PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION AND
HISTORICAL REVIEW If we look at the word itself - How are these words used in
everyday life?
Abnormal Psychology
Psycho

Pathology

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PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

Study of the nature, development, and treatment of psychological

disorders

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF

Challenges to the study of psychopathology:
STIGMA?
Maintain objectivity

Avoid preconceived notions

Reduce stigma

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THE OBSTACLE THAT IS WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF
STIGMA STIGMA?

A distinguishing label is applied

Less help seeking behaviours
The label refers to undesirable attributes
Less support and knowledge of how to support
People with the label are seen as different
Worsening of conditions because of the above
People with this label are discriminated against

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DEFINING MENTAL DISORDER DEFINING MENTAL DISORDER

Personal Distress
Violation of Social Norms
Emotional pain and suffering
Makes others uncomfortable or causes problems
Helplessness and hopelessness of depression
Antisocial behavior of the psychopath
Disability
Dysfunction
Impairment in a key area (e.g., work, relationships)
Wakefield's Harmful Dysfunction: failure of internal
mechanisms in the mind to function properly
Chronic substance abuse results in job loss

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DEFINING MENTAL DISORDER

EXAMPLES?
Not all four characteristics have to be present
Personal Distress
In the DSM-5 symptomatology does revolve around these Disability
characteristics Violation of Social Norms
Dysfunction

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HISTORY: DEMONOLOGY AND

THE SUPERNATURAL
BC to 13th century AD

HISTORY OF Different/Strange behavior was attributed to the supernatural

PSYCHOPATHOLOGY spirits, elementals, gods

Not all cultures found these behaviours to be negative

seers, shamans, people with the ability to communicate with those

that cannot be seen

witches, curses, black magic, possession

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HISTORY: EARLY BIOLOGICAL HISTORY: DEMONOLOGY AND
EXPLANATIONS THE SUPERNATURAL
5th Century BC

Hippocrates considered the brain as the organ of 13th Century AD

consciousness
Lunacy Trials - to determine if someone was mentally ill
Irregularities in the four humours were the cause of disorders
Lunacy attributes insanity to the phases of the moon,
blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm positions of the stars

melancholia, mania, phrenetis

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HISTORY: ASYLUMS HISTORY: DOROTHEA DIX

Establishments for the confinement and care of mentally ill Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)

Priory of St. Mary of Bethlehem (founded in 1243) Crusader for prisoners and mentally ill
One of the first mental institutions Urged improvement of institutions
The wealthy paid to gape at the insane
Worked to establish 32 new, public hospitals
Origin of the term bedlam (wild uproar or confusion)
Unfortunately, small staffs at these new public hospitals could not
Treatment was non-existent or harmful at asylums provide necessary individual attention

Benjamin Rush recommended drawing copious amounts of blood, to relieve brain Hospitals administered by physicians, who were more interested in
pressure biological rather than psychological aspects of mental illness

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IN THE PHILIPPINES?
WHAT WAS OUR VIEW OF STRANGE
BEHAVIOUR? THE EVOLUTION OF
CAN YOU THINK OF ANY HISTORICAL
CONTEMPORARY THOUGHT
OR FICTIONAL CHARACTER TO
ILLUSTRATE THIS VIEW?

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BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES GENETICS

General paresis and Syphilis
Degenerative disorder with psychological symptoms (delusions of
grandeur) and physical symptoms (progressive paralysis)
By mid-1800’s, it was known that general paresis and syphilis occurred
together in some patients
In 1905, biological cause of syphilis found
Since general paresis had biological cause, other mental illness might also
Galton’s (1822-1911) work lead to notion that mental illness can
be inherited
Nature (genetics) and nurture (environment)
Eugenics
Promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable
characteristics from the population

Biological causes of psychopathology gained credibility Many state laws required mentally ill to be sterilized

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EARLY BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS EARLY PSYCHOLOGICAL
APPROACHES
Mesmer (1734-1815)
Insulin-coma therapy
Treated patients with hysteria using “animal magnetism”

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Early practitioner of hypnosis

Charcot (1825-1893)
Induce epileptic seizures with electric shock His support legitimizes hypnosis as treatment for hysteria

Breuer (1842-1925)
Prefrontal lobotomy
Used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis in Anna O.
Often used to control violent behaviors; led to listlessness, Cathartic Method
apathy, and loss of cognitive abilities
Release of emotional tension triggered by reliving and talking about event

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FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS

Id Ego
Breuer and Freud (1856-1939) jointly publish, “Studies in Superego
Hysteria” in 1895, which serves as the basis for Freud’s theory. Unconscious Primarily
conscious Conscience
Freudian or Psychoanalytic theory Pleasure and Ideal
Reality principle
principle -
Human behavior determined by unconscious forces. Immediate Develops as we
Attempt to
gratification satisfy ID’s incorporate
Psychopathology results from conflicts among these demands within parental and
unconscious forces. Libido - Energy reality’s society values
of ID constraints

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FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS

Id, Ego, & Superego continually in conflict

Repression Reaction Formation
Conflict generates anxiety
Denial Regression
Ego generates strategies to protect itself from anxiety
Projection Rationalization
Defense mechanisms
Displacement Sublimation
Psychological maneuvers used to manage stress & anxiety

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PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY NEO-FREUDIANS

Goals of Psychoanalytic Therapy or Psychoanalysis Jung (1875-1961)

Analytical psychology
Understand early-childhood experiences, particularly key (parental) relationships
Collective unconscious - Archetypes
Understand patterns in current relationships
Catalogued personality characteristics
Psychoanalytic Techniques
Extraversion vs. Introversion
Free Association
Adler (1870-1937)
Analysis of Transference
Individual psychology
Interpretation Fulfillment derived from working for the social good - Social Interest

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FREUD’S LASTING RISE OF BEHAVIOURISM
CONTRIBUTION
John Watson (1878-1958) - Behaviorism

Focus on observable behavior

Childhood experiences help shape adult personality Emphasis on learning rather than thinking or innate tendencies

There are unconscious influences on behavior Three types of learning:

Classical Conditioning
There are unconscious influences on behavior
Operant Conditioning

Modeling

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RISE OF BEHAVIOURISM RISE OF BEHAVIOURISM

Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Thorndike (1874-1949)
Unconditioned Stimulus —> Unconditioned Response
Learning through consequences
Neutral Stimulus
Law of Effect
Neutral Stimulus —> Conditioned Stimulus —> Conditioned
Response
Behavior that is followed by satisfying consequences will be
repeated; behavior that is followed by unpleasant
Extinction
consequences will be discouraged

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RISE OF BEHAVIOURISM RISE OF BEHAVIOURISM

Operant Conditioning

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Modeling
Principle of Reinforcement
Learning by watching and imitating others’ behaviors
Positive reinforcement
Can occur without reinforcement
Behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened

Negative reinforcement The Bobo Doll Experiment

Behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened

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BEHAVIOR THERAPY LIMITATIONS OF BEHAVIORISM

Behavior Therapy or Behavior Modification

Systematic Desensitization

Used to treat phobias and anxiety

How we think or appraise a situation influences our feelings and
Combines deep muscle relaxation and gradual exposure to the feared condition or object
behaviors
Starts with minimal anxiety producing condition and gradually progresses to most feared

Intermittent Reinforcement Points to the importance of cognitions

Rewarding a behavior only occasionally more effective than continuous schedules of
reinforcement

Shaping

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COGNITIVE THERAPY

Emphasize how people think about themselves and their

experiences can be a major determinant of psychopathology

Focus on understanding maladaptive thoughts MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONS

Change cognitions to change feelings and behaviors

Ellis (1913-2007)

REBT (Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy) - A B C D E

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PROFESSIONS

Psychiatric Nurses and Psychiatric Nurses

Psychologists Practitioners

Nurse Practitioners can prescribe

Clinical or Counseling psychotropic medications
QUIZ #1
Social Workers
Ph. D. or Psy. D.
M.S.W.
Psychiatrists Not trained in psychological assessment

M.D.’s can prescribe Master’s Level Therapists & Counselors

psychotropic medications MFT’s (Marriage and Family Therapists)

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