OVERVIEW _ _ _ _.
The Beta Titanium Alloys
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ F. H. Froes and H. B. Bomberger
The beta titanium alloys offer many
advantages in terms of processing, me-
chanical properties, and low cost of fab-
ricated components compared to conven-
tional titanium alloys. However, in the
past, melting difficulties, reproducibility
problems, and the conservatism of de-
signers resulted in only one major
application-on the SR-71 "Blackbird,"
Mach 3 + surveillance airplane. This
paper discusses the characteristics of the
beta titanium alloY3- from melting,
through processing, to final microstruc-
ture and mechanical properties- and
suggests that with recent advances the
time is now ripe for the titanium com~
munity to 3ucces3{ully fend off competi-
tion from other materials by making
increased use of thi" alloy cluss.*
"'For more details, the intere~ted reader ib referred to a
recellt TMSJAIME publication entitled "Bela TItanium
Alloys 5n the 80's," which includes papers from a tW!)
day "Beta Alloys" Symposium held under the sponson,hip
of the AIME Titanium Committee dm'ing the Annual
TMS/AIME ~feeting held March 8, 1983 in Atlan,a,
Georgia. Also featured arc invited additional paper::;, The
publication was edited by R. R. Boyer and H. W.
Rosenberg. 1
;·The minimum temperature at which the allotropic trans-
formation to the high temperature body .centered .'ubic
phaF:;e iR complete is defined as the beta transus
temperature. This temperature lS at approximately 885"C
(1620'F) for unalloyed titanium.
28
INTRODUCTION
The highly alloyed metastable beta class of titanium alloys has long
offered an improved alternative to the alpha-beta alloys because of their
increased heat treatability, deep hardening potential,2 and inherent ductility
attributable to its body centered cubic structure. 3 ,4 Recent concern for
damage tolerance also capitalizes on the superior fracture toughness of
beta alloys compared with alpha-beta titanium alloys, especially at higher
strength levels. 5 These attractive features led to use of the first commer-
cial metastable beta alloy in the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. 6 This impor-
tant application was made despite melting, processing, and reproducibility
problems. 7
The first beta alloy to be commercialized, Ti-13V-llCr-3AI, was developed
by Rem Cru Titanium in the mid-1950'sl Its beta structure is readily
retained after annealing, thus facilitating working, forming, and subse-
quent aging to high strength levels.
Subsequent beta alloys also employed the useful "formageable" concept lO
and offered improvements in properties and producibility. The most note-
worthy of these alloys include Ti-ll.SMo-6Zr-4.5Sn (Beta III) ,11 , 12
Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Mo-4Zr, 14, 10 Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI,16, 17 and Ti-15V-3AI-3Sn-3Cr.l~
Alloy 10-2-3 has especially good forgeability and is attractive for net-shape
forgings, and 15-3-3-3 has good strip producibility and formability. A num-
ber of other attractive alloys have not been commercialized. 19-22
A near beta alloy, Ti-5AI-2Sn-2Zr-4Mo-4Cr lTi-17), developed by General
Electric, is of considerable importance for high strength forgings. 23 Alloys
with an appreciable molybdenum content offer good corrosion resistance 24 -27
and, in combination with aluminum, high strength. 25 Soviet literature
names several beta compositions1 8 . 29 but few data were available on their
properties. British efforts were largely on non-beta alloys.30-32
This paper presents the salient physical metallurgy principles of the
metastable beta class which are intended primarily for structural applica-
tions. Alloys such as the Transage series 8 and Ti-Nb alloys for superconduc-
t ors 9 are not included. In terms of stability, the lower end of this alloy
family can be defined as the leanest alloy which can be water quenched, in
small section size, from above the beta transus to a fully beta structure at
room temperature.
PHYSICAL METALLURGY
Alloy Concepts
The metastable beta alloys are formulated by adding elements which
stabilize the high temperature body centered cubic allotrope of titanium at
the expense of the low temperature hexagonal close packed crystal structure.
This results in the body centered cubic phase becoming increasingly stable
at lower temperatures and the beta transus decreases. t As the amount of
beta stabilizer is increased, it becomes possible to retain an all-beta struc-
ture down to room temperature. 33 At the higher levels of beta stabilizer,
the metastable beta phase can even be achieved by air cooling. Within a
certain range of beta stabilizer content, the all-beta matrix retained to
room temperature is metastable and an elevated temperature hold, below
the beta transus temperature, results in decomposition to the alpha phase.
There are two types of beta stabilizers: beta isomorphous and beta
eutectoid. Examples of alloying elements in the first class are Mo, V, Ta,
and Nb and in the second class Cr, Mn, Fe, Si, Co, Ni, and Cu. Schematic
phase diagrams for the two classes of beta stabilizers are shown in Figure
1. Isomorphous alpha phase results from the decomposition of the metastable
beta in the first case, whereas in the second case, an intimate eutectoid
mixture of alpha and a compound form. Active eutectoid formers (e.g., Ni,
Cu) promote rapid decomposition, and sluggish eutectoid formers (e.g., Fe,
Mnl induce a slower reaction. Tables I, II, III illustrate the effect of
various substitutional elements on the beta trans us temperature, transfor-
mation nose temperature and time. 34 The amount of alloy addition to
retain beta to room temperature, and the effect of various eutectoid formers
on the eutectoid temperature are given in Table IV.35, 36
JOURNAL OF METALS· July 1985
 Table I. Effect of Alloy Elements on Beta Transus Temperature*34

Coefficient SE** of
(for 1 wt.%) Element Coefficient
Beta Transus
(OF) = 1600 -14 Mo 2
+42 Al 3
-S Zr 3
-22 V 2
-26 Cr 3
-15 Fe 12

"'Oxygen, an interstitial element, increases the beta transmi approximately WF for f!ach 0.01'1(. increase in the
element.
**Standard error.

Table II. Effect of Alloy Elements on Nose Temperature 34

Coefficient SE* of
(for 1 wt.%) Element Coefficient
---
Nose Temp
Tn CF) = 1150 -IS Mo 3
+45 Al 6
+10 Sn 3
-23 V 3
-26 Cr 5
-64 MIl 29
--44 Fe 21

*Standard error.

Melting
Some beta alloys can present two difficult problems for the melter.37 The
beta isomorphous metals Mo, Ta, and Nb are refractory and have relatively
high densities. As a consequence, particles of these elements resist melting
and sink to the bottom of the molten pool where they remain largely
unaffected. This problem can usually be avoided by using compatible master
alloys with favorable melting points and densities.
Refractory metal additions to aluminum-free alloys, such as Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-
4.5Sn and Ti-30Mo, can be more difficult to melt because suitable master
alloys are not commercially available. However, acceptable approaches are
available by matching densities 38 or by diluting the molybdenum to about
w
50% with zirconium and titanium. 39 a:
,...
:::> 13
The other melting problem associated with beta and beta-rich alloys
<
results from macroscopic formation of beta stabilized regions as the melt
..
a:
w
solidifies. These "beta flecks"37 exhibit different properties than the base :l;
composition. These regions become apparent in the beta microstructure w
,...
when the material is aged lightly since the more stable grains or flecks do
not age as rapidly as the rest of the material. a+/3

Processing - % BETA ISOMORPHOUS ADDITION_

{oj
For ingot processing (cast and wrought material), the dual requirements
are (a) usable shape (which involves primary working operations such as
ingot breakdown, secondary mill operations such as rolling, and fabrication

w
a:
{3
/
Table III. Effect of Alloy Elements on Nose Time 34
,...
::::>
(3+ y
<
Coefficient
(for 1 wt.%) Element
SE* of
Coefficient ..
a:
w
::!;
v --l Y
In(nose time, ,...w (3--a+y
tn [s]) = -1.74 +0.34 Mo 0.03
+O.OS Al 0.06
+0.21 Sn 0.03
+0.26 V 0.03 TI - % BETA EUTEC TOlD A DDITIO N --..-
+0.63 Cr 0.04 (b)
+0.59 Mn 0.2S
+0.50 }'e 0.20 Figure 1. Schematic phaile diagrams for the
two major classes of beta stabilizers (a) beta
*Standard error. isomorphous and (b) beta eutectoid.

JOURNAL OF METALS· July 1985 29

 Table IV. Effect of Alloying Elements on Retention of Beta to Room Temperature and
Eutectoid Temperature

Content for
lOO% Beta, wt.%**
Eutectoid
Alloying USA USSR Temperature,
Element Type* Data Data °F36

Mo I 10.0 11.0
V I 15.0 19.4
Cb I 36.0 36.7
Ta I 45.0 50.2
Mn EF 6.5 5.3 1020
Fe EF 3.5 5.1 1095
Cr EF 6.3 9.0 1235
Co EF 7.0 6.0 1255
W EF 22.5 26.8 1365
Ni EF 9.0 7.2 1420
Cu EF 1470
Si EF 1580

*1 = isomorphous; EF = eutectoid fonner.

**Minimum alloy content to retain 100% beta after quenching.~!5

to a component), and (b) attractive mechanical properties derived from

Beto Jll. 93% Cold Ro l led
Cl20AV 38% Cold ROiled
Figure 2. Demonstration of the dramatic differ-
ence in cold rollability of (a) the body cen-
tered cubic Beta III (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn)
which has been successfully rolled 93% and
(b) the largely hexagonal close packed Ti-6AI-
4V which can only be rolled 15% before the
onset of internal cracking. Note extreme edge
cracking in this latter case.
microstructural control during the various working and fabrication steps.
These two requirements are often mutually exclusive.
Control of shape during primary breakdown in metastable beta alloys,
carried out above the beta trans us, is generally similar to processing
Ti-6AI-4V. Secondary processing is almost always easier in the metastable
beta alloys because their body centered cubic structure is inherently more
ductile than the hexagonal close packed alpha structure prevalent in Ti-
6AI-4V at temperatures well below the tl'ansus. This is especially true for
cold processing. Figure 2 graphically illustrates Beta III alloy (Ti-11.5Mo-
6Zr-4.5Sn) successfully cold rolled 93%. Also shown is Ti-6AI-4V, which
could only be cold rolled about 15% without the onset of internal rupture,
exhibiting extensive edge cracking. This ease of processing for shape consid-
erations is a significant advantage for the metastable beta alloys and
translates to a cost reduction especially at light sheet gauges.
The metastable beta· alloys require careful thermomechanical processing
to achieve the required final microstructure. 1 This controlled processing
involves, first the worked or recrystallized condition and then, if
recrystallized, the grain size. Under certain melting conditions, the struc-
tures which may occur in an ingot of a metastable beta alloy range from
small equiaxed grains at the surface, to elongated columnar grains, to
large equiaxed grains at the center of the ingot, Figure 3. 40 Recently, it
was shown that there is a supra-transus "processing window" through
which the alloy can be taken to result in a final fine equiaxed beta grain
structure. 41 -44 This "processing window" is relatively wide for the lean
metastable beta alloys and for heavy amounts of deformation. However, it
is much more constricted for the richer alloys and for lighter amounts of
deformation. The mechanism by which the restoration to a low strain
condition occurs is suggested schematically in Figure 4.41 In general, a fine
beta grain structure is promoted by working below the transus and then
heating through the transus.
Recrystallization follows the typical sigmoidal behavior which is a function
of temperature and prior deformation. 45 The rate of grain boundary migration
decreases inversely with annealing time, indicating a concurrent recovery
process obeying second order kinetics. However, as the amount of deforma-
tion increased from 20% to 80%, the average grain boundary migration
rate increased by three orders of magnitude. This work 45 suggests that the
kinetics of both recrystallization and grain growth are controlled by
impurity-dependent boundary migration.
Grain growth was studied as a function of oxygen level, prior (undeformed)
grain size, amount of strain and annealing time, and temperature. 46 Growth
follows the relationship:
Dl!n - Dolin = At

Figure 3. Half radial section of Ti-10V-2Fe-3AI
ingot. Note range of structures in this
macrosection from equiaxed grains at the
surface, to colurnnar, to large equiaxed grains
at the center of the ingot 40
where D is the grain size after annealing at temperature for a time t, Do
is the apparent initial grain size at t=o and n and A are constants.
Generally, the kinetics of grain growth are not influenced by the prior
grain size or amount of deformation, unless both recovered and recrystallized
grains are measured in which case a critical grain growth phenomenon

30 JOURNAL OF METALS· July 1985

 occurs at low deformation levels (7-12%) (Figure 5). Oxygen appears to
reduce the kinetics of grain growth particularly at higher temperatures.
The exponent n is approximately 0.35 up to 830°C C1525°F), similar to the
value observed in other work on titanium.
The degree of recrystallization/grain size in the final mill product or
component can strongly affect subsequent fabricability or mechanical
properties. A fine equiaxed beta grain size leads to superplastic behavior.47, 48
However, a fully recrystallized equiaxed structure aged to produce alpha
precipitation has inferior strength/ductility/corrosion resistance compared
to aged worked materia1. 49 -53
Metastable beta alloys tend to be more difficult to descale than Ti-
6AI-4V. This problem can be largely overcome by heating only in inert
environments or by employing mechanical descaling methods, including
sand blasting, grinding, and machining. Chemical descaling can thus be
limited only as needed to sheet products but such treatments must be
controlled to avoid hydrogen absorption. 54 Although beta alloys are more
tolerant to hydrogen than other titanium alloys, hydrogen absorption and
diffusion rates are higher. 55

Heat Treatment and Microstructural Development

Schematically, the constitutional phases which can occur in this class of
alloys are shown in Figure 6. 5 This situation, however, can be made even
more complicated by compound formation and by specific features of the
microstructure being heat treated (e.g., amount of strain, grain size). The
final microstructure depends on the constitutional equilibrium and non-
equilibrium phases and on the prior thermomechanical processing (TMP) Figure 4. Schematic representation of the se-
history. It is thus convenient to define microstructural development in two quence of events proposed to occur during
stages one based on constitutional effects, the second modification of these restoration to a low strain condition during
effects due to the TMP history. annealing following deformation.41

RESTORATION PROCESSES

E2J ~
STARTING DEFORMATION RESTORATION RESTORATION AFTER
STRUCTURE INITIATED PROGRESSES ANNEALING

~~
LOW
TEMPERATURE
DEFORMATION

MIXED GRAIN STRUCTURE STRAIN TENDS TO BE NEW GRAINS GROW INTO PRIOR SMALL GRAINED
LOCALIZED IN BANDS, ADJACENT STRAINED REGIONS RETAIN SMALL
CONCENTRATING IN REGIONS GRAIN SIZE. MIXED
SMAl_L GRAINS STRUCTURE RESULTS!

• II 11m
INTERMEDIATE~
("WINDOW")
TEMPERATURE
DEFORMATION

MIXED GRAIN STRUCTURE DYNAMIC RECOVERY RECRYSTALLIZATION*OCCURS NEW GRAINS GROW INTO UNIFORM FINE GRAIN
GIVES SMALL SUB-GRAIN UNIFORMLY THROUGHOUT ADJACENT STRAINED STRUCTURE RESULTS
STRUCTURE AND UNIFORM MATERIAL REGIONS
DEFORMATION, MINIMAL
GRAIN GROWTH

~
~ ~
\\\ \::-
\\ \\\\\,\
HIGH
TEMPERATURE ,\\ "
~

DEFORMATION
":\
,\\,\~\\\\\\\\'"'"
Y.
\\\\\b\\\~\\\
, ' \~

MIXED GRAIN STRUCTURE DYNAMIC RECOVERY *

GIVES LARGE SUB-GRAIN
STRUCTURE AND UNIFORM
DEFORMOl.TION. GRAIN
GROWTH OCCURS
RECRYSTALLIZATION OCCURS NEW GRAINS GROW INTO GRAIN GROWTH
IN HEAVILY DEFORMED AOJACENT STRAINE D RETARDED BY LOW
REGIONS, ESPECIALLY AT REGIONS STRAIN OF RECOIERED
GRAIN BOUNDARIES REGIONS. MIXED GRAIN
STRUCTURE RESULTS t

)\- RECRYSTALLIZATION MAY BE DYNAMIC AT THE LOW TEMPERATURE BECAUSE OF THE EXTREMELY HIGH LOCALIZED STRAINS, IS
EITHER METADYNAMIC OR STATIC AT INTERMEDIATE AND HIGH TEMPERATURES.
IN THE HIGH TEMPERATURE CASE THE LOCATION OF HlE FINE GRAINS DOES NOT NECESSARILY COINCIDE WITH THE LOCATION
O~ THE ORIGINAL fiNE GRAINS.

JOURNAL OF METALS· July 1985 31

Figure 5. Critical grain growth behavior for ....
Beta III (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn) containing 0.15 120
oxygen with a 25 j.1m prior grain size,
-----." <2? MIN.

annealed at three different temperatures. 46 1 10

100
90
80

F<~,
E ~30,MIN.
~
w
N
70 ~ \ '~-
;;; 60
!!:
<
II:
(!)
50
40
~M~N~ -./
~10MIN.
" ...... _--
~1~M~N.
30
20 [
-

--- ____ 10 MIN.

10 775 0 C(14250F} B300C( 1525 0 F) 925 0 C(1700 0 F)

,
(l+~
ILl
......... ,
p 0
~
~
la
\'-'1, 0 10 20 0 10 20 o 10 20
<l
II: \~I3+W. COLD DEFORMATION (%)
ILl
Q.
:IE i,'., .......
! ,\ .......
,,
ILl
~
Using the schematic shown in Figure 6 as a basis,4 the possible phases
: I
present are the parent beta matrix, the allotromorphic alpha, and the
I omega phase. 56-61 The latter may be either athermally or isothermally
formed. 62 In large amounts, the omega phase results in very low ductility

.
levels,63 phase splitting (which is the formation of beta rich and beta lean
rRANGE OF METASTABLE
BETA ALLOYS -, regions),64 and compound formation. Deformation can also lead to strain
induced martensite in these alloys.65 At the rich end of the beta alloy
spectrum, an all-beta alloy exists at room temperature which is so stable
Figure 6. Schematic phase diagram indicating
the compositional range considered to be beta
that heat treatment does not cause any decomposition.
alloys, and the various phases which may All beta alloys developed to date utilize the alpha phase as the primary
occur.s Additionally, with eutectoid formers strengthening mechanism. Both the alpha and beta phases are by them-
present, a compound may form. selves relatively soft, but an alpha-beta interface is an effective hindrance
to dislocation and crack propagation (Figure 7).66 Both the omega phase
and phase splitting can be used as precursors to modify the final alpha
dispersion. 5 To date, compound formation has not been used as a strengthen-
ing mechanism because of low ductilities.
LENTICULAR COARSE ALPHA
With the notable exception of Ti-13V-llCr-3Al, the beta titanium alloys
are generally processed so that final conversion is below the beta transus
NUCLEATION - EASV
GROWTH - DIFFICULT temperature. This is then followed by a solution treatment, also usually
below the beta transus temperature, and a fast quench to avoid extensive
alpha phase formation. Since sub-transus processing/solution treatment does
IV' c:}
DUCTILITY TOUGHNESS

not allow a substantial amount of recrystallization, many dislocations are

"woo ,o.~ left within the grains to act as nucleation sites for the alpha. Subsequent
aging precipitates a fine alpha phase. This absence of grain boundary
~7 CRACK alpha leads to improved combinations of strength and ductility/fracture
toughness,67-69 especially at the higher strength levels. 5 Additionally, the
SMALL PLASTIC ZONE TORTUOUS CRACK PATH
lack of continuous grain boundary alpha significantly enhances resistance
to stress corrosion cracking susceptibility.49
The effect of aging temperature on the dispersion of alpha formed is
GLOBULAR COARSE ALPHA
shown in Figure 8,70 where the size and spacing of the alpha decreased as
NUCLEATION - DIFFICULT the aging treatment is reduced from 700°C (130QoF) to 480°C (900°F). Typical
aging curves for the Beta III alloy are shown in Figure 9. 70 Typical
GROWTH - EASY

DUCTILITY TOUGHNESS time/temperature transformation curves for the Beta III alloy are shown in
Figure 10 for a supra- and sub-transus annealing temperature. The de-
creased nose time for alpha precipitation after the latter treatment is
l
o apparent. Deformation influences alpha precipitation in the same manner,

ZONE~ ~KOO by decreasing the nose time. The influence of alpha stabilizers, such as
aluminum (substitutional) and oxygen (interstitial), is to raise and shorten

.
PLASTIC
IT the alpha nose as well as lower and lengthen the omega nose.71 An
LARGE PLASTIC ZONE NON-TORTUOUS CRACK PATH interesting use of the difference in nose time for alpha precipitation between
undeformed and deformed material is to use an intermediate aging time
between the two curves to "decorate" (with alpha phase) the unrecrystallized
Figure 7. Schematic representation of the ef-
fect of coarse alpha shape on toughness and regions of a partially recrystallized material.72 During the precipitation of
ductility. The lenticular morphology causes the the alpha phase, the remaining beta matrix becomes enriched in the beta
crack path to be tortuous giving high toughness; stabilizers,73 thus imparting elevated temperature stability to the alloy.74
the globular shape gives large plastic zones The primary alpha formed at the solution treatment temperature does
and increased ductility.66 not directly influence the strength attained. Indirectly, the amount of

32 JOURNAL OF METALS· July 1985

 ....
Figure 8. Effect of aging temperature on the
dispersion of alpha formed. The size and
spacing of the alpha increases as the aging
temperature is increased from (a) 480°C
(900°F), (b) 535°C (1 OOO°F), (c) 595°C (11 OO°F),
to (d) 700°C (1300°F). Beta III (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-
4.5Sn) solution annealed above the beta
transus, water quenched, and aged 8 hours'?o

900 0 F
(4srf'Cl .:.-----

,,-
lOOOf>r:/'

~ ~
/' -_.,_t.?~~~ ~:950C)
1 ;>rJO-O-F~ ~n!jOOC)
alpha available for strengthening at any aging temperature diminishes as
the solution annealing temperature decreases. However, a certain amount
of equiaxed primary alpha is desirable to enhance ductility.20, 66
At lower aging temperatures, the leaner metastable beta alloys form
omega phase and the intermediate stability alloys form beta rich and beta
(370:~'~800[}F"
lean regions (phase splitting).5 The omega phase generally gives very high
.
n
;(42S C) ",,-

hardness but with low ductility.63 However, this phase can be used to ~-

.. -
",,-' 600 0 F

refine the dispersion of alpha subsequently formed at a higher temperature _.:"

(31S0C)

in certain alloys.5 It appears that Ti-V base alloys give an in-situ omega to 3401 -' -:.-=~.~.:. -;.,,-:, :""_- -'~
500°F.

alpha transformation, while the Ti-Mo system promotes separate nucleation (260 C)
Q

c"
of the alpha. 75 Further alloying additions, such as Zr and Sn to a Ti-Mo 300
~I
•
IMI~UIt..:>THOURS
10 60
I

10
II I

100
I

•
alloy, can lead to an in-situ transformation in the Beta III (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-
4.5Sn) alloy.7o Phase splitting has helped refine the subsequent alpha by
pre-aging at low temperatures in the richer Ti-SMo-SV-2Fe-3Al alloy.64 Figure 9. Variation of hardness with aging
Use of the omega phase in combination with alpha precipitation to create time for Beta III (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn) beta
a combined alpha plus omega structure increases elastic modulus levels signif- solution treated. water quenched, and aged at
icantly above those observed in materials aged in the alpha range. 76 . 77 the indicated temperatures'?o

14001..J'-j , 'j "ill u:'1400r, -1

~ 700 o

/---
700
°W UJ W
0::: 12QO _ 1650 0 F (gGoOe) a:: 1200 / -15UO.cF(8150C>i 0
::> ::>
__ 14500F(78S0C11600 w --137S 0 F(74SoC) 600 ~
I-
<i
a: I
,,-
,-

/3--8 +a
o
<i
I-
0:
a: " "
f:
,
a: 1000
('"
---
w 1000
{j--f3+a z
ll.J
a. \ a.
::; 500 "f= ::; 500 w
w z " ()

' ....
UJ

'"~
I- ---~
UJ I- 800
,/
z

(0-
SOOL
Z
~ 400

....
0 400 o a:
i= i=
+w "a
UJ
UJ f3
"'a:"
.q: 600 UJ
a: ::; 300
600 300 (!)
a:
0
UJ
o o ........ , ...... Figure 10. Isothermal transformation diagrams
Ie
~ 400 ··200 for Beta III (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn) of two oxy-
~;UTES ~OURS
U)
Z 400 200 z
'"
a:
I-
o•j
lMINUTES~--:-IOURS
10 -rIME 60 10
..."a: 10 10
gen levels (a) 0.17 and (b) 0.28, solution
treated above and below the beta transus
TIME
(a) (bl temperature in both cases lO

JOURNAL OF METALS· July 19S5 33

 Table V. Typical Data for Ti-10V-2Fe-3A,*94

Beta transus temperature: 795°C (1465 C F)

Modulus of elasticity: 14.0 x 10 6 psi as solution treated (ST)
15.5 x 10 6 psi as ST and aged
Density: 0.168 Ib/in.3, 4.65 g/cm 3
Tensile properties of forgings:
Klc~
Condition UTS, ksi YS, ksi EL,% RA, % ksi ,/in.
STA; 1 hr 1385-1410°F, WQ +
8 hr 900-950°F, AC 180-200 168-184 4-12 10-30 42-56
STOA: 1 hr 1350°F, AC +
8 hr 1075-1100°F, AC 140-150 130-140 20 45 93
BAOA: 1 hr 1500°F, AC +
8 hr ] 150 F, AC
D
145 135 17 46 100

*Maximum oxygen 0.13%..

Table VI. Typical Data for Ti-1SV-3Cr-3AI-3Sn*95

Beta transus temperature: 760°C (1400°F)

Modulus of elasticity: 12 x 10 6 psi, annealed (ANN)
15 x 10 6 psi, aged
Density: 0.170 lb/in.a, 4.71 g/cm 3
Tensile properties:

UTS, YS,
Product Condition ksi ksi EL, %
Strip,
0.035-0.07 in. ANN 4-30 min 1450 }<', AC
D
114 112 21
ANN + 14 hr 950°F 190 175 7
ANN + 14 hr 1000°F 160 145 12

"'Maximum oxygen 0.13.

Limited work on non-wrought beta alloys shows they also have character-
istic structures and attractive properties. Such products include castings,78
casting alloys containing large amounts of eutectoid formers,79 powder
metallurgy parts,80-86 and rapidly solidified powd ers8o, 87-91 which offer
special advantages.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
In the solution treated and quenched condition, the beta alloys exhibit
excellent formability. On aging to high strength by precipitation of a fine
dispersion of alpha phase, ductility is reduced, but the beta alloys are
normally characterized by a good balance of strength, ductility, and frac-
ture toughness. Generally, fracture toughness is favored by a lenticular
primary alpha, ductility by a globular primary alpha 66 (Figure 7). Strength
is dictated by the fineness of the secondary alpha 22 with
YS = 850 + 70d-- 1
where YS is in MPa and d, the fine (secondary) alpha spacing in f.Lm,
Typical properties for the two metastable beta alloys which are presently
receiving most attention-Ti-lOV-2Fe-3Al and Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn-are
shown in Tables V and VI, respectively. For further data, the interested
reader should consult references 92-101.

APPLICATIONS
To date, beta titanium alloys have been used sparingly, and then only
where certain combinations of properties justified their higher costs, The
greater costs result from the larger alloy content, in some cases higher
production costs, and in learning to work with the new materials.
An example of justifiable usage is that of 13-11-3 in the SR-71. In this
case, emphasis was on a high strength-to-density ratio to achieve outstand-
ing performance. It has also been used extensively in a variety of spring
applications where the important combination of properties is low elastic
modulus, high strength, and low density. Product forms included sheet,
wire, bar, billet, plate, extrusions, and forgings.

34 JOURNAL OF METALS· July 1985

 The 38644 alloy is well received as a high strength spring material for a
variety of aircraft. There are many potential uses for springs and torsion
bars in military, industrial, and automotive applications. The alloy's high
strength and good corrosion resistance make it a candidate for piping,
tubing,97 and other sour gas well equipment. In general, it is a good
replacement for the earlier 13-11-3 alloy.
Alloy 10-2-3 is especially attractive for aircraft forgings because of its
high strength and toughness, and its ability to be isothermally forged to
near net shapes using conventional low cost forging dies. Acceptance by
Boeing for forged airframe components in the 757 (Trunnion Bearing
Housing, Auxilliary Flap Tracks) and 737-300 (over-wing nacelle fitting)
and other advanced airplanes is cost effective because of its high strength
and relatively low forging costs. These considerations should extend the
alloy to other aircraft and non-aircraft applications.
Ti-15-3-3-3 possesses good potential for lowering the manufacturing costs
of titanium airframe structures. Having better strip and foil producibility
and better cold formability than other high strength alloys, it will compete
with existing titanium sheet alloys and extend usage of titanium in
airframes. Extensive work was done to evaluate shop forming of this
material,98 These studies included flange, bead, draw, joggle, and bend
forming of sheet material at room temperature followed by heat treating
and finishing. The formability was considered excellent within the limits
established. This led to redesigning the lower half of the A-10 fuselage
frame. Production costs are lower than those for Ti-6AI-4V, and cold forming
is a viable process. This resulted in the manufacture of many parts for the
B1B. Ti-15-3-3-3 was also fabricated using a cold shear spinning operation
to produce low cost tanks to replace Ti-6Al-4V units machined from
forgings. 99 Other potential applications for this material are as seamless
tubing, wire, rivets, and foil for honeycomb structures.
The limited availability of Beta III restricts application of this attractive
alloy. It is used as Belleville springs, Rivbolts on the 747, and has been
evaluated successfully for sheet, tubing, plate, forging, golf club shafts, and
orthodontic applications. 74 , 96, 100, 101 AMS 4977 covers Beta III bar and
wire product. Recent bicompatibility studies have shown encouraging re-
sults for biological applications. 96

THOUGHTS FOR THE FUTURE

The commercialization of the beta titanium alloys has taken more than
three decades: from the earliest work on the prototype Ti-13V-11Cr-3AI
(1952) to the present alloys such as Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, Beta III (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-
4.5Sn), Beta C (Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo), and Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn. The time
now appears ripe for greatly increasing use of the newer beta alloys. This
is a result of recent design trends toward enhanced combinations of strength
and structural integrity (fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth rate),
while maintaining or reducing the cost of fabricated components. The beta
alloys offer these final. two attributes especially at higher strength levels 5
in heavy sections.
There are now available at least four beta alloys offering attractive
combinations of mechanical properties. These include Ti-l0V-2Fe-3AI, a
lean beta alloy that offers excellent forgeability because of its relatively
low alloy content facilitating grain size control;41 a low beta transus tem-
perature allowing alpha-beta processing with relatively inexpensive tooling
materials;16. 17,94 and mechanical property combinations (already extensively
used in the Boeing 757 and BlB). Beta III (Ti-11.5Mo-6Zr-4.5Sn) is a
slightly richer alloy in which grain size can also be controlled. 41 It can be
easily fabricated to all product forms needing attractive mechanical proper-
ties and has been used in Rivbolts for the 747 and Belleville springs.
Grain size control is somewhat more difficult in still richer Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-
3Al ("15-3"). It is being promoted as a sheet alloy (though it should also
be useful in heavy section applications such as the BIB). Finally, the
Ti-3AI-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo alloy, again of richer alloy content and therefore a
little more difficult to process,41 is presently being used in spring
applications. Technical marketing is required to exploit the alloys that are
currently available.
Further into the future, rapid solidification/powder metallurgy (RS/PM)
promises the chance of increasing alloying additions presently made to
conventional ingot metallurgy (1M) alloys while circumventing the melting
problems to the 1M product. 37 Use of RS/PM will greatly refine the beta
grain structure,89, 102 hence allowing lower temperature fabrication. In
turn, this will permit control of second phase precipitation of the
allotromorphic alpha or a compound. The extension of solubility that is
possible using RS/PM, perhaps in combination with formation of metastable

JOURNAL OF METALS· July 1985 35

If you want more information on this subject,
please circle reader service card number 30.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS . . . . . . . . . ." .
F.H. Froes received his M.S. and Ph.D. in
physical metallurgy tram the University of
Sheffield. He is currently Technical Area Man-
ager and focal point for metallic structural ma-
terials at the Air Force Wright Aeronautical
Laboratories, Materials Laboratory, AFWAL!
MLLS at Wright Patterson Air Force Base in
Ohio. He is also an adjunct professor at the
University of Dayton and Wright State Univer-
sity and teaches courses on titanium for the
ASM. Dr. Frees is also a member of TMS.
H.B. Bomberger received his M.S. and Ph.D.
in metallurgical engineering from Ohio State
University. He is currently a visiting scientist
at the Air Force Materials Laboratory, an in-
structor in metallurgical engineering at
Youngstown State University, and a technical
consultant to industry. Dr. Bomberger is also
a member of TMS.
phases, should allow fine potent hardening phases leading to alloys competi-
tive with high strength steels for applications such as landing gears. The
addition of low density elements could even further enhance the strength-
to-density advantage of the beta alloys. Cost reductions could be realized
by direct powder production methods,lo3 perhaps in combination with a
fabrication route such as direct powder rolling. 104 Finally, tailoring of
mechanical properties could be advanced even further by incorporating
high modulus fibers into the beta titanium alloy matrix. Already work has
shown 105 , 106 that the inherent alloy composition of the beta alloys, and the
very fine grain size that can be produced in these alloys, allows much
lower fabrication temperatures than for the more common Ti-6AI-4V alloy.
This results in significantly smaller reaction zones and offers the potential
for enhanced strength and fatigue behavior. Beta titanium alloys must be
fully exploited to meet the challenge of higher strength, lower density,
high temperature capability aluminum alloys in demanding applications. 87
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank Dr. N. 1. Toby and his co-workers for valuable
comments. We should also like to express our appreciation to Ms. Tatjana
Razumova for her expertise in translating this text into the Russian
language. We are also grateful to Miss K. A. Sitzman and Mrs. O. M.
Finlayson for their assistance in preparing the manuscript.

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36 JOURNAL OF METALS· July 1985

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76. J. C. Williams, F. H. Froes, and S Fujishim,
"Micl'ostl'ucture and Properties of the Alloy Ti-ILo.Mo-
6Zr-45Sn <Beta rm," Ref. 25, Vol. 2, pp. 1421-1436_
77, F. H_ Froes, R. F_ Malone, S_ f'ujishn-o, R. F
Geil::iendorfer, and J. A. Hnll, "Effect of Omega Pha:'>e
on Selected Properties of Beta Titllnium A1loys," Air
Force Materials Laboratory, Tcchnic:al Report. AFML·
TR-75-30, June 1975.
78.D. Eylon, F. H. Froes, and R W. Gardiner,
"Developments in Titanium Alloy Castmg' Te!.:hnol-
ogy," .Journal of Metals, Vol. 35, No 2, February
1983, pp, ,15-47
79_ H. B. Bomberger, G, S. Han, and S. It Seagle,
"Low-Melting Hypereutectoic.i Titanium Copper
Alloys," Ref. 47., pp. 1278-1285.
80. F. H. Froes and D. Eylon, "Powder MotnJlurgy of
Titanium Al1oys---A Review , presented at thf! Fift.h
11

Internatiunal Conference on Titanium, September 1984.

Paper No. FMC, and to be published in 19R11
81. L. Parsons, J. Bruce, .J. Lane, and F. H. Froes,
"Titanium Powder Metallurgy Comes of Age," .Metal
Progress, Vol. 128, No.4, September 1984, pp. 83-94.
82. F. H, Froes and J. E, Smugere!$ky, eds., Powda
Metallurgy of Titanium Alloys, -TMS-AIME Publica-
tions, Warrendale, PA, 1980.
83. F. H. Froes and D. Eylon, ed~_, Tita.ninm Net
Shape Technologies, TMS-AIME Puhlications, Warre.n-
dale, FA, 1984.
84_ N. C, Hirla, V, DePiene, and A. M. Adair,
"'Evaluation ,of Bet.a III Titanium Alloy Powders
Compacted by Hot Swaging," P01J)der i\1eiaJlul'gv. No.
3, 1978, pp. 163-167.
85. R, R. Boyer. D. Eylon, and F. H. Froes,
"Comparative Evaluation of Ti-10V-2Fe-3A1 Cast, P!M
and Wrought Product Forms," presented at the Fifth
International Conference on Titanium, S~ptember 1984,
Paper No, AA-13, and to be published In 1985
86. R. R. Boyer, D. Eylon, C. F. Yolton, and F. fJ
Froes. "Powder Metallurgy of Ti-l0V-ZFe-3AI," Ref.
ALS Metals Company has a single We unite Allegheny Ludlum's modern
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II
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83. pp_ 63-78. panies with a combined experience of more --->:::;
87. F. H. Froes and J. R. Pickens, "Powder Metallur- than 60 years in the manu facture 01 tit anium: TWX: 510-697-3307.

gy of Light Metal Alloys for Demanding Applications,"
Journal af Metals, Vol. 36, No.1., January 1984) pp.
14-28.
j/dgjttlil !l
Allegheny Lu dlum Steel Corporation
and Sumitomo Meta l Industries Ltd ,

~ A~~.~etals compan~
88. S. J, Savage and F. H. Froes, "Production of Hap-
idly Solidified Metals and Alloys,': Journal of Metals,
Vol. 36, No, 4, April 1984, pp. 20-33.
89, T. F. Broderick, ~'. H. Froes, and A. G. ,Jackson,
"Cooling Rate Effects un Ti-6AI-4V and Beta III Tita-
nium Alloys," Rapidly Solidified Metastable Material."
Vol. 28, B. H. Kear and B. C. Giessen, eds, Elsevier
Science Publishing Company, NY, 1984. pp. ~4o·~51. . 50 on read or service card
90. S. Kri::;hnamurthy) A. G. ,Jacksl))l, H. Jones. and

JOURNAL OF METALS· July 1985 37