide and water. The number of
microorganisms in environmental water depends on the level of cleanliness of
the water. Clean water contains relatively few microorganisms than is polluted.
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the amount of oxygen required so that the
waste material present in water can be oxidized through chemical reactions that
can be degraded both biologically and which are difficult to degrade.
• TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) The solubility of solids in water whether in the
form of ions, in the form of compounds or colloids in water.
• TSS (Total Suspended Solid) Suspended solids are solids that cause water
turbidity, are not dissolved and cannot immediately settle, consisting of
particles whose size and weight are smaller than sediment, for example clay,
certain organic materials, cells microorganisms, and so on
 Classification of
Chemical Substances
as Water Pollution
The discussion of water pollution is very broad, especially concerning
water pollution caused by the presence of chemical substances in
the water.
Water pollutant chemicals can be in the form of organometallic metals,
inorganic pollutants, asbestos, nutrients, algae, radionuclides, acids,
bases, salts, organic pollutant waste, pesticides, oil waste,
detergents, sediments, and others.
general classification of water polluting chemicals
pollutant classification target and influence
Trace element human health, aquatic biota
Organometallic metal for transportation materials
Inorganic pollutants Aquatic biota/toxicity
Asbestos Human health
Algae nutrients eutrophication
Radionuclides toxicity
Acid, base, salt Water quality / oxygen content
Waste disposal Water quality / oxygen content

BOD Water quality / oxygen content

Organic pollutants toxicity

Pesticide Toxicity, aquatic biota

Carcinogenic chemistry cancer

Waste Oil aquatic biota

Pathogens Health

Detergent aquatic biota, Eutrophication

Sediment Water quality, aquatic biota

Organic waste and processed food ingredients. Organic waste material is
generally in the form of waste that can rot or be degraded by
microorganisms, so that when discharged into water will increase the
population of microorganisms. possibly with the increase in
microorganisms can also develop pathogenic bacteria that are harmful
to humans.
Inorganic waste material is difficult to be degraded by microorganisms,
generally metal. This inorganic waste material usually comes from
industrial waste. Heavy metals in water bodies generally exist in the
form of ions, either single or in pairs. Some metals that become water
pollutants and their dangers include mercury and Cadmium
 Radioactive substances. The presence of radioactive substances in
environmental water is clearly very dangerous for the environment and
humans. Radioactive substances can cause biological damage either
through direct effects or delayed effects that usually result from the
application of nuclear technology.
 Heavy Metal
Pollution in Water
and Possible Dangers
Water is a basic need for humans and other organisms. Humans need
water such as drinking water, bathing, washing, agriculture,
sanitation, and transportation.

Water is also very important as a habitat for organisms that live in

waters such as fish, seaweed, shrimps, and others. The main
problems faced by water resources include the quantity of water
that has been unable to meet the increasing needs and decreasing
water quality.
The decreasing water quality is caused by pollution. Water
pollution is water contamination due to the entry of
foreign substances in an amount that exceeds the carrying
capacity of water. One of the substances that cause
pollution is heavy metals. Some heavy metals can cause
liver damage, gills, and can even cause death in fish.
Water pollution is the entry of living things, substances,
energy, and / or other components into the water and / or
changes in water structure by human activities or natural
processes so that the water quality drops to a certain level
that causes the water to become less or no longer
functioning properly allotment.
 Water pollution can be caused by two types of pollutants,
such as substances that cause eutrophication
and toxic materials which cause damage to aquatic
organisms. Heavy metals are materials
toxic which may cause damage to aquatic organisms.
Sources of metal contamination
most of it comes from mining, smelting, other industries,
and it can also come from
domestic waste that uses metals, as well as agricultural land
that uses fertilizers
contain metal
Eutrophic conditions allow algae, micro-sized aquatic plants, to grow rapidly
(blooming) due to excessive availability of phosphate and other adequate
conditions. This can be identified by the color of the water which has turned
greenish, has an unpleasant odor, and has become increasingly cloudy.
 Heavy metals are usually found very little in water naturally which is less than 1 µg.
The level of metal concentration in water is divided according to the level of pollution,
such as
● heavy pollution,
● Pollution moderate,
● and non-polluting.
Water that is heavily polluted usually contains heavy metals
that is high in water and the organisms that live in it. At moderate pollution levels,
content heavy metals in water and organisms in water are within marginal limits. As
for the non-polluting level, the heavy metal content in water and organisms is very
low and even undetectable
 Heavy metal is one of the toxic pollutants that can cause
death (lethal), and
non-mortality (sublethal) such as impaired growth, behavior
and various morphological characteristics
aquatic organisms.
Heavy metals can enter the bodies of aquatic organisms
through
gills, body surfaces, digestive tract, muscles and liver.
Heavy metals can accumulate
in the body of aquatic organisms
Heavy metals that enter the body then experience absorption. Metal absorption
can occur throughout the digestive tract, but the stomach is an important
absorption site.
The main sites for metal uptake in the air are the alveoli of the lungs for land
animals and
gills for aquatic animals.
The absorbed metal will be distributed quickly throughout
the body.
The degree of distribution of each organ is related to blood
flow, cell membrane, and affinity
organ components against metal. Once distributed, metals
can accumulate in the body of the organism
water. If humans consume aquatic organisms that contain
heavy metals, it will give
adverse effects on human health such as sore throat,
headache, dermatitis, allergies,
anemia, kidney failure, pneumonia, and so on
 Lead

Copper

Mercury
Kind of Heavy Metal in water

Cadmium

Chrome
 Characteristic water contain
heavy metal
• Experiencing temperature changes (when
compared to before)
• Changes in acidity, usually water contaminated
with heavy metals will be alkaline (pH <7)
• Water tastes and smells
• If a lab test is done, a large amount of heavy
metal is found
• Water contaminated with iron compounds will cause the
color change (water) to become yellowish red.

• The bitter taste in water indicates that the water has been
contaminated with metal compounds, such as iron,
aluminum, manganese, sulfates, and others.
Characteristics of aquatic organisms (fish)
containing heavy metals

• Generally, fish will have an unusual physical

appearance.
• Tested in the lab
( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RRNkZHPUh-E
)
 Water Pollutant Components

Organic waste material.

In the form of waste that can rot / degrade by microorganisms. Causes the number of
microorganisms to increase and to grow harmful pathogenic bacteria. Waste this can be
processed into fertilizer / compost.
Inorganic waste material.
In the form of waste that cannot rot and is difficult to degrade by microorganisms so that
it can increase the number of metal ions in water. This waste comes from industries
involving the metal elements Pb, As, Cd, Hg, Cr, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, for example in industry
chemistry, electronics, electroplating. Ca and Mg metal ions cause hard water which
corrodes metal tools, causing scale / deposits in process equipment such as water tanks /
vessels, steam boilers, and distribution pipes. The metal ions Pb, As, Hg are toxic so that
water cannot be used for drinking.
 Some Case of Water Pollution in Indonesia
Pencemaran Sungai Deli Medan dari Pencemaran Sungai Deli Medan:
Limbah Industri (2010) Bola Salju Medan (2020)
Pencemaran Air Akibat Limbah 82 Persen Sungai di Indonesia
Medis Covid-19 di Indonesia Tercemar dan Kritis
 Impact / loss of water pollution:

Water polluted by organic waste, especially from

foodstuffs, is a fertile place for microorganisms to breed.
Harmful microorganisms that can cause waterborne
diseases include diarrhea viruses, hepatitis A, bacteria,
metazoans and protozoa. Non-communicable disease /
poisoning caused by water contaminated by inorganic
compounds / metal ions
● Poisoning with metal ions Cd.

Cd ions can come from industries that use Cd metal in their production processes, for example the
electroplating industry, PVC plastic pipes (Cd as a stabilizer), metal mining by-products (lead, zinc),, and
damage the kidneys. Cd ion poisoning has happened to residents of Toyama, Japan.
Many residents have experienced back pain for years, getting worse, softening of the spine and
becoming brittle, and dying from kidney failure. The reason is that the rice eaten contains Cd ± 1.6
ppm, because rice plants are irrigated with water contaminated with Cd ions from industrial
waste of zinc and lead.
● Metal ion Co poisoning.

In the Co industry it is used as a stabilizer, in breweries it was used to stabilize beer foam to make it
good. For the process of forming red blood grains, the body requires small amounts of Co through vitamin
B12 that is eaten. If you eat foods that contain 150 ppm of Co, it will damage the adenoids (lack of
adenoids). If the red blood cells Co poisoning will change, high blood pressure, swollen ankles (edema),
heart failure, especially in children who are just growing. Co poisoning cases have occurred in Nebraska
and Ohama. Residents experience abnormalities in the primary heart muscle because they like to drink
beer which is made using Co
● Hg. Poisoning with metal ions.

Industries that use Hg for example for the production process in plastic factories, a mixture of
antiseptic ingredients in soaps and cosmetics, amalgam in dental fillings, and fungicides. Symptoms of Hg
ion poisoning are: headache, difficulty swallowing, blurred vision, decreased hearing power, thick legs and
hands, metal clogged mouth, swollen gums accompanied by diarrhea, weak body condition and death,
pregnant women give birth to deformed babies. Hg poisoning cases have occurred in Minamata, many
residents have become disabled, died, and babies were born with defects. The reason is that the sea fish
that is eaten contains Hg around 27 - 102 ppm
● Insecticide poisoning.

Symptoms include headache, nausea, tremors, damage to organs such as liver and kidneys.
Accumulation gradually causes delayed effect in the form of skin, lung, and liver cancer, because the
insecticide is cocarcinogenic.
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