SOLUTIONS MANUAL TO ACCOMPANY ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Fourth Edition M. David Burghardt James A. Harbach 400 Selected ProblemsSolutions Manual, 400 Selected Problems, to Accompany Engineering Thermodynamics, Fourth Edition ISBN 978-0-9854936-0-8 ©2012Introduction: We hope that you find the Solutions Manual helpful in developing your understanding Engineering Thermodynamics. Doing multiple problems will help you develop your engineering modeling abilities, modeling thermodynamic systems. The Solutions Manual follows the same format for problem solution that the text does—each step clearly delineated—stating what is given, what must be found, a sketch with the given data, the assumptions made, and the analysis of the problem. We hope you find the Solutions Manual and Engineering Thermodynamics 4e, beneficial. Dave Burghardt Jim HarbachChapter I - INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I Problem L1 Compare the operating costs of a home refrigerator that uses 700 kwh electricity annually to one that uses 1900 kwh. The cost of electricity is $0.10 kwh. If this were enacted nationally, such that 10 million refrigerators were effected, what would be | the total savings in kilowatt-hours? Given: The annual electrical power consumption of refrigerators and the cost of electricity. | Find: The savings in kw-h of electricity by using an energy efficient model. | Sketch & Given Data: | 100 kl h 1200 kWh Coat. of electrerhy oO 4/th ‘Analysis: 1900 wr } 1200 kwh savingsfunit annually Cost Savings = (1200 kwh)(0.10 S/kwh) = $12/yr Savings in annual kwh = (:2o8z) (10 x 10° units) = 12 x 10” kwh ‘ani 1.Chapter I - INTRODUCTION Problem 1.5 Consider a subset of the American automotive fleet that comprises one million cars that are driven 10,000 miles annually. The average gasoline consumption for this fleet rises from 26 mpg to 31 mpg over a S-year period. Calculate the total fuel savings annually and cumulatively over this time. Given: The estimated rise in an automotive fleet’s miles per gallon over a five-year period. Find: ‘The total fuel savings and the annual fuel savings over the five-year period. Analysis: 1 millions cars 10,000 mifyr 26 mpg — 31 mpg over 5 years Savings per mpg 10,000 mi 10,000 mi _ 384,62 gallcar-year ral ye 10000 = 370.37 a, = 1425 10,000 _ _ 20000 = 35714 a, = 1323 10,000 20000 . 344.83 -12 a, = 1231 sme = 333.33 a, = 1150 10,000 eee ee = 10. 2 a, = 10.75 Year Savings/Million cars Cumulative Savings (gallons) 1 14,250,000 14,250,000 2 13,230,000 27,480,000 3 12,310,000 39,790,000 i 4 11,500,000 51,290,000 5 10,750,000 62,040,000Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS CHAPTER 2 Problem 2.1 Referring to Figure 2.10, the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, and the pressure gages A and B read 210 kPa (gage). Determine the absolute pressures in boxes A and B in (@) kPa; (b) mm Hg absolute. Given: Atmospheric pressure and readings of gages A and B. Find: The absolute pressures in boxes A and B. Sketch and Given Data: Por = 100 kPa Assumptions: None Analysis: Determine pressures A and B in kPa, then convert to mmHg absolute. @ Pa = Pa + Par = 210 kPa + 100 kPa = 310 kPa Pra = Page + Pen, but Paar, = Poy, = 210 kPa + 310 kPa = 520 kPa (e) ImmHg = 0.1333 kPa immHg ae 4 0s = 2325.6 mmHg absolute = immHg _ — 3901 mmHg absolute 520 kPa x, UNDE — 3901 mmbg absol 21Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem 2.5 ‘A pump discharges into a 3-m-pet-side cubical tank. The flow rate is 300 liters per ‘minwte and the fluid has a density 1.2 times that of water (density of water = 1000.0 kg/m*), Determine (a) the flowrate in kilograms per second; (b) the time it takes to fill the tank, Given: Dimensions of tank, flowrate and fluid density. Find: Flowrate and time to fill tank. Sketch and Given Data: 3m p = (1.2)(1000 kg. /mn*) = 1200 kg/m? am Assumptions: None Analysis: (@) Converting volume flowrate to mass flowrate. (300 ¢min) i (000 om) * (1200 kg/m®) x (= ami) 6 kgs (®) Caloulating time by dividing volume by volume flowrate. Gm) x (1000 ym) ‘ 300 drain 25Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem 2.9 An automobile has a 1200-kg mass and is accelerated to 7 m/s’. Determine the force required to perform this acceleration. Given: Automobile undergoing acceleration, Find: Required force. Sketch and Given Data: ta ee Assumptions: 1) Neglect friction. 2) — Horizontal movement. Analysis: Calculate force to accelerate automobile. F = ma = (1200 kg)(7 m/s’) = 8400 N 29Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem 2.13 A new temperature scale is desired with freezing of water at 0°X and boiling at atmospheric pressure occurring at 1000°X. Derive a conversion between degrees Celsius and degrees X. What is absolute zero in degrees X? Given: Values in °X at boiling and freezing points of water. Find: Conversion to °C. Sketch and Given Data: , ¢ x boiling point freeing point absolute, ‘Rero Assumptions: None Analysis: Determine change for each system between boiling point and freezing point. (100°C - 0°C) = (1000°X - 0°x) 100°C = 1000°X or 1°C = 10°K absolute zero = -273.15°C x 0x = -27315°% 2-13Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem 2.17 For the situation sketched below, the following information is known: Pio = 1000.0 kg/m?* Phy = 13590.0 kg/m? Determine pli. | Given: Pressure at I, fluid densities, elevations. Find: Pressure at II. | Sketch and Given Data: 0 Pitx0 = 1000 kg/m Pilg = 13 SIO Ky /ms 95 1.8 m/s* Assumptions: None Analysis: Pressure at Il is equal to pressure at I plus 2 m column of water minus 0.5 column of Mercury plus 0.4 m column of water. P, = P, + plg - plg + plg 7 (1000 kg/m?)(2m)(9.8 m/s? ee ee (1000 Pa/kPa) _ (13590 kgim?)(0.5 m)(9.8 mis?) “4000 Pa/kPa) + (1000 kg/m*)(0.4 m)(9.8 mis) = (1000 Pa/krs) eee Py = 456.9 kPa 247‘Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem 2.21 A diver descends 100 m to a sunken ship. A container is found with a pressure gage reading 100 kPa (gage). Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. What is the absolute pressure of the gas in the container? (The density of water is 1000 kg/m*,) Given: Gage pressure reading of container at 100 m water depth. Find: Absolute pressure of gas in container. Sketch and Given Data: (00 Pe 100m P= 1000 ky/mt 100 kPa [re] P Geo Assumptions: 1) Acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s? Analysis: Absolute pressure in container is gage reading plus absolute pressure of surroundings. P, = 100 kPa + Pray Surroundings pressure is surface pressure plus pressure of 100 m column of water. 7 - (1000 kg/m?)(100 m)(9.8 m/s") Pa = Pam + PLg = 100 kPa + AY Pao) = 1080 kPa 100 kPa + 1080 kPa = 1180 kPa 2-21Chapter H - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem 2.25 A tank has a vacuum gage attached to ie indicating 20 kPa (vacuum). where the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Determine the absolute pressure in the tank. Given: Tank vacuum gage reading and atmospheric pressure. Find: Tank absolute pressure. Sketch and Given Data: f O) Page Atmosphere Pressare = 100 kPa Tank Pressare _ Perfect Vacuum Assumptions: None Analysis: The tank absolute pressure is atmospheric pressure minus vacuum gage reading. Peaotyy, = Pau ~ Pyage = 100 kPa - 20 kPa = 80 kPa 2.25Chapter Il - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem 2.29 Assubmarine is cruising 200 m below the ocean's surface. Determine the pressure on the submarine’s surface if atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa and the density of seawater is 1030 kg/m’. g = 9.8 m/s’. Given: Submarine cruising at given depth. Find: Pressure on submarine, Sketch and Given Data: Psa = LOVERS = 1030 kg/m3 200 mm a 3 /m 9= 28 m/s? Assumptions: None Analysis: Pressure on submarine is surface pressure plus pressure of column of ‘seawater. = - (1030 kg/m?)(200 m)(9.8 mis) Pas = Pay + pLg = 101 kPa + enna Pak) = 2119.8 kPa 2-29Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem 2.33 A pressure cooker operates by cooking food at a higher pressure and temperature than is possible at atmospheric conditions. Steam is contained in the sealed pot, with a small vent hole in the middle of the cover, allowing steam to escape. The pressure is regulated by covering the vent hole with a small weight, which is displaced slightly by the escaping steam. Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa, the vent hole area is 7 mm’, and the pressure inside should be 250 kPa. What is the mass of the weight? Given: Pressure cooker with weighted vent. Find: Mass of vent weight. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s*. Analysis: Write balance of vertical forces on vent weight (forces up = forces down). Procter Aree = Asie Arcot # Mg (250,000 Pa)(7 x 10* m?) = (100,000 Pa)(7 x 10% m?) + (m)(9.8 m/s*) m = 0.107 kg 2-33Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem *2.1 Referring to Figure 2.10 in the text, the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa and the pressure gages A and B read 25 psig. Determine the absolute pressures in boxes A and B in (a) psia; (6) in. Hg absolute. Given: Atmospheric pressure and readings of gages A and B. | Find: The absolute pressures in boxes A and B. ‘Sketches and Given Data: 25 psig Poure = 100 kPa Assumptions: None Analysis: Convert atmospheric pressure to psia. Determine pressures A and B in psia, then convert to in Hg absolute. a = 25 psia + 14.5 psia = 39.5 psia Praag = Phage + Pang But Pag = Pigg = 25 psia + 39.5 psia = 64.5 psia =, lit a b) Pay, = G95 psia) (oan Te = 80.42 in Hg absolute Pa, = (645 psia) (aastees) = 131.3 in Hg absolute 238‘Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem *2.5 A spring scale is used to measure force and to determine the mass of a sample of moon rocks on the moon’s surface. The springs were calibrated for g.. The scale reads 10 Ibf and the moon's gravitational attraction is 5.40 fu/sec*. Determine the sample mass. What would be the reading on a beam balance scale? Given: Reading of spring scale weighing mass on the moon. Find: Sample mass. Sketch and Given Data: 10 toy ge 5-4 fils® ) s “ Assumptions: None Analysis: Determine mass that will exert 10 Ib, under an acceleration of 5.40 ftlsec?. mx F& ,, (10 1b)(32.1739 Ib, -Ftlb,-see*) g (6.40 ft/sec”) = 59.58 Ibm With balance scale, reference mass and measured mass are both subjected to the same gravitational acceleration, therefore reading will be: m = 59.58 Ibm 2-42Chapter I - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem *2.9 A beer barrel has a mass of 20 Ibm and a volume of 5 gallons. Beer's density is 62.4 Ibm/ft’. Determine the total mass and weight of the barrel when it is filled with beer. Given: Mass and volume of beer barrel and density of beer. Find: Total mass and weight. Sketch and Given Data: "berrel = ZO tom 5 gattons Pocer = 624 thn/ps Assumptions: 1) Acceleration of gravity is 32.1739 fl/sec?. Analysis: Total mass is mass of barrel plus mass of beer. Moat = Mra + Tyger = 20 Ibm + (5 gallons) (rats = 61.7 Ibm (624 Ibmift?) Weight is force exerted by acceleration of gravity on total mass. (61.7 tom)(32.1739 fulsec’) _ 64-7 1p (2.1739 Tbm-ft/lb,-se) 7 247Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem *2.13 A barometer can be used to measure an airplane’s altitude by comparing the barometric pressure at a given flying altitude to that on the ground. Determine an airplane’s altitude if the pilot measures the barometric pressure at 27.55 in. Hg. absolute while ground reports it to be 29.92 in Hg. absolute. and where the average air density is 0.077 Ibm/ft, g = 32.174 fulsec?. Given: Pressure at altitude and on ground. Find: Airplane’s altitude. Sketch and Given Data: Pe 27.55 indy, Paie = 0/077 Nbm/ $43 4 9= 32.174 $4 /sec* — Roar = 24-92 inatly. Assumptions: None Analysis: Pressure change is due to column of air at average density. AP = plage p= Ae PE (0.077 Tomift?)(32.174 Fisec*) = 2177.1 ft 251| Chapter I - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS. Problem *2.17 A vertical, frictionless piston/cylinder, ‘similar to the one illustrated from Problem 2.31, contains a gas at an unknown pressure. The piston has a mass of 20 Ibm and a cross-sectional area of 50 in’, In addition the spring exerts'a downward force of 15 Ibf on the piston and atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. Determine the pressure of the gas, Given: Piston with spring force and gas pressure acting on it. Find: Gas pressure in cylinder, Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Acceleration of gravity is 32.174 ft/sec. Analysis: Write balance of vertical forces on piston (forces up = forces down). Fam Arne = Pa Avine + me + Epi (P,x)(50 in?) = (14.7 psia)(50 in?) + (20 tbm) 22-174 fllsec’) 45 1p, Ibm-ft 32.174 Ibt-sec?, = 15.4 psiaChapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS Problem C2.1 Compute the weight of a 50 kg mas at different heights above the earth’s surface. At sea level g = 9.8 m/s’ and decreases by 0.000913 m/s? for each 300 m of ascent. Consider a total ascent of 2.5 km with increments of 100 m. Given: Mass of $0 kg at different heights above earth. Find: Weight at various heights to 2.5 Km. Sketch and Given Data: t Sea hevel ee 9 = 8 m/s* Assumptions: None Analysis: ‘The change in acceleration of gravity with height can be calculated as follows: = 98 —0)00.00913) 2 g= 9. 300 m/s" Weight at each height is thus F=mg Using a spreadsheet program, enter the following. 2.1 Mass= 50 9@SL= 9.8 Height g Weight 9.8-A6*0.000913/300 +$BS2*B6 +A6+100 —-9.8-A7#0.000913/300 +$BS2*B7 #274100 9.8-A8*0.000913/300 +$BS2*Be Copy Copy Copy { t t #8294100 9.8-A30*0.000913/300 +$B$2*B30 +A30+100 9, 8-A31*0.000913/300 +$B$2*B31 2-63‘Chapter II - DEFINITIONS AND UNITS This yields the following results. 2.2 Mass= g@SL= Height 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 50 9.8 e 9.8 9.799695 9.799391 9.799087 9.798782 9.798478 9.798174 9.797869 9.797565 9.797261 9.796956 9.796652 9.796348 9.796043 9.795739 9.795435 +795130 9.794826 9.794522 9.794217 9.793913 9.793609 9.793304 9.793000 9.792696 9.792391 Weight 490 489.9847 489, 9695 489.9543 489.9391 489.9239 489.9087 982.9934 489.8782 489.8630 489.8478 489.8326 489.8174 489.8021 489.7869 489.7717 489.7565 489.7413 489.7261 489.7108 489.6956 489.6804 489.6652 489.6500 489.6348 489.6195 2-64Chapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY CHAPTER THREE Problem 3.1 The weight of a bridge crane plus its load equals 100 metric tons (1 metric ton = 1000 kg). It is driven by a motor and travels at 1.17 m/s along the crane rails. Determine the energy that must be absorbed by the brakes in stopping the crane. Given: ‘A moving crane is braked to a stop. Find: The energy absorbed by the brakes. Sketch & Given Data: ound Benders m= 100 metric fons Assumptions: 1) The crane, load and brakes are considered a closed system. 2) There is no heat transfer or work done. 3) The change in potential energy is zero. Analysis: ‘The first law for a closed system is: Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Applying assumptions 2, 3 yields AU = -AKE = KE,-KE, V,=0 + KE, =0 Ke, = 2 ~ 1(200000 g)(1.17mi5) 2 "3 Gooosnsy KE, = 684k AU = 684k Comment: 1) If the brakes are not considered part of the system, frictional heating must be accounted for as the mechanism for transferring heat to the brakes.Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.5 A student is watching pilings being driven into the ground. From the size of the pile driver the student calculates the mass to be 500 kg. The distance that the pile driver is raised is measured to be 3m, Determine the potential energy of the pile drive at its greatest height (the piling is considered the datum). Find the driver velocity just prior to impact with the piling, Given: The mass of a pile driver and the distance it falls. Find: The pile driver's velocity just before impact. Sketch & Given Data: y = Bound: Peete iL Rs swokg < = HB mfs™ 3m 3° i Assumptions: 1) The pile driver is a closed system. 2) There is no heat or work. 3) The change of internal entergy is zero. 4) The gravitational acceleration is constant at 9.8 m/s’. Analysis: The first law for a closed system is: Q = AU + AKE + APE+ W Apply assumptions (2) & (3), yielding: AKE = -APE. fv) = -mg(z,~ = mete-2) The initial velocity is zero and the final distance z» is zero. 30 mi) = (9.8 ms)(3-0 m) v, = 7.67 misChapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.9 An elastic sphere of 0.5 m diameter contains a gas at 115 kPa. Heating of the sphere causes it to increase to 0,62 m and during this process the pressure is proportional to the sphere diameter. Determine the work done by the gas. Given: The gas in a sphere is heated. During the heating process the pressure is proportional to the expanding diameter. Find: The work done by the gas in the expansion process. Sketch & Given Data: Founders, p= us ePa Cte eaars dz = 0162 Assumptions: 1) The gas in the sphere is a closed system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) The expansion process is a quasi-equilibrium one. Analysis: The mechanical work for a closed system is: Wwe J ‘pdVv Change variables from volume to radius. 4 V =o 3 dV = 4ardr 3-12Chapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY The pressure is p = 2ar; at state 1: Py = 2ar, (115 kPa) = eyaZ2y0.25 m) Wa = f Sa (at)(4aer?)dr = 8a f cardr Wha = Gn) ca0ke » |e a =| Wy = (2x)(230)[031*-0.254] = 7.7 I 3-13Problem 3.13 Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY A centrifugal pump compresses 3000 liters/min of water from 98 kPa to 300 kPa. The inlet and outlet temperatures are 25°C. The inlet and discharge piping are on the same level, but the diameter of the inlet piping is 15 cm, whereas that of the discharge piping is 10 cm. Determine the pump power in kilowatts. Given: A pump raises the pressure of a known volume flowrate. The piping diameters into and out of the pump are known, Find: ‘The power required for the pump. Sketch & Given Data: Boondary 3000 Mithun Fears — d,= (Sem (1) Assumptions: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) lets 7) de = l0em The pump is an open, steady state system. Neglect changes in potential energy. Neglect changes in internal energy as the water’s temperature does not change. ‘The heat transfer is zero. Water is incompressible and has a density of 1000 kg/m. Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is: Q + itlusplosterpel, = W + sthuepskenpe It is necessary to convert from liter/min to kg/sec. There are 1000 liters per cubic meter and the density of water at 25°C is essentially 1000 kg/m’. hence, the mass flowrate is 3000 kg/min which by dividing by 60 sec/min, yields: th = 50 kg/s 3-19Chapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Apply assumptions 2, 3, and 4 to the first law, yielding: ¥ 1(Fb,*5) = weer) Since the mass flowrate is known, as well as the diameter (hence area) and the water's density, the velocity may be calculated from the conservation of mass. th = PAN, = DAN, (50 g/s) = (1000 kg/m’)(Z(0.15'm'\(v, mis) vy, = 2.83 mis (50 y's) = (1000 kg/m?) (0.10)" m*)(v, mis) ¥, = 637 ms Substitute in the first law, yielding: kN) (1m) (283 ms | oy , 0 wo fa] [aa] Bae Ml KN] } 10m’) (6.37 m/s) coo a (a8) Sax W = -10.9 kW 3-20Chapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.17 A soap bubble with a 15 cm radius is formed by blowing through a 2.5-cm-diam wire loop. Assume that all the soap film goes into making the bubble. The surface tension of the film is 0.02 N/m, find the total surface work required to make the bubble. Given: A soap bubble is created by blowing through a wire loop. The initial wire Joop and final bubble diameters are known. Find: The surface work required. Sketch & Given Data: Fy = 25m custSem Ts 0.0% Nim | Assumptions: 1) The soap film is a closed system. 2) The surface tension is constant. Analysis: From equation 3.20, the surface work is: : wWe-- f oa, Ao tee (3) (0.025 m)? = 0,0004909 m? A, = 4ar = 4x(0.15 m)? = 0.28274 m* =z -o(A,-A,) = -co.02)(0.28274-0.00049 m) W = -0.0056 JChapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.23 Air and fuel enter a furnace used for home heating. The air has an enthalpy of 302 kifkg and the fuel an enthalpy of 43 027 ki/kg. The gases leaving the furnace have an enthalpy of 616 ki/kg. There are 17 kg ait/kg fuel. Water circulates through the furnace wall receiving heat. The house requires 17.6 KW of heat. What is the fuel consumption per day? Given: A furnace receives air and fuel, combustion occurs, with heat being used for home heating and combustion gases leave the furnace. Find: The daily fuel consumption necessary to satisfy the heating requirements. Sketch & Given Data: ne | tea ha = 302 Sag—p . we hg = 43027 AY Fel by Git ey 17 bor rg. cel Fe ine ya Assumptions: 1)-—‘The furnace is steady-state open system. I \\ l I t 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The work is zero. Analysis: The first law for the furnace with two fluids entering and one leaving is Q + th(hskespe), + th(h+ke+pe), = W + th,(h+ke+pe), Apply assumptions 2 & 3, yielding Q + thb, + rh, = 1hh, From the conservation of mass, th, = 1h, + 1, Q + shh, + rhb, = (H,+th)h,Chapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Divide the equation by 1h, 4] » Substitute in known values: yr B) “Om cm 2. By en, 8, kg fuels) * {7k fuel) (Og ar, ig fuel = (1g ¥8 888 ky . (255) (soa th, = 0.004747 kg/s = 41 ke/day 3-36Chapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.27 Steam with a flowrate of 1360 kg/h enters an adiabatic nozzle at 1378 kPa, 3.05 mis, with a specific volume of 0.147 m’/kg, and with a specific internal energy of 2510 Ki/kg. The exit conditions are p = 137.8 kPa, specific volume = 1,099 mi/kg, and internal energy = 2263 kJ/kg. Determine the exit velocity. Given; ‘Steam flows steadily through an adiabatic nozzle from a known inlet state to a known exit state. Find: The exit steam velocity from the nozzle, Sketch & Given Data: 21378 kPa 1h = 1360 5 /h ; +0 Bourdery 1%, = 1.099 whey p, =/378 hfe 1 ae 4222268 big ie 3:05 m/e 0! > ie) 5/4, OP. ay, = OAT A ks oe tay = 2510 ET /y Assumptions: 1) __ The nozzle is an open steady state system. 2) Neglect changes in potential energy. 3) Heat and work are zero. Analysis: The first law for a steady state open system is: Q + rh(u+pu+ke+pe), = W + th(u+pu+ke+pe), Apply assumptions 2 & 3, yielding: sh(u+pu+ke), = rh(u+pu+ke), Divide by the mass flowrate and substitute in data values: 13), (rgrgkt m) _ (3.05 m/s)? (033) [om] [usr Sm ep a KN m? (v, mais? : ( | + [ora] [.0ve! * Ey 3-42‘Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY | Problem 3.31 | The torque of an engine is found to be, r = 200 sin(m/2000) J, when w varies between 500 and 1000 rpm and :ra/2000 is expressed in degrees. Determine the power at these two rpm’s. Given: The variation of torque with engine speed. | Find: The power produced at two different engine rpms. | Sketch & Given Data: | Bosndirgy = ee Seo rpm oD) mom t= 200 sn (woo) T Assumptions: 1) The shaft rpm and torque are constant for any given rpm. 2) The engine shaft is a closed system. Analysis: From the expression for power from a rotating shaft W=w we can determine the power for the two cases in this problem. ‘At 500 rpm: ) = 52.36 rad/sec 5 (52:36877#360 200 sin| seems) one r sal oe ) we (**34] (022633) 17 kW tad sec ~~ 3-48Chapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.35 A gas expands in a piston from an initial pressure of 1000 kPa and an initial volume of 0.15 m’ to a final pressure of 200 kPa while following the process described by p=aV + b where a = 1000 kPa/m’ and b is a constant, Calculate the work performed. Given: Gas in a piston/cylinder expands from an initial state to a final state. Find: ‘The work done by the gas in the expansion process. Sketch & Given Data: jo0e Pa 2 = 1000 bePa/md e 200 bes Ouse? Nv Assumptions: 1) The gas is a closed system, 2) The expansion is a quasi-equilibrium one. Analysis: The work is found by integrating we frpav ={ 7(1000V+b)dV = tooynf p A 7M We need to find b. Substitute into the equation for pressure at the initial state. p, = aV,sb = 1000 kPa = [wt (0.1Sm*) + b kPa = b = 850 kPa The final volume may be determined: 3-54| Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY | The curve may be plotted on rectangular graph paper. The area under the curve is: A=W= ~7(0.4-01 m*)|300: ~ (0.4-0.1 m’) (xe | A=W = -5 kT where the minus sign was used because the work is into the gas. 3-53Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.39 Determine the time to accelerate a 1000 kg automobile from rest to 80 km/h if it has an engine rated at 90 kW. Given: An automobile is accelerated from rest to a final state with an engine of known power. Find: The time required to accelerate the automobile, Sketch & Given Data: metsvoky V=0 pe PokWl -. ~ Vi = 80 kmh wee - €a2 Assumptions: 1) _—_‘The automobile is a closed system. 2) — There is no heat transfer or change of internal or potential energies. Analysis: To determine the time we must first find the work required to move the car from state 1 to state 2 and then use the relationship between work and power to determine the time. For a closed system, the first law is: Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Applying assumption 2, this reduces to: -w = ake = 62) 2 _w = £1000kg) (22.227-0 ms?) _ 946, 2 coo sry ~ 740° HF W = -2469 1S The relationship between power and work is: ” weW TChapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.43 Fill in the missing data for a closed system changing from state 1 to state 2 in the table below. Analysis: Apply the first law for a closed system to the values in each row. Q=E-E+W and AE = E, - E,Chapter III - Problem 3.47 CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY The heater in problem 3.46 is now located in a non-adiabatic room of the same size. The heat loss from the room is found to be 120 kJ/min. Determine the time for the room to reach 25 C from the initial 15 C, Given: Find: The heater in problem 3.46 is located in a non-adiabatic room. The time required to heat the room to the final temperature. Sketch & Given Data: Assumptions: Analysis: 1) The air in the room is a closed system. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The fan/heater is an open system. From problem 3.46 we know that the air needs to receive 3300 KI to reach 25 C. The fan/heater provides 3.67 kW of heat to air and the ait loses 2 kW to the surroundings. Thus, the net heat flow to the air is 3.67 - 2.0 = 1.67 kW for the air: ar=Q (9733) (8) = 3300 ky t = 1976 s = 32.9 minutes 3-72Comments: Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY To achieve the amount of heat entering the air in 15 minutes requires an energy flux of: 3300kI (15min)(60 s/min) = 3.67 kW The reason energy flux is used is because the fan provides some frictional heating to the air. The first law for the heater, an open system, is (applying assumption 3): Q + mh(hykerp®, = W + th(h sHesp8), Q + h(h,) = W + mth) Also, Q - W = 3.67 kw Q - (-0.2 kW) = 3.67 kw OQ = 3.47 kW 1) _ Inthe problem we do not know the temperature of the air leaving the heater; however, it is not at 25 C. The problem requires that we convert the rate of heat and work transfer into a total quantity over a given time period. 3-71‘Chapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.51 A.10 kg mass slides down a ramp inclined at 30 degrees from the horizontal a total vertical distance of 3 m. Determine the velocity of mass when it reaches the bottom, neglecting friction and air resistance, Given: A block slides down a frictionless inclined ramp. Find: The velocity of the block when it reaches the bottom. Sketch & Given Data: Assumptions: 1) The block is a closed system. 2) The work, heat and change of internal energy are zero. Analysis: _In the first law for the block between states (1) and (2) for a closed system is: Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Apply assumption (2) 0 = AKE + APE AKE = -APE BO) = -me(,-2) The initial velocity is zero. vi pec) (4 ms’) = 2(9.8mis")\(3m) vy, = 7.67 mis 3-BChapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.55 The following table illustrates the variation of pressure and volume in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine during the expansion process. Data Point Pressure (kPa) Volume (cm*) 1 2000 400 2 1600 490 3 1200 620 4 990 730 5 600 1120 6 300 1930 Plot the data on a p-V and determine the work done in kJ. Is this exact or an estimate? Why? Given: A table of pressure and volume data representing the variation of p vs. V during the expansion stroke of an automotive engine. Find: A plot of the data and a determination of the work done from the data. Sketch & Given Data:Chapter I - Assumptions: Analysis: CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY 1) The gas in cylinder is a closed system. 2) Neglect kinetic and potential energy changes. The work is estimated by determining the arca under the curve connecting the data points. This is an estimate in that we do not have a continuous function describing pressure versus volume, nor do we know if the process is a quasi- equilibrium one. Finding the area under curve may proceed in several ways: 1) Use rectangles (as illustrated) to determine the area; 2) determine the "best fit" equation connecting the points and integrate that. The area is found by summing pav for each rectangle. aV = 100 cm? = 0.0001 mm. W = DpaV and for aV = 0.0D6/ W = AVEp, = (0.01)[1710 + 1350 + 1100 + 950 + 800 + 730 + 650 + 575 + 525 + 475 + 425 + 380 + 350 + 330 + 300] W = (06%4m*)(10650 kN/m?) W = /,065 3 3-86Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.59 A windmill produces on average 6 kW of electrical power over an eight hour period. The electricity is used to charge storage batteries. In the charging process the batteries increase in temperature causing them to lose heat to the surroundings at a rate of 0.5 kW. Determine the total energy stored in the batteries during this 8 hour period, Given: Batteries are charged at a give rate over an eight hour period. During the charging heat is lost to the surroundings at a known rate. Find: ‘The total energy stored in the batteries. Sketch & Given Data: Ck ‘Assumptions: 1) Rates of charging and heat loss are constant over the eight hour period. Analysis: An energy balance on the batteries indicates that 6 kW are entering and 0.5 KW are leaving at any moment in time. Thus a net instantaneous energy gain of 5.5 kW occurs. e-em E = 158400 = 158.4 MJ 3-90Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY | Problem 3.63 A closed system containing a gas undergoes a cycle composed of three processes. The system’s initial state is at 100 kPa, 1.5m’, and an internal energy of $10 kJ. The gas is compressed according to pV = C until the pressure is 2000 kPa and the internal energy is 685 KJ. In the final process returning the system to the initial state the work is 50 kJ. Determine the heat transfer for first and last processes. Given: A gas undergoes a 3-process cycle. The processes are given as well as information about the heat and work for the processes. | Find: The heat transfer in process 1-2 and process 3-1. Sketch & Given Data: 2000 kPa ‘ U, = soko de = 695 eT P eyes Wig = SORT Vw) 05 ‘Assumptions: 1) The system is closed. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. Analysis: _Caleulate the heat transfer for process 1-2. From the first law: Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Apply assumption (2) Q=AU+W 2 2 dV V, Wy. = f wpa = fev a evan Pi Vin] PV! (2)AU = (685-510 ki) = 175 kg Qua = 175 - 449.4 = 274.4 IS For the process 2-3, Quy = -150KI and W 23 = For the process 3-1, W = SOKJ and Q,, = ? For any cycle, 2Q = EW Q,+ neces Qa, = W, + Ws + Wy, | -2744 - 150 + O,, = 4494 +0 +50 Q = 225 0Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem 3.67 A power plant produces 750 MW of electric power while operating with an efficiency | of 42%, The heat rejected from the cycle goes into cooling water supplied from an adjacent river. The water’s enthalpy increases by 45 kJ/kg as it receives the heat rejected. Determine the mass flowrate of water required. Given: A power plant produces a given amount of power at a known efficiency. In doing so the heat flow from the plant enters a river. i Find: The flowrate of water required for cooling. | Sketch & Given Data: Wat = SOM * 2 Regt = Hh Om AZf eff 3 this = 456Tg Assumptions: 1) The cycle is a closed system. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy of the cooling water and there is no work done in the cooling process. Analysis: For a power producing cycle, Q,, = 1785.7 MWChapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY For any cycle: Wa = On + Que 750 MW = 1785.7 + O,, MW oe = From a first law analysis on the cooling water (where the heat is entering the cooling water, hence positive from the water’s view) 1035.7 MW Q + th(h+ke+pe), = W + th(h+ke+pe), Apply assumption (2) © + sth, = ahh, i) (1035700 kW) = (th kg/s) (3) Iecing = 23,016 ke/s 3-102Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problems (English Units) Problem *3.1 A system undergoes a cycle where 10 Btu of heat are removed and 15,000 ft-Ibf of work are done by the system during the first process. In the second process 15 Btu of heat are added. What is the work necessary to complete the cycle?” Given: A system undergoes a cycle with heat and some work interactions denoted. Find: The work necessary to complete the cycle, Sketch & Given Data: G2 = -10 BN Wea = 15,000 $8-e Assumptions: 1) System is a closed system. Analysis: For any cycle, =w = =a Convert 15,000 ft-Ib, into Btu: 15000 Soup = 19.28 Bu TI816 +19.28 + W,.= -10 +15 W,,.= -14.48 Bu The negative sign indicates work into the system. 3-106Chapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY | Problem *3.5 An air compressor handles 300 ft'/min of air with a density of 0.079 Ibm/ft? and a pressure of 14.7 psia, and it discharges at a pressure of 75 psia with a density of 0.305 Iom/ft’. The change in specific internal energy across the compressor is 35 Bru/lbm, and the heat loss by cooling is 10 Bru/lbm. Neglecting changes in kinetic and Potential energies, find the power in Btu per hour, horsepower, and kilowatts. | Given: A compressor receives a steady flow of air through it. The inlet and discharge | are given. Find: The power required. Sketch & Given Data: | Ve 300 FtY/nein © = 0078 Moa PEF Pre l4T psa ayh R= TS ps0 Ge = 0150S the [043 ce) Ge-%1) = 3S Bib w -10 BY hn, Assumptions: 1) The compressor is a steady-state open system. 2) Neglect kinetic and potential energies. Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is: Q + th(u+pjo+ke+pe), = W + th(u+p/p+ke+pe), Apply assumption (2): Q + mh(u+pp), = W + th(u+pp), Q + mpyp, = W + sh{(u,-u,)+p,p,] 3-111‘Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY The mass flowrate is not given, so it must be found from volume flowrate. th = p,V, = [rst [on The heat flux, is Q = thq. Substitute data in the first law equation. yo Btu Ibm) , bmn’ Ib int)} 1 ft? 1Bu | ( wo) (#7) (=) (73 (-«t] (sea (rat = W + (237m) |[eo78] faagim?]{__ ue | f__ 1B _ ‘min, int) (a2) (0305 Tom) | 78.16 Hb, Ww = -1540BM - -92,415B& ~ -363 hp = -27.1 kW min hr + (35 Buw/ibm) 3-112Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY | Problem *3.9 A gas expands in a piston from an initial pressure of 1000 psia and an initial volume of 0.15 f° to a final pressure of 200 psia while following the process described by P= aV + b where a = 1000 psiafff and b is a constant, Calculate the work | performed. Given: Gas in a piston/cylinder expands from an initial state to a final state. | Find: The work done by the gas in the expansion process. Sketch & Given Data: | (ooo ' P ' Cpsa) ' t | 1 z 200 ; . 1 1 ous Che) | Assumptions: 1) The gas is a closed system. 2) The expansion is a quasi-equilibrium one. Analysis: ‘The work is found by integrating: W = fpav = faooovsbyav = fen We need to find b. Substitute into the equation for pressure at the initial state. Pp, =aV,+b= fomss eas f°) +b = 1000psia b = 850 psia 3-119Chapter II - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY The final volume may be determined: P, = aV, +b = (200 pria) = [exe] (V, f) + (850 psia) V, = 0.65 ft? ‘The integral may now be evaluated. = [soot] | agit’ 0.652 We (ute [ust (0.657-0.15? ft) 1) (in? + (02 (st (0.65-0.15 f°) 'W = 90,000 ft-Iby 3-120‘Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem *3.13 Determine the time to accelerate a one ton automobile from rest to 60 mph if it has an engine rated at 60 horsepower. Given: An automobile is accelerated from rest to a final state with an engine of known power. Find: The time required to accelerate the automobile. Sketch & Given Data: W=Gohe 060 Woe. ° Assumptions: 1) The automobile is a closed system. 2) There is no heat transfer or change of internal or potential energies. Analysis: To determine the time we must first find the work required to move the car from state 1 to state 2 and then use the relationship between work and power to determine the time. For a closed system, the first law is: Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Applying assumption 2, yields: -W = AKE = Jv) = 5A thm) _ (882-0 fee) = 240691 £1, ® 32,174 Jbm=ft Tb-see? The relationship between power and work is W ¥ Ignoring the sign on the work and power yields: ft-Ib, | _ (240691ft-Ib,) (6ohp) [su] eS t = 7.29 seconds 3-125Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY | Problem *3.17 Fill in the missing data for a closed system changing from state 1 to state 2 in the table below. Q@Bnu) Wt) E,(Bmu) E,Btu) «E(Bu) | 5 20 25 10 -15 30 2 31 4 37 | 15 6 18 39 a 25 10 0 15 15 40 4 19 35 16 Analysis: Apply the first law for a closed system to the values in each row. Q=5-E,+W and AE=E,-E, | | 3-132Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem *3.21 ‘The heater in problem 3.20* is now located in a non-adiabatic room of the same size. The heat loss from the room is found to 120 Btu/min; Determine the time for the oom to reach 80 F from the initial 60 F. Given: ‘The heater in problem 3.20* is located in a non-adiabatic room. Find: ‘The time required to heat room to the final temperature, Sketch & Given Data: 700 chm are q K 7=60F 7 =80F Q =Iz0 Bein = 721! EM! Assumptions: 1) The air in the room is a closed system. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The fan/heater is an open system. Analysis: From problem 3.20* we know that the air needs to receive 3500 Btu to reach 80 F. The fan/heater provides 4,1 kW of heat to air and the air loses 2.1 kW. to the surroundings. Thus, the net heat flow to the air is 4.1 - 2.10 = 2.0 kW. For the air Qt=Q (2.0kW)(¢t sec) (L0S5kW/Btursec) t = 1846.2 sec = 30.8 minutes (3500Btu) 3-137Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem *3.25 A 10 pound mass slides down a ramp inclined at 45 degrees from the horizontal a total vertical distance of 10 feet. Determine the velocity of mass when it reaches the bottom, neglecting friction and air resistance. Given: A Dlock slides down a frictionless inclined ramp. Find: The velocity of the block when it reaches the bottom. . _ OW oad Sketch & Given Data: ‘ _Bovad ary 37 32.14 Fe lsece. Assumptions: 1) The block is a closed system. 2) The work, heat and change of internal energy is zero. Analysis: In the first law for the block between states (1) and (2) for a closed system is: Q = AU + AKE + APE+W Apply assumption (2) 0 = AKE + APE -. AKE = -APE xo) - ere) The initial velocity is zero. % x 8m) He fulsec)? = (32.174 fusec*)(10-0ft) v, = 25.4 filsec 3-143Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem *3.29 The following table illustrates the variation of pressure and volume in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine during the expansion process. Data Point Pressure (psia) Volume (in*) 1 350 25 2 280 31 3 210 39 4 175 50 5 110 70 6 50 120 Plot the data on a p-V and determine the work done in ft-Ibf. Is this exact or an estimate? Why? Given: A table of pressure and volume data representing the variation of p vs. V during the expansion stroke of an automotive engine. Find: A plot of the data and a determination of the work done from the data. \ Sketch & Given Data:Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Assumptions: 1) The gas in cylinder is a closed system. 2) Neglect kinetic and potential energy changes. Analysis: The work is estimated by determining the area under the curve connecting the data points. This is an estimate in that we do not have a continuous function describing pressure versus volume, nor do we know if the process is a quasi- equilibrium one. Finding the area under curve may proceed in several ways: 1) Use rectangles (as illustrated) to determine the area; 2)determine the "best fit" equation | connecting the points and integrate that. ‘The area is found by summing p A V for each rectangle. AV = 10 in’ = 0.005787 ft’. W = Avi; 290+220+170+140+110) 16, = (0.005787 ft?) a in +95 +75 +68+58+1/2(55), W = (0.005787 rfiaas® [ust im) (ne W = 1044.6 ft-Ib, 3-151Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem *3.33 A windmill produces on average 6 KW of electrical power over an eight hour period. The electricity is used to charge storage batteries. In the charging process the batteries increase in temperature causing them to lose heat to the surroundings at a rate of 500 Btu/hr. Determine the total energy stored in the batteries during this 8 hour period. Given: Batteries are charged at a give rate over an tx eight hour period. During the charging heat is lost to the surroundings at a known rate. Find: The total energy stored in the batteries, Sketch & Given Data: £2 8he ce ) Ce oy @ = 50 Bi/he ‘Assumptions: 1) __ Rates of charging and heat loss are constant over the eight hour period. Analysis: An energy balance on the batteries indicates that 6 kW are entering and 500 Btu/hr are leaving at any moment in time. Thus a net instantaneous energy | gain of 5.85 kW occurs, Es (695%) (8h) (205) E = 168480 kJ 3-155| Chapter Ill - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem *3.37 A closed system containing a gas undergoes a cycle composed of three processes. The system’s initial state is at 14.7 psia, 53.0 f, and an internal energy of $40 Bru. The gas is compressed according to pV = C until the pressure is 290 psia and the | internal energy is 723 Btu. The next process is constant volume and the heat loss is 160 Btu. In the final process returning the system to the initial state the work is | 41300 ft-lbf. Determine the heat transfer for first and last processes. Given: A gas undergoes a 3-process cycle. The processes are given as well as information about the heat and work for the processes. Find: The heat transfer in process 1-2 and process 3-1. Sketch & Given Data: | e U,= sao Bh 290 | Uz = 723 Btu : pvee Gens = -/60 Btu cps) Weer = 41300 FY/iby | an Assumptions: 1) The system is closed. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. Analysis: Calculate the heat transfer for process 1-2. From the first law Q = AU + AKE + APE+W 3-162Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem *3.41 A power plant produces 500 MW of electric power while operating with an efficiency of 45%. ‘The heat rejected from the cycle goes into cooling water supplied from an adjacent river. The water’s enthalpy increases by 20 Btu/lbm as it receives the heat rejected, Determine the mass flowrate of water required. Given: A power plant produces a given amount of power at a known efficiency. In doing so the heat flow from the plant enters a river. Find: The flowrate of water required for cooling. Sketch & Given Data: Conte! Volume, : ose Om : z he-hy= 20 BY bm Assumptions: 1) The oycle is a closed system. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy of the cooling water and there is no work done in the cooling process. Analysis: For a power producing cycle, _ Wnet Ui Cin aw 0.45 Qin = 1111.1 MW 3-167Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY For any cycle: Wonet = Qin + Qout 500 = 1111.1 + Qout Qout = -611.1MW kw Bu Bru = (611. oul Bt) . 20852 x 10°Bt Qout = (-611.1MW) (100 ) (2255) 20852 x 10° From a first law analysis on the cooling water (where the heat is entering the cooling water; hence positive from the water’s view). Q + th(h+ke+pe), = W + th(h+ke+pe), Apply assumption (2) Q + th, = rh, Btu’ Ibm’ Btu’ ——| = {rh——]} |20-_— (208s « a0) ( ) ( j ) th = 1.042 x 1o8lbm hr 3-168Chapter III - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY Problem C3.1 Develop a spreadsheet template or computer program that will determine the exit conditions for the adiabatic mixing of up to five inlet streams characterized by area, mass flowrate, velocity, density, pressure, and specific internal energy. The outlet stream should have the same characteristics. Test it using the information from problem 3.14. Given: Adiabatic mixing of up to five streams. Find: Exit conditions. Sketch and Given Data: A A es * yv v Po. 7 2 a Assumptions: 1) Changes in potential and kinetic energies are negligible. Analysis: Enter the data, continuity equation, and first law equations into the spreadsheet as shown below. In addition to the data from problem 3.14, values for pressure and input enthalpies are entered. INPUTS 5|Density (kg/m3) S[area (m3) TIvelocity (m/s) a}Pressure (kPa) g]Int. Energy (ka/kg) 20) ourpurs 1i|mass Flowrate (kg/s) 12/ Specific Vol. (m3/kg) As/enthalpy (k3/k9) 4 15 16 INPUTS 17|Density (kg/m3) 18]Area (m3) 19|Pressure (kPa) 20]_____ourpurs__ 21|Velocity (m/s) 22|mass Flowrate (kg/s) 23|Specific Vol. (m3/kg) 24] Int. Energy (kJ/kg) 25|Enthalpy (k9/kg) Fluid 1 Fluid 2 16 1/0.502 0:05 0.04 130 lio. 100 200 300 500 +B54R6*B7 +05#C64C7 2/85, 1s, #B9+BeNB12 4C9+CB*C12 outlet 21/0.437 0.065 160 +B22/(B17*B18) @S0M(B11..F11) 31/817 (B11*B9+C11#C94D11*D9+E114E94F114P9)/222 (B11#813¢C11*C13+D114D13+E11*E13+F11*P13)/B22 3-174Chapter I - CONSERVATION OF MASS AND ENERGY This will yield the following results, Problem ¢3.1 INPOrs Density (kg/m3) Area (m3) Velocity (m/s; Pressure (kPa! Int. Energy (kJ/kg) ourruts Mass Flovrate (kg/s) Specific Vol. (m3/kg) Enthalpy (k3/kg) INPUTS Density (kg/m3) Area (m3) Pressure (kPa) ‘OUTPUTS Velocity (m/s) Mass Flowrate (kg/s) Specific Vol. (m3/kg) Int. Energy (kd/kg) Enthalpy (k3/kg) Fluid 2 Fluid 2 Fluid 3 Fluid 4 Fluid 5 1.6 1.992032 0.05 "" "0.04 iso 110.9 200 160 300 500 10.4 8.836653 0.625 "0.502 362.5 550.2 outlet, 2.288329 0.065 1200 129.3295 19.23665 0.437 391.8730 448.7228, ere cocoon one cocoon ere cocoon Comment: The back-solving capabilities of TK Solver would permit the development of a model that would be much more flexible as to which variables are inputs and which are outputs. 3-175Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES. CHAPTER FOUR | Problem 4.1 A 2-m° tank contains a saturated vapor at 40°C. Determine the pressure and mass in the tank if the substance is (a) steam; (6) ammonia; (c) R 12. Given: ‘Tank containing saturated vapor at 40°C. Find: Vapor pressure and mass. Sketch & Given Data: 2 me | 40°C Assumption: 1) ‘The substances are in equilibrium. Analysis: (a) From Appendix A.S at 40°C. P = 7.389 kPa v, = 19.511 m/kg (&) From Appendix A9 at 40°C. p= 1554.33 kPa v, = 0.0833 m'/kg 24.0 kg (©) From Appendix A.11 at 40°C. P = 0.9607 MPa v, = 0.018171 mi/kg 2m? —_ 2 ___ = 110.07 kg O01817img m: % 41Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.5 Complete the following table for water. TCC) (kPa) x(%) h(i) u(ki/kg) —_v (mk) @ 200 852.4 ) 150 1000.0 © 300 1000 @ 200 5000 © 250 0.8500 © 300 80 @) 1000 90 Indicate for each state whether the state is subcooled liquid, saturated liquid, mixture, saturated vapor or superheated vapor. Given: ‘Two independent steam properties. Find: Remaining properties and state of steam. Assumption: 1) The water is in equilibrium. Analysis: (@) Using Saturated Steam Temperature Table (A.5), hy = 852.59 kI/kg at 200°C, therefore, water is a very slightly subcooled liquid. Using data for saturated steam at 200°C: p = 1554.7 kPa x = 0.0% v = v_ = 0.001562 m'/kg = u, = 850.79 kiikg 47Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES © © @ © Using Saturated Steam pressure Table (A.6), for 150 kPa steam, u = 1000 Kij/kg is between u, and u,, Water is thus a mixture. Interpolating to obtain 150 kPa data: T = 113°C uautxuy uy = 467.2 Ki/kg, 1000 Ki/kg = 467.2 kifkg + (x)(2052.6 ki/kg) Ug = 2052.6 Ki/kg x = 2596 = 25.96% hy = 4673 Kikg, h=h,+xhy 2226.3 kS/kg = 4673 kiikg + (.2596)(2226.3k/kg) v, = 0.001053 mikg = 1045.2 kI/kg Vg = 1.1584 mk v = vy +X 0g = (001053 m/kg) + (2596)(1.1584 m'/kg) = 0.3018 Since temperature is greater than saturation temperature at 1000 kPa, steam is superheated, Interpolating data in Appendix A.7. h = 3051.6 kJ/kg u = 27935 ki/kg v = 0.25806 mi/kg Since temperature is below saturation temperature at 5000 kPa, water is subcooled. Using Appendix A.8. h = 853.9 kifkg u = 848.1 ki/kg v = 0.00153 mikg Since specific volume is greater than v, at 250 kPa, the steam is superheated. Interpolating data in Appendix A.7. T= 194F 48Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.9 A rigid steel tank contains @ mixture of vapor and liquid water at a temperature of 65°C. The tank has a volume of 0.5 m’, the liquid phase occupying 30% of the volume. Determine the amount of heat added to the system to raise the pressure to 3.5 MPa. Given: ‘Tank with mixture of saturated vapor and liquid. Find: Heat added to raise pressure to 3.5 MPa, Sketch & Given Data: 07 8 OS m3 TEST ‘Assumption: 1) Tank is in equilibrium. Analysis: From Appendix A.S, interpolating to 65°C. 0.001019 m'skg uy = 272.71 KS/kg. 6.328 m’/kg Ug = 2181.7 Kiikg From Appendix A.6 at 3500 kPa: = 0.0012342 miskg u, = 1045.8 kg 0.057079 m*/kg Ug = 1557.9 ki/kg Calculate initial quality: (0.7)(0.5m°) . (6328 mm, O7O5sm) , — 03)(05m5) (6328mP%kg) ~ (0.0010199m/kg) 0.000376 Initial specific volume equals final specific volume. Dyer Gare on re 24 4-15Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES KS PREA (00010199 mg) + (0.000376)(6.328- 0.0010199 mtg) (5p = RE = (00012342 mag) + (10057079 - 0012340 mg) % = 0.03876 Q=mAu+ Ww = (1u)(ts = 14) = (ay + Ma)[Ue + % Vea) - Ca #% Ugs)] = (147.07 kg) [(1045.8 ki/kg + (0.03876)(1557.9 ki/kg)) = (272.71 kifkg. + (0.000376)(2181.7 ki/kg))] Q= 12458kT 4-16Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.13 A 500-liter tank contains a saturated mixture of steam and water at 300°C. Determine (a) the mass of each phase if their volumes are equal; (b) the volume occupied by each phase if their masses are equal. | Given: Tank with saturated mixture at 300°C. | Find: Mass for equal volumes, and volume for equal masses. Sketch & Given Data: (a) (b) ve Ve le | eae] Assumption: 1) Mixture is in equilibrium. Analysis; Using Appendix A.S at T = 300°C. | ‘v_ = 0.0014038 m/kg V, = 0.021648 mikkg 6 ° m, — 025m" __ 178.09 kg 0.0014038m7ig 025m? = we, 025m i155; ™ 0021648 ) V,+V, =05 m vy, x Vp, = ¥(0.5-V,) (V,)(0.021648m*rkg) = (0.0014038m°/kg)(0.Sm?-V,) V, = 0.03045m* V, = 0.46955m* 4-21Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.17 Three kilograms of steam initially at 2.5 MPa and a temperature of 350°C have 2460 KJ of heat removed at constant temperature until the quality is 90%. Determine (a) T-v and p-v diagrams; (b) pressure when dry saturated steam exists; (c) work. Given: Steam being cooled at constant temperature. Find: Pressure at saturation and process work. Sketch & Given Data: 0 ® 2500 kPa Tee 350°C 350°C %2 0,90 Q= 2460 kd Assumption: 1) Steam is in equilibrium. Analysis: (a) T P 2 ' . . v v (6) Pressure when dry saturation exists is saturation pressure corresponding to 350°C. Using Appendix A. p = 16 527 kPa (©) Using Appendix A.7 to find initial internal energy. 1, = 2852.9 ki/kg‘Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Comment: 1. From Appendix AS. U, = 1641 kI/kg ug = 777.48 kS/kg Uy = Uy + x Uy = 1641 kI/kg + (0.9)(777.48 kJ/kg) = 2340.7 kik Writing the first law equation for a closed system. q= Aut+w=(y-u)+w aS = (2340.7 ki/kg~2852.9 kJ/kg) + w w = 3078 Ki/kg Negative sign for work indicates work is supplied to the system during the process. 4-28Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.21 The main steam turbine of a ship is supplied by two steam generators. One steam generator delivers steam at 6.0 MPa and 500°C, and the other delivers steam at 6.0 MPa and 550°C. Determine the steam enthalpy and temperature at the entrance to the turbine. Given: ‘Two steam generators supplying steam to a turbine. Find: Enthalpy and temperature entering turbine. Sketch & Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium. 2) Steam generators are delivering equal flows. Analysis: Using Appendix A.7, interpolating as necessary. hy = 3423.2 ki/kg hy = 3540.4 ki/kg Writing first law equations. thh, + hh, = 1h, 1h, + m, = 1h, and 1h, = 1h, yh, + yh, = (+1), = 3423.2kI/kg +3540.4kI/kg _ 3481.8kI/kg —_ . (>) From Appendix A.7, interpolating as necessary. T = 524.9°C. Comment: 1. Using SHTSTM.TK will eliminate the need to interpolate. 434Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.25 A throttling calorimeter is connected to a main steam line where the pressure is 1750 kPa. The calorimeter pressure is 100 mm Hg vacuum and 105°C. Determine the main steam quality. Given: Throttling calorimeter attached to steam line, Find: Steam quality. Sketch & Given Data: t 100 mom Hg vacuum 1150 km ® cae oO Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium, 2) Atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Analysis; Find calorimeter pressure. P, = 760mmHg - 100mmHg = (660mm (* aa) = 88kPa Tmmlg From Appendix A.7 at 88 kPa and 105°C, interpolating as required. hy = 2687 kifkg From Appendix A.6 at 1750 kPa, interpolating as required. hy = 878.4 ki/kg hg = 1918.1 ki/kg Steam enthalpy in line equals enthalpy in calorimeter. hy =h, = hy +xhg 2687 kJ/kg = 878.4 ki/kg + (x)(1918.1 KI/ke) x = 0.943Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.29 Refrigerant 12 is expanded steadily in an isothermal process. The flow rate is 13.6 kg/min with an inlet state of wet saturated vapor with an 80% quality to a final state of 70°C and 200 kPa. The change of kinetic energy across the device is 3.5 kl/kg and the heat added is 21.81 KW. Determine the system power. Given: R 12 being expanded isothermally with heat addition and change in kinetic energy. Find: Power. Sketch & Given Data: 13.6 kg/n Ake = 35 kd/ty ef2L81 kW Assumptions: 1) R 12 is in equilibrium. 2) Change in potential energy is negligible. Analysis: Using Appendix A.11 to find initial enthalpy. hy = 107.067 kI/kg hg = 104.255 ki/kg hy = hy +x hy = 107.067 ki/kg + (0.8)(104.255 kI/kg) = 190.471 kikg Using Appendix A.12 to find exit enthalpy. hy = 234.291 ki/kg Writing first law equation for the open system. Q + mh, + thke, = W + thh, + rhke, W = Q + sh(h,-h,) + sh(ke,-ke,) = 21.8ikw + G I | D4 THEIg-234. 291K) : (agen) (-3.sterke) =11.08kw 4-46Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.33 ‘An adiabatic steam turbine receives 5 kg/s of steam at 1.0 MPa and 400°C and the steam exits at 50 kPa and 100% quality. Determine: (a) the power produced; (b) the exit area in m if the exit velocity is 250 m/s. Given: Adiabatic turbine expanding steam with specified inlet and exit conditions. Find: Power and exit area. Sketch & Given Data: ® Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium. 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energy are negligible. Analysis: Find inlet enthalpy using Appendix A.7. hy = 3263.9 kI/kg Find exit enthalpy and specific volume using Appendix A.6. hy = hy = 2645.9 k/kg v, = v, = 3.2408 mikg (@) Writing first law equation for the open system. shh, = thh, + W 'W = th(h,-h,) = (Skg/s)(3263.9kJ/kg-2645.9kI/kg) = 3090kw (©) Using continuity equation. (Skg/s)(3.2408m*/kg) _ Se imay ~ 00648m 452Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.37 Determine the quality of a two phase mixture of: (a) water at 180°C and a specific volume of 0.15 m°/kg; (b) R 12 at 745 kPa and a specific volume of 0.020 m°, Given: Mixtures of saturated water and R 12. Find: Quality. Sketch & Given Data: (a) Assumption: 1) Water and R 12 are in equilibrium, Analysis: (a) Using Appendix A.5 at 180°C. v, = 0.0011274m'/kg vy, = 0,19391m*/kg, v =u, +2(u,-v) x = LD, _(0.15m*/kg-0.0011274m'/kg) @ 2) — @.1939im*/kg-0.0011274m"/kg) = 0.715 (6) Using Appendix A.11 at 745 kPa. v, = 0.000774mizkg vy = 0.022734m'/kg VAUD, = U% _ (0.020m*/kg-0.000774m'/kg) Uy 0.022734m*/kg_ x = 0.8457 4-56Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.41 Regrigeration tubing is 2 cm in diameter and 3 m long and contains R 12°as a saturated vapor at 0°C. What is the mass of R 12 in the tubing? Given: Tubing containing saturated R 12 vapor. Find: Mass of R 12. Sketch & Given Data: bo 2ew Assumptions: 1) R12 is in equilibrium. 2) Tube diameter is inside. Analysis: Find volume inside tubing. v= = ‘Ls [som] (3m) = 0.0009425m? Using Appendix A.11 at 0°C. v, = 0.055389m°/kg m = Y = (0.0009425m’) _ 9 or7016kg ¥ ~ (0.055389m"7kg) 4-60Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.45 A rigid tank contains three kilograms of saturated steam at pressure of 3000 kPa, Because of heat transfer to the surroundings, the pressure decreases to 1000 kPa. Determine the tank’s volume and the quality of steam at the final state. Given: Tank containing saturated steam is cooled. Find: ‘Tank volume and steam quality. Sketch & Given Data: @ B ky 3000 kPa P, = 1000 kh sat. steam Assumption: 1) Steam is in equilibrium. Analysis: Initial and final specific volumes will be equal. From Appendix A.6 at 3000 kPa. 4 = 0.066694 m°kg From Appendix A.6 at 1000 kPa. v_ = 0.0011272 mykg v= (0.19444 miskg v = 0, + x(v,-0) 0.066694 m°/kg = 0.011272 mikg + (x)(0.19444 m°kg - 0.001272 m'/kg) 0.3392 V = mv = (3 kg)(0.066694 m’/kg) = 0.2 m?‘Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.49 ‘Two kilograms of steam is compressed at constant pressure in a piston/cylinder from an initial state of 500 kPa and 300°C to a saturated vapor. Determine the work for the process, Given: Superheated steam compressed at constant pressure to a saturated vapor. Find: Work for the process. Sketch & Given Data: 2b Zky 500 kPa Ww 500 kf 300%, tah vapor Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium. 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energy are neglected. Analysis: From Appendix A.7 at 500 kPa and 300°C. uy, = 2802.9 kikg hy = 3064.2 kik From Appendix A.6 at 500 kPa. u, =u, = 25615 kiikg hy = h = 2749 kik. Writing first law equation for the closed system. Q=Aau+W Since h = u + pv, for constant pressure closed system process, q = Ah. First law equation can thus be rewritten as. W=Q-AU = m(h, - h,) - m(u, - u,) = (2kg)(2749 kikg -3064.2 ki/kg) - (2kg)(2561.5 kJ/kg -2802.9 kI/kg) = -147.6 KF 4-69Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem 4.53 R 12 initially a saturated vapor at 10°C is compressed adiabatically to a pressure of 25 MPa and 100°C, Determine the work per unit mass, neglecting changes in potential and kinetic energies. Given: Saturated R 12 vapor being compressed. Find: Work per unit mass. Sketch & Given Data: qo RI2 sat. 10%. Assumptions: 1) R 12s in equilibrium. 2) Compressor is an open system. Analysis: From Appendix A.11 at 10°C. hy = h, = 191.602 Ki/kg From Appendix A.12 at 2.5 MPa and 100°C hy = 229.852 kik Writing the first law equation for the open system. h+w=h, w = hy - hy = 229.582 kifkg - 191.602 ki/kg =37.98 kJ/kg Comment: 1. Ifa closed system had been assumed, the work would have been equal to the change in internal energy. 4-76Problem *4.1 Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Fill in the data omitted in the following table for water. Pressure Temperature Specific volume Enthalpy Quality (sia) CF) (fe/bm) (Btu/lbm) —_x(%) State @ — 500 0.650 ) 250 1000 © 600 700 @ 800 1399.1 © 300 90 © 1000 200 Indicate for each state whether the state is subcooled liquid, saturated liquid, mixture, saturated vapor or superheated vapor. Given: ‘Two independent steam properties. Find: Remaining properties and state of steam. Assumption: 1) The water is in equilibrium. Analysis: (a) Using Appendix A.15 at 500 psia, specific volume is between v, and Up therefore this is a mixture. From Appendix A.15. T = 46702°F by = 449.67 Btu/lbm v_ = 0.019739 f¢Abm hg = 755.64 Btu/lbm v4 = 0.92849 ft'/lbm v =v, +x(v,- 0) 0.65 ft?flbm = 0.019739 ft°fbm + x(0.92849 ft°bm - 0.019739 ft?bm) x = 0.694 h = by + xhy = 449.67 Btu/lbm + (0.694)(755.64 Btu/lbm) = 974.1 Bru/flbmChapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES (6) Using Appendix A.14 at 250°F, enthalpy is between hy and h, therefore, this is a mixture. From Appendix A.15. P = 29.864 psia hy = 218.66 Btu/lbm v, = 0.017005 ft’bm hy = 945.59 Btu/lbm v, = 13.808 ft'bm h=h+xhy 1000 Btu/lb = 218,66 Btu/lbm + (x)(945.59 Btu/lbm) x = 0.826 v = v¢ + x(v, - v4) = 0.017005 ft'/lbm + (0.826)(13.808 ft'/lbm - 0.017005 ft?flbm) = 11.41 ftbm (©) From appendix A.16, since temperature is above saturation for 600 psia, this is a superheated vapor. v = 10732 mikg h = 1351.4 Bru/lbm (@) From appendix A.16, since enthalpy is above h, for 800 psia, this is a superheated vapor. T = 80°F v = 0.87629 ft?fbm (©) Since quality is given, this is a mixture. From Appendix A.14. p = 67.078 psia hy = 269.64 Btu/ibm v, = 0.017453 f'ibm hy = 910.64 Btulbm v4 = 6.4627 ft'/lbm = v, + x(v, - vd = 0.017453 ft'/lbm + (0.9)(6.4627 ft'/lbm - 0.017453 ft°/lbm) = 5.818 ft'bmChapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem *4.5 One pound mass of a steam-water mixture at 160 psia is contained in an inflexible tank, Heat is added until the pressure rises to 600 psia and the temperature to 600°F. Determine the heat added. Given: Heat is added to tank containing a mixture, increasing the pressure. Find: The heat added. Sketch & Given Data: Assumption: 1) Steam is in equilibrium. Analysis: Using Appendix A.15 at 160 psia, v, = 0.01815 ft'/bm ‘U, = 335.51 Btu/lbm v, = 2.8359 ft'flbm U, = 776.52 Btulbm Using Appendix A.15 at 600 psia and 600°F, v = 0.94626 ft?Abm u = 1185 Btu/lbm Since initial and final specific volumes are equal, solving for quality. e+ @)(Y,- 0) = 0, 0.01815 ft/bm + (x)(2.8359 f/lbm - 0.01815 ft'/lbm) = 0.94626 ft’Albm x = 0329 Solving for the initial internal energy. uy =U; + x Uy = 335.51 Btu/lbm + (0.329)(776.52 Btu/lbm) = 591 Btufbm 487Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Q= AU+ W = mu, -u) = (1 Ibm)(1185 Bru/lbm - 591 Bu/lbm) = 594 Bu Comments: 1. Linear interpolation for v, introduces errors. Using SHTSTM.TK will produce more accurate results. 4-88Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem *4,9 A rigid steel tank contains a mixture of vapor and liquid water at a temperature of 150°F. The tank has a volume of 15 ft’, the liquid phase occupying 30% of the volume. Determine the amount of heat added to the ‘system to raise the pressure to 500 psia. | Given:. Tank with mixture of saturated vapor and liquid. Find: Heat added to raise pressure to 500 psia, Sketch & Given Data: 1s oF @ bid Pz = 500 psia ‘Assumption: 1) Tank is in equilibrium. Analysis: From Appendix A.14, interpolating to 150°F | v, = 0.016341 fbm Uy, = 118,28 Btu/lbm v, = 96.901 ft°bm Ug = 940.97 Btuflbm From Appendix A.15 at 500 psia ¥, = 0.019739 ft'bm =u, = 447.85 Btu/lbm v, = 0.92849 f'lbm uy = 671.56 Btu/lbm Calculate initial quality. (0.7)(4582) 96.9018716m Donn , Oa;G5) 96.9018 bm ” 00163418 bm ee mam OCs) x= Initial specific volume equals final specific volume. y= 0, Vat % Vg = Va + Vy 4.93Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES (0.016341 ft°bm) + (0.000393)(96.901 ft?bm - 0.016341 f/bm) = (0.019739 fe/fbm) + (x,)(0.92849 ft/bm - 0.019739 ft/bm) % = 0.03816 Q=man+® = Mous)(0-Uy) = om, + ma, + xm,)-(0,44304)] = (275.Slom)|(447.85Btu/lom +(0.03816)(671.56Btu/lbm)) ~ (118.28Btu/fom 40.00039)(940.97Btutbm))] Q = 97,755 Bru 4.94Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem *4.13 Determine the quality of a two phase mixture of : (a) water at 400°F and a specific volume of 0.55 ft'bm; (b) R 12 at 350 psia and a specific volume of 0.025 ft’bm. Mixtures of saturated water and R 12. Find: Quality. Sketch & Given Data: @ Assumption: 1) Water and R 12 are in equilibrium. Analysis: (2) Using Appendix A.14 at 400°F, v, = 0.018633 flbm =v, = 1.8645 f'bm v =v, t+ x(v,- v0 - OY) _ _(055ft%Mbm-0.0186338/bm) @,-¥) — (1.8645ft%lbm -0.0186338/bm) = 0.288 x (&) Using Appendix A.11 at 350 psia. 1, = 0.01536 f'bm U4 = 0.08794 f/m. VEU TK dy x = UM. (0.0258t%bm-0.01536ftbm) Us 0.08794Et*bm 498Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem *4.17 Refrigeration tubing is 2 inches in diameter and 10 ft. long and contains R 12 as a saturated vapor at 0°F, What is the mass of R 12 in the tubing? Given: Tubing containing saturated R 12 vapor. Find: Mass of R 12. Sketch & Given Data: ke to ———— Zin ae Assumptions: 1) R 12 is in equilibrium. 2) Tube diameter is inside. Analysis: Find volume inside tubing. ve we e ee] (108) = 0.218282 @a4e" 1) Using Appendix A.20 at O*F. v, = 1.6089 f° m = ¥ = (0.2182). 9. 1356m v ~ G.6089niom) 4-102Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem *4.21 A rigid tank contains three pounds of saturated steam at pressure of $00 psia. Heat transfer to the surroundings occurs and as a result the pressure decreases to 100 psia. Determine the tank’s volume and the quality of steam at the final state. Given: Tank containing saturated steam is cooled. Find: Tank volume and steam quality. Sketch & Given Data: Pa = 100 psie ‘Assumption: 1) Steam is in equilibrium. Analysis: Initial and final specific volumes will be equal. From Appendix A.15 at 500 psia. v4 = 0.92849 fe¥fbm From Appendix A.15 at 100 psia. ¥, = 0.017738 fr'bm v, = 4.4339 fb v =v, + x(v,- 0) 0.92849 ft'lbm = 0.017738 ft'lbm + (x)(4.4339 ft'/bm - 0.017738 ft°/lbm) x = 0.2062 ‘V = mv = (3 Ibm)(0.92849 fr'/bm) = 2.7855 f° 4-106Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem *4.25 ‘Two Ibm of steam are compressed at constant pressure in a piston/cylinder from an initial state of 400 psia and 500*F to a saturated vapor. Determine the work for the process. Given: Superheated steam compressed at constant pressure to a saturated vapor. Find: Work for the process Sketch & Given Data: 0 : 2 thn ® Biba, 400 psia 400 psia 500°F set, vapor Assumptions: 1) Steam is in equilibrium, 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energy are neglected. Analysis: From Appendix A.16 at 400 psia and 500°P. u, = 1150 Brufbm bh, = 1245.1 Btu/lbm From Appendix A.15 at 400 psia. a, = = 1119.4 Btu/lbm h, = h, = 1205.4 Buu/lbm ‘Writing first law equation for the closed system. Q=AU+W Since h = u + v, for constant pressure closed system process, q = Ah. First law equation can thus be rewritten as: W=Q-AU = m(b,-h,) - m(u,-u,) = (2 Ibm)(1205.4 Btu/lbm - 1245.1 Btu/lbm) - (2 Ibm)(1119.4 Btuflbm - 1150 Bru/bm) = -182 Bu 4-111Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem *4.29 Ammonia initially a saturated vapor at 30 psia is compressed adiabatically to a Pressure of 200 psia and 280°F, Determine the work per unit mass, neglecting changes in potential and kinetic energies. Given: Saturated R 12 vapor being compressed. Find: Work per unit mass. Sketch & Given Data: 420 Assumptions: 1) R 121s in equilibrium. 2) Compressor is an open system. Analysis: From Appendix A.18 at 30 psia. hy = h, = 611.6 Brobm From Appendix A.19 at 200 psia and 280°F. hy = 752.5 Btu/lbm Writing the first law equation for the open system. h+w=h, w = b,- hy = 7525 Btu/lbm - 611.6 Brulbm = 140.9 Btu/bm Comment: 1, Ifa closed system had been assumed, the work would have been equal to the change in internal energy. 4-117Chapter IV - PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES Problem C4.3 Using the TK Solver model R 12SAT-TK, determine the pressure of a mixture of R 12 with a quality of 50 percent and an enthalpy of 125 ki/kg. Given: R 12 mixture with given quality and enthalpy. Find: Pressure. Assumption: 1) R 12 is in equilibrium. Analysis: Enter the equation for the enthalpy of a mixture in the Rule Sheet of R 12SAT.TK. by + a(h, -h) Enter the values of quality and enthalpy into the Variable Sheet, and solve. VARIABLE SHEE | Py = 101.325 kPa v= t@L- (jJo my (03 m) V,= (3) (0.1 my (03 m-h m) = = (1000 kg/m')(0.8 m-h_m)(9.8 mis?) P2 =p; + pLg = 101.325 kPa + 71000 PalkPay = 101.325 kPa + (0.8 m-h m)(9.8 kis?) PrVi = P2V2 Substituting and solving resulting quadratic equation. h = 0.021 mor 114m h = 2.1 em is only physically possible solution. 5-18Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem 5.21 A .L-kg gaseous system is in a piston-cylinder and receives heat at a constant pressure of 350 kPa. The internal energy increases 200 kJ, and the temperature increases 70°K. If the work done is 100 KI, determine (a) ¢,; (b) the change in volume. Given: Closed system receiving heat at constant pressure. Internal energy increase, temperature increase and work is given. Find: Specific heat and volume change. Sketch and Given Data: ~ ky Aus 200 kd 350 kPa AT= 70°K Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium. 2) Change in potential and kinetic energy is negligible. Analysis: For a constant pressure process, Q = AH. Writing first law equation for a closed system, Q= AU+W=AH=mG AT @ 200 KI + 100 kJ = (1 kg)(C,)(70°K) G, = 4.286 kI/kg-K Using definition of work for a closed system. W = Jpdv = pAV for p=c @ ava NW. 100. o 286 p 350 kPa 5-22Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem 5.257 | Determine the size of a spherical balloon required to lift a payload of 1360 kg. The gas to be used is helium at 101.3 kPa and 23°C. The surrounding air is 101.3 kPa | and 10°C. Given: Helium-filled spherical balloon is to lift a 1360 kg payload. Find: Diameter. Sketch and Given Data: | Air 101.3 kPa fore | 1360 ky Assumptions: _ 1) asses are in equilibrium, Analysis: Difference between mass of air displaced and mass of helium is equal to 1360 kg payload. From Appendix Al, for air. = R = 0.287 Kikkg-K for helium R 077 kS/kg-K = RE _ (0.287 kifkg-K)(283.15°K) «9.5099 vee (01.3 KPa) 8022 m’ikg Vaan = BE, (2077 Ki K)Q96.1K) «6079 ming P (013 kPa) pre ee ve “a Yaie — Unetiam Ve Mnetan V=12571m v= Soo = 1257.1 m T = 6.695 m d= 1339m 5.27Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem 5.2.9 Given the equation pu = RT, show that the following equations may be derived from it: @pV¥=mRT (0) pV=nRT =) pv = RT @) pu = RIM Given: The ideal gas equation, pu = RT. Find: Four other forms. ‘Assumptions: None Analysis: @ pv=RT Multiply both sides by m, with um = V. pom = mRT pV = mRT () pV =mRT From Section 5.1: R= © andm= 0M pV = (nM) [E]= =aRT © po=RT Since v = & anadR= & M M ca R oR] (Es po = RT @ pv=RT 5-33Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES s Since R = & M w= (E}r- gla el 5-34Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem'5:°33 A typical adult breathes 0.5 liters of air with each breath and has 25 breaths per minute. At 101.3 kPa and 22°C, determine the mass of air per hour entering a person’s lungs. This person now is skiing on a mountain where the air is -10°C and the pressure is 89 kPa. How many breaths per minute are required if the mass of air per hour entering the lungs is to be constant? Given: Adult breathitig at sea level. Find: Breaths per minute on a mountain for same mass flow. Sketch and Given Data: ® O54 x25 bn) 101.3 kPa nee Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium. Analysis: Use ideal gas law and determine mass flowrate. From Appendix A.1, R = 0.287 kikg-K. m= PY. __(101.3 kPa)(12.5 Ym) _. 9.91495 kg/m RT (0.287 ki/kg-K)(295.15°K)(1000 #m*) Calculate mass per breath on the mountain. (89 kPay(O5 8) = 5.892 x 10* kg 0.01495 kgim _ 9547 Breaths/m = ——_—~_—"S 5.892 x 10“ kg 5-38Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem 33° ‘An adiabatic tank has an internal partition that separates two gases. On one side of the partition is air—1.5 kg at 500 kPa and 350°K; on the other side is ammonia--3.0 kg at 200 kPa and 500°K. Imagine now that the partition is free to move and allows the conduction of heat from one side to the other. Determine the final temperature and pressure of each gas, assuming that the ideal gas laws, constant specific heats, may be used. . Given: Adiabatic tank with air on one side of movable partition and ammonia on the other. The partition allows heat conduction. Find: Final temperature and pressure. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Gases are in equilibrium. Analysis: Use ideal gas law to calculate initial volumes. From Appendix A.1, R, = 0.287 kikg-K and R, = 0.4882 ki/kg-K. PART, | (15 (0087 RMkg-K)G50K) _ 930135 mt v= OR (00 KPa) v= MRT, _ (3.0 kg)(0.4882 ki/kg-K)(500°K) _ 3.6115 my? = (200 kPa) Final temperature and pressure of the air and ammonia will be equal. The ideal gas equation for the air and the ammonia, and the first law equation can be written. pV, + AV) = mR,T pV, - AV) = mR,T 5-42‘Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES My Sa(t - 350) = m, ¢a(500 - T) This is three equations with three unknowns (p, T and AV). The first law equation can be solved for T. T = 472.5% Substituting T into the first two equations and solving simultaneously yields. AV = 0.599 m? p = 225.96 kPa Comment: 1) The three simultaneous equations can be easily solved using TK solver. 5-43Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem *5.1 Determine the change of enthalpy for air and carbon dioxide when the temperature changes form 70°F to 1000°F. Use equations from Table 5.4. Given: Air and CO, changing temperature from 70° to 1000°F. Find: Change of enthalpy using equations for variable specific heat. Assumptions: 1) Gases are in equilibrium. Analysis: Calculate change in enthalpy using the following equation. 2 by- ty = fen a, Integrating the equation for air from Table 5.4. hy - hy = 0.9167 [T, - T,] + ae 10+ ie 3.974 x 10°* See ea Substituting values of T, and T, in the above. A, - hy = 540.19 kI/kg = 232.23 Btu/flbm Integrating the equation for CO, from Table 5.4. T aia hy - by = 1540[T, - Ty] ~ 345.1 a(z| ~ 4.13 x 10° E - i] Substituting the values of T, and T, in the above. hy - hy = 534.96 kI/kg-K = 229.98 Btu/lbm 5-46Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem 5.5 Carbon dioxide at 537°R and 14.7 psia has a density of 0.1123 Ibm/ft’. Determine (a) the gas constant; (b) the molecular weight based on the gas constant. Given: Temperature, pressure and density of carbon dioxide, Find: Gas constant and molecular weight. Sketch and Given Data: Cog 537°R 14,7 psia O.N23 Nhe fae Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium. Analysis: Using ideal-gas equation. pu=RT v= p= pRT 2 3 @ R= Bq (47 pria)(144 int’) «351 -tottm-R pT (O1123iomA)G3TR) R _ (1545.32 ft-Ibf/pmol-R) R= Ss. = 44.03 Ibm/pmol My MRM = 3° “G51 flbilm-R) m 5-50Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem *5.9 A mountain is measured by finding the change in pressure at constant temperature. A barometer at the base of the mountain reads 28.74 in. Hg, while at the top it reads 19.14 in, Hg, The average local gravitational acceleration is 31.2 ft/sec’. Determine the height if the temperature may be assumed constant at 70°F. Given: Barometer readings at base and top of mountain, Find: Height of mountain. Sketch and Given Data: a 19,14 in Hg Q=312 ft/sect T= T0°F 28.74 inHg Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium. Analysis: Calculate average air density based on average air pressure and ideal-gas equation, From Appendix A.1, R = 53.34 ft-Ibf/lbm-R. Pre = 2874 aE inHg) (0.4912 psijintig){i44 in’/t?) = 1693.3 Ibeft =o (1693.3 Ibf/?) Pm = RR = 0.05993 Ibm/ft? RT (63.34 ft-Ibfflbm-R)(529.67°R) Ap = ples. js : i Ibm-ft (28.74 inHg - 19.14 (0.4912, inHig)(144 in? 32.1739 ——— Ape | (28.74 inkig inFlg)(0.4912 psi/inEig)( wn ee ‘) ps (0.05993 Ibm/ft’)(31.2 ft/sec?) = 11,703 ft Ce 555| Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem *5.13 ‘An unknown gas has a mass of 3.3 Ibm and occupies 25 ft? while at 540°R and 30 psia, Determine the gas constant. Given: ‘Unknown gas, with mass, volume, temperature and pressure given, i Find: Gas constant. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium, Analysis: Using ideal-gas equation. pV = mRT V _ (30 psiay(144 int/A2)(25 f°) R=. mT G3 TbmyG40R) = 60.61 ft-Ibf/lbm-RChapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem *5.17 A rigid 40 £ tank contains 30 pmol of an ideal gas at 120°F with a molecular weight of 24 Ibm/pmol. (a) Determine the gas pressure; (b) Heat transfer occurs, and the temperature decreases to 60°F. What is the pressure? Given: _Rigid tank contains an ideal gas. Find: Pressure before and after heat transfer. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Gas is in equilibrium. Analysis: Using the ideal gas equation, equation 5.5. @ pV =nRT = BRT _ (30 pmol)(1545,32 ft-Ibflbm-R)(579.67°R) Vv (40 fe) = 671,832 Ibffit™ = 4665.5 psia Recalculating for T = 60°F. ® p= G0 PnbSSS 2 Kept BISI27R) = 602,292 Ibtit? = 4182.6 psia 5-64Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem *5.21 Determine the pressure range for air in psia for 0.95 < Z < 1.05 at temperatures of 2T,, 3T, and 4T., where T, is the critical temperature, Given: Air at two, three, and four times critical temperature. Find: Pressure range for z between 0.95 and 1.05, Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium. Analysis: Using Figure 5.4 for T, = 2, 3, and 4, for 0.95 < Z < 1.05. 27, (T, = 2) ppranges from 0 to 7.25 37, (T, = 3) ppranges from 0 to 4.25 AT, (T, = 4) peranges from 0 to 3.25 From Table 5.3, p, = 3.76 MPa = 545.34 psia, therefore, pressure ranges for 0.95 < Z < 1.05 are, ar, - Pp from 0 to 3954 psia 3T,- p from 0 to 2318 psia 47, - p from 0 to 1772 psia Comment: 1) — For T = > 2T,, Zis always above 0.95. The upper limit on pressure is limited by Z > 1.05. 5-68Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES. Problem *5.25 Air expands in a piston/oylinder from 30 psia, 2.0 ft? and 540°R to a final state of 4.0 fv and 720°R. The pressure varies linearly with volume during the process. Determine the work and the heat transfer. Given: _Air expanding in piston-cylinder, with pressure varying linearly with volume. Find: Work and heat transfer. Sketch and Given Data: © © 15 psia 40 psia T2O°R Assumptions: dy Air is in equilibrium. Analysis: Calculating mass using ideal gas law. From Appendix A.1, R = 53.34 ft Ibfflbm-R. m= PY, 60 psia)(ia4 inyny(2.0 8) = 0.30 Ibm RT (63.34 flbflbm-R)(540°R) Caleulate work using W = { pdV. Since pressure varies linearly with volume, pV = constant. we {i pav = 2, av Va ray ae ie = (30 psia)(144 int)(2.0 f°) [= (2)| = 5989 ft-Ibf 5-23Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES From Appendix A.1, ¢, = 0.1714 Brulbm-R. All = me, AT = (0.30 Ibm)(0.1714 Bru/lbm-R)(720°R - 540°R) = 9.2556 Btu = 7202 ftlbf First law equation for closed system. Q=AU+W Q = 7202 fbf + 5989 ft-lbf = 13,191 ftlbe 514Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem C5.1 Compute the pressure of air at a temperature 100°C and a specific volume of 0.2 m’fkg using (a) the ideal-gas law, (b) the van der Waals equation, (c) the Beattie- Bridgeman equation, (d) the Redlich-Kwong equation. Given: Air at 100°C and 0.2 m’/kg, Find: Pressure using four equations of state. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Air is in equilibrium, Analysis: Using TK Solver, enter the ideal-gas, van der Waals, Beattie-Bridgeman, and Redlich-Kwong equations into the Rule Sheet, Enter the input data into the Rule Sheet and solve. RULE SHEET ee 8 Rule pl*vbarl=8.31434*T) "Perfect Gas Law Mévi=vbarl '1434*T2/(vbar2-b2)-a2/vbar2°2 "van der Walls Equation bar2 a2=27/64%* (8.31434) °2*(Tc)*2/pe b2=(8.31434)*Tc/(8*pc) 358. 31434*T3%(1-E)/vbar3*2*(vbar3+B)-A/vbar3*2 "Beattie-Bridgeman Equation M*v3=vbar3 A=Ro*(1-a3/vbar3) Bo*(1-b3/vbar3) E=c3/(vbar3*1T3~3) p4=8.314344T4/(vbar4-b4)-a4/(T4*.5¢vbar4*(vbar4t+b4)) "Redlich-Kwong Equation M*v4evbar4 a4=29.551*T0°2,5/pe b4=.720354*Tc/pe 5-75Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES VARIABLE SHEET eee St Input- Name Output- Unit- ‘Comment- Problem C5.1 28.97 M kg/mole Molecular Mass 3760 pe kPa Critical Pressure 133 To degK Critical Temperature Perfect Gas Law pl 535.47 kPa 100 Tl deg +2 vl m3/kg vbarl 5.794 m3/kgmole van der Walls Equation p2 534.8 kPa 100 T2 degC +2 v2 m3/kg vbar2 5.794 m3/kgmole b2 036762 a2 137.2 Beattie-Bridgeman Equation p3 535.74 kPa 100 73 degc 42 v3 m3/kg ‘ vbar3 5.794 m3/kgmole E +00014417 B .046119 A 131.4 131.84 Bo .01931 a3 .04611 Bo ~,001101 b3 43400 3 Redlich-Kwong Equation p4 535.37 kPa 100 74 degc +2 v4 m3/kg vbar4 5.794 m3/kgmole b4 025481 a4 1603.3 Comment: This problem can also be easily solved using a spreadsheet problem. 5-76Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem C5.5 Compute the compressibility factor for nitrogen using the Redlich-Kwong equation for temperatures of 300°K and 150°K and a range of pressures between 100 kPa and 30 MPa. Plot the results and compare them to Figure 5.5. Nitrogen at temperatures of 300°K and 150°K, and pressures between 100 kPa and 30 MPa. Find: Compressibility factor using Redlich-Kwong equation. Plot. 1) Gas is in equilibrium. Analysis: Enter the Redlich-Kwong equation and definition of compressibility factor in the Rule Sheet of TK Solver, Enter the constants for Nitrogen, and input pressure and temperature into the Rule Sheet. Use the List Solver to calculate the compressibility factor for the combinations of pressure and temperature. Plot the results using the Plot Sheet. mn VARIABLE SHEE) eee St Input: Name— output— unit: (Comment Problem C5.5 28.013 M kg/mole Molecular Mass 3390 Po kPa Critical Pressure 126.2 Te degk Critical Temperature Redlich-Kwong Equation L 20 p4 MPa L 150 14 degk v4 m3/kg L vbar4 m3/kgmole ba ad L 24 Compressibility Factor RULE SHEE 8 Rule p4=8 .31434*T4/(vbar4-b4)-a4/(T4".5*vbar4*(vbar4+b4)) "Redlich-Kwong Equation Mtv4=vbar4 a4=29.551*T0°2.5/po b4=.720354*T¢/po Z4=pakva/((8.31434/M)*T4) 5-81Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES DgN ‘2unsseug a>\acr 5-82Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES Problem C5.9 Using the equation in Table 5.4, compute and plot curves of specific heat ratio (k) versus temperature in the range of 300°K to 1500°K for (a) methane; (b) ethane; (©) propane. Find: Specific heat ratio, Plot data. Assumptions: 1) Gases are in equilibrium. ‘Methane, ethane, and propane at temperatures from 300°K to 1500°K. Analysis: Specific heat at constant pressure (cp) is calculated at each temperature using | the equations in Table 5.4. The specific heat ratio is calculated as follows. G=o-R Enter the equations into the cells of a spreadsheet or the Rule Sheet of TK Solver. The results calculated using a spreadsheet program are shown below. Problem C5.9 cp k deg c methane ethane propane methane ethane 300.0000 2.1951 1.7703 1.7077 1.3091 1.1851 400.0000 2.5875 2.1972 2.1388 «1.2505 1.1440 500.0000 2.9574 2.5935 2.5365 1.2125 1.1193 600.0000 3.3049 2.9592 2.9008 1.1860 1.1031 700.0000 3.6299 3.2943 1.1666 1.0916 800.0000 3.9325 3.5988 1.1518 1.0832 900.0000 4.2126 © 3.8727 +1403 1.0769 1000.0000 4.4702 4.1160 1.1312 1.0720 1100.0000 4.7054 4.3287 1.1238 1.0682 1200.0000 4.9181 4.5108 1.1178 1.0653 1300.0000 5.1083 4.6623 1.1129 1.0630 1400.0000 5.2761 4.7832 1.1089 1.0614 1500.0000 5.4214 4.8735 1.1057 1.0601 5-89 propane 1.1242 1.0967 1.0803 1.0695 1.0620 1.0565 1.0523 1.0492 1.0468 1.0449 1.0436 1.0426 1.0420Chapter V - IDEAL AND ACTUAL GASES 8 1500.0 Propane §-90Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS CHAPTER 6 Problem 6.1 An insulated box containing carbon dioxide gas falls from a balloon 3.5 km above the earth’s surface. Determine the temperature rise of the carbon dioxide when the box hits the ground. Given: __An insulated box containing a gas falls to the ground. Find: The temperature of the gas after hitting the ground. Sketch and Given Data: Fe genous a 2.5 km Assumptions: 1) The gas in the container is a closed system. 2) The heat and work are zero. 3) The charge of kinetic energy is zero. 4) Carbon dioxide is an ideal gas, Analysis: The first law for a closed system is, Q= AU + AKE+ APE+W Apply assumptions 2 & 3, yielding AU = APE m(u; - u,) = -mg(Z, - Z,) = mg(Z, - Z,) “way = BZ, -Z,) The equation of state for internal energy of an ideal gas is Au = cAT (AT) = gZ, -Z) ky _ (oss aR) (ATK) = (0.8 m/s)(3.5 - 0 km) T = S24°KChapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.5 A closed rigid container has a volume of 1 m? and holds air at 344.8 kPa and 273 K. Heat is added until the temperature is 600 K. Determine the heat added and the final pressure. Given: Air is contained in a tank and heat is added, raising its temperature. The initial and Final states are known. Find: The heat added and the final pressure. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) The air in the tank is a constant volume closed system. 2) The system work is zero. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 4) Airis and ideal gas, Analysis: The first law for a closed system is Q= AU + AKE+ APE+W Apply assumptions 2 and 3. Q=au The ideal gas equation of state for internal energy is AU = mo(T; -T,) In this equation, the mass needs to be determined from the ideal gas law.Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS The internal energy change is AU = (44 kg) (0276 aR) (600 - 273K) = 1032.5 and the heat is a) Q= AU= 10325 The final pressure may be found from the ideal gas law. 69Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.9 Annozzle receives 5 kg/s of steam at 0.6 MPa and 350°C and discharges it at 100 kPa and 200°C. The inlet velocity is negligible, the heat loss is 250 kJ/kg. Determine the exit velocity, Given: Steam flows steadily through a nozzle which is an open system. Find: The exit steam velocity, Sketch and Given Data: oT 4g /s 6o0 kPa SOC g77 25 *7/b, Assumptions: 1) The nozzle is a steady-state open system. 2) The work is zero. 3) The change of potential energy is zero. 4) The inlet kinetic energy is zero. 5) Steam is a pure substance. Analysis: The first law for an open system is Q + th(h + ke + pe), = W + mh(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions (2), (3), and (4). Q + thh, = th(h + ke), Divide by th q+h,=h, + ke, The enthalpy of steam is found from the steam tables, hy = 3165.6 ki/kg h, = 2875.1 kifkg Substitute in the first law equation. (v, mis? (-250 ki/kg) + (3165.6 ki/kg) = (2875.1 ki/kg) + weo00 TH ¥) = 284.6 m/s 6-14Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.13 Air in a piston-cylinder occupies 0.12 m? at $52 kPa, The air expands in a reversible adiabatic process,doing work on the piston until the volume is 0.24 m®. Determine (@) the work of the system; (b) the net work if the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa. Given: Air in a piston/cylinder expands in a reversible adiabatic process. The initial and final states are known. Find: ‘The system work and the net work, Sketch and Given Data: Ve olem? ps 58K bP Va = O24 Pater 2 101 ef Assumptions: 1) The air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system 2) The process is reversible adiabatic, pV* = C. 3) The heat flow is zero. 4) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 5) Air is an ideal gas. Analysis: From equation 6.19b the work for a reversible adiabatic process is we P¥2- PM, 1-k For pV‘ = C, * ee ee 0.12) 4 =P ( = (552 0) (7a) 209.2 kPa (209.2 KN/rn2V(0Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS The net work is W, W- Wo Was = Pn (Vz - V,) = [xs s) (0.24 - 0.12 m’) m Was = 12.1 kt DB) Wow = 40.1 - 12.1 = 28.4T 6-21Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.17 An adiabatic device looks like an inverted T with 3.03 kg/s of steam at 4 MPa and 600°C entering from the top, and two streams, one at 0.5 kg/s, 0.2 MPa, and 6°C exiting horizontally, and the other at 0.2 MPa and an unknown temperature, also exiting horizontally. Determine the unknown temperature. Given: __Steam flows through an adiabatic open system splitting into two streams at the exit. Find: The temperature of one of the exit streams, Sketch and Given Data: 08 bas /: o Fidel cs skow 0S kagls Sool baa 3) 1 @) 6 Assumptions: 1) The device is an adiabatic open system with steady flows into and out of it. 2) Heat and work are zero. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 4) Steam is a pure substance. Analysis: Perform a first law analysis on the system Q + th,(h + ke + pe), = W + th(h + ke + pe), + th,(h + ke + pe); Apply assumptions (2) and (3) th,h, = rhb, + thyhy From the steam tables bh, = sor298, h, = 24.6 kiikg From the conservation of mass, th, = th, + thy, th, = 3.03 - 05 = 2.53 kg/s 6-28Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Substituting the first law yields (3.03 kg/s)(3672.9 KI/kg) = (0.5 kp/s)(24.6 kI/kg) + (2.53 kg/s)(hs) hy = 4393.9 kI/kg Ps = 200 kPa From the supetheat steam tables T; = 900.2°C 6-29| Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.21 A pneumatic lift system is being demonstrated at a sales show. The total load is 70 kg, and the lift piston is 15.2 om in diameter and has an 20.2-cm stroke. A portable | air bottle with an initial pressure of 20 MPa and a temperature of 23°C is to be used as the pneumatic supply. A regulator reduces the pressure from the bottle to the lift system. Neglecting all volume in the lines from the bottle to the piston, determine | the number of times the piston can operate per air bottle if the air in the bottle | remains at 23°C and the volume of the bottle is 0.05 m*. Given: A piston/cylinder contains air at a constant pressure used to raise a lift system. | The air is supplied from a storage tank of known volume, temperature and | pressure. | 1 Find: The number of lifts that can occur until insufficient supply air is available. | | Sketch and Given Data: Paty = vot Pa f ! Ave ds I =(g.2e Zone | Siem h 23% | ‘ J OOS? « | Assumptions: 1) Airis an ideal gas. | Analysis: __In this problem, air leaves the air bottle, is reduced in pressure and enters the piston/eylinder. If we determine the total mass of air available in the air bottle and divide this by the air used lifting cycle, we can find the number of lifts possible. The pressure in the piston/cylinder is found by dividing the force acting on the piston by its area and adding atmospheric pressure. = ma = (70 kg)(9.8 mis!) _ Fm NEN) 7 0868 KN A ie a F00.154) = 0.01863 m? 6-36Comments: Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS 0.686 kN = 101.3 kPa +. = 138.1 Pp a Wie 38.1 kPa V = FOIL = $(0.154)4(0.202) = 0.003762 m* m= wv = (038.1 kN /m?)(0.003762 m°) «9.996116 kgititt (287 Kekg-K)(Q96 Ky The mass in the tank is BV _ (20000 ~ 138 kN/m?)(0.05 m?) RT © (287kke.K)(296K) The number of lifts is. m, = = 11.69 kg 11.69 kg) n-_¢ = 1911.3 or 1911 WoosTTe EpTy ~ 19123 oF 1911 its 1) _ It is necessary to subtract the cylinder pressure from 20 MPa as air cannot flow from the bottle to the lift at a pressure less than this. 6-37Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.25 Given: Find: An ideal gas with a molecular weight of 6.5 kg/Kgmol is compressed in a reversible manner from 690 kPa and 277 K to a final specific volume of 0.47 m’/kg according to p = 561 + 200v + 100v?, where p is the pressure in kPa and v is the specific volume in m'/kg, The specific heat at constant volume is 0.837 ki/kg-K. Determine (@) the work; (b) the heat; (c) the final temperature; (d) the initial specific volume. ‘An ideal gas is compressed in a reversible process from initial to final states. The gas constants are given. The work of compression, the heat transfer, the final temperature and the initial specific volume of the gas. Sketch and Given Data: 1% = OVA om? Jha Me 6.5 by [ks rok ps cele Zoo ure (000” hie Cys 0.857 AT/by -K ‘Assumptions: 1) The gas is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 2) The process is reversible. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. Analysis: Determine the individual gas constant. R = RB , 63143 Whkg mol-K) _ 979 M (6.5 kg/kg mol) kg.K From the ideal gas equation of state. PB P2 = 561 + 2000 + 100 v? kPa P2 = (561) + (200)(0.47) + (100)(0.47)? = 677.1 kPa 6-44Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS (677.1 N/m’) 0.47 (1.279 ki/kg-K) ‘The work is found by integrating the p(v) function from vi, to UV» = 248.8 K we [paw 2 iP oe 81 + 200 + 100? KN/m?)(dv m'/kg) a) w= [S61u = 1000? + 33.309] 0", = -29.7 KI/B0kg The first law for a closed system is Q= AU + AKE+ APE+W Apply assumptions (3) and divide by m, yielding qg= Au+w For an ideal gas Au = o(T; - T,) 4 = G(T) -T,) + w = (0.837 ki/kg-K)(2488 - 277 K) - 29.7 z >) q=33Uhke 6-45Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.29 One kilogram of air expands at a constant temperature from a pressure of 800 kPa and a volume of 2 m’ to a pressure of 200 kPa. Determine (a) the work; (b) the heat; (c) the change of internal energy; (4) the change of enthalpy. One kilogram of air expands at constant temperature between two known states. Find: The heat and work and the change of enthalpy and internal energy. Sketch and Given Data: P,= 800 kPa ye em? Pe = 200 ie ‘Assumptions: 1) The air is a closed system. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) Air is an ideal gas. 4) The process is reversible and isothermal. Analysis: For an ideal gas AU = me, (T, - T,) and AH = mo,(T, - T,). If the temperature is constant, as it is in this problem, 4 AH=0 ?) AUs From equation 6.9 V, W=p,V, In 1 we [ve Je mn 7 a) W= 228K 6-52Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS From the first law Q= AU + AKE+ APE+W Apply assumptions (2) and result (¢). bd) Q=W= 218 6-53Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.33 ‘Two cubic meters per second of helium at 277 K and 101 kPa are compressed to 404 Pa in a reversible adiabatic manner, Determine (a) the final temperature; (b) the power required, Given: Find: A compressor has a steady volume flowrate of helium enter it and leave at a higher pressure, reversibly and adiabatically. The discharge temperature of the helium and the power required for compression. Sketch and Given Data: oO 2m%fs Fi 7 He at |) g=4odkR ane eo 277K f ' (01 kf t 1 Assumptions: 1) The compression is an open system with steady flow through it. Analysis: 2) The heat flow is zero. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 4) Helium is an ideal gas. A reversible adiabatic process for an ideal gas relates temperature and pressure variation as 404) ra%8 (277 K) | — = 482.1 : » (ir) an ‘The power required may be found from Equation 6.23 or from a first law analysis. The equation isChapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS ‘The mass flowrate is determined from the ideal gas law PBN (101 kN/m?)(2 m'/s) RT, * bor KJ/kg.K)(277 K) The power becomes = 0.3511 kg/s 1.666 We Tee 03511 kg/s)(2.077 kS/kg-K)(277 w[- -( W = 374.2 kWChapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.37 Helium expands polytropically through a turbine according to the process pV" = C. The inlet temperature is 1000 K, the inlet pressure is 1000 kPa, and the exit pressure is 150 KPa, The turbine produces 1 x 10° kW. Determine (a) the exit temperature; (b) the heat transferred (kW); (c) the mass flowrate. Given: Find: Helfum, an ideal gas, expands steadily through a turbine in a polytropic process from inlet to exit states. ‘The exit helium temperature, the heat flux and the mass flowrate. Sketch and Given Data: He Assumptions: Analysis: (O00 Kk a 2 . \oodkePa YS Wl = (0% beled porec TO 150 ara 1) Helium, an ideal gas, flows steadily though the open system formed by the gas turbine, 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. ‘The problem is a steady-state system. Determine the exit temperature from the polytropic temperature and pressure relationship. ei (41000 Ky (oo) " = 533K The power from the turbine is given by Equation 6.23. = xaRT, | 1 - E) . ByChapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS C0" = 15 tighy2077 wigan [ 1 (23) 5] ©) th = 34.24 kgs ‘The first law for a steady-state open system is Q + th(h + ke + pe), = W + rh(h + ke + pe), Apply assumption (2). Q=W+ mG, -h) For an ideal gas, Ah = ¢, AT Q = W+ mo(7, -T,) Q = (1x10 RW) + (34.24 kg/s)(5.1954 ky/kg.K)(531.3 - 1000 K) b) — Q = 16.623 kW (heat in) 6-69Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.41 In the previous problem the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. Determine the net system work. Given: Find: The atmospheric pressure against which the piston is Problem 6.40 expands. The net work. Sketch and Given Data: ‘Assumptions: Analysis: Cafu = IO kPs sys = 383.l aT 1) The air pressure remains constant at 100 kPa. From the previous problem we found the system work to be 383.1 kJ. The net work is Woe = Woe - Wear Wor = [Pan Y= Paar (V2 ~ Vi) = MPjuo( V2 - V4) Using the data values from Problem 6.40, Wear = (3 kg)(100 KN/m?)(1,0316 - 0.6059 m°skg) Waar = 127.7 kt Wea = 383.1 - 127.7 = 255.4 ko 6-76Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.45 ‘Two kilograms of helium operate on a three-process cycle where the processes are; constant volume (1-2); constant pressure (2-3); and constant temperature (3-1). Given that p, = 100 kPa, T, = 300 K, and v,/v, = 5, determine (a) the pressure, specific volume and temperature around the cycle; (b) the work for each process; (©) the heat added. Given: Helium, an ideal gas, is a closed system that operates on a three-process cycle. The processes and certain states are defined. Find: ‘The temperature, pressure and volume for each state point and the work for each process as well as the total heat added. Sketch and Given Data: P= lod kPa Ty = BOOK [yO 2 hg Heliows Assumptions: 1) Helium is a closed system 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) Helium is an ideal gas. 4) The processes are reversible, Analysis: The first law for any process is Q= AU+ AKE+ APE+W Apply assumption (2). Q=AU+W For an ideal gas AU = me, (T; - T,) Determine T, p and v at each state. 6-85Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS State 1 Pi = 100 kPa T, = 300K = RT, 2.077 kiikg-K\300 K) . 6.931 ming (100 kN/m?) State 3 SS = 1.246 mifkg (2.077 ki/kg-K)(300 K) _ 500 ka a (1.246 m'/kg) State 2 Pr = py = 500KPa v, = v, = 6.231 mikg Ty = pW? = 00 kNim\6.231 m’ikg) 1599 R (2.077 kI/kg-K) Determine the work for each process. W,2 = 0as dv =0 Wis = fipav = (V3 - Vz) for p = ¢ W,s = mp,(v, - v,) = (2 kg) [xe ss) (1.246 - 6.231 m'/kg) m b) Way = -4985 KI Ws: = psV3 In Vy Yy =| = mRT, In|! Vs Us Wy, = (2 kg)(2.077 kifkg-K)(300 K)In(5) = 2005.7 kJ 6-86Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS For an isothermal process, Q = W for an ideal gas; Quy = Way = 2005.7 kT Qi. = AU + W = AU as Wiz = 0 Qua = mo(T, = T)) = (2 kg)(3.1189 ki/kg-K)(1500 - 300 K) Qua = 7485.4 ky = AH = mo(T; - T,) = (2 kg) (5394 wR) (300 - 1500 K) Quy = -12469 kT The total heat added is °) ln = 2005.7 + 7485.4 = 9491.1 kJ Comments: 1) Asa check on your work, notice That 3Q = SW. In this case ZO = -12469 + 9491.1 = -2977.9 ki and SW = 0 - 4985 + 2005.7 = -2979.3. The difference in the values is because of round-off errors. 2) The work is negative because this is a power consuming cycle. Notice it proceeds in a counter-clockwise direction. Power producing cycles proceed in a clockwise direction.Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.49 ‘The tank in the preceding problem is now heated so that the temperature remains constant at 325 K. Determine the heat added. Given: An adiabatic tank at known temperature and pressure is heated as it discharges so the air temperature in the tank is constant. Find: The heat required. Sketch and Given Data: P= Bovokts Ths Bak Te 23206 22 = SO RPS Qs Assumptions: 1) Air is-an ideal gas. 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) The final tank pressure is 500 kPa. Analysis: It is very complicated to analyze the instantaneous heat needed to maintain the air’s temperature at 325K. Consider, however, the process in two stages. The first stage is the discharge of the tank and the second stage is the heating of the air to 325 K. Let state 1 be the initial state, state 2 be the state before reheating and state 3 the state where the air has been heated to 325 K and the pressure 500 kPa. Since the final pressure is 500 kPa, which occurs after heat has been added at constant volume. The pressure before heat addition is less than this. Find the mass at the final state. The initial tank volume is vy, = BRT, @ ke)(0.287 kihkg-K)G25 ©) _ 996218 m? LA (000 kN/m?) At the final state m, = PVs _ (500 KN/m?}(0.06218 m?) _ 03333 kg * "RT, ” (0.287 ki/kg-K)(325 K) 6-92Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS At the intermediary state, state 2, m, = m,, Find the temperature at state 2. viet T= 2 = (325 0 (SR) = 158.7 K The first law for a closed system, the air being reheated is @ closed system, is Q= AU+ AKE + APE+W Apply assumption (2), and W = 0 for V = c. Q=AU AU = me(T, - T,) = (0.3333 kg) (ors a (325 - 158.7 K) AU = 39.8 kJ Q= 308kF 6-93Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS | Problem 6.53 Air, initially at 120 kPa and 320 K, occupies 0.11 m? and is compressed isothermally until the volume is halved and then compressed at constant pressure until the volume decreases to one-quarter the initial volume. Sketch the processes on a p-V diagram, determine the total heat and total work for the two processes. Given: Air, a closed system and ideal gas, is compressed in two stages. Find: The total heat and work required. Sketch and Given Data: F120 kPa Ts 520K VV. = Ol mn Ver OSV, Vg= 012s Assumptions: Air is an ideal gas and forms a closed system. 2 Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) The processes are reversible. Analysis: The first law for a closed system is Q= AU + AKE+ APE+W Apply assumption (2) Q=AU+W 6-100Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS The work for an isothermal process where V; = 1/2V, is W=py, ol * (x» ss) (0.11 mins) vy, ™ For an isothermal process for an ideal gas Q ya = Wry = 9.15 I For a constant pressure process for an ideal gas TN = G, hence nen Ga ¥9(3) = 160K For p = ¢, Q = AH= me; -T,) The mass is PiVy _ (120 kN/m?)\(0.11 m?) RT, (0.287 ki/kg-K)(320 K) Q = (0.1437 kg)(1.0047 ki/kg-K)(160 - 320K) = -23.1 kJ = 0.1437 kg The work may be found from the first law. AU = mo(T; - T,) = (0.1437 kg)(0.7176 ki/kg-K)(160 - 320 K) AU = -165 Q=AU+W -2B1 = 165+ W W = 660 Quer = -23.1 = 9.15 = -32.35 KI Woes = -9-15 - 6.6 = -15.75 KI 6-101Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.57 A piston/eylinder containing 1.5 kg of water vapor operates on a three process cycle. At state 1 the water is a saturated vapor at 10 MPA, it expands adiabatically to a pressure of 1000 kPa and a quality of 0.7817. At this point a constant pressure Process occurs until the specific volume at state 3 equals that at state 1. Finally from state 3 to state 1 constant volume heating occurs. Sketch the cycle on a T-v diagram. Determine the work and heat for each process as well as the net work for the cycle. Given: Steam, a pure substance, forms a closed system which undergoes a three Process cycle. The processes are known as are the state points. Find: ‘The heat and work for each process and the net work for the cycle. Sketch and Given Data: Stam USky P= lOMPs gat vapor he poo kPa ee Oneal, = ale | vos 3 Arh is Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and is a closed system. 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) All processes are reversible. Analysis: Locate the cycle state points form the steam tables. 10 MPa 2725.2 kilkg 2544.9 kilkg we %, = 0.7818 4 v, = 0.018029 m/kg ‘v_ = 0.15224 m 1000 kPa v; = v, 938.8 ki/kg 6-110Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS For process 1-2, Q = 0. The first law is Q= AU+ AKE+ APE+W Apply assumption (2). Wiz = AU = m(u, - u,) = (1.5 kg)(2186.0 - 2544.9 kI/kg) Wy2 = 538.4 kd For process 2-3, the pressure is constant Q,, = AH = m(hy - h,) = (1.5 kg)(938.8 - 2338.2 kI/kg) Qus = -2099.1 kt AU = m(uy - u,) = (1.5 kg)(920.7 - 2186.0 ki/kg) Q=au+w -2099.1 = -1898 + W Wy, = 201.1 | For the process 3-1, V = c, hence W,, = 0 and Qs, = AU = m(u, -u,) = (1.5 kg)(25449 - 920.7 i/kg) Quy = 24363 kt The net work is Wree = DW = 538.4 - 201.1 = 337.3 I A check is that Wy = Qua Quer = 0 2099.1 + 2436.3 = 337.2 kt The difference is due to round-off errors. 6-111Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.61 An adiabatic compressor receives 1.5 m'/s of air at 30 C and 101 kPa. The discharge pressure is 505 kPa and the power supplied is 325 kW, what is the discharge temperature? Given: Air is compressed in an adiabatic compressor steadily, The power, flowrate and initial conditions are known. Find: The discharge temperature. ‘Sketch and Given Data: 4 7 oO 25 0/5 Arr iS = Bore ey Ses hPa yolks /-—> Kis 325 6W Assumptions: 1) The compressor is a steady-state open system 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) The heat flow is zero, 4) Airis an ideal gas. Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is Q + th(h + ke + pe), = W + ih(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions (2) and (3) W = th, -h) For an ideal gas Ah = c,AT and = PM. (101 sav 5 m8) yp RT, (0.287 k/kg-K)(303 K) a4 W = the,(T, -T,) (-325 KW) = (1.742 kg/s)(1.0047 kI/kg-K)(AT K) AT =-185.7C —T, = 215.7°C 6-117Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.65 A pump delivers 50 liters/sec of water. The intake to the pump is 75 m below the final discharge. The inlet and discharge pressure is essentially atmospheric and the temperature of the water remains constant at 20 C during the process. Determine the power required by the pump. Given: Water flows steadily through a pump which is an open steady system. Intake occurs 75 m below the discharge; temperature is constant. Find: The power required. Sketch and Given Data: V, = 50 Itfsee THzZ0°S greet se Assumptions: 1) The pump is an open system with water flowing steadily through it 2) The heat flow is zero. 3) The change of kinetic energy is zero. 4) The temperature remains constant, hence the change of enthalpy of the water is zero. Analysis: The first law for a open steady system is © + th(h + ke + pe), = W + th(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions (2), (3), and (4) yields W = h(pe; - pe) The specific volume of water from the steam tables is v = 0.001002 m/kg th = +. _(0.050 miskg) % 0.001002 m'/kg) = 49.9 kgis 6-124Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS (49.9 kg/s)(9.8 mig\-75 -0,) W = thg@, - 2) = 1000 Th) W = 36.7kW Comment: Physically, the pump would have to have several stages to lift water 75 m. A more typical arrangement is to have the pump near the water supply and the discharge at the elevation required. 6-125 |Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.69 An adiabatic counterflow heat exchanger receives 0.3 m'/s of R12 at 2000 kPa and 90°C and discharges it as a saturated liquid at 2000 kPa. Water enters at 25°C and leaves at 40°C. Determine the water flowrate in kg/s and the heat transfer form the refrigerant to the water in kW. Given: An adiabatic heat exchanger is a steady, open system. Water cools condensing R12. Find: ‘The heat transfer to the water and the water flowrate. Sketch and Given Data: a2 O8rls ., Zookta , 70°C ay tho 4 eo 2scc ht C4) 40°C _—_ i : a Rie J=0 WeO stn VES 90 Assumptions: 1) The heat exchanger is a steady open system. 2) There is no heat ion to the surroundings. 3) The work is zero, 4) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 5) Water and R12 are pure substances. Analysis: The first law for the R12’s control volume is Q + thau(h + ke + pe), = W + than(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions (3) and (4) Q = ta (hy - ) From the R12 Tables. h, = 228.1 ki/kg by = 110.1 Ki/kg ¥, = 0.009 406 m’/kg V, (03 mis) (0.009 406 mike) then = = 319 kgs ¥, 6-131Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS O= (31.9 kg/s)(110.1 - 228.1 kI/kg) = -3764.2 kW The heat into the water is +3764.2 kW. The first law for the water’s control volume is Qt m,(h + ke + pe); = W+ thy(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions (3) and (4), From the steam tables hy = 104.0 ki/kg hy = 1673 Ki/kg (+3764.2 KW) = (1h, kg/s)(167.3 - 104.0 kI/kg) th, = 59.5 ke/s 6-132‘Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.73 A direct contact heat exchanger operates by combining 20 kg/s of water at 5 MPa and 100 degrees with saturated steam at 5 MPa to produce a saturated liquid at 5 MPa. Determine the total mass flowrate leaving the heat exchanger. Given: A heat exchanger is an open system where the mixing of two streams, one steam and the other water, produces a saturated liquid output. Find: The total flowrate leaving the heat exchanger. Sketch and Given Data: (3) sabi i sues Assumptions: 1) The direct contact heat exchanger is a steady, open system. 2) The heat and work are zero. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 4) Water is a pure substance. Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is Q + th(h + ke + pe), + mhy(ht ke + pe), + thy(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions (2) and (3) thyhy + thjh, = thyhy From the conservation of mass, thy = th, + thy From the steam tables h, = bg @ 5 MPa = 2794.6 kiikg hy = hy @ 100°C = 419.6 kikg hy = hy @ 5 MPa = 11545 kJ/kg 6-138Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS | Substituting in the first law yields (ah, kg/s)(2794.6 ki/kg) + (20 kg/s)(419.6 ki/kg) = (th, + 20 kp/s)(1154.5 ki/kg) th, = 8.97 ky’s | thy = 20 + 8.97 = 28.97 kw/s 6-139Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.77 An adiabatic pressure reducing valve has equal inlet and exit diameters of 4 cm and receives 5 kg/s of steam at saturated steam at 10 MPa and reduces the pressure to 1000 kPa. Determine the exit velocity and temperature of the steam leaving the valve. Given: A valve receives steam and reduces it pressure. There is a velocity change across the valve. Find: The steam’s exit velocity and temperature. Sketch and Given Data: 5 45/s Jom loro kPa sath sham 6 @ dy =de= Ferm Assumptions: 1) The valve is a steady, open system. 2) The heat and work are zero. 3) The change os potential energy is zero. 4) Steam is a pure substance. Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is Q + th(h + ke + pe), = W + ih(h + ke + pe), ‘Apply assumptions 2 and 3. h, + ke, = bh, + ke, From the steam tables h, = 2725.2 = v, = 0.01803 mi/kg e 6-143Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS From the conservation of mass | c 04 m*) (vm/s) | n= = 6 kgs) | v (0.01803m°skg) | v, = 7.7 mis - Kw) | (7 msl, iw hy + ke, = (27252 B) . 7 mis)" - o7973 8 | an ( 3) (2)(1000 J”) kg h, + ke, = 27278 | ven Bee, G HaAe, MME) aor on aS (0.001257 m*) 13978 v,)? ht (i000) = 27278 kilkg (A) The pressure, p» is 1000 kPa. This requires that a quality is assumed, the specific volume and enthalpy calculated until Equation (A) is satisfied. For example, x, = 0.90 | 2 | hy = 2576.7 KS/kg, v, = 0.1751 pats = 2819.4 z m= 0865 | h, = 2506.2 Kihkg,v, = 0.1683 m’hkgyho + ke, = 2730.2 ki/kg which is close enough. vy = (2978)(0.1683) = 6695 m/s T, = Ty = 179.°C 6-144Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.79 A gas turbine compressor unit receives 32,6 m/min of air at 98 kPa and 295 K and compresses it in a reversible adiabatic process to 450 kPa. Determine the power required to do this. Given: A compressor is a steady open system, compressing air in a reversible adiabatic process. Find: ‘The power required. Sketch and Given Data: Ae B26 men EO FO mF cash j[e_ 450 bP 29S KP) Congresses) a I 7 parts ie Kt Assumptions: 1) The compressor is a steady open system. 2) The heat flow is zero. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 4) Airis an ideal gas. Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is Q + th(h + ke + pe), = W + th(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions 2 and 3. W = ih(h, -b) For an ideal gas, Ah = c,AT and ta = PM: 08 KNvmY0.543 ms) A‘ = 0.629 RT, (0.287 ki/kg-K\(295 K) a 6-147Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS For a reversible adiabatic a process with an ideal gas. P| 450) t af (295 9%] = 456K The power is W = tho,(Ty - T;) = (0.629 ke/s) (10047 wR (295 - 456 K) W = JOL7 KW 6-148Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.83 An initially evacuated 250 m? adiabatic tank is charged with dry saturated steam at 5000 kPa until the pressure in the tank is 5000 kPa, Determine the mass is steam in the tank and its temperature when the pressure is 5000 kPa. Given: A tank, initially empty, is filled with steam from a constant pressure supply. Find: ‘The mass of steam in the tank and its final temperature for a given pressure. Sketch and Given Data: Oro —=aesm) Pp, 20 fl >| 7.2 SoookPs s 250 z a a Assumptions: There is no heat or work transfer. 3 The tank forms a control volume. 3) The initial and final steam states are equilibrium states. Analysis: From equation 6.36 m,h, = mu, - mu, For m, = 0, m, = m,. or h =u, From the steam tables hy, h, @ 5 MPa = 2794.6 kI/kg Therefore u, = 2794.6 kJ/kg. The pressure is 5 MPa. From the steam tables (superheat region), find that T, = 342,3°C. The specific volume is v, = 0.05102 m*/kg. Hence, the mass in the tank is. v (250 m*) ime = 4900 kg v (0.05102 m’skg) 6-155Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem *6.1 ‘A constant-pressure insulated closed system receives paddle work. The pressure is 100 psia and the paddle turns 10,000 revolutions with an average torque of 0.5 ft-lbf. The piston moves 0.2 ft, Find the change of internal energy of the fluid in Btu’s. Given: A closed system receives paddle work and expands at constant pressure, The torque of the paddle wheel is given. Find: ‘The change of internal energy of the system. Sketch and Given Data: Py F 100 psa é Wp N= 10/000 rev. ea oS Fbrthe AV = 0.2 £65 Assumptions: 1) The substance in the system is a closed system. 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) The heat flow is zero. 4) The pressure is constant at 100 psia. Analysis: The first law for a closed system with paddle work is Q= AU + AKE + APE + W,, + W, Apply assumptions 2 and 3. = AU+W, + W, 6-158Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem *6.3 One pound of air is compressed at a constant temperature of 75°F from 15 to 100 psia. Determine: (a) the change of internal energy: (b) the work in ft-Ibf (c) the heat in Btu's. Given: Air forms a closed system and is compressed isothermally. Find: The change of internal energy, the work and the heat. Sketch and Given Data: TC Pe Spee LW, = 160 pase Assumptions: 1) Airis a closed system. 2) Airis an ideal gas. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. Analysis: For an ideal gas, Au = ¢,AT. The process is a) constant temperature, hence AU = 0. For an isothermal process the work is from Equation 6.9 Pr P, . W = (1 Ibm)(53.34 ft-lb/bm-R)(535 R) (za) vz W = p,V,In|—2| = mRT, In bd) W = -54137.9 ft-lb, The first law is Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Apply assumptions (3), plus AU = 0. awe 1819 a1) = —____t_ = -69.57 Bu (78.16 R-1, Btu) 6-162Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS. Problem *6.7 A steel tank has a volume of 0.6 ft’ and is filled with saturated steam at 14.7 psia. ‘The tank is cooled to 100°F - determine the final pressure and heat transfer. Given: A tank containing steam is cooled. Find: The final pressure and the heat transferred. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) The steam in the tank is a closed system. 2) ‘The work is zero (V = C). 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 4) Steam is a pure substance. Analysis: The first law for a closed system is Q=AU+ AKE+ APE+W Apply assumptions 2 and 3, Q = AU =m(,-u,) From the steam tables at state 1 find v, = v, 4.7 psia = 26.78 ftom u, = ¥, @ 147 psia = 1077.6 Bru/bm The mass of steam in the tank is 6-167Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS The specific internal energy at state 2 is found by knowing the specific volume and temperature. u, = 142.7 Btulbm x, = 0.0765 and py = Pa = 0.95 psia The heat transfer is Q = (0.0224 Ibm)(142.7 - 1077.6 Btu/lbm) = -20.9 Btu 6-168Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem *6.11 Ethylene is compressed according to pV" = C from 200 psia and 900 R to 450 psia, The mass of ethylene is 3 Ibm, Determine the final temperature, the work and heat for the process. Given: Find: Ethylene, an ideal gas, is compressed polytropically. The final temperature, the work required and the heat transfer. Sketch and Given Data: — P= 200 ps Ethylene Fs tb a a = 00 & ' Fe = 4Sopste Assumptions: Analysis: 1) Ethylene is a closed system. 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) Ethylene is an ideal gas. 4) The process is reversible. For a polytropic process. ous a) T= (900R) (an) TB = 10004R The work for a polytropic process, closed system is given by Equation 6.19b. mR(T, - T,) _ @ Ibmy55.09 ft-Ib, /lbm-R)(1000.9 - 900 R) w i-a (-0.15)(778.16 ft-1b, /Bta) b) W = -142.2 Bu The first law for a closed system is Q= AU+ AKE + APE+ W 6-173Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Apply assumption (2) | Q=AU+W For an ideal gas AU = mo(T; - T,) = @ Ibm) (0206 a4 (1000.4 - 900 R) | AU = 88.7 Bu | The heat transfer is Q = 88.7 - 142.2 = -53.5 Btu (heat out) 6-174Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.15* A system holds 2 Ibm of neon in a poston cylinder where the initial pressure is 25 psia and the initial temperature is 80 F. The system operates on a three-process ‘oycle is comprised of the following processes: 1-2 constant volume heating unit! the pressure is 100 psia; 2-3 expansion according to pV" = C; 3-1 constatn pressure compression. Sketch the cycle on a p-V diagram and determine the net work and heat added, Given: ‘Neon, an ideal gas and closed system, operates on a three-process cycle. The Processes and certain states are given. Find: The net work and heat added. Sketch and Given Data: 2 thu Neon 100 he Pia Zp yisec, T= 80F P eS sta fg fe = 100 P (pera? 2s- 3 Assumptions: 1) Neon is and ideal gas and forms a closed system. 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) The processes are reversible. Analysis: ‘The first law for a closed system is Q= AU+ AKE+ APE+W Apply assumption (2) Q=AU+W 6-181Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS For a constant volume process for an ideal gas Tip = C T=T, ) = (540 »(3] = 2160 R » 3 Wa =0 Q.= 40 +W= AU For an ideal gas AU = me(T, -T,) = (2 Ibm) (os me) (2160 - 540 R) = 478.2 Btu Qua = 478.2 Bu For process 2-3, n = k Thus Q,, = 0 and PV; ~ PV, _ MR(T; - T,) Ta a Was = 2160 R) Ws = 270.7 Bu For process 3-1, the pressure is constant, hence Q,; = Hy - H, = mo,(T, - T,) for an ideal gas AH = (2ibm)(0.246 Btu/lbm-R)(540 - 1238.5 R) = -343.7 Btu Qs, = 343.7 Ba 6-182Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS The work is War = [) pav = pC, - V5) = mRCT, -7,) Ws. = (2 Ibm)(0.0984 Btu/lbm-R)(540 - 1238.5 R) = -137.5 Bu The net work is Ware = 270.7 - 137.5 = 133.2 Bu The heat added is Qi. = 478.2 Bu Comments: The net work equals the net heat transfer within the round-off error created by k = 167 rather than 1.6666. 6-183Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.19* A four process cycle using 2 Ibm of water operates with the following processes: 1-2 constant volume heating from 80 psia and 320 F to 400 psia; 2-3 constant pressure cooling until the water is a saturated vapor; 3-4 constant volume cooling; 4-1 isothermal expansion where Q,, = 1395 Btu’s. Sketch the cycle on the T-v diagram. Determine the specific volume and internal energy at each state and the net work and total heat added for the cycle. Given: ‘Steam, a pure substance, forms a closed system and operates on a four process cycle. ‘The processes are reversible. Find: The specific internal energy and volume at each state and the net work and total heat added for one cycle. Sketch and Given Data: 2 thu tO 7 Pr = BO, psa 7, = 320F le 3 Aco psie 4 t Gan = (370 By = Assumptions: 1) _ Steam is a pure substance and forms a closed system. 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) lll processes are reversible. Analysis: Locate the cycle state points from the steam tables. Pi = 80 psia T, = 320F P2 = 400 psia w= Uy Btu = 1105.3 Bru/lb = 2525,0 BU uy tu/lbm a i v, = 5.543 f/lbm T, = 3256. F 6-191| Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS by = 2935.4 BY By ge R49 BEE tbe ibm Ps = 400 psia sat vapor T,=1,=30F v= 0; AG = 1.162 fem uy, = 480.4 Bru/bm h, = 1205.4 Btu/lbm Ps = 89.7 psia The first law for a closed system is Q= AU + AKE+ APE+W Apply assumption (2) Q=AU+W For process 1-2, V = ¢, hence Wy. = 0 Quo = m(u, - u,) = (2 Tbm)(2525.0 - 1105.3 Bruflbm) = 2839.4 Bru For process 2-3, p = ¢, hence Qy5 = m(h, - h,) = (2 Ibm)(1205.4 - 2935.4 Btu/lbm) = -3460 Btu Was = [av = pm, = 09 (2 Ibm) (778.16 fr-Ib, /Bta) -648.6 Bru For process 3-4, V = ¢, hence W3, = Qj = m(u, - 03) = (2 Ibm) (s#0 - 1119.4 im) -1278 Bru For process 4-1, Q,, = 1395 Btu AU = my, -u) 2 Ibm) (1105.3 - 480.4 BY) — 1249.88 ibm 6-192Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS The first law Q=AU+W 1395 = 1249.8 + W Wi, = 145.2 Bru ‘The net work is Woe = LW = 0 - 648.6 + 0 + 145.2 = -503.4 Bru The net heat is Que = LQ = 2839.4 - 3460 - 1278 + 1395 = -503.6 Bru The heat added is Q,, = 2839.4 + 1395 = 4234.4 Bru 6-193Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.23* A refrigeration compressor receives R12 at 20 psia and 20 F and discharges it at 150 psia and 140 F. The refrigerant flowrate at inlet conditions is 20 ft/min, The heat transfer from the compressor to the surroundings is 2.5 Btu per Ibm of refrigerant. Determine the power required and the volume flowrate at exit conditions. Given: A refrigeration compressor is an open system with R12 flowing steadily through it. The refrigerant flow and heat transfer are known. Find: ‘The power required and the volume flowrate at exit conditions. Sketch and Given Data: Rie ‘Assumptions: 1) The compressor is a steady-state open system. 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) RI2is a pure substance. Analysis: The first law for a steady open system is Q + mh(h + ke + pe), = W + th(h + ke + pe), Apply assumption (2) thq + mh, = W + mh, From the R12 property tables h, = 80.4 Btu/bm h, = 93.5 Btulbm_v, = 0.298 ft'/lbm v, = 2.039 ft'bmChapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS The mass flowrate is Yy _ 0 ft/min) m= ——_, %, — (2.039 f/bm) = 9.81 Ibm/min W = tig + th(b, -h,) = (9.81 Ibm/min)[-2.5 + (80.4 - 93.5) Bru/lbm] W = -153.0 Bru/min 3.6 hp The volume flowrate at exit is V, = thy, = (9.81 Ibm/min)(0.298 ft'fbm) = 2.92 ft/min Comments: Note that the volume flowrate is not constant, is not conserved; only mass flowrate is consumed. 6-201Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.27* An oil transfer pump uses 1 hp of power in transferring 13.75 Ibm/s of oil through a 1.5 inch diameter pipe. The change in kinetic and potential energies is essentially zero and the process is adiabatic. Additionally, there is no appreciable temperature change in the oil which has a density of 93 Ibm/ft’. Determine the change in pressure from inlet to exit. Given: An oil pump adiabatically raises the pressure of oil continuously. Find: The pressure rise across the pump. Sketch and Given Data: we 513.96 Ubafsee fo) We -thp dAawlmc Gy ert tha, 3 Gro Ww Assumptions: 1) The heat flow is zero. 2) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 3) The oil is incompressible. 4) The change of internal energy is zero. 5) The pump is a steady, open system. Analysis: The first law for a steady-state open system is Q + th(u + p/p + ke + pe), = W + th(u + pip + ke + pe), Apply assumptions (1), (2), (3), and (4). nO“ Py Pp w= The, - Pp) Pp Ibm A ~(13.75 22) (ap tb, An?\44 in’ste’ -(1 hp) [s» ftp) _ “(7 ae eee aca hp-sec, (93 Ibmvtt?) Ap = 258 psi 6-208Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.31* ‘An air conditioning system cooling unit is a heat exchanger that has air pass over coils that have refrigerant flowing through them. In one home 1700 ft'/min of air enters the heat exchanger at 100 F and atmospheric pressure, It leaves at 68 F and atmospheric pressure. The cooling is sccomplithed by R12 evaporating at « temperature of 40 F and an initial quality of 50%, furated vapor. Determine the refrigerant flowrate the heat transfer between the air and refrigerant. Given: A heat exchanger is an open, steady flow system. Air is cooled by flowing over coils in which R12 is evaporating. Find: The R12 flowrate and the heat transfer air to R12. Sketch and Given Data: 40F X= S07, Assumptions: me (20 fB fain, 100 F w ke fe Riz aN thew Geen, PO cab caper Fi | == 4 --4 Ve ee 1) The heat exchanger is a steady, open system. 2) The work is zero. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 4) Airis an ideal gas. 5) R12 is a pure substance. 6) The heat transfer to the surroundings is zero. Analysis: The first law for an open system is Q + thgn(h + ke + pe), + th,(h + ke + pe), = W + th(h + ke + pe), + magi(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions (2), (3), and (6) yields tpaa(hy ~ bs) = sh, (hy - ha) Air is an ideal gas, hence sh = ¢, AT andChapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS (14.7 ty, int 144 iniR\4700 #min) 5 Ibm/nin From the R12 tables by = 49.4 Brulbm hy = 81.4 Buy/lbm (120.5 Tbmm/min0.24 Btu/lbm-R)(560 - 528 R) then = (81.4 - 49.4 Bru/fbm) thay = 28.9 Ibm/min The first law from the air’s control volume subject to assumptions (2) and (3) is Q + th,hy = rhb, Q = th,o,(T, - T,) = (120.5 Ibm/min)(0.24 Btu/lbm-R)(528 - 560 R) © = 9254 Bnumin (heat out of air’s CV) 6-216Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.35* The steam entering a steam turbine flows through a control valve that regulates the flow. The steam entering the valve has a pressure of 3000 psia and a temperature of 1000 F. The pressure downstream of the valve is 2000 psia. What is the steam temperature downstream of the valve? Given: Steam flows steadily through a regulatory valve and decreases in pressure. Find: The steam temperature exiting the valve. ‘Sketch and Given Data: Phan Booopsia (o00F UN FEI ey 2090 pave SHES wed Assumptions: 1) The valve is a steady, open system. 2) The heat and work are zero. 3) The change of kinetic and potential energies are zero. 4) Steam is a pure substance. Analysis: The first law for a steady open system is Q + mh(h + ke + pe), = W + th(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions 2 and 3. by = hy The process is a throttling process. From the steam tables. hy = 1442.6 Btu/lbm Using h, = h, and p, = 2000 psia, enter the steam tables and find T, = 949°F. 6-223Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 639* An adiabatic axial flow compressor receives 4250 ft/min of air at 14.6 psia and 65 F and compresses it to 80 psia and 435 F. The air leaves the compressor and enters an aftercooler where the temperature decreases to 170 F, Determine the compressor power in horsepower and the heat removed in the aftercooler in Btu/min. Given: __An air compressor is a steady open system receiving air at known conditions and discharging it at known conditions. An aftercooler reduces the air’s | temperature. Find: The compressor power and heat rejected in the aftercooler. Sketch and Given Data: ALtercooley- go psa = = GO psi A2s0 ftYuun Ree 14,6 psa Gy Te BSE sTF ya 20F . Sy, Assumptions: 1) The compressor and aftercooler are each steady open system. 2) The heat is zero in the compressor. 3) The work is zero in the aftercooler. 4) Changes in kinetic and potential energies are zero. 5) Airis an ideal gas. Analysis: Consider the compressor. The first law for a steady open system is. Q + h(h + ke + pe), = W + mi(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions (2) and (4). W = sh(h, -) Air is an ideal gas, hence, Ah = c,AT. The mass flowrate is. <1 (4250 ft°/min)(144 in?/t i: ft-lb, Jexs R) 3.34 Jbm-R,H Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS i Bu = . = . 24 - 895 R) W = the,(T, - T,) = (319.1 Ibm/min) (02 irk) (625 ) Ww -28336 ae = 668.3 hp Consider the aftercooler. The first law is Q + hh + ke + pe), = W + rh(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions (3) and (4). Q = th(hy -h,) = the,(T; - T,) = (319.1 Ibm/min)(0,24 Btu/lbm-R)(630 - 895 R) Q = -20,294.8 Bru/min 6-229Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem 6.43* A3.5 ft" adiabatic tank contains air at 375 psia and 200 F. The tank develops a small leak and air escapes. Determine the mass remaining when the pressure is 35 psia and the temperature of the remaining air. Given: A tank contains air at a high pressure. A leak occurs and air escapes. Find: The mass of air remaining when the pressure in 35 psia, The temperature of the air in tank at this pressure, Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Airis an ideal gas. 2) No heat or work occurs. 3) Change of kinetic and potential energies are zero. Analysis: Determine the mass of air in the tank initially. 5 fe) at = 5.37 Ibm RT, ft-lb, 53.34 —__*_| (660 R) im-k) © ®) i From Equation 6.34 eee mp, 1 m, = (5.37 Ibm) (3x) 1 = 0.987 Ibm remaining From the reversible adiabatic relationships 04 k-l 35 aye = (660 "(5 14 = 335.2°R = -124.8°F 6-236Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS Problem C6.1 Air at 100 kPa and 300°K is compressed in a piston-cylinder to 10% of its initial volume, Develop a spreadsheet or TK Solver model to compute the final temperature and pressure for a range of polytropic coefficients between 0 and 2.0. Plot the final pressure and temperature as a function of n, first with linear scales and then with log-linear scales. Given: Air compressed in a piston-cylinder to 10% of its initial volume. Find: Final temperature and pressure for a range of polytropic coefficients. ® too k oe =| Jory 300°K Assumptions: 1) The air is in equilibrium. Sketch and Given Data: a Analysis: Using TK Soler, enter the polytropic process equation, the ideal-gas equation. for the initial and final points, and the relationship between initial and final volumes in the Rule Sheet. Use the List Solver for a range of polytropic coefficients and plot the results. ee RULE SHEET 8 Rule "Calculation Units are SI: kPa, degK, m3/kg, kJ/kg, k3/kg-K Pl*v1“n=P2*v2"n PL*v1=R*TL P2*VI=ReTZ v2=v1/CR 6-240me VARIABLE SHEET eerste St Input. +287 +7176 100 300 Name—— Output—— unit- cR cv PL vi v1 P2 v2 12 Chapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS +861 1000 kd/kg-K ka/kg-K kPa m3/kg degk kPa 0861 m3/kg 300 degk POLYTROPIC COMPRESSION Comment: Problem C6.1 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 4/E M. David Burghardt & James A. Harbach Compression Ratio Polytropic Coefficient Gas Constant Constant Volume Specific Heat Mass Initial Pressure Initial specific Volume Initial Temperature Final Pressure Final specific Volume Final TemperatureChapter VI - ENERGY ANALYSIS OF OPEN AND CLOSED SYSTEMS POLYTROPIC COMPRESSION 10000 5000 3000 2000 1000 ea 200 Na are 100 s0 30 20 10 0 2 Comments: 1) Using log-linear scales results in a linear plot. An examination of the polytropic process equation will indicate why. 6-242Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.1 CHAPTER SEVEN A Camot engine operates with 0.136 kg of air as the working substance. The pressure and volume at the beginning of isothermal expansion are 2.1 MPa and 9.6 liters, respectively. The air behaves as an ideal gas, the sink temperature is 50°C, and the heat added is 32 kJ. Determine (a) the source temperature; (b) the cycle efficiency; (c) the pressure at the end of isothermal expansion; (d) the heat rejected to the Given: Find: sink per cycle. ‘A Carnot engine operates on air where states are specified, The high cycle temperature, the efficiency, the heat out and the pressure at the end of heat addition. Sketch and Given Data Assumptions: Analysis: ms 01186 beg aie e, = 2 tea 2 (tees = 0, 00% wt Mt “Te = So'c Qu = 327 1) Airis an ideal gas, 2) The cycle operates on sketch shown. From the ideal gas knowing p, = 2100 kPa, V, = 0.0096 m? (T= PMs, (2100 kN /m'}0.0096 m) «516.5 K mR (0.136 kg)0.287 ki/kg-K) The cycle efficiency isChapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.5 A Carnot engine operates between temperatures of 1000°K and 300°K. The engine operates at 2000 revolutions per minute and develops 200 kW. The total engine displacement is such that the mean effective pressure is 300 kPa. Determine (a) the cycle efficiency; (b) the heat supplied (kW); (c) the total engine displacement (m*). Given: Find: A Camot engine, its power, temperature limits and mean effective pressure. The cycle efficiency, heat input and total engine displacement volume. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: Analysis: Te = los K 0 Tz = 300ke Carnet What 2000 em Sune, mince yak = 260 bd \ Pm = BOO PS ¥ Sauk 1) The engine follows ideal Camot cycle. The efficiency of a Camot cycle is. T, 300 - 20 - 0.70 7000 @ m= me The heat added is found from the efficiency. () mo Oo Q, = 285.7 kw The work per cycle is (Wee, KW) = (N cyclesi/secW,,, kI/eycle) (200 kW) = (33.33 cyclesisec)W,,, kI/eycle) Wee = 6 KI TTChapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE The mean effective pressure is 78Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.9 A Carnot engine operates between temperature limits of 1200°K and 400°K, using 0.4 kg of air and running at 500 rev/min. The pressure at the beginning of heat addition is 1500 kPa and at the end of heat addition is 750 kPa. Determine (a) the heat added per cycle; (b) the heat rejected; (c) the power; (d) the volume at the end of heat addition; (e) the meat effective pressure; (f) the thermal efficiency. | Given: A Carnot cycle engine, its temperature limits, rpm and mass of air. Find: The heat flow in and out of the engine, the power produced, the efficiency and mean effective pressure and V,. Sketch and Given Data: | 1500 Ty = (200K Te, = 40016, lar) = = font Akg ae 750 oe ee Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas. 2) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: ‘The cycle thermal efficiency is. 7 Ty _ 400 = 0.667 1200 © m=l- The heat added occurs in process 1 - 2, Qua = Wis = piViln|“?] = mRT,In| 2 1a = Wy A i unl @) Qua = (04 kg) (0207 5 wp) kK) (30 = 95.5 Weycle kg-K, 712Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE ‘The work per cycle is. | Woe = My Qn = (0.667)(95.5 KI) = 63.7 kI/eycle | The power is. © W-nw, = (2088 3) (9 530.8 kW =) The heat rejected per cycle is | | Qs, + Qu = Wa | ) Qu = 63.7 - 95.5 = -31.8 kI/eycle The process for heat addition is constant temperature; for an ideal gas this is described by pV = C. (0.4 kg) (0.287 (1200 K) v,= ORNL = 0.0918 m? Py (1500 kN/m?) | @ WAV, & = 2V, = 0.1837 m? The volume at the end of expansion or BDC is needed to find the mean effective pressure. The process 2 - 3 is reversible adiabatic, hence, 713Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.13 A nonpolluting power plant can be constructed using the temperature difference in the ocean, At the surface of the ocean in tropical climates, the average water temperature year-round is 30°C. At a depth of 305 m, the temperature is 5.4°C. Determine the maximum thermal efficiency of such a power plant. Given: The temperature difference for a ocean thermal difference power plant. Find: Maximum power plant efficiency. ‘Sketch and Given Data: ST Ta = 50C +e y Teas SAC Assumptions: 1) The oycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: ‘The maximum thermal efficiency would be that of a Carnot cycle operating between this temperature limits, T, 277.5 =1- = =1- == = 0,084 = 84% the T, 303 came 79Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.17 A Camot refrigerator rejects 2500 KJ of heat at 80°C while using 1100 kJ of work. Find (a) the cycle low temperature; (b) the COP; (¢) the heat absorbed. Given: A refrigerator runs on the reversed Carnot cycle with known heat flow and work required. Find: The cycle low temperature, the COP and the heat input. Sketch and Given Data: Bouk 2500 bT @ BO°C ae Wart Teoh Revesell te Copnat ele oe T Qu @ Te Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: From the conservation of energy for the cycle. Qa + Que = Wore Q, - 2500 = -1100 ky © Q, = 1400 = Qn _ 1400 _ ) (COP), = W,, * Ti00 127 T, COP, = 127 = Bon st @ T. = 197.7€ kK 7:24Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.21 A Carnot heat pump is being considered for home heating in a location where the outside temperature may be as low as -35°C. The expected COP for the heat pump is 1.50. To what temperature could this unit provide heat? Given: A reversed Carnot cycle acts as a heat pump. The low temperature and (COP), are known. Find: The high cycle temperature. Sketch and Given Data: (CoP) ,=\5 Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: The (COP), for a reversed Carnot cycle is, 7-28Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.25 Derive the expression for the (COP), for a heat pump operating on the reversed Carnot cycle. Given: A reversed Carnot cycle acting as a heat pump. Find: Derive (COP), Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Substance is an ideal gas. 2) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis; (COP), = oo 7 ae Heat is rejected from 4 - 1. Qour = PaVeln 's Vv, q| = mRTyln \ vi Heat is added from 2 - 3, 2 Ms i MA Q, = pV, In q| = axrn(y) 7-32,Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE For reversible adiabatic processes, 1 - 2, and 3 - 4. (COP), mer, inf ¥3} + mT, In| ¥! V,, vy “i 7-33Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.29 A Carnot heat engine receives 1000 KJ of heat from a heat reservoir at an unknown temperature and rejects 400 kJ of heat to a low temperature reservoir at 25°C, Determine the high temperature and the thermal efficiency. Given: A Carnot engine receives a known amount of heat and rejects a known | amount of heat at 25°C. Find: The cycle efficiency and the high cycle temperature. ' Sketch and Given Data: | JscobhT © Ty ¥ Carnet | Engine Wart | | Y 4ooer © 278% Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: For a Camot engine, the thermal efficiency isChapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.33 A 8 kW heat pump is designed to maintain a house at 21°C when the outside temperature is -5C. The heat loss from the house is estimated to be 85 000 kJ/h for these temperature conditions. Can the heat pump provide the necessary heat? Given: A heat pump, the cycle temperature limits and the heating requirements. Find: Whether heat pump has sufficient capacity. Sketch and Given Data; t Gout = FFOCOKT/y © 2UC Vleet : Baw Pane -s Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: Determine the (COP), for the actual unit and for a reversed Carnot cycle heat pump. If the actual (COP), is less than the Camot cycle heat pump, then it is possible to provide the cooling. = Qon (23.61 KW) _ Actual (COP = Ft = SEY « 295 Camot (COP), = 113 Yes, the heat pump can provide required heat. TALChapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.37 Show for a Carnot cycle engine using an ideal gas as the working substance that VV, = VV5. Given: A Carnot cycle using an ideal gas. Find: That VV; = ViV5. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Substance is an ideal gas. 2) The cycle operates on sketch shown, Analysis: For the reversible adiabatic processes. 7-46Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.41 A reversed Carnot engine operates between 250 K and 300 K and receives 100 kW of heat at the lower temperature. The power to drive the reversed engine comes | from a Carnot engine operating between 900 K and 300K. Determine the heat input to the Carnot engine. | Given: A Carnot engine drives a reversed Carnot engine. The heat input to the reversed engine is known as are the temperature limits of both engines. Find: The heat supplied to the Carnot engine. Sketch and Given Data: Qm@ Q00k P Zook Carus | ae | Reversed = Carns Gagne Soqime, | + | Y 300k leo hd S ZS0K Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: For the reversed cycle engine, Q, | 100 kW | (COP), = —* = 25 (com, = os Wy, = 20 KW This is equal to the power output from the Carnot engine. T, 300 =1- ct 1-2. 0667 My to geal 6 Ty = 0.667 = et = 20 kW On a, Q, = 30kW 752Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem *7.1 A Camot engine rejects 1000 Btu/min at 50°F and produces 40 hp. Determine the temperature of heat addition and the amount of heat flow into the engine. Given: A Carnot engine, the heat out, temperature out and power produced. Find: The high cycle temperature and the heat added. Sketch and Given Data: | Y Gat = (000 Bty/min @ SOF Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis; Convert the power to Btu/min W,., = (40 hp) (24 = 1696 Bru/min OQ, + Qo = Q,, = 1696 + 1000 = 2696 Brw/min = Moe, 1696 mn = a> ag 7 09 tm = 0629 = 1- Te ay - 510 Ty a Ty = = 915% 755Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem *7.5 The engine in problem *7.4 is used to drive a heat pump which receives 250 Btu's from the low temperature heat reservoir. It rejects heat at 100°F; determine the temperature of the heat that is added. Given: A Carnot engine drives a reversed Carnot engine. Acting as a heat pump. ‘The heat in is given as the high temperature. Find: The low temperature of the reversed Carnot engine. Sketch and Given Data: t Bout © 100F net , 7 Bip | Reversed 700 BY be Comat Eaqine te [Que 250 8h OTe Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: Determine the (COP), from the energies, then find T,. (cor, = 2 Quae = Wont + Qy = 328.7 Btu 328.7 P), = = 4, (COP), = FBT. ag T, 560 (COP), = 4.18 = T, = 426°R = 34°F 7-59Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.9* Determine the minimum power required to provide 180 Btu/min of cooling at 0°F while the surrounding air is at 75°F, Given: A reversed Carnot cycle, the cooling load and the temperature limits. Find: The power required. Sketch and Given Data: ® Qout CISF | Carnst — ie Gugine s Gin = 180 Bh/min © OF Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: For a reversed Carnot cycle. T, ce 40 63 (COP), TT, © 335-460 = 613 = Qe . (180 Bru/min) (co), = 613 = 5+ - SRE oot net W,,, = 29.36 BY . 0.69 hp 7-64Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.13* ‘The inventor of a new refrigerator claims to have maintained at cooled space at 32°F in surrounding air of 77°F while maintaining a COP, of 7.0. Is this reasonable? Given: The (COP), of a refrigerator and the temperature limits it operates between. Find: Whether the (COP), is reasonable. Sketch and Given Data: t Que F Wout —-e ([o >. 270 t | Que s2F Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown, Analysis: Find the (COP), of a reversed Carnot cycle. If the actual refrigerator is less than this, the claims are reasonable. Te L492 ‘537 - 492 (COP), = = 109 Therefore, claims are reasonable. 7-68Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.17* It is desired to double the (COP), of a reversed Camot engine by raising the temperature of heat addition for a fixed high temperature. What percent must the low temperature be raised? Given: A reversed Carnot engine with a fixed high temperature and a variable low temperature. Find: The percent T, must be raised to double the (COP),. Sketch and Given Data: £ Beate Ty T Wye | Peverred “te Cornet Eagine £ | Qu @Te Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: The (COP), is (COP), = The percent change in T, is % change = oe So = 91% 7-722Chapter VIL - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem 7.21* ‘A Carnot cycle engine using 1 Ibm of air has the following conditions: heat addition beginning at 2200 psia and 2200 R and continuing until the pressure is 1400 psia; isothermal compression from 14.7 psia and 540 R and continuing until the pressure is 23.1 psia, Determine: Given: Find: Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: Analysis: the heat transfer into the cycle; the heat transfer from the cycle; the work for each of the processes; the cycle efficiency. A Carnot engine with its cycle state points. The heat flows, the process work and the cycle efficiency. 1 tow ate 0, = 2e00 pata Ts 2200 R Pe. = 1400 psia Py = (47 psta T= S40R Pq = 23 psa 1) Air is an ideal gas. 2) The cycle operates on sketch shown. The Carnot cycle efficiency is, - 540. 755 d) ) Fay 7 0055 Proceed around the cycle, solving for the heat and work terms. The process 1-2 is constant temperature. Qe = Wa 7-16Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE | Problem 7.25* A reversed Carnot engine operates between 440 R and 540 R and receives 500 Btu/min of heat at the lower temperature. The power to drive the reversed engine comes from a Carnot engine operating between 1600 R and 540 R. Determine the heat input to the Carnot engine. Given: A Carnot engine drives a reversed Carnot engine. The heat input to the | reversed engine is known as are the temperature limits of both engines. Find: The heat supplied to the Carnot engine. Sketch and Given Data: Qn 1e00R ee T v : Cornot lat | Reversed] we tbe Cnet | me Sqine | 4 500 Shi/mun ¥ S40R | F402. 7 Assumptions: 1) The cycle operates on sketch shown. Analysis: For the reversed cycle engine, (COP), = (cop), = 2x . 500 Brwimin . 44 w, W, nt et W,, = 2200 Bru/min This is equal to the power output from the Carnot engine. Q, = 3318 Bru/min 7-84Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE Problem C7.1 Develop a TK Solver or spreadsheet model to analyze the Camot cycle. For the cycle conditions in Example 7.3, vary the heat supplied to the cycle between 25 and 300 Ki/kg and plot the pressures at the end of the heat addition and expansion processes. Given: Carnot cycle operating on air between temperatures of 940°K and 300°K. Find: Pressures at end of heat addition and expansion processes for a range of heat supplied between 25 to 300 kI/kg. ‘Sketch and Given Data: Air Th = 940°K Te = 300°k Vv Assumptions: 1) Airis in equilibrium. 2) Air behaves as an ideal gas. Analysis: Using TK Solver, enter the cycle equations as shown on the Rule Sheet below. ‘The equations include the ideal gas equation for each point, equations, for the constant temperature and reversible adiabatic processes, and the first law relationships. Using the List Solver, P2 and P3 are calculated for a range of heat inputs. Plot results. 7-87Chapter VII - SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THE CARNOT CYCLE VARIABLE SHEET | St Input. ‘Nam output— unit: Comment- | Problem C7.1 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 4/E M. David Burghardt & James A. Harbach 287 R kd/kg-K Gas Constant 1.4 k Specific Heat Ratio 940 Th degK Temperature - High 300 To degkK Temperature ~ Low L 84 12 kJ/kg ‘Heat Supplied 934 -26.809 kJ/kg Heat Rejected Wnet 57.191 kd/kg Net Work Eth 68085 Thermal Efficiency COPref .46875 COP of Refrigeration System COPhp 1.4688 COP of Heat Pump System 8400 PL kPa Pressure vi 032117 m3/kg Specific Volume i Tl 940 degK Temperature L P2 6152.6 kPa Pressure v2 043848 «= m3/kg Specific Volume 72 940 degK ‘Temperature | ob P3 112.99 kPa Pressure | v3 -76203 —-m3/kg Specific Volume 73 300 degk ‘Temperature PA 154.26 kPa Pressure v4 -55814 = -m3/kg Specific Volume ™ 300 degk ‘Temperature RULE SHEET 8 Rule—— Plévl=R*TL | patva=ReT2 P3*v3sR*T3 PatyaeReT4 | QL2=PL*VL*LN(v2/v1) Q34=P3*v34LN(v4/v3) B2*v2*k=P3*v3"k P4*v4"k=Pl*vl*k Ti=12 13-14 th=T1 Eth=(Th-Tc)/Th CoPref="c/ (Th-Tc) COPhp=Th/ (Th-Tc) 7-885 Z g g a g 5 sé 8 eé 2 “3 "3 a é é - | 5 8 : 8 “ & a €2222922822 8 a Bek ae a anChapter VII - ENTROPY CHAPTER EIGHT Problem 8.1 Two kilograms of a gas are cooled from 500°C to 200°C at constant pressure in a heat exchanger. Determine the change of entropy for (a) air; (b) carbon dioxide; (©) helium. Given: An ideal gas is cooled at constant pressure. Find: The entropy change. Sketch and Given Data: 34 zh Assumptions: 1) The gases are ideal gases. 2) The process is constant pressure. Analysis: The change of entropy of an ideal gas is 7, P, S,-S,=mo, [2] -mR nf for constant pressure a 8,-S,=me, af? = (2 kg) (20047 eR) In (=) = -0.987 2 8-1Chapter VIII - ENTROPY ®) © Comments: 1) Carbon dioxide , - 8) = erp (os a] In (33 Helium G -8)=@ xa (oanse gal In (7) The change of entropy is negative because the heat leaves the system reversibly. The change of entropy varies dramatically from substance to substance for the same temperature limits. 8-2Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.5 A piston-cylinder arrangement has been developed to compress air adiabatically from 30°C and 100 kPa with 120 kJ/kg of work. Is this possible? Given: Find: Assumptions: Analysis: Air is supposedly compressed adiabatically between two states. If the process is possible. Sketch and Given Data: @Q=zO Pscec | 100 mR bk Aie P= 450 hPa 1) Airis an ideal gas. 2) The process is illustrated in the sketch. 3) Air is a closed system. 4) Q=0 5) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. The first law for a closed system q=Au+w Au = -w = ~(-120) = +120 ki/kg For an ideal gas. ‘Au = ¢, (T, ~ T,) = (0.7176 kifkg-K)(AT K) = 120 5 AT = 1672K T, = 4702K Knowing the temperatures and pressures at both states, calculate the entropy change. It must be greater than or equal to zero for the process to be possible, 8-8Chapter VIII - ENTROPY 3-55 (10087 8, ~ , = 0.01 Ki/kg-K hence the process is possible. 8-9Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.9 When air is throttled, there is an entropy increase. For 2 kg/s of air the entropy increases by 0.06 KW/K. Determine the pressure ratio of final to initial for this to occur. Given: Air is throttled across a valve and the entropy change is given. Find: The pressure ratio across the valve. Sketch and Given Data: oo ne Tot (22-81) = 0,06 bd 7 16 ayo 74 ey Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas, 2 Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The heat is zero. 4) The system is a steady-state open system. Analysis: The expression for the entropy change for an ideal gas is T, a 1h(s, ~ 5,) = thc, of ~ann (2 1 1 For a throttling process, h, = h,, and for an ideal gas ¢, T, = ¢, T,, hence T, =T,. 1h(s, ~ 8) = -8 R In 2) a, (008 KW) = (2 g/s)(0.287 ki/kg-K) In 2 K Py ® = 090 Bi 8-16Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.13 Two kilograms of an ideal gas, R = 317 kg K and k = 1.26, are contained in a rigid cylinder; 21.1 kJ of heat are added to the gas, which has an it tial temperature of 305°K. Determine (a) the final temperature; (b) the change of entropy; (c) the change of enthalpy; (4) the change if internal energy. Given: Find: An ideal gas is contained in a constant volume cylinder and heat is added. The change of entropy, enthalpy, internal energy and the final temperature. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: Analysis: 2 z Q=0.8 Oh, v Kee. keanze 305 4 me 2kg grant rT 1) The gas is ideal. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The system is closed. 4) The work is zero (V = c) The first law for a closed system is Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Apply assumptions 1, 2 and 4, R = 0317 kiikg-K = ¢,-¢, Gp = 1.5362 ki/kg-K k = 1.26 = cJo, c, = 1.2192 kikg-K Q = m(Q, - u,) = mo(T, - T,) (21.1 KJ) = (2 kg)(1.2192 kI/kg-K)(T, - 305) @ 1, =3136K @ Avu=Q=211 8-21Chapter VIII - ENTROPY AH = mo(T, - T) = @ wp (15302 Jens - 305 K) ie-K, © AH = 2645 ° T, = AS = me, In| 7] + mR In? T, vy, &) AS=Q xe (12192 ez 8-22Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.17 If 2.06 kilograms of steam expand adiabatically from a volume of 0.234 m? and a temperature of 300°C to a pressure of 125 kPa, determine (a) for reversible adiabatic expansion the work, the initial pressure, and the final quality; (b) for irreversible expansion—-where the final quality is 100%-find the work, the initial pressure, and the change of entropy. Given: Steam expands adiabatically in a closed system from an initial to a final state. Find: The work done, the initial pressure and final steam quality for isentropic expansion. Find the work, initial pressure and entropy change for an irreversible process. Sketch and Given Data: @=0 Steam Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and a closed system. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The heat is zero. Analysis: The specific volume at state 1 is * x . oe = 0.1136 miskg From STEAM.TK or the superheat tables, knowing T, = 300°C 1, = 2769.0 kikg 8; = 6.7160 ki/kg-K P; = 2197.8 kPa The first law for a closed system is Q = AU + AKE + APE+W 8-27Chapter VII - ENTROPY Apply assumptions 2 and 3 W = -AU = -m(u, - u,) The final steam state is found knowing p, and s, = s,. From the saturated region, or using STEAM.TK. u, = 2314.9 ki/kg x = 0.904 W = -(2.06 kg)(2314.9 - 2769.0 ki/kg) = +935.4 kT (©) For the irreversible case where p, = 125 kPa | u, = U, = 2513.6 ki/kg 8 = 8, = 7.2834 kS/kg-K The initial state is the same as part (a). ‘The work is, W = -AU = -m(u, - u,) = -(2.06 kg)(2513.6 - 2769.0 ki/kg) W = 4526.10 AS = m(s, - s,) = (2.06 kg)(7.2834 - 6.7160 ki/kg-K) AS = 1.1688 kJ/K 8-28Chapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.21 | A natural gas pipeline distributes gas throughout the country, pumped by large gas- turbine-driven centrifugal compressors. Assume that the natural gas is methane, the pipe diameter is 0.2 m, and the gas enters the compressor at 300°K and 105 kPa. The velocity of the methane entering the compressor is 4 m/s. The compression process is isentropic and the discharge pressure is 700 kPa. Determine (a) the discharge temperature; (b) the mass flowrate; (c) the power required. Given: Methane is compressed isentropically between two states in a steady flow compressed. Find: The discharge temperature, flowrate and required power. Sketch and Given Data: i Wf ety d,=0,2m | “ e | Boo = ——s>} | 105 BPs 700 lePa A mls | Assumptions: 1) Methane is an ideal gas. | 2) The compressor is a steady, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. i 4) The heat is zero. Analysis: For an isentropic process for an ideal gas. ox ra @® het i)" = (300 (fy) TM. 475.7 K The conservation of mass equation is th = Avy The specific volume at state 1 is RT, 183 kI/kg-K)(300 K) Pe (105 kN/m*) 481 m/kg 8-34Chapter VIII - ENTROPY i = 02 m¥4 mis) _ ©) if TOCA may” 20eS kal ‘The first law for an open steady system is Q + th (h + ke + pe), = W = th (h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions 3 and 4 W = th(h, - hy) = ¢(T, - T) W = (0.0848 kg/s)(2.1347 kI/kg-K)(300 - 475.7 K) © W = -318 kWChapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.25 Two kg/s of saturated steam at 200°C are condensed to a saturated liquid. ‘The coolant is R12, which is vaporized at 30°C. Determine (a) the mass flowrate of R12 | vaporized; (b) the change of entropy of the steam and of R12. Given: Steam is steadily condensed in a heat exchanger by R12 which vaporizes. Find: The R12 flowrate, the entropy change of the steam and R12. | Sketch and Given Data: | 2 beg [s sham OO) ge0%c sal vaper ee — al Af 1 Riz is)! A cay Stveper Bore, @) 13 Mn qi Assumptions: 1) Steam and R12 are pure substances. 2) The heat exchanger is a steady open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 4) The heat is zero. 5) The work is zero. Analysis: From the R12 tables for saturated refrigerant. hy = 64.539 z hy = 199.475 kI/kg 8, = 0.2397 8, = 0.6848 KiI/kg-K From the steam tables for saturated steam. hy = 2793.3 ki/kg bh, = 852.6 ki/kg 8, = 6.4312 ki/kg-K. $= 2.3295 kIkg-KChapter VII - ENTROPY The first law for steady open systems is Q + th, (h + ke + pe), + tty, (bh + ke + pe), = W + mh, (h + ke + pe), + They (h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions 3, 4, and 5, th, (by ~ h,) = thy, (B - hy) thy, = 1, (hy = hy) hy - hy = 2 kg)(2793.3 ~ 852.6 kik) _ (Ma = “Gog a7s — CASED Take)” 28-78 Hels The steam entropy change is. 7 e KT) _ go) KW (&) AS, = th, (S - 5,) = (2 kgs) (2229s 6.4312 Rl 8.20 5 The R12 entropy change is. 0) AS, = te (S, ~ 8,) = (28.76 kg/s) (oss S027 hee +12.80 = kg = The net entropy change is, AS, = AS, = -8.20 + 12.80 = +46 kW K 8-41Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.29 A Carnot cycle receives 1000 KI of heat while operating between temperature limits of 1000°K and 500°K. Determine the entropy change during heat addition. Given: A Carnot cycle receives heat at a known temperature. Find: The entropy change during heat addition, Sketch and Given Data: + 1090 « 2 Ck) Seo 4 Fz s Assumptions: 1) The process is illustrated in the sketch. Analysis: For isothermal heat addition. Q= Tas & 0 lo 3 & 4 3 s x I Ale 8-47Chapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.33 An adiabatic tank is partitioned into two equal volumes, one containing 0.5 kg of saturated steam at 200 kPa and the other totally evacuated. The partition is removed, What is the entropy change of the steam? Given: ‘An adiabatic tank contains two compartments, one holding saturated steam and the other empty. The partition between the compartments is removed. Find: The steam’s entropy change. Sketch and Given Data: \ i =0 if e-Sbg 1 9 1] sat. steam » \Weo zoo kPa ‘ 2 , Assumptions: 1) The two compartments form a constant volume closed system. 2) Steam is a pure substance. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 4) Heat and work are zero. Analysis: Determine the steam properties at state 1. uy = 2529.6 Ki/kg 8, = 7.1267 Ki/kg-K 2, = 0.8858 mi/kg The total system volume is 2 V=2m, = (205 woos Z| 0.8858 m? The specific volume at state 2 is = 17716 mikg The first law for a closed system is Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Apply assumptions 3 and 4, 8-53Chapter VIII - ENTROPY mu, = muy, Therefore state 2 is defined by knowing u, and v,. From the superheated ‘steam tables, find s, = 7.4440 P= 100 kPa The entropy change is AS = m(s, ~ s,) = (0.5 kg)(7.4440 - 7.1267 kI/kg-K) AS = 0.159 kI/K 8-54Chapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.37 A direct contact heat exchanger receives saturated steam at 300 kPa and 20 kg/s of water at 300 kPa and 80°C. Water leaves the heat exchanger as a saturated liquid at 300 kPa. Determine the entropy production. Given: Find: A direct contact heat exchanger with steam and water states given. The entropy production. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: Analysis: Pa sat Boks @z0 Wee 1) Water is a pure substance. 2) The heat and work are zero. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 4) The heat exchanger is a steady, open system. Determine the enthalpy and entropy values at the three condition. h, = h, @ 300 kPa = 27255 z 8, = 8, @ 300 kPa = 6.9919 ki /kg-K h, = hy @ 80°C = 335.7 kJ/kg 8, = 8 @ 80°C = 1.0751 kI/kg-K hy = hy @ 300 kPa = 561.2 ki/kg 8; = 5 @ 300 kPa = 1.6698 J kg-K Determine the steam flowrate from a first law analysis on the control volume. Q + thy(h + ke + pe), + my(h + ke + pe), = W +ih,(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions 2 and 3. ahh, + th, = thyh,Chapter VII - ENTROPY th, = 1h, + rh (th, kp/s)(2725.5 K/kg) + (20 kg/s)(335.7 Ki/kg) = (20 + th, kg/s)(561.2 ki/kg) th, = 2.08 kg/s th, = 22.08 kg/s Applying Equation 8.41 a 7 Se oe 5, ~ tha Sa * MS at for steady-state, adiabatic conditions this reduces to Ba Sa ~ Hy Sq = AS og Spaz = (22.08 kgls)(1.6698 KI/kg-K) - (20 kgs) (10751 we) (28 *) (ss8 we] kw MS yea = 0.824 x 8-62Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.41 A non-adiabatic nozzle accelerates R12 from negligible inlet velocity to an exit velocity of 250 m/s. The inlet pressure is 600 kPa and inlet temperature is 100°C. ‘The exit pressure is 100 kPa. The exit temperature of the refrigerant is 50°C. What heat must be added to the nozzle during the expansion process? Given: Anon adiabatic nozzle accelerates R12 to a final velocity while receiving heat. Find: The heat added per unit mass. Sketch and Given Data: ele 600 ks 100 Joo be Ps Vt soc 8 Assumptions: 1) The nozzle is an open, steady system. 2) R12 is a pure substance. 3) Change of potential energies are zero. 4) The work is zero. Analysis: Determine the R12 property values from the tables, hy = 251.2 kikg hy = 222.6 kiikg The first law analysis yields Q +m (hs ke + pe), = W = ih (h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions 3 and 4. Q = myth, ~ A) + ke, (hz - by) + ke e . (250 mis)? a= (226 - 251.2 bile) + prrTerE q = 265 ki/kgChapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.45 A two kilogram adiabatic container has an average specific heat of 3.5 kI/kg-Kand an initial temperature of 300°K and is dropped 2 km from a balloon. Determine the change of entropy of the container. | Given: An adiabatic container is dropped from an elevation and hits the ground. Find: ‘The entropy change of the container. | Sketch and Given Data: Pa 2bg

| ine 790K ® | @ bl =-2S AW Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The compressor is a steady-state, open system. Analysis: ‘The compression process may not be assumed reversible as the actual power used is known. The first law for an open system may be used to find the heat | transfer, Q + th (h + ke + pe), = W = th (h + ke + pe), Apply assumption 2 Q+mh, = Wemh, Q= W+ mh, -h) = W+mo(T, - 7) (75 KW) + (@ 8) {2007 ex)“ - 290 K) 8-80Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Q 1.47 kW (heat out) The entropy change of the air is a ye a8, = ly 9) ng [o ~ann [2] 7 AS, = (0.04 kg/s) (uae ex) In (zx) 600) = (0.04 kg/s)(0.287 ki/kg-K) In (s23) (@) AS, = 0.0038 KW/K The entropy change of surroundings is =a ® as,,=2 © — AS yo = SOAS, = +0.0051 - 0.0038 = 0.0013 bl 8-81Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.53 A piston/cylinder contains 0.1 kg of steam at 1000 kPa and 300°C and expands adiabatically to 100 kPa. What is the maximum work that the steam can produce in the expansion process? Given: Apiston/cylinder contains steam and expands adiabatically between two states. Find: The maximum work, Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and forms a closed system. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The heat is zero. Analysis: The maximum work occurs where the process is reversible adiabatic, or isentropic. The first law is Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Apply assumptions 2 and 3 -W = AU = m(u, - u,) uy = 2793.5 kik 8; = 7.1228 kifkg-K kr cy =s, = 7.1 = Lo = 0.961 fas = 708 FS = 9 x, = 096 -W = (0.1 kg)(2424.9 - 2793.5 kifkg) W = +369 887Chapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.57 During the heat addition process of a Carnot Engine, the cycle temperature is 800°K and the reservoir supplying the heat is constant at 1000°K. 1500 KJ of heat are transferred. Determine the entropy change of the system, the reservoir and the entropy production, Given: A constant temperature reservoir provides heat to a Carnot engine, Find: The entropy change of the reservoir and engine and the entropy production. Sketch and Given Data: 1soOked eas lf Cacret Res Snare Tan Assumptions: 1) The heat transfer occurs at constant temperature. Analysis: For T = C heat transfer AS = Q/T. = 71500 anes = ae» ALBIS IK AS, ry ASpoa = DAS, = 1.875 - 15 = 20.375 8 Note areas abcd and 12ed must be equal (first law). They can be only if there is a net entropy increase.Chapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.61 Air is flowing through an adiabatic, horizontal duct. Measurements at the "A" end indicate a temperature of 340°K, a pressure of 105 kPa and a velocity of 75 m/s. At the "B" end of duct the temperature is 300°K, the pressure is 90 kPa and the velocity is 305 m/s. What is the flow direction, A to B or B to A? Given: Air is flowing through a duct from A to B with various properties given at each location. Find: The flow direction. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Airis an ideal gas. 2) The change in potential energy is zero. 3) The heat is zero. Analysis: The flow could be expansive or compressive. Find the entropy change A to B. It must be greater than or equal to zero in the direction of flow for adiabatic flow from the second law. T, 85-8 = 6, In |? ed 8-5, = (10047 ek Sp ~ 8, = -0.082 kI/kg-K ‘The flow is not from A to B, rather it is compressive from B to A. 8-98Chapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.65 A compressor receives 0.2 m°/s of air at 27°C and 100 kPa and compresses it 700 kPa and 290°C. Heat loss per unit mass from the compressor surface at 100°C is 20 ku/kg. Determine the power required, neglecting changes in potential and kinetic energies. Determine the entropy production for the compressor. Given: Air is steadily compressed between two states. Heat transfer occurs from the compressor. Find: The power required and the entropy production. Sketch and Given Data: Pek Zo ¥ CO /0C=-20 “Teg Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas. 2) The compressor is a steady, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. Analysis: Perform a first law analysis to find the power. One cannot assume the process is reversible and evaluate the work from - f ‘udp. The first law is, Q + th (h + ke + pe), = W = 1h (h + ke + pe), Apply assumption 3. Q+mhh =W+mh, th = PY, (100 kNm')(0.2 mis) RE,” 0287 kilkg-K)GO0 ky ~ 07%? Kes W = mh, - hy + Q = ho (T, - T,) + mq 8-104Chapter VII - ENTROPY | W = (0.232 kgs) (10047 } e00 ~ 563) + (232 kgs)(-20 kI/kg) W = 65.9 kW | From the second law for steady open systems, Equation 8.42 | ms, 5) = 2 + a8, T, | ais =) men [F) mein 3] mh(s, ~ 5.) = (22 8) (10047 wR] In (550) [ kg) Ww i) (02 3) ( a er) 7 (300) 18(8,- 6,) = 0.0172 kWIK Q _ (0.232 kps)(-20 kikg) _ kw Fae ons | DS 0a = 0.0172 + 0.0124 = 0.0296 az 8-105Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem *8.1 Oxygen is heated at constant volume from 50 psia and 100°F to 500°F. Determine the change of entropy per unit mass. Given: A unit mass of oxygen is heated at constant volume. Find: The change of entropy. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) _Onygen is an ideal gas with constant specific heats and forms a closed system. Analysis: The change of specific entropy for an ideal gas is Oo (&-8) = ¢, In | iq) = Bu As (eas = 3) in (3a 8-108Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem *8.5 Air is contained in a 1 ff° tank at 2000 psia and 200°F. It is cooled by the surroundings until it reaches the surrounding temperature of 70°F. Considering the tank and the surroundings as an isolated system, what is the net entropy change? Given: Find: Air is cooled at constant volume. The surroundings temperature is known. The entropy production. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: Analysis: Ta = 70°F Te = 70°F 1) Airis an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The work is zero. 4) The air forms a closed system. Find the mass of air in the tank and then its entropy change. The heat transferred is needed to find the surroundings entropy change. PV, _ (2000 Ibyin’)(144 in'/#2)(1 f°) m= 1 RT, ft-lb, (ss eS) (660 R) = 8.18 Ibm bm-R, ° ey aso msn (F) +mR) q| Bu '530' Bu AS,, = (8.18 Ibm) (0.1714 BY) tn (530) = -o308 BE a = @ m)(0 0 =} In ( Z = = ‘The heat transfer is found from the first law Q = AU + AKE + APE+W 8-113Chapter VII - ENTROPY Apply assumptions 2 and 3. Q= AU=me,(T, -T) = (8.18 Ibm) (orn we (530 - 660 R) Q = -182.3 Bru The amount of heat flows into the surroundings or Quy = +1823 Bru = Q_ (1823 Bu) _ Btu AS Dg ttt ao San =" “Gap” “OS AS seq = 0.344 - 0.308 = +0.036 = 8-114Chapter VII Problem *8.9 - ENTROPY A chemical process requires 5000 Ibm/hr of hot water at 180°F and 25 psia. Steam is available at 100 psia and 90% quality, and water is available at 100 psia and 70°F. The steam and water are mixed in an adiabatic chamber, with the hot water exiting, Determine the net entropy change. Given: Find: ‘The adiabatic mixing of steam and water produces hot water at desired conditions. The steam and water states are known. The entropy production. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: Analysis: Joe psia = xs fer Camaeri| Gs > ES S000 sou/ he jeopra_& (00°F, 26 ysis goer “Pow. 1) Steam is a pure substance. 2) The mixing chamber is a steady open system. 3) The heat and work are zero. 4) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. Determine the enthalpy and entropy at states 1, 2, 3, steam at states 2 and 3 is a subcooled liquid. 5 oF = _ Btu hy = by @ 70°F = 37.7 Brulbm & = §@ 10°F = 0.0735 5 Bt hy = hy @ 180°F = 148.4 Bru/lbm 5 = §@ 80°F = 0.2631 Bu 1098: bs = 14904 Sh 1098.9 Btu/lbm Ss, = 1.4904 mo Perform a first law analysis to find the mass flowrates into the mixing chamber. Q + th(h + ke + pe), + th(h + ke + pe), = W + h,(h + ke + pe), 8-120Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Apply assumptions 3 and 4. | ‘hh, + hyp, = ahh, and hy +h, = 1, Ibm Bru Tom Bru’ (sooo - 1098.9 BE) + frm, 2m) (37.7 Bro (oe } (Be) * A) 7 Ba) | = Ibm Ibm = 478.4 th, = 521.6 — ™ hr a : hr ‘The second law for open steady systems is | BhaSon ~ Mas, = ASay ASyoa = tHyS, ~ 18,8, - ths, bm’ _ = (so =) ( 2631 te) Jom’ + [521.6 ——| (1.4904 =" | ‘ ° or ) ( bm] ! 4478.4 1m ia 0.0735 Be ; Ibm-R Bu Sot = =2088 FS 8-121Chapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.13* Given: Find: Sketch and Given Data: In a home refrigerator, 5 Ibm/min of R12 enter the evaporator coil as a saturated liquid at 35.7 psia and leave as a saturated vapor at the same pressure. The refrigerated space is maintained at a constant temperature of 40°F. Determine the rate of entropy change of the refrigerant and of the refrigerated space. R12 flows steadily through an evaporator at constant pressure, receiving heat from a space at 40°F. The rate of R12 entropy change and the rate of the entropy change in the refrigerated space, p= BST pate Tr 2 On relayed Qe4or a Assumptions: 1) R12 is a pure substance. 2) ‘The evaporator is a steady, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 4) The work is zero, Analysis: ‘The entropy change of the refrigerant is The heat flow into the refrigerant is found from the first law Q + th (h + ke + pe), = W = th (h + ke + pe), 8-127 @Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Apply assumptions 3 and 4, Q = m(h, - h) Q = ( Ibm/min)(75.11 - 4236 Btu/lbm) = 354.4 BY min The entropy change of the refrigerated space occurs at constant temperature, hence -3544 Bu min me TORChapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.17* An insulated R12 container develops a leak. The refrigerant before the leak is at 70 psia and 60°F. Determine the per cent mass of refrigerant remaining when the pressure is 30 psia. Given: Find: A insulated, constant volume container, holds R12. A small leak develops. ‘The percent R12 remaining when the pressure is 30 psia. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: Analysis: SSaSy . T Riz fem ' ' t Cops’? | A | 6or | fa = 30 psia ; 1) Ri2is a pure substance. 2) sis zero. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. Refer to the discussion in Chapter 6 regarding to the discharge of a tank. The conditions in this problem match those in the development. ‘The process is a reversible adiabatic process, or isentropic. Determine the initial states? entropy and specific volume and that of the final state, knowing s, = s,. 8, = 0.16556 Brulbm-R —_v, = 0.58088 ft'lbm At 30 psia, s = 5 + x5_ 0.16556 = 0.245 + (x,)(0.1434) % = 0.9837 0.0112 + (0.9837)(1.2853) = 1.276 Ibm Assume that the initial mass is 1 Ibm. Hence V; = m,v, = (1 Ibm)(0.58088 ft/lb) = 0.58088 f° 8-133Chapter VIII - ENTROPY The volume remains constant, V, = V, (0.58088 f°) _ 9.455 me a C276 feiibm) The percent of mass remaining is 8-134Chapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.21* 10 Ibm copper ingot, c, = 0.10 Btu/lbm-F, is heated to 900°F and dropped into a 125 Ibm adiabatic tank of water, initially at 70°F. Determine the entropy change for the water, the copper and the total entropy production. Given: A copper ingot is quenched in an adiabatic tank of water. Find: The entropy change of the copper, the water and the entropy production. Sketch and Given Data: @=0 AR l2sibm tho @70F WeO Feo 10 tha Cu@ Foor Assumptions: 1) The copper and water in the tank form an isolated system. 2) The heat and work are zero. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 4) Water is a pure substance. Analysis: The equilibrium temperature of the copper and water is found from a first law analysis. Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Apply assumptions 2 and 3, AU =0 Useu ~ Unsia = 0 My Uy2 + mM, CT; - My Uy - M,C, T, = 0 Uy = Uy @ 70°F = 37.7 Btulbm Sa = 8 @ 70°F = 0.0735 Btulbm-R 8-141Chapter VIII - ENTROPY * Combine the terms and solve for the equilibrium temperature. (125 Tbm)(u, - 37.7 Btu/lbm) + (10 Ibm) (ox0 er) (T, - 1360 R) In this procedure, T, is guessed and u, looked up. The procedure iterates until it converges. A good first guess may be found by assuming the c, = c, of water is 1.0 Buu/lbm-R. The first guess at T, is 76.6° “and the equation essentially balances. u, = 44.3 Btu/lbm s, = s, @ 76.6°F = 0.0859 Btu/llbm-R AS, =.m,(s, - s,) = (125 Ibm)(0,0859 - 0.0735 Btu/lbm-R) = 1.55 BR 0.93 Btu/R T, Bru 536.6 AS, = me In |] = (10 tom)(o.10 BR) jn (5366 fe Sime | @ m( Ee] (Se) AS, Bu es = AF AS, = 155 - 0.93 = gon Be 8-142Chapter VIII - ENTROPY | Problem 8.25¢ | A room with dimensions of 13 ft x 10 ft x 20 ft contains air at 55°F and 1 atmosphere pressure. A 1-kW electric heater is placed in the room and turned on for 1 hour. | What is final air temperature assuming the room is adiabatic? What is the air’s | change of entropy? Given: An adiabatic room contains air which is heated by an electric heater for a fixed time. | Find: ‘The final air temperature and its’ entropy change. Sketch and Given Data: T2ccop>! Qo tl Zéo0 fe q | | SSF, Weo | Air | | 7 atm [kW hr Assumptions: 1) Air is an ideal gas and forms a closed system. 2) The heat and work are zero. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 4) The process is constant volume. Analysis: Determine the mass of air in the room from the ideal gas law. (14, Ibfin?)(144 in?/f2)(2600 f°) = 2003 Ibm ft-lb, 34 —_| (515 R) (s 4 SS G15 R) The first law for a closed system is Q = AU + AKE + APE + W+ Wy... Apply assumptions 3 and 4, 0 = AU + Weeste 8-148Chapter VIII - ENTROPY The electric work is Weease = = (i 4) (20 ia h) = -3600 ki = 3412 Bu 5 AU = 3412 Btu m o(T; - T,) = 3412 Btu (200.3 tbm)(0.1714 Bruflom-R)(T, - 515 R) = 3412 Bru T, = 614.3 R = 154.3°F The entropy change is Oo T, AS = me, In % +mR Ip 2] = me, in [2 T, V, T, Btu) ,, (6143 Bu AS = (2003 thm)(o.1714 BY) in (5143) . gos Bu S = (2003 m( me) (Ss) R 8-149Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.29* A 10 hp compressor handles 5.0 Ibm/min of air from 14.7 psia and 60°F to 90 psia and 330°F. The surroundings temperature is 60°F. Determine: a) the entropy change of the air in the compressor; b) the entropy change of the surroundings; c) the entropy production. Given: An air compressor steadily compresses air between two states. The surroundings temperature is known. Find: The entropy change of air passing through the compressor, the surroundings | entropy change and the entropy production. Sketch and Given Data: | Ar | So thm fun . M4?prs o 1a Toe ee Ol Compressor ie 330F ql | oe = Te =60F Assumptions: 1) Airis an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The compressor is a steady-state open, system. | Analysis: The compression process may not be assumed reversible as the actual power used is known, The first law for an open system may be used to find the heat transfer. Q + mh (h + ke + pe), = W = 1h (h + ke + pe), Apply assumption 2. Q+mhh =W+mh, Q = W + s(h, - h,) = W + ite,(T, - T,) 8-156Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Q = (40 hp)(42.4 Btu/hp-min) + 5 Ibmimin (0.24%) (799 ~ 520 R) Tom-R, Q = -100 Bru’min (heat out) The entropy change of the air is AS,, = th(s, - s,) = the, In fe -mRin Pr P, lom/min)(53.34 fe-lbflom-R) | 90 . (778.16 1b Bt) (zar] AS, = (SIbm/min)(0.24 Btu/lbm-R) In (5) (@) AS, = -0.119 Btu/min-R ‘The entropy change of surroundings is Q | +100 Btu/min _ oak ©) Sy =F = REE = 0.192 Brufmin-R © AS. = SAS, = 0.192 - 0.119 = 0.073 = 8-157Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.33* A piston/cylinder contains 0.4 Ibm of steam at 200 psia and 550°F and expands adiabatically to 14.7 psia. What is the maximum work that the steam can produce in the expansion process? Given: Apiston/cylinder contains steam and expands adiabatically between two states. Find: The maximum work. Sketch and Given Data: Pa = (AT pve Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and forms a closed system. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The heat is zero. Analysis: The maximum work occurs where the process is reversible adiabatic, or isentropic. The first law is Q = AU + AKE + APE+W Apply assumptions 2 and 3. -W = AU = miu, - u,) u, = 1188.8 Brum =, = 1.6513 Bu/lbm & = 5, = 1.6513 Bru/lbm u, = 10123 Bty/lbm % = 0.927 W = -(04 Ibm)(1012,3 - 1188.8 Btu/lbm) = 70.6 Btu 8-163Chapter VII - ENTROPY | Problem 8.37* A tank contains 3 Ibm of air at 14.7 psia and 900 R. Heat is transferred until the air temperature is 1440 R from a constant temperature heat reservoir at 1800 R, The system’s boundary was a constant temperature of 1500 R during the heat transfer process. Determine the system entropy production. Given; A constant volume tank containing air receives heat from a constant temperature reservoir. The system boundary remains at 1500 R during the | transfer process. Find: The system entropy change. | Sketch and Given Data: | Resecnvalr r “Sim Ae Te = 14408 (Bo R 14D psia ' lean ao0k } a Ts =1S0OR Assumptions: 1) Airis an ideal gas and forms a closed system. 2) The work is zero. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. Analysis: The first law analysis allows us to calculate the heat required. Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Apply assumptions 2 and 3, Q= AU AU = mo(T;-T,) AU = (3 Ibm)(0.1714 Btu/lbm-R)(1440 - 900 R) = 277.7 Btu Q = 2777 Bu 8-167Chapter VIII - ENTROPY From Equation 8.28 Q Si-S, = Ft ASpeg T, | Some (F) omen Vz v, S, - S, = (3 Ibm)(0.1714 Btu/lbm-R) In (1440/900) = 0.242 cs | Q _ 277.7 Bu _ Fo a 7 0185 BR 4 | i AS roa = 0.242 - 0.185 = 0.057 Btw/R 8-168Chapter VII - ENTROPY Problem 8.41* 400 Ibm/min of helium at 74 psia and 80°F enter an insulated device where the work performed is zero. The fluid divides into two equal streams leaving the device, each at 15 psia, and one at 185°F and the other at a unknown temperature. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energies, what is the exit temperature of the second stream? Is it possible for the device to operate? Given: Helium flows steadily into a device and splits into two different streams at different states. Find: Whether the device is possible? Sketch and Given Data: He lism IS ese FOO Ubu furn ON (85 F : TSpsia © 200 bm Juin Bor geo ISpsia Wie 200 /hry/an T=? Assumptions: 1)—-HRelium is an ideal gas. 2) The device is a steady open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 4) The heat and work are zero. Analysis; Perform a first law analysis to find Ts. Then perform a second law analysis. For the device to be possible, there should be positive entropy production. The first law is Q + th(h + ke + pe), = W + th,(h + ke + pe), + th,(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions 3 and 4 th,h, = th,h, + 1hh, thc, T, = th, ¢, T, + th, ¢, T (400 Ibm/min)(540 R) = (200 Ibm/min)(645 R) + (200 Ibm/min)(T; R) T; = 435 R= -25F 8-174Chapter VIII - ENTROPY From Equation 8.41 applied to steady adiabatic flow AS oa = DuSiue — TS, Find the entropy change 1-2 and 1-3 and add together. T, P, = mh, ¢, In |_?} - m, Rin |2 . : [F) E] , th (s, - 5) 1h,(S, ~ §,) = (200 Ibm/min)(1.241 Bru/lbm-R) In (5) = Bu 1,6, 9) = +2038 BM T; as -9=msa [Pl ~ m, Rin (2 , 43! 1y(s, ~ 5) = (200)(1.241) In CO) in (2 ~ (2009(386) 5, Z| Bu 1 — ae min-R th,(S, - 5) Bu AS, a = 203.8 + 106.0 3098 The device is possible according to second law analysis. A device that performs this function is called a vortex tube. 8-175Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem 8.45* A 20 f° tank is initially evacuated, A valve connecting it to a very large supply of steam at 80 psia and 600°F is opened and steam flows into the tank until the pressure is 80 psia. If the process is adiabatic, determine the final steam temperature in the tank and the entropy produced in the tank. Given: An initially evacuated adiabatic tank is filled with steam. Find: The final steam temperature in the tank and the entropy production. Sketch and Given Data: 80 psa Steam ale > Bopsia Assumptions: dy Steam is a pure substance, 2) The heat and work are zero. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. Analysis: Refer to Chapter Six on charging a tank. For the conditions in this problem. Uy = Aige = hy 1330.6 Brum 1.7835 Btu/lbm-R At 80 psia and u, = 1330.6 Btu/lbm, find from the steam tables that s, = 1.9068 me and v, = 10.06 ft'bm T, = 897.4°F The mass of steam in the tank is = 2, _ 20 ft? %, 10.06 fe/ibm = 1,99 Ibm From the second law (Equation 8.28) m(s, - 5,) = AS,,, for Q=0 AS, .0¢ = (199 Ibm)(1.9068 - 1.7835 Btu/lbm-R) = Bu AS..a = 0.245 x 8-181Chapter VIII - ENTROPY Problem C8.1 Using the ideal-gas relationships, develop a TK Solver or spreadsheet model to calculate the values of entropy function, relative pressure, and relative specific volume for air. Assume constant specific heat and that at 273°K the relative pressure is 1.0 and the entropy function is 2.42, Produce a table for temperatures between 300°K and 1500°K in increments of 50°K and compare your results with values in Table A.2. Explain any differences. Given: Air between 300°K and 1500°K. Find: Entropy function, relative pressure, and relative specific volume using ideal-gas relationships. Assumptions: 1) The air is in equilibrium. Analysis: Using a spreadsheet program, enter equations based on the following. h=o,dT ®, - ®, = 6, In = 1 u=c,dT ne = 2 a Pe a ve sastaras- 203 sastares c8 HRGHER | SBesrcenaescro-eneqy/ereny) SAScteSt SEPUEtAS/cE THOM SSogsitauan (rloreeen(VEra2}, sAtotees, Terseeate72ao SAGES dsoessiaean((eus-oose)/aneas} saitagegt {eEezrte/cre THERES Sabeatcuee (ae-epstvarez}} tatsenes sereaeuyelt ORteH niiaset/areay} Taianst saretea/sts ‘ } 1g0e3n enxn( (ri4-s0e4)/or92)) sadsersd erszeala/ciy ‘80855 Gxp ((915-8084)/8P82)) tepeaeais/eis SE aHrieae ees (cea) ee i ATE ee ee Ree SBE : eee TRIES IRA ieee) EAE HEAR TERE TERI CHRyare) TREE tives BIBER CRIS) TRAE ea /ae eee Hea ae 3 EE a aoe RE ees ee AE CBEER UeRve area P((raa-s0st}/area)) SAsaoarst SSFezwAS3/008 8-184 sasbegres 104 ‘s9rgateun(as/sns2)+sps4 ‘sgrgaseun(aio/sn2)se064 ‘Seressoun(aii/sos2)seps4 pS3*8LN(AL2/8082) +884 ‘sersseaun(als/sng2)espe4 ‘sergseaun(ata/sng2)se64 ‘sesavenn(ais/spsa)+sbse ‘$SP83zeLa(aie/sos2)sense ‘s$Es3eaun(al7/sog2)ee084 ‘sersstaun(aie/sos2)sepe4 ‘sergseaun(ats/0s2)sepe4 ‘Sgrgangun(az0/sos2}eeped 4$9e§3¢@un(n21/ 6082) +8064 ‘sergaseum(az2/ $052) +8084 ‘sepsaseun(nzs/sos2}eens4 ‘gpgaseun(n24/s052)+608. ‘SSrg34@uN(A25/S082)E084 ‘ssrgsseun(aze/s0s2)se084 ‘$srs3*eun(az7/s0s2) +6084 ‘tergseaun(n29/s0g2) 10-1Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem 10.5 ‘Using the Maxwell relation in equations (10.22) and (10.11), develop the three remaining relations given in equation (10.23). Given: Equations 10.22 and 10.11. Find: Remaining relations in Equation 10.23. Analysis: From Equation 10.22 et : ov), as}, The variables are s, v, T. Equation 10.11 is (=).8) 5).°* 8(8)-~ 8, 08, (3), Use variables s, v, T. (5), 6), +1 aT" ), 7 10-5Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Substitute in relationship I (=) ie).(@),°" (=) lie). "4 Use variables T, p, s (2) (7), From relationship II (8408, -* as) (28) 737), av) (8) aT) (as), i 10-6Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem 10.9 Derive an expression for the change of entropy of a gas that obeys the van der ‘Waals equation of state. Given: A gas that obeys van der Waals equation of state. Find: The expression for the change of entropy. Assumptions: 1) The gas obeys van der Waals equation of state. Analysis: The change of entropy may be found from Equation 10.36. dT as = 65 + (32) a van der Waals equation of state is: RT a P° a - we aT ds =o + “T * ©) Integrate assuming c, and R are constant. T, ~b) 5, - 8, =¢Jn 7 + (i j 10-11Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem 10.13 Compute the coefficient of thermal expansion for methane at 32°C and 1400 kPa using (a) the ideal-gas equation of state; (b) the van der Waals equation of state. Given: ‘Two gas equations of state and the expression for the coefficient of thermal expansion, Find: The coefficient’s value for methane. Assumptions: 1) The gas obeys the appropriate equation of state. 2) The expression for a is available from problem 10.12. Analysis; (a) For an ideal gas i 1 4 2 7 * appisy ~ 200828 (6) Fora van der Waals gas, p = RT - & vb a - Ree) Riv-2a0-) For methane from Table 5.1 a = 2285 (m'/kgmol)? b 0.0427 (m*/kgmol) R = 83143 kifkgmol-k T= 305.15k p = 1400kPa Solve the van der Waals equation for v at this state. This is a trial and error solution or use TKSOLVER. The value for v is 1.761 m*/kgmol. 10-17Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS 5 Li } ensase [.»,2,| . A= | (83143, kgmol-K, (2)228.5 m‘/kgmol?)(1.761-0.0427 m’kgmol)'] a@ = 0.0035 K* 10-18Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem 10.17 Determine the average Joule-Thomson coefficient for steam that is throttled from 1.1 MPa and 280°C to 140 kPa. Given: Steam is throttled between 2 states. Find: The average Joule-Thomson coefficient. Sketch & Given Data: fo eRe Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and the states are equilibrium ones. Analysis: The Joule-Thomson coefficient is deferred as (a), For a throttling process, h = C; let ae #2) (=), For state 1 p, = 1100 kPa T, = 280°C h, = 3005.5 ki/kkg hy =h, py = 140kPa T, = 266.4°C pw (953-539.4 K) (100-140 KPa) 0.0142 K/kPa 10-24Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem 10.21 The specific volume of steam at 350°C is 2.5 m’skg. Determine the pressure using the ideal gas equation of state, van der Waals equation of state and the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Compare the results with that found from the steam tables. Given: The specific volume of steam at a given temperature, Find: ‘The pressure using various equations of state and the steam tables, ‘Assumptions: 1) Steam obeys the appropriate equation of state. Analysis: Ideal gas law RT _ (0.4615 ki/kg-K)(623K) Y (25 m’fke) Steam tables, superheat region, p = 114.8 kPa Pe 115 kPa van der Waals a v, = 0568 P, = 22.09 MPa =p T, = 6473K 27RTS _ (27)(8.3143)%(647.3) = 553 (KPa)(m‘kgmol*) Sp, * — Syea0H = BT, _ (8.3143)(647.3) _ 3 bn CT = 0080 mama pe : kg 7 nm 3 = Mv (1801585) 25 ming) = 45.040 p = (83143 ki/kgmol-K)(623K) _ (553 kPa(m'ikgmol)) (45.04-0.030 miykgmol) (45.04 m°/kgmol)? p= 1148 kPa 10-29Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Redlich-Kwong p-RT__a vb TGs) iw (0.42748) | 8.3143. (647.3K)*> = ozs Rens (042748) mor Pe (22090 Nim?) a= 1715.2 iw (0.08664) (8.3143 (6473K) » = 0.08664 Re kgmol-K, (22090 KN/m?) b = 0.021 = (8.3143)(623K) _ (7152) P "GS04-0021) ~ (GBV5.04(65.04-0001) p = 115.0 kPa 10-30Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem 10.25 Two kilograms of ait occupy a volume of 0,05 m* at a temperature of 318°C. The air expands isothermally until the pressure is 1390 kPa. Using van der Waals equation of state determine the initial pressure, the final volume and the work. Given: Air expands isothermally from state 1 to state 2. Find: ‘The initial pressure and final volume using van der Waals equation of state and the work done. Sketch & Given Data: 7a SLO ee Fe 27390 bR Assumptions: 1) The gas obeys van der Waals equation of state. 2) The process is isothermal. Analysis: Using van der Waals equation of state find p, and V;, a 8 = 135.8 kPa(m'/kgmol)? B-b Fb = 0.0364 mikgmol = Mv, = (28.97 kg/kgmol)(0.025 m'/kg) = 0.7242 m'/kgmol p, = (83143 kifkgmol-K)(591K) _ (135.8 kPa(m‘/kgmol?) * "(07242-00364 mi/kgmol) ~ (0.7242 m"/kgmol)? P, = 6885 kPa 1390 = (83143)(591) _ (135.8) 0364) @y 10-38Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Solve by trial and error i B= 35442 mi/kgmol —v, = V, = mv, = (2)(0.122) = 0.244 The expression for isothermal work must be evaluated using van der Waals equation of state not the ideal gas law for T = C. 1 ~ 0358)(se5 + om Ww = 8155kI/kgmol (2 kg)(8155 ki/kgmol) _ We GaST igigmol) "2 10-39Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem 10.29 The maximum density for liquid water at atmospheric pressure occurs at a temperature of 4°C. What can you determine about as/ap),, at temperatures of 3°C, 4°C, and 5°C? The maximum density of water occurs at 4°C. What happens to (as/ap), at 3, 4 and 5 °C. From Maxwell’s relations At 4°C the maximum value of p occurs, before and after this point p is a lesser value. At 4°C, (@p/0T), = 0 as ap is zero. At 3°C, ap and aT are positive, hence (8s/ép)r is positive. At 5*C, ap is negative and aT is positive, hence (9/87), is negative as is (3s/@p). 10-43Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem 10.33 A gas’s p-v-T behavior at certain states can create a compressibility factor of Z = 1- ApT“ where A is a constant. Derive an expression for the difference in specific heats, ¢, - c,. Given: A gas's compressibility factor. Find: ‘An expression for ¢, - ¢,. Analysis: @) w) .R, 3AR _ RT3ARp > ?P Tt pr’ av)? _ R°T*+6ARpT*+9A7Rp? a), or Take the derivative with respect to v at constant temperature of (1) @.-% sos ala) Ea 6-4 - §[ Seen er eR cee ACRDe T T 10-48Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem *10.1 The equation of state for a gas is p(v - b) = RT where b is an experimental constant. Find the expression for the coefficient of isothermal compressibility. Given: A gas equation of state. Find: The coefficient of isothermal compressibility. Analysis: The coefficient of isothermal compressibility is Ay = (as), 10-52Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem *10.5 Determine the constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats of steam at 350 psia and 500°F by means of equations (10.24) and (10.25). Given: Equations 10.24 and 10.25 and the steam tables. Find: ¢, and ¢, at 350 psia and 500°F. Assumptions: 1) Steam is a pure substance and states are equilibrium ones. Analysis: The expression for c, and c, are c= (2B) aw (AX +” lar), ~ (ar), = (=z] = (=) * © lat), ~ (at), From the tables at 350 psia and 500°F, v = 1.4924 a 345 psia 355 psia v = 1.4924 u = 1159.6 Bruflbm T = 5105F 1150.2 Bru/lbm' Bru . 9705-9496 R ioe 350 psia 350 psia 495F S0SF Bu Bru h= 3 = 1254.7 _——_ 1248.3, ibm h 1254.7, bm ¢, ~ (12547-12483 Brullbm) _ 9.64 Bru 65-955 RY Oo om-R 10-58Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem *10.9 Given: Find: Assumptions: Analysis: The specific volume of steam at 620°F is 1.50 ft'/lbm. Determine the pressure using the ideal gas equation of state, van der Waals equation of state and the Redlich-Kwong equation of state. Compare the results with that found from the steam tables. ‘The specific volume of steam at a given temperature. The pressure using the various equations of state and the steam tables. 1) Steam obeys the appropriate equation of state. Ideal gas law = 428 Ibffin® Steam tables, superheat region, p = 403 Ibffin? van der Waals m oe FE.a 2 = 0568 v-b P, = 22.09 MPa T = 620F = 1080R = 600K T, = 6473K 2ART, _ (27(8.3143)%(6473)? 8 a + SO eaitoy 7 953 Pa) mmol) RE, | (6.3143)(6473) _ > ae “wea 0.030 m*/kgmol v = (15 fr'fbm)(0.06243) = 0.0936 mi/kg T=Mve (1s05,385) (0.0936 m/kg) = 1.686 m°kg 10-64Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS = (8.3143 ki/kgmol-K)(600K) _ (553 kPa(m‘/kgmol?)) P= (686-0.080 mgm!) (1.686 m/kgmol)? p = 2818 kPa = 408.7 Ibffin? Redlich-Kwong p-Rr-_a__ 5b Toe) ky 4 oderae Res (040748) (83108 (730 Pe (@2050k Nim") a= 17152 rer (0.08664)(8.3143_ __) 6473) b = 0.086645 = Sans P (22090 kNim?) b = 0.021 p = (83143)(600K) _ (1715.2) (1.686-0.021) _(600)"*(1.686)(1.686+0.021) p = 2972 kPa = 431 Ibffin? 10-65Chapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS Problem C10.1 For steam from 25°C to 350°C, plot the inverse of the absolute temperature versus the natural log of the absolute pressure (1/T versus in p) using at least 20 data points. Given: Saturated steam between 25°C and 350°C. Find: Plot 1/T versus In p. Assumptions: 1) The steam is in equilibrium. Analysis: Using a spreadsheet program, enter saturated pressure and temperature data for Appendix A.5. Enter formulas to convert temperature at degrees Kelvin, compute the inverse of the absolute temperature, and the natural log of the absolute pressure. Use the X-Y graph feature to plot 1/T versus In p. See the graph which follows. Comments: 1) Temperature must be converted to absolute. 2) The linear plot of 1/T versus In p illustrates why equation 10.48 can be used to represent the relationship between saturated temperature and pressure. eee eeee, A/.. see EL Problem C10.1 T (¢c) T (K) wr P LN(P) ° 445+273.15 © 1/B5 0.6106 @LN(D5) +A54+10 +A6+273.15 1/86 4A6+10 © +A74273.15 1/37 +3414 @LN(D7) +A74+10 — $A84+273.15 = 1/B8 +2505 = @LN(D8) 4A8+10 © 4A94273.15 1/89 7.389 @LN(D9) +A9+10 #A10+273.15 1/B10 12.355 @LN(D10) ¥A10+10 +A11+273.15 1/B11 19.946 @LN(D11) +Al1+10 +A12+273.15 1/B12 31.196 © @LN(D12) ¥A12+10 +A13+273,15 1/B13 47.404 @LN(D13) +A13+10 4A14+273.15 1/B14 70.169 + @LN(D14) +A14+10 4A15+273.15 1/B15 101.33 @LN(D15) +A15+10 +A16+273.15 1/B16 143.38 + @LN(D16) #A16+10 +A17+273.15 1/B17 «198.7 @LN(D17) #A17+10 © 4A18+273.15 1/B18 270.34 + @LN(D18) ¥A18+10 +A19+273,15 1/B19 361.64 @LN(D19) +A19+10 +A20+273.15 1/B20 476.3 @LN(D20) fod ot od 10-75 +2287 @LN(D6) eRe Peeeen GSORES we I AMEN eee SvovaChapter X - THERMODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS PROBLEM Cid.1 LNCP> 0-76Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES CHAPTER ELEVEN Problem 11.1 A gaseous mixture has the following volumetric analysis: O,, 30%; CO,, 40%; N,, 30%. Determine (a) the analysis on a mass basis; (b) the parti re of each component if the total pressure is 100 kPa and the temperature is 32°C; (c) the molecular weight of the mixture. Given: ‘The volumetric analysis of a gaseous mixture. Find: The mass analysis of the mixture, the partial pressure of each component and the mixture molecular weight, Assumptions: 1) Each component and the mixture behaves as an ideal gas. Analysis: ‘The mixture molecular weight is Mux = SDyi Mi Mas = (0:30)(32) + (0.40)(44.01) + (0.30)(28.016) ©) Mae = 35.61 kg/kgmol The partial pressure, p, is Pi = Ys Pot Pez = (0.30)(100 kPa) = 30 kPa ) Psy = (0.40)(100 kPa) = 40 kPa Px, = (0.30)(100 kPa) = 30 kPa The mass fractions are M, _ (kgmol), (kemol). (ks), (8), fan (kemol) i, (kB)a (Kemol), §— (ke)ai. = (0.3032) - ) > “Geen 7 02% = (0.40)(4401) , a) @ssiy O44Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.5 Equal masses of hydrogen and oxygen are mixed, The mixture is maintained at 150 kPa and 25°C, For cach component determine the volumetric analysis and its partial pressure, Given: Equal masses of H, and O, are maintained at 150 kPa and 25 Find: The volumetric analysis and the component partial pressure. Sketch and Given Data: SS & q | | \So GPs | | 2s*c | Assumptions: 1) _ Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. Analysis: Determine the mass fractions of each where % = MYM ee %y, = m/2m = 05 Xo, = 05 R, = Dx, R, = (0.5)(4.125) + (0.5)(0.2598) = 2.192 EK R _ (8.3143 kikgmol-K) Me 3" Gis wikg-K)” 279 Kwkemol -3M, 2h = (0:5)(3.79) _ Ya “Goigy ~ 98 11-7Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES (0.5)(3.79) _ Ys" “exo * 008 The partial pressure, p, = y;, Pi Py, = (0.94)(150 kPa) = 141 kPa Po, = (0.06)(150 kPa) = 9 kPa 11-8Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES oO Problem 11.9 A rigid insulated tank, as shown in Figure 11.3, is divided into two sections by a membrane. One side contains 0.5 kg of nitrogen at 200 kPa and 320 K, and the | other side contains 1.0 kg of helium at 300 kPa and 400 K. The membrane is removed. Determine (a) the mixture temperature and pressure; (b) the change of entropy for the system; (c) the change of internal energy of the system. Given: An insulated tank has two compartments, cach containing a gas. The membrane separating the compartments is removed. Find: The mixture temperature and pressure, the system entropy change and the system internal energy change. Sketch and Given Data: SF===7q7 SSS SSS 2k pesty f Mire 320 » q bw fe Assumptions: 1) _ Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) Heat and work are zero. Analysis: Determine the volume and mixture specific heat. Vp = RET, 05 (0.2968 brg-1820 8) «9357 gs Pr (200 kNim*) = MRT _ (1.0(2.0772(400) . Vy St = COT = 2.769 Vy = V, + Vz = 0.237 + 2.769 = 3.006 m? Cm = Dx Gy = (0.333)(0.7431) + (0.667)(3.1189) = 2.328 ki/kg-K » The first law for the system is Q = AU + AKE + APE + W 11-13Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Apply assumptions 2 and 3. Uso = Urs therefore AU = U; = U, + U; Ma Cm Ts = my Cy Ty + m Gg T, (1.5 kg)(2.328 ki/kg-K)(T; K) = (0.5)(0.7431)(320) + (1.0)(3.1189)(400) T, = 3013 K Each gas may be viewed as occupying the total volume by itself at its partial pressure. mRT_ (0. HO2565)091. 3) “OV = MRT _ (1.0)(2.077)(391.3) _ Fn SRO) = 2704 kPa Pia = Pp = 19.3 + 2704 = 289,7 kPa Find the entropy change for component and add them together. 7 Vv, s-s- mem (pl +mRin (| (Ss - Six, = (0.5 kg)(0.7431 kiI/kg-K) In (x) * esol ex) ® (az) (Sy S)y, = +0.4517 KK + (1.0)(2.077) In (3aes 759) (Sy- Sve = (1.0(3.1189) In ( pau (Ss Sue = 0.1020 KK (AS), = 0.4517 + 0.1020 = 0.5537 KI/K 11-14© Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.13 An air-water vapor mixture at 138 kPa, 43°C, and 50% relative humidity is contained ina condensed; (b) the partial pressure of water vapor initially; 14 m*, The tank is cooled to 21°C. Determine (a) the mass of water (©) the final mixture pressure; (d) the heat transferred. Given: Find: An air-water vapor mixture is contained in a tank. The tank is cooled. The water condensed, the vapor’s initial pressure, the final mixture pressure and the heat transferred. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: Analysis: 1) _ Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The work is zero. 4) Neglect the volume of the liquid at state 2. Determine the partial pressure of the initial water vapor. Py = Pac @ 43°C = 8.655 kPa b) p, = © p, = (05)(8.655) = 43 kPa Pay = 138-43 = 133.7 kPa o, = 0.622 (0.622)(4.3) kg vapor Sy 7 00200 See Determine w,. Note that the dew point is 30.2°C. Hence at state 2, p,, = = Py @ 21°C = 25 kPa. 11-21Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Find the mass of air initially - wy = (337 KNimI(14 me) «9 054 Kg (0287 Kikkg-K)GI6 K) = BRT, | (2.064(0.287)294 K) _ P= 2 a) 124.4 kPa ©) Pax = 124.4 + 2.5 = 126.9 kPa = 7622 P., _ (0.622)(25) 0.0125 *8.vapor Py (124.4) . kg air | %, My = mw, - ,) = (2.064 kg 48) (o020 = 0.0125 dl a) my = 0.0155 kg The first law for a closed system is Q = AU + AKE + APE+W Apply assumptions 2 and 3. Q = Uses = Uns = oy (T=) + mu - m, uy m,, = m, ©, = (2.064)(0.0125) = 0.0258 kg m, = m, ©, = (2.064)(0.020) = 0.0413 kg U, = 2434.4 Ki/kg ou, = 2404.6 KS /kg kg + (0.0258 kg)(2404.6 kJ/kg) - (0.0413 kg)(2434.4 ki/kg) dd Q= 21k Q = (2.064 kg) (o2%6 ex) = 316 K)Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.17 A gas mixture has components with the following mass fractions; 50% CO,, 20%CO, 30% He. The mixture temperature and pressure are 50°C and 150 kPa. Determine the mole fractions, the partial pressure of each component and the mixture gas constant. Given: The mass analysis of a gas mixture. Find: The molar analysis of the mixture, the component partial pressure and the mixture gas constant. Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. Analysis: The mixture molecular weight is required before determining the molar analysis, Note that M, = R/R,. Ra = DY x R, = (0.5)(0.1889) + (0.20)(0.2968) + (0.30)(2.07) Ry = 0.777 kifkg-K = (8.3143 kifkgmol-K) | Me TEES” 107 kekemol y= 2%) “w = (05)(10.7) , hoe © CC See = 020.2) , Yoo Be 0.076 = (03)(10.7) _ 0.802 (4.003) =“ 1.000 Yate The partial pressure, py is P; = Y; Pia Poo, = (0.122)(150) = 18.3 kPa Peo = (0.076)(150) = 11.4 kPa Pie = (0.802)(150) = mo 11-27Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.21 A turbine receives 1.5 kg/s of a gas mixture at 800 kPa and 1000 K and expands it to a pressure of 100 kPa isentropically. The mixture molal analysis is 609F nitrogen, 20% carbon dioxide and 20% water vapor. Determine the exit temperature and the | power developed. Given: A known gas mixture expands isentropically through a turbine. The inlet and | exit states are given, Find: The exit temperature and turbine power. Sketch and Given Data: Book “S%/s J y look fe - 202 co, | ul 2°22, Heo (2) looks Assumptions: 1) _ Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The heat is zero and s = c. Analysis: Determine the mass fraction analysis and the specific heats, Sp» and c,. Ma =X y, M, = (0.60)(28.016) + (0.20)(44.01) + (0.20)(18.016) My = 29.21 kg/kgmol M, x, = 4 = (0.2)(44.01) Yeo, = “Coaiy ~ 0502 (0.6)(28.016) m= oe = 0576 = (0.2)(18.016) | Bao = SO 7 022 11-32 ©Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES oO Gm = DS % Gy = (0.576)(1.0399) + (0.302)(0.844) + (0.122)(1.8646) | Gm = 1.081 K/kg-K Cm = SO ¥ Cy = (0.575)(0.7431) + (0.302)(0.6552) + (0.122)(1.4033) Cm = 0.796 Ki/kg-K 1.081 eee ee : 0.796 : | For an isentropic process for an ideal gas. p,) 100) $38 t= 7, [2] * = ooo "(au)" = 578K ; The first law for an open system is © Q + th(h + ke + pe), = W + h(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions 2 and 3. W = mh(h, - h,) = th o,,(T, ~ T,) ‘W = (1.5 kg/s)(1.081 ki/kg-K)(1000 - 578 K) = 684.2 kw | ‘The power may also be found from 1 we - (2) * We 5 mRT, : ) 11-33Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.25 ) 0.5 kilograms of neon at 20°C and 100 kPa is contained in an adiabatic tank. Another adiabatic tank contains 0.7 kilograms of nitrogen at 390 K and 500 kPa. A valve connecting the tanks is opened and the gases achieve equilibrium. Determine each tank’s volume, the final mixture pressure, the entropy production. Given: Two adiabatic tanks containing different gases are interconnected. Find: The tank volumes, the final pressure and the entropy product. Sketch and Given Data: k= os 0.419 Je) ce heater { 1 007 bg Ne = 09 [ OvSby Aei|_ gg [cor ty Me X= 2:7. 0.583 | L 38 ( | Sok | ne | ! feoehs | || Sook | | Assumptions: 1) _ Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. O 3) Heat and work are zero. 4) The tanks form a closed system. Analysis: Determine the volume from the ideal gas law. vy, = MRT , (0.5 kg)(0.4120 Ktkp-K)(293 K) _ 9.604 m9 Pr (100 EN/m?) ~~ = TAR, Tr _ (0.7)(0.2968)(390) | 2 Vv, oe Saar. ee 0.162_m' The first law for a closed system is Q = AU + AKE + APE + W Apply assumptions 2 and 3. AU=0 | Ug = Jetta = Us = U, + U, 11-402) Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Determine the mixture specific heat and gas constant. Gm = SD ¥ ; = (0.417)(0.6179) + (0.583)(0.7431) = 0.6909 kI/kg-K Ra = ¥ % R, = (0.417)(0.4120) + (0.583)(0.2968) = 0.345 ki/kg-K From V, = U, + U; and the ideal gas equation of state for internal energy Ms Cy Ty = My Cy Ty + mM; Gy T, (1.2 kg)(0.6909 kI/kg-K)(T; K) = (0.5)(0.6179)(293) + (0.7)(0.7431)(390 K) T, = 3539 K py = TERT, | (1.2kg)(0.345kI/kg-K)(353.9 K) Vv; (0.766 m*) = 1913 kPa T, (AS), = m, ¢, In =] +m, R, In A 353.9 (AS)y, = (0.5 kg)(0.6179 ki/kg-K) In (ae) + (05 kg) (os eR) In (cas (AS), = 0.107 IK T, Vv, as, =age (3) mai) (AS)y, = (0.7)(0.7431) In (Se) + (0.7)(0.2968) In (cre) (AS)y, = 0.272 RIK AS)poe = SD AS, = 0.107 + 0.272 = 0.379 KK 11-41O Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.29 2 kg/s Helium flows steadily into an adiabatic mixing chamber at 87°C and 400 kPa and mixes with nitrogen entering at 287°C and 400 kPa. The mixture leaves at 350 kPa and with a molar analysis of 50% helium and 50% nitrogen. Determine the temperature of the mixture leaving the chamber and the rate of entropy production, Given: Helium flows steadily into a mixing chamber and mixes adiabatically with nitrogen. The molar analysis of the exit stream is specified. Find: The final mixture temperature and the rate of entropy production. Sketch and Given Data: 9: ©, Weo Zbl te F 87 aoeB Phi 4 q ‘ 350 kB q q TZ fe 250% zene met Tae J "| q FOOL ay kno Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) Heat and work are zero. Analysis: Determine mixture properties leaving the chamber. Ma = Sy, M, = (0.5)(4.003) + (0.5)(28.016) = 16.01 kg/kgmol = _ (83143 ki/kgmol-K) _ e Ra = RM, = ima 7 0519 Kikg-K 1M M, ne = (05)(4.003) . 91 B= Te 7 OS = (05)(28.016) A601 0.875 11-49Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES = = + = Cm = YX, 6; = (0.125)(5.1954) + (0.875)(1.0399) = 1.5593 gk OQ The mass flowrate at state 3 is i 2 kee « g.195 Mite = “= | nH, th, = 16 kgs. th, = thy = 14 kgls Perform a first law on the chamber Q + mh + ke + pe), + th,h + ke + pe), = W + 1h,(h + ke + pe), Apply assumptions 2 and 3 and divide by th,. % Cp Ts + % & Ta = Ge Ts (0.125)(5.1954)(360) + (0.875)(1.0399)(560) = (1.5593)(T;) T, = 476.7 K = 203.7°C Oo (site = Gre)(Piout) = (0.5)(350 kPa) = 175 kPa (Ps)x, = (05)(350) = 175 kPa- “Rin ey (A9)yp = (5.1954 K/kg-K) In (a0) T, (A5)ye = 6, In FE 360 = (2077 ki/kg-K) In (zr) (As)ye = 3.176 Ki/g-K th(As),, = (AS),, = (2 ke/s)(3.176 ki/kg-K) = 6.352 kW/K (As), = 6, In () -Rin (2 oO 11-50Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES (As)y, = (1.0399) In (Sa) = (0.2968) In (as) (As)y, = 0.0779 Kifkg-K HH(As)y, = (AS), = (14 kes) (00 ek) = 1.091 x ASyeq = AS, = L091 + 6352 = 2443 EW t 11-51O QO Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.33 A 100 m? tank contains atmospheric air at 27°C and with a humidity ratio of 0.008 kg vapor/kg air, What mass of water must be removed to lower the relative humidity to 25%? Given: A tank contains air at a known humidity ratio. Find: The mass of water vapor which must be removed to lower the relative humidity to 25%. Sketch and Given Data: +297, Assumptions: 1) _ Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. Analysis: Determine the humidity ratio when © = 25% Pp, en = 27°C = Teme =e 3.57 kPa Ps = 101.3 - 3.57 = 97.73 kPa (@,)(97.73) C627657) @, = 0,0057 kg vapor/kg air Y 7.3 WNiwV(100 113.5 4g Me" ROT ” (BT Kilkg-KVGO K) Myuer = 1,(W, ~ @,) = (113.5"kg si) (0008 = 0.0087 al TWywer = 0.261 kg 11-57Chapter Xi - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.37 A piston/cylinder with an initial volume of 0.75 m° contains air at 45°C, 120 kPa and 60% relative humidity. The system is cooled at constant total pressure until the air temperature is 30°C. What is the system work and heat transfer? Given: An air-water vapor mixture is cooled at constant pressure to a’ final temperature. Find: The system work and heat transfer. | Sketch and Given Data: 7= 300 F5yeue GHD pec | k4s°c 20624) t=O | Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. Analysis: Determine the system properties at state 1. P,@45°C=9.6kPa hh, = 2583.4 ki/kg = 2437.0 kiikg = 06+” P P,, = (0.6)(9.6) = 5.8 kPa Ps, = 120-58 = 114.2 kPa oe (0.622)p, _ (0.622)(5.8) . kg vap , P 4. 0.0816 ‘Ag air 11-62 ©O Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES At state 2, Pe @ 30°C = 4.25 kPa, = 2556.6 U4, = 2416.9 Since p, }! 2 Ox oy it Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. © 3) The heat is zero, 4) T,=20K Analysis; Determine the mixture on a mass basis, My = Sy, M, = (0.6)(28.016) + (0.4)(32.0) = 29.61 Ibm/pmol M, = 09)(28.016) . 9.569 = “O961) Cm = YD % Gy = (0.568)(0.2484) + (0.432)(0.2194) = Bu = 02359 @ 11-99Chapter XI - NONREACTING R= IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES x, R, = (0.568)(55.16) + (0.432)(48.29) ft-lb, = 52.19 __* Ibm-R The second law efficiency is , = (VY, - V,)W ace vw, - Y= (hy - hy) - T.(S2 - 81) (h, - hy) = ¢, (T, ~ T,) = (0.2359 Bru/lbm-R)(900 - 522 R) Bu = 89.17 <2 ibm worse fneG = (02sse ER) In (322) _ $219 feo flom-R) | cL [rass 5 | ef Bio (5) = 0.0201 Brulbm-R Ty(S, - ) = (522 R)(0.0201 Bru/lbm-R) = 10.5 Btu/lbm W, - Y, = (69.17) - (10.50) = 78.67 Btulbm The first law for an open system is Q + th(h + ke + pe), = W + mh(h + ke + pe), 11-100Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Apply assumptions 2 and 3 and divide by rh. w= (h -h) = -89.17 = 78.67 = BOT . ogg n* B97 W = mh, -h) = (15 Tome) = 189.3 hp AS.na = th(S, ~ 5,) = (1.5 Ibm/sec)(0.0201 Btu/lbm-R) 11-101Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem *11.17 O ‘Two Ibm of nitrogen at 150°F and 14.7 psia mix adiabatically with (a) six Ibm of ‘oxygen, (b) six Ibm of nitrogen both of which are at the same initial conditions as the ‘two Ibm of nitrogen, Determine the entropy production, Given: Find: 2 Ibm of nitrogen at a given state which mixes adiabatically wit (a) 6 Ibm of oxygen at the same state: (b) 6 Ibm of nitrogen at the same state. The entropy production. Sketch and Given Data: oO Assumptions: Analysis: @ ee ! Ave, | Ie rbm Oy or Ah | | (50°F IR soe | PAGE [4720 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. Determine the moles of oxygen and nitrogen in the mixture. : 21bm . By, = (ame taza) 0.0714 moles =-S. No, = 35 0.1875 moles = 7s . 20714 | p26 Ye ao” 02580 Po, _ 0.1875 = 7a. 01875 « g794 Yor 5m” sep * 97 From Equation 11.13 O 8-5,= FY ning 11-109Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES ‘R WiEIS tba [0.0714 moles) In (0.276) + (0.1875 moles) In (0.724)] (&-S,) = +0.3027 Bu R AS,44 = (S, ~ S,) = 10.3027 a Case (b) AS,,., = 0 as there is no distinguishability between the subsystems. 11-110Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.21* The temperature of the inside surface of a room’s exterior wall is 60°F, while the temperature of the air in the room is 73°F. What is the maximum relative humidity the air in the room can have before condensation occurs? Given: The temperature of a cool surface and the air surrounding it. Find: The maximum relative humidity before condensation occurs. Sketch and Given Data: Ave Z cor tog dail Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. 2) The atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia. Analysis: When the dew point of the mixture is 15°C any further increase in relative humidity will cause condensation. From the steam tables Pus @ 60°F = 0.257 psia Py @ 73°F = 0.403 psia © = 9257. 0.637 or 63.1% Py 11-120 OQO O Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.25* 3 ft of air at 14.7 psia and 80°F with a relative humidity of 50% are compressed isothermally until condensation of water occurs. At what Pressure does the condensation first occur? Given: Find: Air is compressed isothermally until the dew point is reached. The total pressure at which condensation occurs. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. Analysis: 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. Determine the humidity ratio at state 1. As the compression occurs, p, increases while p, remains constant, From the expression for relative humidity when © = 100% condensation first occurs. At 80°F, p, = 0.508 psia @=05-% , P, = 14.7 - 0.254 = 14.446 psia (0.5)(0.508) = 0.254 psia 0.254 14,446 o, = cos20y( ) = 0.0109 Ibm vapor/Ibm air The expression for ® is oP C2, 7 = 11-125Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES = 19 = (0.0109@,) = 10s (€622)(0.508) P, = 29.0 psia P= p, +P, = 29.0 + 0.254 = 29.254 psia 11-126) O Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem 11.29* A‘5 f@ tank contains air at 260°F, 75 psia and with 10% relative humidity. ‘The air is cooled until the temperature is 80°F. Determine the final pressure, the heat transferred and the change of entropy. Given: A tank contains an air-water vapor mixture at known conditions. The mixture is cooled to a final temperature. Find: The final pressure, the heat transfer and the entropy change. Sketch and Given Data: Tr =80F Assumptions: 1) Each component and the entire mixture behaves as an ideal gas. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energies. 3) The work is zero as V = c. Analysis: Determine the humidity ratios at the initial and final states. i 7 Bu P,, @ 260°F = 35.5 psia uy, = 1090s Fe Bu 5, = 16861 SER P,, =, p, = (0.1)(35.5) = 3.55 psia Pa, = 75 - 3.55 = 71.45 psia 0.622 p,, _ (0,622)(3.55) Ibm yap RLY 00909 So air 11-133Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Vv, (71.45 Ib/in”) in? | BoM «(TAS If HIS) 54 tm aie CO) “RT, (sa atom 5 m,, = ©, m, = (0.0309)(1.34) = 0.0414 Ibm vapor At 80°F, p,, = p, = 0.51 psia = 1037.1 Bu = = 20355 Bu Sn ir = Bu | = 0.0923 ———_ = Ibm-R For V = G Tip = cand T, 540) = = (75)(20) = 56.25 psi Pa alz| ¢ (rn) 56.25 psia Pa, = 56.25 - 0.51 = 55.74 psia = (0.622051) | (65.74) 0.0057 Ibm vap/lbm air m,, = m, @, = (1.34)(0.0057) = 0.0076 Ibm vapor m, = m, - m, = 0.0414 - 0.0076 = 0.0338 Ibm The heat transferred is found from the first law Q = AU + AKE + APE+W Apply assumptions 2 and 3 Q=AU Ur-U.= m6, (7 -T) +m, uy, ~ mv, +m uy 11-134NREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Chapter XI - Neglect m, u, as being very small per Example 11.5. Btu - U, = (1.34 Ibm) (0.1714 BY _) (549 ~ 720 R U,-U, = (134 (ox j sR) 720 R) + (0.0076 Ibm) (sora Fz) - (0.0414 Ibm)(1090.5 Btu/lbm) - U; = -78.61 Bu Q= AU = -78.61 Bu The entropy change is AS = AS, + AS, T, P, AS, = m,c, In fF) -m,Rin Fy Py, AS,, = (1.34 Ibm)(0.24Btu/bm-R) In (a) Ib, ’ (1.34 Ibm) | 53.34 a (778.16 ft=Ib/Bta) (aras AS,, = -0.0697 Bu/R ASuo = ™, 8, - m, 5, +m 5, Sy, = (0.0076 Ibm)(2.0355 Btu/lbm-R) Bu Bu = (0.0414 Ibm) (xseet mR) + (0.0338 Ibm) (0.0023 ik) AS yo = -0.0512 BuyR AS = -0.0697 - 0.0512 = -0.1209 = 11-135st In) 90 70 O 14 Chapter XI - NONREACTING IDEAL GAS AND GAS-VAPOR MIXTURES Problem C11.1 The reading from a sling psychrometer are 90°F dry bulb temperature and 70°F wet bulb temperature. Use PSYCHRO.TK to determine the relative humidity. Given: Sling psychrometer readings of 90°F dry bulb and 70°F wet bulb. Find: Relative humidity. Assumptions: 1) Air-water mixture is in equilibrium. Analysis: Enter the dry bulb and wet bulb temperatures into PSYCHRO.TK and solve. VARIABLE SHEET eee ‘put: Name— output— unit- Comment- ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 4/E M. David Burghardt & James A. Harbach ****Psychrometric Chart Model **** DB degF Dry Bulb Temperature WB degF Wet Bulb Temperature DP 59.705 degF Point Temperature RH 36.358 & elative Humidity w 011031 lbm/ibm Humidity Ratio h 33.748 = BTU/1bm ‘Total Enthalpy v 14.109 £t3/1bm = Specific Volume of Dry Air Pdb 170434 = psia H20 Partial Pressure @ Dry Bulb Temp. Pdp +25608 = psia H20 Partial Pressure @ Dew Point +696 = Pb psia Barometric Pressure 11-141Oo Problem 12.1 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS CHAPTER TWELVE A fuel mixture of 50% CH, and 50%C,Hy, is oxidized with 20% excess air. Determine (a) the mass of air required for 50 kg of fuel; (b) the volumetric analysis of products of combustion. Given: Find: Assumptions: Analysis: Fuel mixture of 50%C;Hy, and C,H,, burned with 20% excess air, Mass of air required for combustion of 50 kg fuel and volumetric analysis of products. 1) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed. 2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 3) The products behave like an ideal gas. ‘Writing the reaction for 100% theoretical air and 100 total moles of fuel. 50 GHis + 50 CH + a 0, + 3.76 aN, > b CO, + ¢ Hyp b=750 c=850 a=il75 Writing the equation for 120% theoretical air. 50 CyHyg + 50 CyHyy + (1.2)(1175)O, + (3.76)(1.2)(1175) N, > 750 CO, + 850 H,O + (3,76)(1.2)(1175) Ny + (.2)(1175) O, = (1410+5301.6 mol air)(28.97 kg/kgm i 1(60)(100)=(50)(114) kg fuel] = 18.2 kg ait/kg fuel (@ (50 kg fuel)(18.2 kg air/kg fuel) = 910 kg air 01 air) (b) Total moles of product = 750 + 850 + 5301.6 + 235 = 7136.6 mol 750 CO, = oP 0.105 Hy = 80 = 5301.6 1” FiB66 0.743 oO, 12-1Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS. Problem 12.5 With 110% theoretical air, 1 kgmol of methane is completely oxidized. The products of combustion are cooled and completely dried at atmospheric pressure. Determine (@) the partial pressure of oxygen in the products; (b) the mass in kg of water removed. Given: Methane oxidized with 110% theoretical air and cooled. Find: Partial pressure of oxygen and water condensed. Assumptions: 1) Oxidation is complete; no CO is formed. 2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 3) The products behave like an ideal gas. 4) Atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kPa. Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100% theoretical air. CH, + a O, + 3.76 N, +b CO, + ¢H,O + 3.76 aN, © bel e=2 a=2 Writing the equation for 110% theoretical air. CH, + (1.1)(2)0, + (1.1)(3.76)(2)N, > CO, + 2H,O + 8.272 N, + (1)(2) 0, Moles of product (without H,O) = 1 + 8.272 + 2 = 9.472 .0.2 mol _ : . © grams ~ 0021 Po, = (0.021)(101.325 kPa)=2.13 kPa (6) 2 moles of H,O are condensed. 2-mol H,O = 36 kg O 12-5@o Problem 12.9 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS The ultimate analysis of a coal sample is 77% C, 3.5% Hy, 1.8% Ny 4.5% O,, 0.7% S, 6.5% ash, and 6.0% HO. Determine the reaction equation for 120% theoretical Analysis: Coal with known ultimate analysis is burned in 120% theoretical air. Reaction air. 1) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed. 2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 3) The products behave like an ideal gas. Determine the mole fractions of the coal’s constituents on an ashless basis. See example 123. —&___M, _»/M, ly, Cc 0.8235, 12 (0.06863 0.7354 H, 0.0374 2 0.01870 0.2004 N, 0.0193 28 0.00069 0.0074 0, 0.0481 32 0.00150 (0.0161 S 0.0075 32 000023 0.0025 HO 0.0642 18 0.00357 0.0382 1.0000 0.09332 1.0000 ‘Writing the reaction equation for 100% theoretical air. 0.7354C + 0,2004 H, + (0.0161 + a) O, + (0.0074 + 3.76a) N, + 0.00255 + 0.0382 H,O -+ 0.7354 CO, + (0.2004 + 0.0382) H,O + 0.0025 SO, + (0.0074 + 3.76a) Ny O, balance: 10161 +000.7354+(0200400.0952) 9.0925 a= 0.8411 Writing the reaction equation for 120% theoretical air, iwc. a = (1.2)(0.8411) = 1.0093 12-9Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS 0.7354C + 0.2004 H, + 1.0254 O, + 3.8024 N, + 0.0025S + 0.0382 H,O ~ 0.7354 CO, + 0.2386 H,O + 0.0025 SO, | + 3.8024 N, + 0.1682 O, 12-10 OoChapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.13 An adiabatic container has a mixture of oxygen and carbon monoxide in it. Determine whether there is sufficient oxygen for complete combustion if the mixture is 33% O, and 67%CO on (a) a mole basis; (b) a mass basis. Given: Container with 33% O, and 67% CO. Find: If there is sufficient oxygen for complete combustion. Assumptions: 1) The only product after complete combustion is CO,. Analysis: ‘Writing the balanced reaction equation. CO + i CO, a POO; 2.95 mol CO 1 as (@) Actual ratio is = = 0.493 (not quite!) kg O, _ 16 kg. coe = 0 KB 0571 kg CO " Big 33 (b) Actual ratio is 3 7493. (Nol) 12-16 oOChapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.17 Determine the heating value at 25°C and 1 atm of the municipal waste described in Problem 12.16. Garbage of known ultimate analysis. Find: Heating value at 25°C and 1 atm. Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave as ideal gases. 2) The nitrogen can be neglected since it appears as a product and | reactant and will cancel. 3) The enthalpy of the SO, will be neglected. | Analysis: From the definition of heating value. | Ty = H,-H,) Using balanced equation from problem 12.16 and the enthalpy data | from Appendix C.1. He, = 0 (all are elements) For H,O as a vapor. H, = (0.7073)(-393 757)+(0.2636)(-241 971) = -342 288 kI/kgmol gy = (342 288-0 ki/kgmol fuel) .92 kg/kgmol) = -34 505 ki/kg (ashless) = 32 469 ki/kg (with ash) 12-22 OoChapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.21 A residual fuel with a mass analysis of 90%C, 8%H,, and 2%S is burned with air at 40°C and 50% relative humidity. In addition steam atomization is used, requiring 0.05 kg steam/kg fuel. Determine the dew point of the products. Given: Find; Assumptions: Residual fuel oil with known ultimate analysis is bumned with air at 40°C and 50%RH. Atomizing steam at 0.05 kg/kg air is also supplied. Dew point. 1) Combustion is complete with 100% theoretical air; no CO is formed. 2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 3) The products behave like an ideal gas. 4) The pressure of the products is 101.325 kPa. Writing the reaction equation for 100% theoretical dry air based on 100 kz of fuel. Mon 8 4 2 BC+ th + Zs + 20, + 3.76aN, + 75 C0, + 4H,O + 0.0625 SO, + 3.76aN, O, Balance: 8475+ +0.062509,5625 From Appendix B4(a), at 40°C and 50%RH, the humidity ratio is 0.0235 kg water/kg dry air. The moles of water in the products due to the air humidity is, [(G-5625)(32)-+(3.76)(9.5625)(28)kg air} 0.02358 water kg ait} 21.714 kgmol (28 ke/kgmol) Determining the moles of atomizing steam supplied. (100 kg fuel) “ae 0.278 kgmol 18 kg/kgmol 12-26 OChapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS 4+1,174+0.278 1% H,O=—___ _ 0121 | oO moll HO 5965 s35955 17-0278 (101.325 kPa)(0.121)=12.3 kPa From Table A.6, dew point = 50°C. QO 12-27Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.25 A fuel GH, burns with air. The products have the following molal analysis on a dry basis: 119%6CO,, 05%CO, 2%CH,, 1.5%H,, 6%O,, and 79%N,, Determine (a) the Percentage of excess air; (b) the fuel composition. Given: A fuel of unknown carbon-hydrogen ratio burns in air producing a | given product molal analysis. Find: Percentage of excess air and fuel composition. | Assumptions: 1) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. | 2) The products behave like an ideal gas. Analysis: Writing the reaction equation for 100 moles of dry products. GH, + a0, + 3.76aN, + 11CO, + 05CO + 2CH, + 15H, + 60, + 79N, + b H,O Cbalance: x= 114054 2= 135 © N; balance: 3,76a= 79 a = 21.0 O, balance: aau+ S648 b=75 H balance: y=8+3+ 15 = 26 (b) The fuel is thus Ci.sFs, Writing the reaction equation for 100% theoretical air. CiasHzs + 20; + 3.76aN, > 13.5 CO, + 13 H,O + 3.76aN, O, balance: a = 135 + 3 =20 actual moles O, _ 91 —— tl = 1.95 theoretical moles 0, 20 % theoretical air = 105% theoretical air = 5% excess air. 12-31Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Comment: 1. Despite the addition of 5% excess air, the combustion is incomplete as evidenced by the CO, CH, and H, in the products. This indicates | inadequate mixing of the fuel and air. 12-32Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.29 An internal-combustion engine uses liquid octane for fuel and 150% theoretical air at 25°C and 100 kPa. The products of combustion leave the engine at 260°C. The heat loss is equal to 20% of the work. Determine (a) the work/kgmol; (b) the dew point; (c) the kg/s of fuel required to produce 400kW. Given: Internal-combustion engine operating on liquid octane and 150% theoretical air. Exhaust is 260°C and heat loss is 20% of work. Find: Work, dew point, and fuel flow. Sketch and Given Data: ‘Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed. 2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 3) The products behave like an ideal gas. 4) The pressure of the products is 101.325 kPa. Analysis: Writing the reaction equation, using solution from Problem 12.27. CH + 18.75 O, + 70.5N, > 8 CO, + 9 H,O + 6.25 0, +705, From Appendix C.1 and C2, Hy = -250 102 ki/kgmol fuel From Appendix C.2, product enthalpy is. H, = (8)(-393 757 + 9833) + (9)(-241 971 + 8101) + (6.25)(7130) + (70.25)(6895) 12-38 ©2) Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS H, = -4 647 286 ki/kgmol fuel First law for the engine. Aa=H,+W+Q -250 102 kg/kgmol = -4 647 286 + W + 0.2W (@) W = 3 664 320 ki/kgmol fuel 9 mol H,O Puot kPa] > 0 FLO _ ©) Pryo(101325 KP) oor producs Jos kPa From Appendix A.6, dew point = 45.5°C 400kw © th =" kgs 114.23 kgkgmol 12-39Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.33 Five m/s of methane gas enters a furnace at 25°C and 1 atm and burns with 110% theoretical air at the same temperature and pressure. The products leave at 500°K. Determine (a) the air’s volumetric flow rate; (b) the heat transfer to the surroundings. Given: Methane burns with 110% theoretical air with the products leaving the furnace at 500°K. Find: The air’s volumetric flow rate and the heat transfer to the surroundings. ‘Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed. 2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 3) The products behave like an ideal gas. 4) — Work is zero and kinetic and potential energies can be neglected. Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100% theoretical air. CH, + a0, + 3.76aN, + CO, + 2H,O + 3.76aN, 2 Opbalance: a= 1+ F=2 (@) Since volume ratio is mole ratio. = 5 ms CH, 1 mol CH, © Var Dmol Air 12-45 Vu,710 misChapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS | Heat transfer per mole of fuel is. @Q Q= HH Daf Ens, | H, = (1)(-393 757 + 8314) + (2)(-241 971 + 6920) + (.2)(6088) | + (8.272)(5912) H, = -805 423 kd/kgmol fuel Hy = (1)(-74 871) + 0 + 0 = -74 917 kI/kgmol fuel Q = -805 423 - (-74 917) = -730 506 kJ/kgmol fuel Find fuel flow rate in (kgmol/s) using ideal gas law. pV = aRT n= PV. (101.325 kPay(sS mis) to =0).2045 ky RT (3143 Wikgmal-KYOER) > Kemols Q = (-730 506 ki/kgmol)(0.2045 kgmol/s)=-149 388 kW oO 12-46Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.37 O A tank contains 1 kgmol of butane and 200% theoretical air at 25°C and 1 atm. Combustion occurs, and heat is transferred from the tank until the Products” temperature is 800°K. Determine (a) the heat transfer from the tank; (b) the final | Pressure of the products in the tank. Given: The products of combustion of butane and 200% theoretical air are cooled to 800°K. Find: Heat transfer and final pressure. Sketch and Given Data: [ kgesol CoHiy 200% Rie ‘Assumptions: 1) Combustion is complete; no CO is formed. 2) The products behave like an ideal gas. 3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 4) The work is zero and kinetic and potential energies can be neglected. Analysis: ‘Writing the balanced equation for 100% theoretical air. CHyy + a0, + 3.76aN, > 4 CO, + 5,0 + 3.76aN, O, balance: and+ 365 ‘The first law equation for the constant volume system is. Q = Ur Uys Dagi- Lag, where 0 = R-RT 12-52O O Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS For 200% theoretical air. Ux = (1)[-126 223-(8.3143)(298)] +(13.0)[0-(8.3143)(298)] +(48.88)[0-(8.3143)(298)} = 282 018 kJ/kgmol fuel U, = (4)[-393 757+22 815-(8.3143)(800)] +(5)[-241 971+17 991~-(8.3143)(800)) +(6.5)[15 841-(8.3143)(800)]+(48.88)[15 046-(8.3143)(800)] = -2 193 466 kj/kgmol fuel @ — Q = -2 193 466 - (-282 018) = -1 911 448 kI/kgmol = p (Moles products) /T products oe * (ios 4 (F 4 _ 64.38 kgmol) /800°K) 101.325 (Sarto) (sex) = 278.5 kPa 12-53Problem 12.41 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Determine the adiabatic flame temperature of butane with 100% oxygen if all | reactants are at 25°C and 1 atm. | Given: Find: Assumptions: Analysis: Comments: 1. O Butane burned in 100% oxygen. Adiabatic flame temperature. 1) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases. 2) Combustion is complete; no CO is formed. 3) The heat transfer is zero. 4) No work is done and the changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected, 5) No dissociation occurs. The balanced reaction equation is: Ci + 6.5 CO, + 4 CO, + 5H,0 From Appendix C.1. BP, = -126 223 kI/kgmol using the TK Solver model COMBUST.TK, cancelling the rules for equilibrium constants and moles of N,, and entering the data above, zero for x, y and z (no dissociation), zero for moles of N,, and solving. T, = 5597K See Example 12.11 for hand solution method. The adiabatic flame temperature is significantly higher than for combustion in air because the heat of combustion is absorbed by less mass. 12-57O O Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.45 Equal moles of hydrogen and carbon monoxide are mixed with theoretical air in an insulated rigid vessel at standard temperature and pressure. The mixture is ignited by a spark. Complete oxidation occurs, Determine (a) the maximum temperature; (©) the maximum pressure, Given: Hydrogen and carbon monoxide burned in theoretical air in insulated rigid vessel. Find: Maximum temperature and pressure, Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases. 2) Combustion is complete. 3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 4) No work is done and the changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected, 5) No dissociation occurs. Analysis: ‘Writing the balanced reaction equation. H, + CO + 0, + 3.76N, *CO, + H,0 + 3.76N, First law; Q = W = 0. U,*U,; | UsH-RT Solving for the reactant internal energies. 12-61Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Ug = 10 - (8.3143)(298)] + 1[-110 596 + 0 - (8.3143)(298)] + 1[0 - (8.3143)(298)} + 3.76(0 - (8.3143)(298)] Ug = -127 345 KS The product internal energies are. U, = 1[-393 757+(B?-F gg)oo,-8-3143T,] +1[-241 971 +(?-Bgg)yo-8.3143T,] +3.76{0+(i?-Fyy.)y,-8.3143T,] (@ Solving by trial-and-error. T, = 3115°K Solving for the volume based on initial conditions. RT, (6.76)(8.3143)(298), @ Meee ee (©) Solving for the final (maximum) pressure. 2ORT, (5.76)(8.3143)(3115)_ Pra) OS kPa Comments: 1. With some modifications, COMBUST.TK could be used to solve this problem, 12-62 OChapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.49 A coal-fired steam generating plant was operated for a year with an average flue gas analysis of 13%CO,, 0%CO, 6.25%O,, and 10% combustible matter to the ash pit. An attempt to improve efficiency was made, and the second-year average was 15%CO,, 0.1%CO, and 3.9%0,, and 16% combustible matter to the ash pit. Coal with a 7% ash content and a heating value of 33000 kI/kg, dry, was used. At the end Of the second year it was found that the efficiency had remained the same, but the cost of operation had increased. Why? Given: Find: Adjustments made to operation of steam generator burning coal. Why did cost of operation increase despite no change in efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: 1) Steam production each year was the same. 2) Steam outlet and feedwater inlet conditions are the same. Using ORSAT.TK, the excess air for each year is, Year 1:41% © Year 2: 21.7% It appears that the improvement due to reduced excess air in Year 2 has been counteracted by losses due to incomplete combustion (CO) and additional combustible matter discharged with the ash. From equation 12.34, ois For constant efficiency, heating value, steam flow, and steam and feedwater conditions, the fuel flow must be same. The greater volume of refuse to be disposed of is one explanation for the increased cost of operation. 12-70 OQ) Problem 12.53 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Compute the adiabatic flame temperature of gaseous methane, ethane, and octane for steady combustion in 100% theoretical air. Compare the resultant temperatures. Given: Find: Assumptions: Methane, ethane and octane burned in 100% theoretical air. Adiabatic flame temperature. 1) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 2) No work is done and the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 3) Combustion is complete; no dissociation occurs. 4) Temperature of reactants is 298°K. Writing the balanced reaction equation for methane. CH, + a0, + 3.76aN, + b CO, + ¢ H,O + 3.76 aN, Cbalance: b=1 H balance: c= 2 ©, balance: a=1+ (3) =2 Using Appendices C.1 and C.2, writing Hy = H, for 1 kgmol fuel [-74917 + 0 + 0] ki/kgmol = [-393 757 + ah(T,)] + 2.241971 + ah(T,)] + 752 [ah(T,)] kI/kgmol Solving trial-and-error or using COMBUST.TK. T, = 2329 Writing the balanced reaction equation for ethane, GH, + 35 0, + (35)(8.76)N; > 2CO, + 3 H,0 + 13.16N, Using Appendices C.1 and C2, writing Hy = Hi for 1 kgmol fuel. [-84 718 + 0 + 0] kiskgmol = 2[-393 757 + ah(T,)] + 3-241 971 + ah(T,)) + 13.16 [ah(T,)] kIckgmol 12-75Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Solving trial-and-error or using COMBUST.TK. T, = 2382°K Writing the balanced reaction equation for octane. CHyy + 12.5 0, + (12.5)(3.76)N, > 8 CO, + 9H,O + 47N, Using Appendices C.1 and C2, writing H, = Hy for 1 kgmol fuel. [-208 581 + 0 + O}kJ/kmol = 8[-393 757 + ah(T,)] + 9[-241 971 + ah(T,)} + 47[ah(T,)] ki/kgmol Solving trial-and-error or using COMBUST.TK. T, = 2411°K 12-76Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.57 Calculate the percentage of dissociation of oxygen, O, > 20, at 4000°K and 1 atm pressure. Given: Dissociation of oxygen at 4000°K and 1 atm. Find: Percentage of dissociation. Assumptions: 1) Reactants and products behave like ideal gases. Analysis: The reaction equation is. 0, + 20 If x is fraction dissociated at 4000°K. (1x) 0, # 2x0 Total moles at equilibrium = (1-x) + 2x = 1+ x From Appendix C4, Ink = 0.783 (K = 2.188) Partial pressures are thus. -) px 2 a) Therefore, ae\? = (a) = 2.188 1-x) (5) Solving for x. x = 595 (59.5% dissociation) 12-82 ©| Problem 12.61 Chapter XI - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Methane enters an adiabatic reactor at 25°C and 1 atm and reacts with air also entering at 25°C and 1 atm. The products leave at 1 atm. Determine the entropy production in ki/K per kgmol of methane entering. Given: | Find: | Sketch and Given Data: Analysis: © O ‘Assumptions: Adiabatic combustion of methane with air. Entropy production per kgmol, Q20 cH, co, HO Air Na 1) The combustion is complete. 2) 100% theoretical air is supplied. 3) No work is done and the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 4) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. From Problem 12.53, the balanced reaction equation and adiabatic flame temperature are. CH, + 20, + 7.52N, + CO, + 2H,O + 7.52N, T, = 2329°K Calculating the entropy production using data from Appendices C.1 and C.2, interpolating as necessary. AS = D5), = Ea), 12-87Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS | AS = [(1)(318.56 + (2)(272.6) + (752)(257.59)] © ~ [(1)(186.27) + (2)(205.142) + (7.52)(191.611)} AS = 763.4 ki/kgmol 12-88Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.65 oO A small internal-combustion engine uses liquid octane as the fuel, which enters at 25°C and 1 atm, as does the air. The mass flow rate of the fuel is 0.86 kg/h, the engine develops 1.5 kW, and the products leave at 400°C. The dry molal analysis of the products is 11.4% CO,, 2.9% CO, 1.6% O,, and 84.1% N,. Determine the heat transfer from the engine in kW. Given: Engine burning 0.86 kg/hr of CjHy, develops 1.5 kw. Products are at 400°C and the dry molal analysis is given. Find: Heat transfer. Sketch and Given Data: Wes kW Q Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases. 2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 3) The changes in potential and kinetic energies are negligible. Analysis: ‘Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100 moles of dry products. aGHy, + b O, + 3.76 b N, » 11.4 CO, + 2.9 CO + 1.6 0, + 84.1 N, + cH,O Cbalance: 8a=114+29 a= 1.7875 N, balance: 3.76b = 84.1 b = 2237 O, balance: 22.37 = 11.4 + 2 +164 $ c= 15.84 oO 12-94| Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS | Writing the balanced reaction equation for 1 mole fuel. O GH + 12.51 O, + 47.1 Ny + 6.378 CO, + 1.622 CO + 0.895 O, + 47.1 N, + 8.862 H,O The first law equation for the engine is. TA, = RH, + W+Q Hy = (1)(-250 102) + 0 + 0 = -250 102 KI/kgmol fuel | H, = (6.378)(-393 757 + 16 543) + (1.622)(-110 596 + 11 189) | + (0.895)(11 623) + (47.1)(11 115) + (8.862)(-241 971 + 13 189) H, = -4 060 656 ki/kgmol = (0.86 kg/h) 7 7 aa gtagmol\ GR wy 21x10" kamolls (2.0913 x 104)(-250 102) = (2.0913 x 10*)(-4 060 656) + 15+ Q Q = 647 kW 12-95Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.69 O One kgmol of carbon dioxide dissociates into a mixture of carbon dioxide, carbon | monoxide, and oxygen at 2800°K. Determine the equilibrium composition if the | mixture pressure is (a) 1 atm; (b) 20 atm. | Given: CO, dissociating into CO and O, at 2800°K at 1 atm and 20 atm. Find: Mixture equilibrium composition. Assumptions: 1) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases. Analysis: From Appendix C.4, the In(K,) at 2800°K for the reaction CO, + CO + 12 Oy is -1.900 (K, = 0.1496). The dissociation reaction is. (1x)CO, # x CO + x20, ‘The total number of moles present at equilibrium is. (x) +x4 3 site =p, O® @ where —Pco,=P, RD) @coMPo)" ot K, Ca) Poo" Patra} x "*(1+x22) (@) Substituting with p,, = 1 atm and solving for x using trial-and- error or TK Solver. x = 0.295 (0.295 kgmol CO, 0.147 kgmol O,, 0.705 kemol CO,) (©) Substituting with p,., = 20 atm and solving for x using trial-and- error or TK Solver. x = 0.1223 (0.1223 kgmol CO, 0.06115 kgmol O,, 0.8777 kgmol CO,) © 12-103Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.73 O Determine the ideal-cell voltage and efficiency for a methane-oxygen fuel cell at 298°K and 1000°K and 1 atm. Given: Fuel cell oxidizing methane and oxygen at 1000°K and 1 atm, Find: Ideal-cell voltage and efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: Power c 0 1000°K 0 Oz Latm CO, Assumptions: 1) Combustion is complete. 2) The water leaves as a vapor. oO 3) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases. Analysis: The balanced reaction equation is, CHA(g) + 2 O,(g) + CO,(g) + 211,0(g) ‘Solving for the change in enthalpy and Gibbs function. aH = Ya(B)- Pah), AH = [(1)(-393 757 + 33 405) + (2)(-241 971 + 25 978)] ~ [)C74 917 + (2.1347)(16.043)(1000 - 298) + (2)(22 707)) AH = -786 876 ki/kgmol fuel AG = AH- TS nF?-F ns] AG = -786 876 kg/kgmol - (1000){(269.325 + (2)(232.706)) oO 12-108O Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS = (186.27 + (2.1347)(16,043) (=(ar}) ) + (2)(243.585)] AG = -806 711 kJ/kgmol fuel The fuel cell efficiency is. AG, -806 711 kicgmol 4 gy5 "eR “786 876 eegmol 505%) The ideal-cell voltage is. AG | (806 711 ki/kgmol) vads a BF ~ @@6 300 W/V-kgmoh ~ ~°° volts Comment: Since the enthalpy and entropy for methane are not tabulated in the Appendix, the ideal gas relationships were used, The use of constant specific heat introduces some error. 12-109Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem *12.1 Write the reaction equation for hydrogen with 120% theoretical air. Determine the mass of hydrogen required if 2000 Ibm of air is available. Given: Find: Assumptions: Analysis: H, reacting with 120% theoretical air. Reaction equation and mass of H, with 2000 Ibm air. 1) Combustion is complete. 2) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases. 3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100% theoretical air. H, + 05 0; + (0.5)(3.76) N, > H,O + 1.88 N, ‘Writing the equation for 120% theoretical air. H, + 0.6 O, + 2.256 N, » H,O + 0.1 O, + 2.256 N, Solving for the air/fuel ratio. = (0.6+2.256 mol air)(28.97 Ibm/pmol) : ‘anol EOOIG Tope A Tom sirtbm 1, 2000 Ibm air "9704 tom aiviom H, “73 bm 12-112 © oOChapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem *12.5 The dry volumetric analysis of the products of the combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is 13.6%CO,, 0.8%CO, 0.4%CH,, 0.4%0,, and 84,89%N,. Determine (a) the reaction equation and find the x and n of the fuel, C,H; (b) find the percentage of excess or deficient air. Given: Dry volumetric analysis of products of combustion of C,H. Find: Reaction equation, values of x and n, and percent excess or deficient air, Assumptions: 1) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases. 2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. Analysis: ‘Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100 moles of dry product. CHm + a0, + 3.76aN, + 13.6 CO, + 08CO + 0.4 CH, + 0.40, + 848N, + b HO N, balance: 3.76a = 848 a = 2255 O, balance: 2255 = 13.6 + 8 +044 $ b= 163 Chalance: n=136+08+04 n= 148 H balance: 14.8x = (4)(0.4) + (2)(16.3) x = 231 (a) CusHaa + 22.55 O, + 84.8N, > 13.6 CO, + 0.8CO + O.4CH, + 0.4 O, + 84.8 N, + 163 H,0 Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100% theoretical air. CusHyu2 + a0, + 3,76aN, > 14.8 CO, + 17.1 H,O + 3.76aN, O, balance: ani4g4 Ut a = 2335 Caleulating the actual air/fuel ratio, 12-116 OO Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS = (22.55+84.8)mol air _ p 1 y= *107.35 mol air/mol fuel Calculating the theoretical air/fuel ratio. 35 +(3.76)(23.35)mol 1 mol fuel 11.15 mol air/mol fuel % air = 107.35 mol air/mol fuel = i 0.966 TiL.15 mol air/mol fuel (&) 3.4% deficient air 12-117Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem *12.9 Garbage, or municipal waste, has an ultimate analysis of 80.5% C, 5.0% H,, 1.6%, 1.5% N,, and 5.5% Oy with the balance ash. Determine the balanced reaction equation and the mass air/fuel ratio. Given: Find: Assumptions: Analysis: Garbage with known ultimate analysis being burned. Balanced reaction equation and mass air/fuel ratio. 1) The combustion is complete with theoretical air. 2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 3) The products behave like an ideal gas. Determine the mole fractions of garbage’s constituents on an ashless basis. See example 123 —&____M_»/M___y_ Cc 0855s 12 0.07129 0.7073 H, 0.0531 12 0.02657 0.2636 Ss 00170 32 0.00053 0,0053 0, 0.0584 32 0.00183 (0.0181 N, 00159 28 — 0,00057 9,0056 1.0000 0.10078 1.0000 Writing the equation for 100% theoretical air. 0.7073C + 0.2636 H, + 0.00538 + (0.0181 + a), + (0.0056 + 3.76a)N, -> 0.7073 CO, + 0.2636 HO + 0.0053 SO, + (0.0056 + 3.76a)N, O, balance: 0.0181 + a = 0.7073 + ues + 0.0053 a = 0.8263 12-122 Oo© Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS The balanced equation is thus. 0.7073C + 0.2636 H, + 0.0053S + 0.8444 O, + 3.1125 N, > 0.7073 CO, + 0.2636 H,O + 0.0053 SO, + 3.1125 N, (0.8263 pmol) (32 /2™ _ pm pmol *” WTOTI)(T2)+(026IEK2) (0.0053)(3) =(0.0181 (32) 10.0056)(08) Ibm air 11 it ash) een fuel (without ash) ait (with ash) 17 (01.43)(0.941)=10.76 OO SE Ibm Ibm 12-123O Problem *12.13 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS A residual fuel with a mass analysis of 90%C, 8%H,, and 2%S is burned with air at 100°F and 50% relative humidit In addition steam atomization is used, requiring 0.05 Ibm steam/lbm fuel. Determine the dew point of the products. Given: Residual fuel oil with known ultimate analysis is burned with air at 40°C and 50% RH. Atomizing steam at 0.05 Iblbn air is also supplied. Find: Dew point. Assumptions: y) 2) 3) 4) Combustion is complete with 100% theoretical air; no CO is formed. The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen is 3.76. The products behave like an ideal gas. The pressure of the products is 14.696 psia. Analysis: Writing the equation for 100% theoretical dry air based on 100 moles of fuel. Re + Su, + = + aO, + 3.76aN, + 7.5 CO, + 4H,O + 0.062580, + 3.76aN, ©, Balance: a = 75 + ; + 0.0625 = 9.5625 From Appendix B.4(b), at 100°F and 50% RH, the humidity ratio is 0.021 Ibm water/lbm dry air. The moles of water in the products due to the air humidity is, ; Ibm water ((5625)(82)+(3.76)(9.5625)(28) Ibmsir](0.021 SR MSHEt . 1 (is lomipmoly ee ee Determining the moles of atomizing steam supplied. (100 bm fuel) (o,05!™ water’ Jom fuel 121 (8 Tbmipmol cea oa 4+1,532+0.278 =0.118 mol% HO = 550605 +35555 +1 SSDOITE 12-127Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS (14.696 psia)(0.118) = 1.73 psia. | From Table A.15, dew point = 121°F, 12-128Chapter XI - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem *12.17 A fuel C,H, burns with air. The products have the following molal analysis on a dry basis: 11%CO,, 0.5% CO, 2% CH, 1.5%H, 6% O,, and 79% N;. Determine (a) the percentage of excess air; (b) the fuel composition. Find: Assumptions: Analysis: A fuel of unknown carbon-hydrogen ration burns in air producing a given product molal analysis. Percentage of excess air and fuel composition. 1) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 2) The products behave like an ideal gas. Writing the reaction equation for 100 moles of dry products. GH, + a 0, + 3.76aN, > 11 CO, + 05 CO +2 CH, + 15H, + 6 0, + 79N, + bH,O Cbalance: x= 11+05+2= 135 N, balance: 3.76a=79 a = 21.0 O, balance: aes Sao48 b=75 H balance: y = 8 +3 + 15 = 26 (&) The fuel is thus Cis Hy, Writing the reaction equation for 100% theoretical air. Cis Has + a0, + 3.76aN, + 135 CO, + 13 H,O + 3.76aN, O, balance: a = 13.5 + 3 =2 actual moles 0, 21. 45 % theoretical air = ——___?_ eorenical ait = Fheoretical moles O, 20 105% theoretical air = 5% excess air. 12-132 oO‘Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS | Se) Comment: 1, Despite the addition of 5% excess air, the combustion is incomplete as evidenced by the CO, CH, and H, in the products. This indicates inadequate mixing of the fuel and air. O 12-133Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem *12.21 Five Ibm/see of ethane gas enters a furnace at 77°F and 1 atm pressure and burns with 100% theoretical air at the same temperature and pressure. The products leave at 440°F. Determine the rate of heat transfer to the surroundings. Given: Ethane burns with 100% theoretical air, leaving at 440°F. Find: Heat transferred. Sketch and Given Data: TTF Tre Slbmfs Coe 100% “Th. Air Tatm Toston Assumptions: 1) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed. 2) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 3) The products behave like an ideal gas. 4) Work is zero and kinetic and potential energies can be neglected. Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for 1 mole of fuel. GH, + aO, + 3.76aN, + 2 CO, + 3 H,O + 3.76 aN, O, balance: ers =35 ‘Heat transfer per mole of fuel is, from First Law. Q=H,-Ha= Dm-P mh, H, = (2)(-169,297 + 3577) + (3)(-104,036 + 2977) + (13.16)(2543) H, = -601,151 Btu/pmol fuel 12-138 O‘Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS | Hy = (1)(-36,425) + 0 + 0 = -36,425 Btu/pmol fuel Q = -601,151 - (36,425) = -564,726 Bru/pmol fuel 5 Ibm/s 25 tbmls_ 0.1663 pmols +3007 Tomipmal oe | Q = (564,726 Btu/pmol fuel)(0.1663 kgmol fuels) | Q = -93,914 Btu/s Oo 12-139Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem *12.25 O A power plant operates with an overall efficiency of 40%. The plant uses methane as the fuel and air, both at 77°F and 1 atm. The products of combustion of the steam generator leave at 260°F. Determine the mass flow rate of methane per 1000 kW of power produced. Given: Power burning methane has 40% overall efficiency. | Find: Mass flow rate of methane per 1000kW of net power. Sketch and Given Data: Assumption: 1) Overall efficiency is based om higher heating value and includes C) loss due to products leaving at 400°K. Analysis: From definition of thermal efficiency. Woe Wore eo Q, 1h, Bay With higher heating value from Appendix C3, 1B W,, 00 Toss ew * Nebye (0.40)(23,861 Btu/lbm) =0.0993 Ibm/s 12-146O Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS U, = (2)[-169,297 + 5557 - (1.986)(1080)] + (2)[-104,036 + 4516 - (1.986)(1080)] -535,100 Btu/pmol Q = -535,100 - 18,227 = -553,327 Btu/pmol fuel 12-145O Problem *12.29 Chapter XI - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Determine the heating value at 77°F and 1 atm of the municipal waste described in Problem *12.9, Given: Garbage of known ultimate analysis. Find: Heating value at 77°F and 1 atm. Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave as ideal gases. 2) The nitrogen can be neglected since it appears as a product and reactant and will cancel. 3) The enthalpy of the SO, will be neglected. Analysis: From the definition of heating value. Tuy = (8-H) Using balanced equation from problem *12.9 and the enthalpy data from Appendix C.1. Hy = 0 (all are elements) For H,O as a vapor. H, = (0.7073)(-169,297) + (0.2636)(-104,036) = -147,168 Btu/pmol fuel Fgy=(—147,168-0 Bru/pmol fuel) 92 Tbmipmaoly =-14,835 Btu/lbm (ashless) =~13,960 Btu/lbm (with ash) 12-151Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem *12.33 The exhaust from an automoblile engine is the same as in Problem “12.5. The engine consumes 15 Ibm/hr of fuel and is located in a garage with dimensions 10 x 30 x 50 ft. If a concentration of 1 part carbon monoxide to 100,000 parts air is hazardous to human life and the surroundings remain at 77°F and 1 atm, what is the maximum time the engine can safely run? Given: Engine exhausting into 10 x 30 x 50 ft. garage. Find: Time engine runs for CO concentration of 1 part in 100,000. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) __ All CO produced by engine is retained in the garage. 2) The garage remains at 1 atm and 77°F. 3) Total mass in the garage doesn’t change. Analysis: From Problem *12.5, ry; = 107.35 mol ait/mol fuel ar = 7 U10735)28.97)_—_ = 14.68 tom ait/lbm fuel (2)043) +042) Using ideal gas law to find mass of air in garage. = BY, (14696 psia)(144 inYR?)(10 £)(30 £1)(50 ft) ™* er (3.34 e-lbiiom-RYG3PR) 1208 Ibm From Problem *12.5, 0.8 mol CO is produced per mol fuel. = (0.8 pmol)(28 Ibma/pmol) 6 1958 tom fa Teoma = TE pmoD(2ii.8 Tomipmoly o> Com fue! 12-157Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Mass of CO required for hazardous concentration. _ 1 _) = 901108 tb (1108 Ibm air) (amon) 0.01108 Ibm CO | ‘Time to produce mass of CO. | (15 Ibm fuelfar)(0.1058 Ibm CO/tbm fuel)(t) = 0.01108 Ibm CO t = 0.006982 hr = 25.1 secs. 12-158Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS | Problem *12.37 Liquid octane at 77°F and 1 atm steadily enters an adiabatic combustion chamber and | burns with air at 40°F and 1 atm, The products leave at 1880°F. Determine the percentage of excess air supplied. Given: Liquid octane burned adiabatically with 440°F air results in products at 1880°F. Find: Percent excess air. Sketch and Given Data: a=0 Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases. 2) Combustion is complete; no CO is formed. 3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 4) No work is done and the changes in: kinetic and potential energies may be neglected, 5) No dissociation occurs. Analysis: Writing the balanced reaction equation for 100% theoretical air. C\Hy + a0, + 3.76 aN, + 8 CO, + 9 H,O + 3.76aN, , balance: anes? 125 sing CO)'SUST.TK, cancelling the Rules for the equilibrium constants, sad entering zero for x, y, z, the product and reactant temperatures, and the theoretical moles of CO,, HO, and solving %ThO, = 307.307% (207.3% Excess Air) 12-162 ©‘Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Comment: 1. — Asolution by hand will be trial-and-error, guessing the excess air until | oO the enthalpy of the products equals the enthalpy of the reactants. O 12-163Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem 12.41 A mixture of gaseous propane and 150% theoretical air enters a furnace at 77°F and 1atm. Complete combustion occurs, and the products exit at 1340°F and 1 atm. The furnace is water-cooled, with water entering as a saturated liquid at 30 psia and Jeaving as a saturated vapor at the same pressure. Determine (a) the mass flow rate of water per pmol of fuel; (b) the rate of entropy production per pmol of fuel; (c) the irreversiblity rate per pmol of fuel if T, = 77°F. Given: Propane burned with 150% theoretical air, boiling water at 30 psia. Combustion products leave at 1340°F and 1 atm. Find: ‘Mass flow of water, entropy production, and the irreversibility. Sketch and Given Data: Us Assumptions: 1) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. 2) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases. 3) No work is done and the changes in potential and kinetic energies may be neglected. 4) All energy removed from the combustion products results in boiling water. Analysis: The balanced reaction equation is. GHy + (1.5)(5) O, + (1.5)(5)(3.76)N, > 3 CO, +4H,0 +250, + 282N, The first law equation is. Hy = thyshy 12-168 OO Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS With enthalpy data from Appendices C.1, C.2 and A.15. H,=3 n,(B),=(3)(-169,297+14,371) +(4)(~104,036+11,176) ? +(2.5)(9769) +(28.2)(9232) H,=-551,453 Btu/pmol fuel Hy=¥n(B),=(1)(-44,676)+0+0=~44,676 Btu/pmol T 4,=945.41 Bru/lbm Solving for thy. =H,"Ha_ (551,453-44,676 Btu/pmol fuel) yo By ~ @4541 Btuflbm) @) thy 9=536 Ibm/pmol fuel Solving for the entropy production. Sai ab DE,tohy AS, =l(3)(64.344) +(4)(55.592)+(2.5)(58.192) +(28.2)(54.507)]-[(1)(64.51) +(7.5)(49.004) +(28.2)(45.77)] +(536)(1.3317) (©) AS,,,=1089 Btu/pmol fuel-K The irreversibility is calculated from. T= T, (AS) I = (637)(1089) = 584,793 Bru/pmol fuel 12-169Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem *12.45 Determine the higher and lower heating values of coal at 77°F and 1 atm, given the following mass analysis; 49.8%C, 19.4% ash, 14.1% H,O, 6.8% O,, 6.4%S, and 3.5% H, Given: Find: Assumptions: Analysis: Coal with given mass analysis. Higher and lower heating values. 1) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases. 2) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed. 3) The water in the coal is a liquid. 4) The sulphur reacts to form SO;. 5) The enthalpy of formation for SO, is -127,725 Btu/pmol. 6) The ash is inert. Since the reactants and products are both at 537°R, the enthalpies of all elements are zero and the ash can be ignored. ‘The only reactant that must be considered is thus the H,O, and the only products are the CO,, H,0 and SO,. Determining the enthalpy of the reactants per Ibm of coal. (-122,971 Btu/pmol) =-970 Btu/lbm coal Determining the enthalpy of the products per Ibm of coal with water as a liquid. Heo, +B oF, Ms 5, 12-176 ©Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS 0.498 Ibm | H,=|—————_ | (-169,297 Bt /pmol) | © . (z Tonal) tu/pmol) 0.441, 0.035 Ibm +| + —_____| (-122,971 Btu/pmol, FE Tom/pmol a | 22,971 Brulpmol) 0.064 tom (spas) (-127,725 Btu/pmol) H,=-10,397 Bru/lbm coal The higher heating value is thus. Bp =H, -H,=-10,397+970+2538=-9,427Btu/lbm coal Recalculating H, with the enthalpy of water as a vapor. H, = 9,917 Btu/lbm coal The lower heating value is thus. Byp=H,-H,=-8,947 Btu/lbm coal O 12-177Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem *12.49 In an internal-combustion engine the local flame temperature in the combustion process reaches 5040°R. Determine the composition of the dissociation reaction O.SN, + 0.5 O, «NO at a pressure of 1 atm. Given: Dissociation of N, and O, into NO at 5040°R and 1 atm. Find: Mixture equilibrium composition. Assumptions: 1) The reactants and products behave like ideal gases. Analysis: From Appendix C.4, the In(K,) at 2800°K (5040°R) for the reaction ‘AN, + 40, + NO is -2.372 (K, = 0.0933). The dissociation reaction is. ae 1_x) (3 5] Nr (j 5] OxexNO ‘The total moles present at equilibrium are. 1x 2 Z | sxe1 a where pyg=x ref) v(t) Substituting and solving for x using trial-and-error or TK Solver. x = 0.0446 (0.0446 pmol NO, 0.4777 pmol Nz, 0.4777 pmol 0,) 12-182 OO Problem C12.1 Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Methane is being burned in air. The excess air is varied from 0 to 100% in steps. Use ORSAT.TK (or develop a spreadsheet template or computer program) to calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the combustion products, Plot thé results versus percentage of excess air. Given: Methane burned in varying percentages of excess air. Find: Percent CO, and O, in products. Assumptions: 1) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases. 2) The combustion is complete; no CO is formed. 3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. Analysis: co_12 kee ie kg CH, Using ORSAT.TK, entering zero for CO%, and S, N, O and Ash. Since methane is CH, 075 H-_4 BH 995 ‘16 kg CH, With ExAir% as an input list, and CO2% and 02% as output lists. VARIABLE SHEET St Input—— Name— output— unit—— conment- “18 25 ko/ko ko/ko kavko kg/ko kg/ko ko/kg 4.774 Tanat 17.092 —ko/ko Raf 17.092 ko/kg Thmolo2 .12445 molco2 .062448, molH2 112402 molso2 6 moll2 .46794 mol02 6. molTot .53039 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 4/E M, David Burghardt & James X, Harbach *ANORSAT ANALYSIS*** Fuel Ultimate Analysis ‘carbon Hydrogen Sulfur Nitrogen oxygen aah Orsat Analysis - Dry Basis ‘Carbon Dioxide oxygen Carbon Monoxide Air-Puel Ratio ‘Stoichionetric Air-Fuel Ratio Excess Air Aetual Air-Fuel Ratio teal Holes Oxygen 12-183Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Graphing the results. PROBLEM C12.1 30 100 80 cos = 30) 5060 EXCESS AIR PERCENT 10 12-184| burned Chapter XII - REACTIVE SYSTEMS Problem C12.5 Use COMBUST.TK to calculate the adiabatic flame temperature of hydrogen being in air at 1 atm. Assume that the only products are water, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and hydroxyl. Vary the excess air from 0 to 100% in steps and plot the | Find: | Assumptions: Analysis: 3 E i 5 4 t u p € | results. Compare your results with those from Problem C12.3. H, being burned in air at 1 atm with varying excess air. Adiabatic flame temperature. 1) The combustion is complete. 2) The products and reactants behave like ideal gases. 3) The molal ratio of nitrogen to oxygen for air is 3.76. Using COMBUST.TK, entering required input data for the combustion Of hydrogen, List Solving for %ThO2 between 100 and 200, and plotting. PROBLEM C12.5, 2500 2400 2300 2200 2100 2000 13800 1800 1700 a) PERCENT THEORETICAL 02 Comment: Dissociation reduces the adiabatic flame temperature by over 100°K at 100% . theoretical air. As excess air is increased, the lower temperature drastically reduces the dissociation and the adiabatic flame temperatures approach each O other. 12-189| Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES | O Problem 13.1 | An air-standard Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8.0 and has air conditions at the beginning of compression of 100 kPa and 25°C. The heat added is 1400 ki/kg. Determine (a) the four cycle state points; (b) the thermal efficiency; (c) the mean effective pressure. ~ CHAPTER 13 Given: The compression ratio, initial state and heat added in an air standard Otto eycle. Find: The cycle state points, the efficiency and the mean effective pressure. Sketch and Given Data: 2 Ts 298K B= 00k | P 8 in = (40060 | gp Bn IO |O ‘ v Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system. 1 2. Airis an ideal gas. 3. Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Assumptions: | Analysis: Determine the cycle state points by proceeding around the cycle using process information, The process 1-2 is isentropic, if T, = (298 K)(8)™ = 684.6 K Pa = py(V/V;)* - (100 kPa)(8)" = 1837.9 kPa The process form 2-3 is constant volume, hence Gis = Us - U, = (T; - T,) © (1400 Ki/kg) = (0.7176 kiikg-K)(T, - 684.6 K) 13-1Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES T; = 2635.5 K = p(TyT,) = (1837.9 kPa) 7075.5kPa (ais) | The process from 3-4 is isentropic, hence bye T= (26355 »()" = 11472 K aL v,)" 1)" p= Pla] = crorsskes) (4) = 385 kPa v, 3 The cycle thermal efficiency is 1 wr ls ca 0.565 or 56.5% Woes = (0-565)(1400 kI/kg) = 791 ki/kg, mn = 1 ~ The specific volumes at states 1 and 2 are = RT (0.287 ki/kg-K)(298 K) | me Go enim)” OS mB = RT, (0.287)(684.6) | oy Fe Saye ~ 0107 mig The mean effective pressure is (791 kifkg) 355 ~ 0107 mig "O25 KPA 13-2Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem 13.5 O An air-standard Otto cycle has the following cycle states, where state 1 is at the beginning of the isentropic compression: p, = 101 kPa, T, = 333°K, V, = 0.28 m’, 2000°K, r = 5. Determine (a) the remaining cycle state points; (b) the thermal efficiency; (c) the heat added; (d) the heat rejected; (e) if T, = Ty, the available portions of the heat rejected, Given: An air-standard Otto cycle, the initial state at the beginning of compression, the maximum temperature and the compression ratio. Find: The cycle state points, the efficiency, the heats added and rejected and the available portion of the heat rejected. Sketch and Given Data: 3 P, = lol ee T= 383K ? V, = 0:28 Ta = 2000 O ed v 1) Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system. 2) Airis an ideal gas. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Assumptions: Analysis; Determine the mass of air in the system = PY; | (101 kN/m’)(0.28 m°) . ™* RT, ” (287 bilkg-K)G3s K) * 0796 ke ye T= fy] = (333 K)(5)™ = 6339 K "y vy) P= P, (| = (101 kPa)(5)!* = 961.3 kPa O Va = WS = 9% ~ 0.056 m* 13-9Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES | Vs = V, = 0.056 m* T, = 2000 K oO mRT, _ (0.296)(0.287)(2000) . = 3034 KP: Bey (0.056 e Y=Vi | T= ff) e (200 (3) = 1050.6 K ve Bly 3 . v,)" 1) Po = Pj] <7] = (0034 kPa)(=) = 318.8 kPa v, 3 The thermal efficiency is )omet-ct=1-—) 20495 oF 475% OF | The heat added is Q,, = m(U; - u,) = mo,(T; -T;) ©) Quy = (0.296 kg)(0.7176 kI/kg-K)(200 - 633.9 K) = 200.2 kJ oO The heat rejected is Q,, = m(u, - u,) = m ¢(T, - T,) d) —— Qr = (0.296)(0.7176)(333 - 1050.6) = -152.4 KT The available portion of Q,, is p In AE, = Qus - TS; - S,) ky T,(S, - S,) = (333 K)(0.296 xo (077s wR) \< 1u6.-8)= 7m (F) sani ¥ < 333 (ssn) = 813k ©) AB, = 1524 - (813) = ZLIB 13-10Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem 13.9 An air-standard Diesel cycle receives 28.5 kl/eycle of heat while operating at 300 tpm. At the beginning of compression, p, = 100 kPa, T, = 305°K, and V, = 0.0425 | m’. At the beginning of heat addition, the pressure is 3450 kPa. Determine (a)p, V and T at each cycle state point; (b) the work; (c) the power; (d) the mean effective pressure. Given: An air standard Diesel cycle engine has known heat input, rpm, initial state and maximum pressure, | Find: The cycle state points, the work, power and mean effective pressure. Sketch and Given Data: Qa-3 2 285 AT Lycle Sco rpm = (cok P p, T= 505K V, = 0.0925 m? C ) R= F480 bs v Assumptions: 1) __ Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system. 2) Airis an ideal gas, 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: The mass of air in the oycle is = PaYs . (100 kN/m?)(0.0425 m°) _, ™> RT” (0087 Wikg-K)GOS K) “O86 ks c a7 {Pl *F 3450) Th h=T, &) (305 »(Fr) 838.8 K = BRT, , (0.0486)(0.287)(838.8) | Vi TE = CTE = o0ss9 mt Qy3 = Hy-H, = mo, (15-7) . (25.8 J) = (0.0486 kkg)(1.0047 ki kg-K)(T, - 838.8 K) © T,=1425K py =p, = 3450 kPa 13-17Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES = 0.00575 m? Ps (3450) V, = 0.0425 m* Pat V; T= T,|—2] = (1422.5Ky (0.00575) oe" = 639.1 K VV, 1 = (0.0486)(0.287)(639.1) _ = 209.7 kPa Be (0.0425) 6 The heat out is Qu: = U, - U, = mofT, - T,) Qus = (0.0486 kg)(0.7176 ki/kg-K)(305 - 639.1 K) = -11.65 oa b) War = SQ = 285 - 11.65 = 1685 kIleycle Wane as] (m2 30 sechmin ayele ©) Way = 8425 kW The mean effective pressure is pee ee (1685) __ = 308 pa Vi - Vz (00425 - 0.00339 m) 13-18Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem 13.13 In an air-standard Diesel cycle, the compression ratio is 17. The cutoff ratio, the ratio of the volume after heat addition to that before heat addition (V/V), is 25:1. The air conditions at the beginning of compression are 101 kPa and 300°K. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency; (b) the heat added per kg of air, (c) the mean effective pressure. / Given: The air-standard Diesel’s compression ratio, cutoff ratio, and the initial | conditions. Find: The cycle efficiency, heat added and mean effective pressure, | Sketch and Given Data: | rely | mer25 P= 101 kPa T = 300K v Assumptions: 1) _ Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system. 2) Airis an ideal gas. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. | Analysis: ‘The thermal efficiency may be found from Equation 13.15 of Pe cn oe | | : aie [nies ‘try * 0.600 or 60% The temperature at state 2 is a \et T=T, i = (300 K)(17)™ = 931.8 K For a constant pressure process, Tv = c 13-24 OO Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Te fz] = (931.8 K)(2.5) = 23295 K The heat added is Gas = by-b, = G(T, - T,) = (10047 ek) (23295 - 931.8 K) b) Gas = 1404.3 kaikg The net work is Wout = (rx)(Qa-s) = (0.60)(1404.3) = 842.6 KI /kg = RM, (0.287 Wihkg-K)(300 K) _ g.9595 P, (101 KN/m*y _ 0.8525 ue = SEE = 0.0501 mtg The mean effective pressure is = ™ < (842.6 ki/kg) = oS ‘Wases — ost ming ~ 22 13-25Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem 13.17 O A four-cylinder engine with a 9.5-cm bore and a 8.75-cm stroke has a 7% clearance. | The engine rotates at 2500 rpm, The conditions at the beginning of compression are | 17°C and 98 kPa. The maximum cycle temperature is 2900°K. ‘The engine may be assumed to operate on an air-standard Diesel cycle. Determine the cycle work and the power produced by the engine. Given: An air-standard cycle engine has four cylinders of known bore and stroke and percent clearance. The rpm and initial temperature and pressure are specified as is the maximum temperature. Find: The engine’s power and net work per cycle. Sketch and Given Data: D= Tem L=B7Sem c= 7h 2500 rpm TF ITVC= 270K P= 78k Ts = 2700K O Assumptions: y) gas. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. | Analysis: Determine the cycle state points, then the net work. =0.07 1.07 V, = 0.07 V, et = (290 K)(15.28)" = 863 K . © Pep (] = (98 kPa)(15.28)!4 » 44565 kPa a 13-33Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES RT, _ (0.287 ki/kg-K)(290 K) _ = 0.8493 m? a 8 kNin’) a = BT, _ (0.287)(863) _ y By Fe aay 7 00556 mig T, S/n) ( 2900 y =, fF) = (0.0556 mine) ( =) = 0.1868 m'/kg = p= 4565 =v, es T=T, (| = (2900 (tga) = 15824 K 1, Ge = Gas = hy - hy = 6, (T; - T,) Ges = (1.0047 ki/kg-K)(2900 - 863 K) = 2046.6 kiikg, ou = der = Us = Wy = G(T; - Ty) = (0.7176 kifkg-K)(290 - 1582.4 K) = -927.4 ki/kg Weer = Sq = 2046.6 - 927.4 = 1119.2 ki/kg Find the mass of air in the engine Voo = Vi- Va = 4 3 D*L = 2(0.095)'(0.0875) = 0.00248 m? v, v= .0654V, 2 i535 =O u V, - 0.0654 V, = 0.00248 V, = 0.002654 m? 1 (98 KN/mx?)(0,002654 mm?) me ae (0287 Kikg-K)(290 K) = 0.003125 kg Woe = 1 Wane = (0.003125 kg)(1119.2 ki/kg) = 3.4975 kilcycle 13-34 oChapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES oO Wan N+ ta = (2500 SE ‘min | W,, = 145.7 kW © 13-35 (1 min) (3 4975 = xe, ) fw sec,Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem 13.21 In an air-standard dual cycle, the isentropic compression starts at 100 kPa and 300°K. | The compression ratio is 13, the maximum temperature is 2750°K, and the maximum | pressure is 6894 kPa. Determine (a) the cycle work per kg; (b) the heat added per kg: (c) the mean effective pressure. Given: An air-standard dual cycle, its compression ratio, initial state and maximum temperature and pressure. Find: The cycle work, heat added and mean effective pressure, | Sketch and Given Data: 4 4 ~ | P= 100 bPa T= Fook ? r=/3 Tg = 2750K B= Py 6894 BB O ae Assumptions: 1) Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system. 2) Airis an ideal gas. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Determine the cycle states. mt T=T, i =300(13)" = 836.9 K 1 =P (: = (100)(13)"* = 3627 kPa a, = BE, (0287 Wg 49600 8) « 9961 ming Pi (100 kN/m?) = % , 0.861 ; iB : = 0.06621 mskg O The process 2-3 is V = ¢, Tip = C 13-43Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES TZ=T, ) = (836.9 K) (sen) = 1590.7 K vy = v, = 0.0662 T, = 2750 K p, = 6894 kPa = (0.287)(2750) _ 0. 3 i ee ee ee 1 = a eam) iad The process 4-5 is isentropic "1 % . T=7, i = (2750 (Ger : The heat added is Qs = Us - , = 6(T; - T,) Gas = (0.7176 Ki /kg-K)(1590.7 - 836.9 K) = 540.9 kI/kg Ga = by - hy = 6 (T,- Ts) Gs4 = (1.0047 kI/kg-K)(2750 - 1590.7 K) = 1164.7 kJ/kg b) da = 540.9 + 1164.7 = 1705.6 ki/kg our = Uy - Us = c, (T, - Ts) out = (0.7176)(300 - 1227) = -665.2 KI /kg Woe = Sq = 1705.6 - 665.2 = 10404 ki/kg ‘The mean effective pressure is ° (0040.4 kS/s) _ 1399 kPa kg) (0.861 13-44Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem 13.25 An Ericsson cycle uses helium as the working fluid. ‘The isothermal compression process begins at 300°K and 120 kPa, and 175 ki/kg of heat is rejected, Heat addition occurs at 1100°K. Determine (a) the cycle maximum pressure; (b) the net work produced per unit mass; (c) the thermal efficiency. Given: ‘An Ericsson cycle uses helium and has the state specified beginning isothermal compression and the heat rejected during the compression. ‘The high temperature is known. Find: The maximum cycle pressure, the net work and the efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: ant 7 fy = leo kPo T3 = 300K = -/75 bY, P fae 115 Tes Ty = 00K Assumptions: 1) Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system. 2) Airis an ideal gas. 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Determine the specific volume at state 3 and knowing the work for process find p,. = BY, | (2.077 kiikg-K)(300 K) = 5.1925 m B (420 kNim?) aoe Gs = Wy, * PY, In ) = RT, In ) (-175 kS/kg) = (2.077 kI/kg-K)(300 K) In (2) a a) py = 158.9 kPa 13-50 )© Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES teraemennt| Gta = (2.077 kifkg-K)(1100 K) In (a) = GALS kikg b) Wa = 0d = O4L.5 - 175 = 466.5 bike Wet _ 466.5 Tet , 4065 _ 9, T: rae cre 0.727 or 72.7% 2 tm = Check on the thermal efficiency ee 200) My = 1 gt a1 Ty = 0727 13-51Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES | Problem 13.29 O A six-cylinder spark-ignition engine has a bore and stroke of 10.9 x 10.5 cm. The engine requires 0.0035 kg/s of C, Hy, (1) when operating at half-load with a speed of 3000 rpm. The reduction of engine speed to axle speed is 3.78:1. The tires have an effective radius of 35.5 cm. (a) Determine the car speed in km/h and the fuel consumption in km/liter ( the specific gravity may be assumed to be 0.85). (b) The air-fuel ratio on the mass basis is 15.3; the products of combustion leave the engine | at 900°K, with air and fuel inlet temperature of 25°C. Determine the percentage of the heat release lost to the products of combustion. Given: An actual engine’s bore and stroke, fuel consumption, rpm, gear reduction and | the car’s tire size are known. Find: The car’s speed, fuel consumption, energy loss in exhaust. Sketch and Given Data: 2 3000 “pm F183) adveton Oo r= 0,355m | Assumptions: 1) Complete combustion, 2) Model exhaust with 200% Theoretical air tables. ‘Analysis: ‘The rear axle speed is 3000 rpm SF 79365 mpm For each revolution the car moves 2nr. : (m8 =) (« | (2)(0.355 m) (roar‘zes) 2) v= 1062kmh The fuel consumption per hour is ©Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (th,) = (0.0035 kg/s)(3600 shh) = 12.6 kg/h th 12.6 kgh Px (0.85)(1000 kg/m?) f V, = 0.01482 ™ = 14,82 liter h t a) kmfliter = (2062 kh) «7:46 jansiter (1482 liter/hh) ‘The total heat release, assuming complete combustion, is _= = (Ls fuel = 31298 Ge = Ton bap (seaepae) 79 a8 8 The exhaust may be modelled as an ideal gas with constant specific heats, assuming ¢, from example problems, or use the 200% theoretical air tables. If the tables are used, Diy = 966.2 kg/kg Digg = 303.0 ki kg To coo! the exhaust to 298 K requires = (1 + tey)(By ~ Bags) = (1 + 1) (966.2 - 303.0) = 706.5 153, ig ‘The percent heat release exiting with the exhaust is = 706, 5 = by = TRS $0225 or 225% 13-63Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem 13.33 © An cight-cylinder diesel engine with a bore and stroke of 10x 10 cm operates at 2000 rpm. Dodecane (C,Hy{1}) fuel is used with 80% excess air. The air enters the engine at 100 kPa and 37°C and is compressed to 3.0 MPa. The heat loss from the engine is one-third of the work produced. Use the open-system diesel cycle to calculate state points. Determine (a) the compression ratio; (b) the fuel consumption; (c) the thermal efficiency; (d) the power produced; (c) the engine- cooling water required if the water enters at 21°C and leaves at 49°C. Given: A diesel engine operates on the open-system, the bore and stroke, rpm, excess air, initial air state and compression pressure are known. The heat loss as a percent of work is given. Find: The compression ratio, fuel consumption, efficiency, power output, and cooling water required. Sketch and Given Data: DeL= soem Zeeo cpm Ce Heos) B07, excess a T= 37 C= 50K g) Way = 47IOEE « 112.5 bo 13-115Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem *13.13 oO The compression ratio of an air-standard dual cycle is 12, and the pressure at the beginning of compression is 14.7 psia, the volume is 75 in, and the temperature is 100°F. During the heat-addition processes, 0.4 btu is transferred at constant volume and 1.0 Btu at constant pressure. Determine (a) the cycle thermal efficiency; (b) the pressure at the beginning of heat rejection. | Given: An air standard dual cycle, its compression ratio, the state at the beginning of compression, the heats added. Find: The cycle efficiency and the pressure at the beginning of heat rejection. Sketch and Given Data: 4 riz | P= (4:7 psia P Vi = Sn? = 0,0454 fE? 2 oz T) = 100 = st0k 1 Q2-3= 0,4 Bh v Qs-g= 7,0 Bh Assumptions: 1) Air in the piston/cylinder is a closed system. 2) Airis an ideal gas. O 3) Changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Determine the cycle state points T= “{z} = (560 R)(12)" = 1513 R The process 2-3 is constant volume 5 Qu = U, =U, + WG * U, =U, =m oft, - 7) maw PM, (AT To inty(144 intt9(0.0454 £1) oO RT, ” —G334 B-lbjibm-RySO Ry ~~ £00308 Ibm 13-124Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (0.4 Btu) = (0.00308 Ibm)(0.1714 Btu/lbm-R)(T, - 1513 R) T,=220R 2271) T, B= aR] = (476.6 psia) (iss) = 7153 psia Va = Vz = 6.25 in? The process 3-4 is constant pressure b) a) O Q.= Hy-Hy = mo(T,-T,) Qs = (0.00308 tbm)(0.24 Bru/lbm-R)(T, - 2271 R) = (1.0 Btu) T,=3624R py = py = 7153 psia va = V,[24) = (6.25 in) (2824) 9.97 ine or Rn) Vs = V, = 75in® mt ati“ . 9.97) _ T= {x (3624 a) =1617R non (z = (7153 psiay (3) Queue =U, - Us = m oT; - T;) Quac = (000308 Ibm)(0.1714 Bruflbm-R)(560 - 1617 R) Que = -0.56 Bru Woe = OQ = 04 + 1.0 - 0.56 = 0.84 Bm 13-125Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem *13.17 An adiabatic four-stroke cycle, six-cylinder Diesel engine has a bore of 12-in. and a stroke of 15 in. and operates at 500 rpm, receiving air at 90°F and 14.5 psia. The compression ratio is 18, and the dodecane fuel is injected at 100°F with a ratio of 0.0444 Ibm fuel/bm air. Assume the products of combustion have properties as in | Example 13.6, but let k = 1.3 for products and reactants. Determine (a) the percentage of unpurged products; (b) the thermal efficiency; (c) the power produced. Given: A Diesel engine operates on the open Diesel cycle, bore and stroke, rpm intake air state, compression ratio, fuel and air/fuel ratio are specified, | Find: ‘The percent of unperged products, efficiency and power output. Sketch and Given Data: oe hinder Dale” ke/5" TV F = S5OR B= 4S pss re/e A213 hy 2 0.0944 = | Assumptions: 1) Reactants and products are ideal gases, k = 13 2) Air is an ideal gas. 3) Properties per Example 13.6 Analysis: Determine the percent unpurged products. Vi-Va= Vip * DU = z0r(3) = 0.9817 £¢ Vv, re gins 18 V, = V, V, = 0.0577 fe V, = 1.0394 0.0577 . 0.059 _or 5.9% » 19817 13-134 2)O Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES = (1 -2u, +24, @, T, = (1-2) Ty +20 T, Bu = 13 1723 Tak emaemeasannnass Assume T, = 1380 R, ¢, = 0.1723 EM «, = 0.180 me Bu a Bu (oars i) (1) = (0.941) fom ae} (550 R) + (o0s(0 18 me) (1380 R) T, = 600R=7, = T, ()* = (600 R)(18)" = 1428 R Pa = Pi (F)* = (14.5 psia)(18)"° = 621.2 psia Tbm fuel = (Fuu)(0.941) = (0.0444)(0.941) = 0.0418 _/bm fuel __ Ter = (u)(0-941) = (0.0444)(0.941) = 0.04 cant B+ ty by + fy Byp = (1 + 1) By, Assume h, is negligible as the temperature is near 77°F. Se Tz + Ge, bgp = (1 + ty) Gp Ts Ibm fuel Bru’ wea) 0% R)+ (0 .0418 aes) (18964 i] bn-R, T;, = 4382R Ps = Pp = 621.2 psia = (vous mos) (02s Bu es R) v= V, fF) = (0.0577 fe) (ree) =0177 y Mt T=7, (z = (4382 "(tam) = 25765R 13-135Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES The net adiabatic work is Woe = SpBap +0, ~ (CL + tau, aay + Gy T, ~ (1 + tq) CT, Waet => on Bu ibm fuel, | Bu 0.1723 | * 7 ibm ) coo R) (# 0418 ne a ( 18 ink) (2576.5 R) Wea: = 412.9 Bru/lbm reactant The thermal efficiency is =” (412.9 Btu/lbm) a ¢ = 0521 he (eons ia) (18064 =) Determine the mass flowrate through the engine intake ' ‘ey = (6 cyl)(0.9817 fey) ( =) = 1472.5 f/min th = PAs, (14S Tojin')(144 inti)(1472.5 ft/min) = 96,1 bm RT, (63.34 ft-lb flom=R)(600) min Btu’ Ibm! Bu = [412.9 ——] (96.1 2) = 39679.7 = 935.8 hy 9 Way = (1129 EE) (961) « s9em7 BE = 9358 wp Comments: 1) The gas constant in part ¢ was assumed to be air rather than that of reactants. 13-136Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem *13.21 © A six-cylinder Diesel engine with a bore and stroke of 17.5 x 25 in. operates at 225 rpm and produces 750 bhp. The fuel consumptions is 300 Ibm/hr. ‘The engine’s mechanical efficiency is 85%, and the ideal cycle efficiency is 52.2%. Determine (a) the indicated power; (b) the indicated mean effective pressure; (c) the brake engine efficiency; (d) the brake mean effective pressure. Given: A Diesel engine, its bore and stroke, power, rpm and fuel consumption. The mechanical and Theoretical cycle efficiencies are known. Find: The indicated power and mean effective pressure, the brake engine efficiency and the brake mean effective pressure. Sketch and Given Data: D= Ms” L=25" Wy = 750 bhp 225 rpm vig = B00 Ibnfhe oO Yu 2 BS Je m2 52:22 Assumptions: 1) _ Engine operates at steady-state. 2) It operates on four-stroke cycle, 3) The fuel is dodecane. Analysis: ‘The indicated power may be determined from the expression for mechanical efficiency. ogs = (750 hp) Ww, , a) W, = 882.3 hp ‘The engine’s total piston displacement is Vp = G pin} 6 oy!) © 13-143Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Ven = 6 (175) (25) (225 revimin) oi (a 2 rev/intake) Vep = 2349 fP/min (882.3 hp)| 33 000 w. & iP) ip b) — imep = = 86.1 psia @)— bmep = —t = (750)83 00) _ 759 psi West = (re)ine y Byp . Bu) _ Buu th, gp = (300 Ibm/hr) (2410 i) 6.123 x 10* BE Wore = (0-522)(6.123 x 10°) = 3.196 x 10° = 1256 hp (150.49). 9 507 ) m= (256 tp) 13-144O oO Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem C13.1 Develop a computer program, spreadsheet template, or TK Solver model to compute the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Otto cycle. Compute the thermal efficiency Of the cycle for compression ratios between 6 and 11 for specific heat ratios of 1.3, 1.35 and 1.4 and plot the results. Given: Air-standard Otto cycle with compression ratios between 6 and 11 and k of 1.3, 1.35 and 14. Find: Plot thermal efficiency. Assumptions: 1) The engine is a closed system. 2) The air is an ideal gas. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: ‘Use equation 13.9 to compute the thermal efficiency, al =1-___ Na Developing a spreadsheet to determine efficiency with different values of r and k. teense AL cece eee eeaee teeeee B/ Problem ¢13.i Otto Cycle ke 1.3 1.35 1.4 r Ett Eft Eff 6 1-1/(a8*($B84-1)) ) aa $D$4-1)) 6.5 1-1/(A9*($B$4-1)) ). 1-1/(a9*($D$4-1)) 7 1-1/(A10*($BS4-1)) )) 1-1/(a10*($D$4~1)) 1.5 1-1/(A117($B$4-1)) )) 1-2/(a117($p$4-1)) 8 1-1/(A127($BS4-1)) 1. )) 1-2/(a127($D$4-1)) 8.5 1-1/(A13*($B$4-1)) 1. )) 1-2/ d) 9 2-1/(A14*($B$4-1)) 1-1, )) l-1/ ») 9.5 1-1/(A157($B§4-1)) 1-1, 2) 2 2) 10 2-1/(A167(SBS4-1)) 1-2/(A167($C$4-1)) 1. )) 10.5 1-1/(A177($B$4-1)) 1-1/(A17°($c$4-1)) 1. )) 2 1-1/(A18*(SBS4-1)) 1-1/(a1l8"($C$4-1)) 1 ») 13-145Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES This produces the following results. Problem C13.1 Otto Cycle ke 1.3 1.35 1.4 r Eft Eff Eft 6 0.415809 0.465869 0.511640 6.5 0.429670 0.480625 0.527028 7 0.442210 0.493924 0.540843 7.5 0.453636 0.505998 0.553341 8 0.464113 0.517031 0.564724 8.5 0.473771 0.527171 0.575153 9 0.482718 0.536536 9.5 0.491040 0.545224 10 0.498812 0.553316 10.5 0.506095 0,560879 11 0.512940 0.567971 Graphing. AIR STANDARD OTTO CYCLE 0.62 0.58 054 0.45, Thermal Efficiency 42 6.0 70 80 9.8 10.0 1.0 Compression Ratio OLE + heL35 ORL 13-146Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Problem C13.5 QO Using the TK Solver mode! DIESEL.TK, compute the thermal efficiency of an ideal Diesel cycle with compression ratios between 12 and 22, and for heat inputs 500 kifkg, 1000 kJ/kg and 1500 kJ/kg, Plot the results and compare them to those for the air-standard Diesel cycle from problem C13.2, Given: Diesel cycle analyzed using DIESEL.TK. Find: Thermal efficiency for range of compression ratios and heat inputs. Assumptions: 1) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 2) Air at beginning of compression is 100 kPa and 300K. Analysis: Entering data in the Rule Sheet, List Solving for a range of compression ratios from 12 to 22 and three heat inputs, and plotting. PROBLEM C13.5 T 4 7 R M q L = Eg i a é Ra TF pa WIG | ~~ E— aul --be ede ye rot cotrst4y le A) alas cate alae ieee roaprt4y 1 I 1 1 I I 1 1 1 a-lLol tL Benn pr nee 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 19 20 at 22 COMPRESSION RATIO 13-152Chapter XIII - INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES oO Comments: 1. Maximum air temperature should not exceed 2000K for results to be accurate. | 2. Cutoff ratios for given heat inputs are low and thus compare closest to | data for air-standard cycle with r, = 2. 13-153Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Oo CHAPTER 14 Problem 14.1 An airstandard Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of 8. The air properties at the | start of compression are 100 kPa and 25°C. The maximum allowable temperature is 1100°C. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency; (b) the net work; (c) the heat added. Given: The initial temperature pressure and temperature, maximum temperature and Pressure ratio of an air standard Brayton cycle. Find: The thermal efficiency, net work and heat added. Sketch and Given Data: T= 248K P, = oka Te = 00Ce IS13K | | ge 8 x ‘Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The processes are for the air-standard Brayton cycle. 3) Air behaves as an ideal gas. 4) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: The heat is added in process 2-3 at p = C. Gas = hy - hy = 6,(T; - T,) 1 h=T, | © (298 K)(8)" » 5398 K ; © ©) Gas = (1.0047 KI /kg-K)(1373 - 539.8 K) = 837.1, z 14-1Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES =rlPlF . 1a. T, fp] (1373 %(5) = 7579 K as = By = = G(T) = (0047298 - 7579) = 460. Wor = Sq = 8371 ~ 462.1 = 375 5 Woe, 375 = Net. 375 _ o4ag te" " Bri 14-2 oOChapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem 14.5 | A furnace needs hot pressurized gas at 200 kPa. This gas is to be provided by the exhaust from a gas turbine operating on the Brayton cycle. The turbine will produce no power beyond that required by the compressor. The compressor inlet conditions | are 100 kPa and 290°K. The turbine inlet temperature is 815°C. Determine the compressor pressure ratio. Given: A gas turbine unit produces power to drive a compressor. The turbine discharge pressure is known as is inlet temperature and the compressor inlet state. | Find: The compressor pressure ratio. Sketch and Given Data: 4 = 200 hfe P, 100k T= 290K Te = BIST = (088K Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) Air behaves as an ideal gas. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 4) The system is open. Analysis; Determine the temperatures T; and TT, in terms of pressure ratios. arlh)®. p,) nent] on n(2] pF 200) °* T, = 7,|P4] * = (1088 Ky| 200 fr)" -em fe QO From a first law analysis 14-9| Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES oo hy-y = by ty 61s - T) = G(T - 7) oma) ] lla)” | Solve by trial and error for p,. P,~279KPa -. x, = 2.79 14-10Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES | Problem 149 | O A Brayton cycle uses argon as the working substance. At the beginning of compression, the temperature is 335°K and the pressure is 480 kPa. The compression process is adiabatic with discharge conditions of 645°K and 1930 kPa. ‘The argon is heated and enters the turbine at 1390°K and 1930 kPa and expands adiabatically to 890°K and 480 kPa, Determine (a) the compressor efficiency; (b) the turbine efficiency; (c) the thermal efficiency. Given: An argon standard Brayton cycle, the states at the compressor inlet, compressor discharge, the turbine inlet and discharge. Find: The compressor, turbine and cycle efficiencies. Sketch and Given Data: T= 335K B= 780LR Te! = 695K B=/930 bre a a A Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The processes follow a Brayton cycle modified by turbine and compressor efficiencies. 3) Argon is an ideal gas. 4) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Find the isentropic states 2 and 4. the pressures actual and isentropic are the same. a) : T= 7,/P Ps 4 . 1930) Tass (835 K) (Zan) 5843 K wt oe * (1390 "(530)" = 7970 K @) 14-17Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES =T) _ 5843 - 335 = 0.804 -T,) 645 - 335 A=W _ pT, - TD _ 1390 - 890 p49 b) n= Roh “AG, 1) 7300-7907 * 28 w= hh} = 6(T)- 1) = (08 we) - 645 K) Ww, = -161.4 kifkg wy = by- ht = 6(T,-T) = (osa0e mex) - 890 K) wy, = 260.4 Kiikg Waa = W, + We = 260.4 - 161.4 = 99 ike Ge =D, Hf = G(T, 7) = (05208)1350 - 645) = 388 = Woe 9 ©) ty a 0.255 14-18O Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem 14.13 An air-standard Brayton cycle has compressor inlet conditions of 310°K and 98 kPa and turbine inlet conditions of 882 kPa and 1200°K. The heat transferred to the air in the high-temperature heat exchanger is 25 MW. Determine the net power produced, assuming (a) constant specific heats; (b) variable specific heats. Given: An air standard Brayton cycle, the compressor and turbine inlet states and the heat supplied. Find: The net power using constant specific heats and variable specific heats (tables). Sketch and Given Data: Ts 310K A= PBRP B= 882 hPa a? Te =/200 ke Qn = 25M Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The processes are for the air-standard Brayton cycle. 3) Air behaves as an ideal gas. 4) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Determine the pressure ratio, knowing p, = py. 8) Waa = tty O, = (0.4662)(25 MW) = 11.65 MW 14-25Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES The expression for 7, cannot be used in part b, Determine the cycle state points using the air tables. hy = 310.24 ki/kg p, = 15546 | P, = Py . = (1.5546)(9) = 13.991 ; | hy = 581.4 ki/kg hy = 1277.79 p, = 2380 P, P, ) = (238.0) (3) = 26.44 ‘hy = 696.2 kI/kg Gia = by - by = 1277.79 - 5814 = 696.39 ki/kg Gon = by = hy = 310.24 - 696.2 = -385.96 kg Wa = Og = 696.39 ~ 385.96 = 31043 Ki/kg th dy = O, = (25.000 kW) © | 1, CED ay 35.9 kg/s D)Weae = th, Wye * (25.9 kgs) pos 14-26Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem 14,17 A gas turbine unit has compressor inlet conditions of 100 kPa and 310°K. The ‘compressor discharge pressure is 700 kPa, and the temperature is 565°K. Fuel enters the combustion chamber and raises the air temperature to 1200°K. The turbine discharge temperature is 770°K, and the pressure is 100 kPa, Determine (a) the | compressor and turbine adiabatic efficiencies; (b) the cycle thermal efficiency. Given: A gas turbine unit, the compressor inlet and discharge states and the turbine inlet and discharge states. | Find: Compressor and turbine efficiencies and the cycle efficiency. | Sketch and Given Data: | = look | = 310K Pe = 200 bP | a Tn = 565K Tz =/200 ke oO Tq) = 770K : Gah he Assumptions: 1) _ Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) Gases are ideal gases. 4) Neglect mass of fuel; use air tables. Analysis: Determine the actual and isentropic enthalpy values around the cycle, hy = 310.24 /kg Pa = 1.5546 - Pe) 700) Pa = Pa ) cass16)(7) 10.882 by = 541.3 ki/kg hy = $7037 ki/kg hy = 1277.79 Kdikg Pa = 238.0 O 1435Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES | Pa = Pa ) = (2380) (7a) = 340 hy = 747.3 ki/kg. hi = 789.10 | 1 = oh _ 541.3 - 310.24 hy = 310.24 - 570.37 = -260.13 Whkg W, = hy - bi = 1277.79 - 789.10 = 488.69 kI/kg, | Wont = 488.69 - 260.13 = 228.56 k/kg The heat added is q=hy- bi = 1277.79 - 57037 = 707.42 ki/kg 14-36Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem 14.21 Air enters the combustion chamber of a gas turbine unit at 550 kPa, 227°C, and 43 m/s, The products of combustion leave the combustor at 517 kPa, 1004°C, and 140 m/s. Liquid fuel enters with a heating value of 43 000 ki/kg. The combustor efficiency is 95%. Determine the fuel/air ratio. Given: Acombustion chamber, the air state entering, the combustion gas state leaving and the unit’s efficiency. Find: The fuel/air ratio. Sketch and Given Data: FS0k Ps 227°C> 500K, i Sb 18 m/s — i SP po09'e 2/277K or, { 140 v/s, ue” Hatoie ‘Assumptions: 1) Combustion chamber is a steady, open system. 2) The gases are ideal gases. 3) Neglect changes in potential energy. 4) The unit is adiabatic and the work is zero. Analysis: Determine the enthalpies of air and the products. hy = 503.02 big by = 1398.3 Kg Perform a first law analysis. Q + th(h + ke + pe), + th, byp 9=W + th(h + ke + pe) Apply assumptions 3 and 4 and divide by 1. hy + key + the Toy Dy = (1 + Tesh + ke,) 14-44 OChapter XIV GAS TURBINES (see a) + (43 ms? kg) = 2)(1000 Ji} kg fuel iu + (095)(r4 e 7) (8 000 waa = (1 + mg SEPIA) (ig9g3 0" (1+ Sar) [os Ba009; weal Tye = 0.0229 ee 1445Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem 14.25 Given: Find: Sketch and Given Data: A regenerative gas turbine unit has two turbines; the first, located immediately following the combustion chamber, drives the compressor, and its discharge enters a second turbine that drives a generator. In addition, a regenerator receives the exhaust from the second turbine and the discharge from the compressor. Each turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 87%, and the compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 85%. The effectiveness of the regenerator is 80%. ‘The turbine inlet temperature is 1300°K, and the fuel burned is dodecane. The electric power generated is 20 MW. The compressor inlet conditions are 300°K and 100 kPa, and the compressor pressure ratio is 10. Determine (a) the volume flow rate of air at compressor inlet conditions; (b) the fuel flow rate in kg/min; (c) the thermal efficiency; (d) the temperature of the products leaving the regenerator. A two-turbine, one-compressor, regenerative gas turbine unit with turbine and compressor efficiencies noted. The inlet conditions to the compressor and turbine are specified as is the net power output and pressure ratio. The air volume flow rate, the fuel flow rate, the unit’s efficiency and the temperature of the products exiting the regenerator. Tears %=10 T= 300K St Rp a=soo kh. eq = FOZ ‘Assumptions: 1) _Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The gases behave as ideal gases with constant specific heats. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 4) Assume for the products ¢, = 1.044 kI/kg-K Analysis: Determine the air and products temperatures around the cycle. 14-54 oO O© Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES et a4 n= n{2)* - ew n00% «sma x ; y= Blk Beh “ n-h 1-7, 0.85 = 5792 - 300 T, = 685K w, = hy - hy = 6, (Ty - T,) = (1.0047)(300 - 628.5) = -330.0 z Wy, = (1+ rods - i) = 330 kik = (1+ GT = TH) Equation (a) w, = (1 + 1)(1.0047)(1300 - T,) = 330 Equation (6) = (1 + ry)(hi - bs) = (1 + ty) G (TA -T4) = Wez Equation (c) th, w, = 20 000 kW Equation (@) T, = (2) © W=t,-G-™, Equation (@) T, = (2) @® T=T,-Cy.-Ty, tg 0e- AM sal - 7) G1 -b) C+ tel ~T) Equation (h) (0.8)(1.044)(1 + ry.)(Ts - Tz) = (1.0047)(T, - 4) By + ty Byp = (1+ tabs 6, Te * Tay Bap = (1 + ted) GT 14-55Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Equation (i) (1.0047)(T,) + (fa)(44102) = (1 + ry,)(1.044)(1300) ps = 100 kPa ps = 1000 kPa Solve equations (a) through (i) simultaneously, iterating ry, yielding Tu = 0.0147 kg fuel/kg air Ty = 433K W, = 246.9 ki/kg P, = 307.2 kPa T, = 9763 K T, = 725.3 th, = 81.0 kg/s = MRT, _ (81.0)(0.287)(300) _ 3) av So a” 22 ms b) th, = th, ty = (81.0)(0.0147)(60) = 71.44 kp/min =. (246.9), 2 tm = a” Tooances Toy ~ 228 From a first law analysis on the regenerator. (hy = ha) = (1 + ta)(h - be) Su(Te = Ta) = (1 + tw)G(Ty -T) (1.0047)(725.3 - 628.5) = (1.0147)(1.044)(743.3 - T.) 4 T, = 6SLSK 14-56Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem 14.29 Sketch and Given Data: In designing a gas turbine for maximum efficiency, a decision is made to use intercooling of the compressor. The air is delivered form 100 kPa and 290°K to a final discharge pressure of 950 kPa. There are two stages of compression, with intercooling at the optimum interstage pressure. The intercooling cools the air temperature to 25°C of the inlet temperature. The regenerator has an effectiveness of 65%, and the maximum allowable turbine inlet temperature is 1350°K. All expansion and compression processes are isentropic. Determine, for hyp = 43 000 kd/kg, (a) the thermal efficiency; (b) the fuel/air ratio; (c) the turbine work per kg; (@) the compressor work per kg; (e) the heat removed in the intercooler; (B) the available energy of the products of combustion leaving the regenerator; (g) the thermal efficiency with no intercooling. A regenerative gas turbine unit has intercooling of the compressor. The compressor states are given as well as the temperature to the turbine. The unit’s thermal efficiency, fueV/air ratio, turbine and compressor work, heat ° removed in intercooler, available energy of products leaving regenerator and the efficiency with no intercooling. probe 7 =290K A= 750k Pe Tz =B/SK Assumptions: 1) _ Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The gases behave as ideal gases. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Determine the cycle state point enthalpies. ‘by = 290.17 ki/kg P, = 1.2311 Pa = YP, P, = ¥(100)(950) = 308 kPa 14-64 oO oOChapter XIV GAS TURBINES | oO Pa = Pa E) = aan (i) = 3.792 hy = 4005 ki/kg h, = 315.26 ki/kg Po = 1.6461 | | 950 =p, [P) = 646i = 5i Pa = Py ( ) (1.646 (Fas) 5.077 hy = 445.6 kofkeg 1, = 439K hs = 1487.8 kI/kg Pys = 438.0 fae A= sso h, = h @ 4339 K = 440.2 Wikg - 0550 = 456 Oo fag = 0.65 = GE Tah, =) G+ 4, (6133 - 4402) hy = 445.6 + (1+ ty)(242.5) = 242.5 toy + 688.1 From the first law analysis of the combustion chamber. hy + ty by = (1 + tds (688.1 + 242.5 ty, + 43.000 ty, = (1 + 1)(1487.8) | b) Tox = 0.01915 a ©) = (1+ ty) (hs ~ hy) = (1.01915)(1487.8 - 813.3) = 687.4 KIikg W,, = (hy = by) = (290.17 - 400.5) = -110.33 We, = (hy - hy) = (315.26 - 445.6) = -130.34 Wat = W, + W, + W, = 687.4 - 110.33 - 130,34 = 446.7 ki/kg O 14-65Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES = We, (446.2) 3) Mm = Thy * TUDIBIS)(A3 000) = 0542 @) ww, = -110.33 - 130.34 = -241.7 Liikg, From the first law on the intercooler ©) q=hy-h, = (315.26 - 400.5) = -85.2 kIhkg Find the entropy and enthalpy at state 7 hy- hy = (1 + ty,)(hg - br) , = (242,5)(0.01915) + 688.1 = 692.7 zB (692.7 - 445.6) = (0.01915)(813.3 - h,) h, = 5708 z ®, = 7.3468 ki/kg-K The change of vaable energy relative tothe ambient air temperature of290 K Br = (hy ~ bg) - Ty(s, ~ 5) y= by = (570.8 - 292.4) = 278.4 kihkg oO monn 9-Bx LB] -0,-0, f) erg = (2778.4) - (290)(0.6786) = 81.6 ki /kg With no intercooling the compressor work changes, as does h, entering the combustion chamber, State 2 enters the regenerator. _ 950) Pa = Pu ( (12810) (5) 11.695 by = 5525kikg = T, = 548K We = by ~ hy = (290.17 - $52.5) = -262.3 kI/kg 14-661) Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES eo = oD) “+ rds bY b, = Byeoa @ 548 K = 560.0 KI/Ikg (h, ~ 5525) 065 = T= HGISS = 5600) From first law analysis of the combustion chamber. by + ty Bap = (1 + tyadlis 164.6 tyy + TA7.L - Fy(43 000) = (1 + rq,)(1487.8) ya = 0.01849 ee W, = (1 + ty)(hs - hy) = (1.01849)(1487.8 - 813.3) = 687.0 kI/kg Wot = W, + We = 687.0 - 262.3 = 424.7 kI/kg = Ne GUD, Om” Ti” Tea wy ~ OS 14-67Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem 14.33 A jet plane is traveling at 0.309 km/s and has an engine that develops a thrust of 13 344 N. The gas exiting the engine has a relative velocity of 340 m/s, and the fuel/air ratio is 0.02 kg fuel/kg air. Determine (a) the air flow rate; (b) the propulsive efficiency; (c) the fuel flow rate. Given: An airplane, its velocity and thrust and the relative velocity of the exit gas as well as the fuel/air ratio. Find: The air and fuel flow rate and the propulsive efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: Y= 807 hnfs a3 344.0) Guz o02 ky fb hy oe Dv = 340m/5 Assumptions: 1)_—_The engine is a steady, open system. 2) Gases behave as ideal gases. Analysis: The expression for thrust is found from Equation 14.18. HO ms ry = 002 HES 13-444 = capone . a) th, = 355.7 kp/s ©) th, = th, ry, = (355.7)(0.02) = 7.11 hel The propulsive efficiency is found from Equation 14.22. 2 2 b) mT 309, 14Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES | oO Problem 14.37 | Calculate Problem 14.36 using variable specific heats for the gases and with turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies of 85%. Given: The airplane in Problem 14.36 is now considered using tables for the gases | and with turbine and compressor efficiencies. Find: The exhaust velocity, propulsive power and fuel consumption. Sketch and Given Data: ‘ pe Me=32Sm/s 7;=240K Tq =1300K O “== 85% Aa B0bPa paz le Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) Gases behave as ideal gases. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle. hy = 240.08 kSikg Py = 0.6355 b= b+ 2% «24003 + ON» 2908 srg ‘ 2 @)(T000) Pp = 12717 O 14-89Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES P, =P 2) = (12717)(12) = 15.26 % hy = 596.0 kifkg, n= Bt . ogs - $960 2928 =, hy - 292.8 hi = 649.5 kiikg hy = 1426.4 Py = 372.6 ‘The first law analysis of the combustion chamber yields hy + ty By = (1 + tm) hy 649.5 + (ty)(43 000) = (1 + r—)(1426.4) Ty = 0.01869 a The turbine work only drives the compressor. way, (1+ ty )lby = he) = (oy - Bh) = -(2928 - 649.5) = 4356.7 1n(0.01869)(1426.4 ~ b,) = 356.7 hi = 10763 kg py, = 1292 hy = 10144 hg py = 103.6 ‘Use the isentropic value of pressure ratios to determine the pressure at state 5. The actual and ideal expand to the same pressure; the effect of the inefficiencies occur at this pressure. Pep Fs 7 (60102) (F5| 14-90oO Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Pe ™ Ber (:] e c129ay( Bs } = 1938 hy = 639.4 ki/kg The first law analysis of the nozzle, assuming negligible velocity entering, yields. m= a 7 + We? = 1076.2 = 639.4 Beowy a) V6 = 934.7 m/s 1h, = th, Ty, = (40 kg/s) (ooises Be) = o7arg He The power is found from Equation 14.19 y, W=tyy, [--4] = 40 kp/y(9347 m/s)(325 m/s) mes :) Ww 000 Ta) Ti [posses a bd) W=- 8153 kW 14-91Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem 14.41 | O In the turboprop engine shown, the turbine’s rotor is connected to the compressor and to the propeller. The engine is ideally designed such that turbine work is divided equally between the compressor and the propeller. The gas from the turbine discharges to a nozzle for additional thrust. Consider such an engine where the air enters the diffuser at 200 m/s, 40 kPa, 240°K, and a flow rate of 40 kg/s. The compressor pressure ratio is 11, and the turbine inlet temperature is 1200°K. The fuel used has a heating value of 43 000 kJ/kg. Alll processes are ideal, Determine (@) the fuel consumption; (b) the power delivered to the compressor; (c) the | velocity from the nozzle. | Given: _A turboprop engine, the air state entering the diffuser and the air flow. The pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature are given. | Find: The fuel consumption, the power to the compressor and propeller and the gas velocity from the engine. Sketch and Given Data: Vp = 200 m(s © Propeller Re 40kra Ti = 240K He = fo ks/s tel) Ty = 1200 K Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The gases behave as ideal gases. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. (CO) Assiniss Determine the enthalpies around the eel, 14-99Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES hy = 240.03 ki/kg Pa = 0.6355 | ey (200)? b= h, += = 240.03 + = 260.03 | 2 2 2000) \ Py = 0.8398 | P= Pp (:] = (40 wo (Saas) * 52.9 kPa Pa = Py (2) = (0.8398)(11) = 9.238 h, = 516.6 ki/kg hy = 13045 kT /hg Py = 2654 by + ty Byp = (1+ ty) by 516.64,)(43 000) = (1 + r4)(1304.5) Ts = 0.01890 a Find the work of the high pressure turbine driving the compressor. W, = “We = (hy - hy) = (516.6 - 260.02) = 256.6 kirkg (1+ ra) = hy) = 2566 (1.0189)(1304.5 - b,) = 256.6 hy = 1052.6 bT/ba Ps = 1188 PP, (& | . (29900) (54) = 2605 kPa Pa Wa = Wy = (1 + ty)(h, - hy) = 256.6 (1.0189)(1052.6 - h,) = 256.6 14-100Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES | oO hg = 800.7 ki/kg Pe = 43.6 Pe 43.6 = py {Ps} = (260.5)(495) ~ 95.6 up: Pe= Ps (:) (2503) ( 35] a Assume the velocity entering the nozzle is negligible. | Py 40 baal —| = eee ee Pa = Po &) (0 (555] 8.24 hy = 628.5 kiikg oF | hea hy + WF (2000) °) V, = 586.8 mis 800.7 = 628.5 + a) at, = 1h, ry, = (40 kgs) (ootss | = 0.756 kab The propeller and compressor works are assumed equal, but opposite in sign. W, = th, (h, - b,) = (40 kg/s)(260.03 - 516.6) W, = 10.263 kW >) W, = 10263 kW O 14-101Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem *14.1 An air-standard Brayton cycle has temperature limits of 100°F and 1200°F and p, = 15 psia. Determine (a) the pressure ratio for maximum work; (b) the thermal efficiency. Given: Find: Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: An air standard Brayton cycle, the temperature limits and the compressor inlet pressure, The pressure ratio for maximum work and the efficiency. a 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The processes are for the air-standard Brayton cycle. 3) Air behaves as an ideal gas, 4) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected, For maximum work between fixed temperature limits the optimum presure ratio if found from Equation 14.6, y cy «ul -es ) met-— 1-1, on )F ne 14-104 ©O Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem *14.5 An air-standard Brayton cycle has compressor inlet conditions of 100°F and 14.5 psia and turbine inlet conditions of 130 psia and 2160°R. The heat transferred to the air in the high-temperature heat exchanger is 24 000 Bmu/sec. Determine the net power produced, assuming (a) constant specific heats; (b) variable specific heats. An air standard Brayton cycle, the compressor and turbine inlet states and the heat supplied. Find: The net power using constant specific heats and variable specific heats (tables). Sketch and Given Data: Ty = 100 FF B=, pee B= (30 ps3 Te = 2H0R Gn = 27000 aw Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The processes are for the air-standard Brayton cycle. 3) Air behaves as an ideal gas. 4) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Determine the pressure ratio, knowing p; = ps Pr, 130 1,2 Pa 10. 99 R143 For constant specific heat Determine the cycle state points using the air tables. 14-111Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES hy = 133.86 Brufbm Pa Pa = Pa FI = (1.5742)(9) = 14.168 7 e 1» = 250.95 Bru/bm Bu h, = 549.35 Bu = s 35 Ps = 238.0 Pa = Ps (E) = (238.0) (3) = 2644 h, = 2992 Brusibm Ga = hy - b, = 549.4 - 250.95 = 298.5 Bru/lbm aw = by - by = 133.9 - 299.2 = -165.3 Bru/lbm Wor = Sq = 2985 - 1653 = 133.2 Bru/bm Hq, = Q, = (24.000) Bru/sec) _ = “Goes prttmp ” 204 Tome b) Wey = th, -(*3) (2 Sa] = 1009 BE 14-112Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem *14.9 O A gas turbine unit receives 10,000 ft°/min of air at 77°F and 14.6 psia and compresses | it isentropically to 65 psig. In the combustion chamber, fuel with a heating value of 18,600 Btu/lbm is added so the maximum temperature is 1800°F. The turbine exhausts to atmospheric pressure. Determine (a) the fuel flow rate; (b) the unit thermal efficiency; (c) the turbine exit temperature; (d) the availability of the products of combustion leaving the turbine, if T, = 77°F. | Given: The volume flow rate of air entering a gas turbine unit, its state, the compressor discharge pressure and maximum temperature. Find: The fuel flow rate, efficiency, turbine exit temeprture and the products’ availability leaving the turbine. Sketch and Given Data: oe V, = 0,000 Pun T2277 Be M46 psi? = bSpsig = 78.6 p59 t Tg =1800'F = 22608 No Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) Air behaves as an ideal gas. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected, 4) Products have properties of air. Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle. hy = 128.34 Bru/lbm Py, = 1.3593 Pa = Pa E) . 1ss9) (Ts = 7.4110 , h, = 208.6 Btu/lbm 14-119Chapter XIV. GAS TURBINES hy = 5775 z= Py = 286.6 Dee pe ( = (286.6) (as) = 52.57 hy = 362.9 Beu/lbm 9 T= 1476R hy + ty yp = (1 + ty,)hy (208.6) + (tz,)(18,600) = (1 + 1,)(577.5) Ibm fuel Ibm air Tm = 0.0205 th, = PVs _ (14.06 Ibjin’)(144 in’/e?)(10,000 fe7/min) _ 734 bm a 8) mh, = ah 1, = (734)(0.0205) » 15.05 Hm fos} We = (hy - h,) = (128.34 - 208.6) = -80.26 Btu/bm Wr = (1 + ty.)(hs - hy) = (1.0205)(577.5 - 362.9) = 219.0 Btubm Bu foot = fe = 219.0 - eames Ww, W, + W, = 219.0 - 80.26 = 138.7 = Ne, (1387) | Mm = Tee” Tna0sy CIR; ” 2364 Y,~ Yy = y= by) - Tes, - 5) b= hy -o, - Pl : = oa &-S = D,- sl] (0.8499 - 0.59945) = 0.25045 ion 14-120Oo Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES y, - ¥, (e229 = 128.34 fal - (537 R) (o.2soas Ea ) Ibm Ibm-R, ¥y, - ¥, = 100 BR ‘734 Tom) f199 Bt). 73,499 Bea min) ("Tom min 14-121Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem *14.13 © A regenerative gas turbine unit has two turbines; the first, located immediately following the combustion chamber, drives the compressor, and its discharge enters a second turbine that drives a generator. In addition, a regenerator receives the exhaust from the second turbine and the discharge form the compressor. Each turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 87%, and the compressor has an isentropic i efficiency of 85%. The effectiveness of the regenerator is 80%. The turbine inlet | temperature is 1880°F, and the fuel burned is dodecane. The electric power generated is 20 MW. The compressor inlet conditions are 77°F and 1 atm, and the | compressor pressure ratio is 10, Determine (a) the volume flow rate of air at compressor inlet conditions; (b) the fuel flow rate in Ibm/min; (c) the thermal efficiency; (d) the temperature of the products leaving the regenerator. Given: A two-turbine, one-compressor, regenerative gas turbine unit with turbine and | compressor efficiencies, The inlet conditions to the compressor and turbine are specified as is the net power output and pressure ratio. temperature of the products exiting the regenerator. Sketch and Given Data: Ts = 1880°F pe a1O ; ‘TIF Be tMhipsis Eres = Of : Beh 17). 287% , Find: The air volume flow rate, the fuel flow rate, the unit’s efficiency and the Assumptions: 1) _ Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The gases behave as ideal gases. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 4) Assume products have properties of air. Neglect mass of fuel. Analysis: Determine the air and products enthalpies around the cycle. Ibm by = 12834 Bu Py = 1.3593 Oo 14-130Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Bu = (1: =: = 24795 BU | © } (1.3593)(10) = 13.593 hy = 247.95 £= (247.95 - 128.34) (hy - 128.34) | T%=u2R | h, = 600.16 Btu/bm —p, = 330.9 We = (hy - hy) = -(269.06 - 128,34) = -140.72 Btubm Wy = 140.72 = (h, - hyp, = (600.16 ~ h,)(0.87) hy = 438.41 Pu = 103.93 = 46.17 psia Pu 103.93) P= Py (:] = (147 Ibjin’) (Sus = 087 = P7B , _(600.16 - hi) 1 = O87 = OF” Gunde = BAT) a = 46.17 psia hy = 459.44 Brom Py = 123.25 =p, (2) . 147) | Pa = Pw i sa (77) 39.24 hy = 334.5 Btudlbm n a CLF ‘ ry , | AN - 3345 Bu hy = 350.7 BR y= 350.7 14-131Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES e, ee iaeoaee me =) G50-7 = 269.06) h, = 3344 Btu/lbm hy + ty lige = (1 + tah, (3344) + (Cy,)(18,964) = (1 + 144)(600.16) Ibm fuel Jom air Tm = 0.01447 Wa = (hi = hy) = (459.44 - 350.7) = 108.74 Bru/lbm (20 000 kW) (oer al = (* = (i824 i] th, = 1743 Ibm/sec th, = 1h, ry, = (1743 2) (0.01447 bm fuel) (69 sec) see Tom ar (” ‘nin i b+) oh = 151.3 Pa fal _uRT, | (1743 Tomisec) (53.34 Py (14.7 Tbfin?)(144 in*/ft?) v a) —-V = 2358 ft'sec = (108.74) Thy ~ Goanceses ~ 2326 2 ™ = From the first law on the regenerator. (hy = i) = (hy - by) 14-132‘Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES (334.4 - 269.06) = (350.7 - h,) hy = 285.36 4) T.=1176R O 14-133Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem *14.17 A turbojet aircraft has a velocity of 920 fi/sec and flies at an altitude of 20,000 ft. The air conditions at 20,000 ft are 7 psia and 5°F. The compressor’s pressure ratio is 14, and the turbine inlet temperature is 2340°R. Determine for the ideal cycle (a) the pressure at the turbine exit; (b) the exhaust gas velocity; (c) the propulsive efficiency. Given: An airplane, its velocity and the ambient air state. The gas turbine unit pressure ratio and turbine inlet temperature are specified. Find: The turbine exit pressure, exhaust gas velocity from nozzle and propulsive efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: ae foe % 2 Hogs le —_— sN TU eé , a ~ & 7 —" M2 720 fthee T= sk=n6k G=2340°R P= Ppsia palF Assumptions: 1) _ Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) Gases behave as ideal gases. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 4) Assume fuel is dodecane. Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle. h,= 1111 Btofbm pp, = 0.8218 mens Mera + CO" 1980 Bato z BGLIMTTET Pa = 1.3470 P 1.3470 ; P= P, ) : (cee) = 11.47 psia 14-140 OO Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Pa = Pa ) = (1.34714) = 18.86 P, hy = 271.0 Btu/lbm From the first law analysis of the combustion chamber. a. h, = 600.16 Py = 3309 271.0 + (Fy,)(18,964) = (1 + ty,)(600.16) Ibm fuel = 0.01792 ——_—— bn ar Since w, = -w, and Ww, = hy ~ by = (128.0 - 271.0) = -143 Btuflbm We = (1+ tea)(by ~ hy) = (1.01792)(600.16 - h) = 143.0 hy = 459.68 Buybm =p, = 1235 ) pep = 2 (B = (14)(11.47 psia) (03) * 59.9 psia Pe = Pa wa ~ 023.9 (3, 3) 8 hy = 252.2 Bru/lbm From the first law analysis of the nozzle and assuming the velocity entering is negligible. nya hy + OF 459.68 = 2522+ __“_ yy, = 3993 ee " (@C2-174)(778.16) .Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem *14.21 An aircraft driven by a turbojet engine is flying at an altitude of 33,000 ft where the air temperature is -46°F and the pressure is 3.4 kPa. The compressor pressure ratio is 12, and the turbine inlet temperature is 2250°R. The turbine and compressor isentropic efficiencies are 87% and 85% respectively. Determine (a) the velocity at the nozzle exit; (b) the pressure entering the nozzle. Given: An airplane is flying through air at a known state. The pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature and compressor and turbine efficiencies are known. Find: ‘The gas exit velocity from the engine and the pressure entering the nozzle. Sketch and Given Data: =-6F Diffuser 3 _ we tye bse, OT a fm»? -—> —> 29S, — 9 are sara Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The gases behave as ideal gases. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 4) The initial velocity is 300 ft/sec. 5) The fuel is dodecane. Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle. h, = 98.89 Bru/lbm Pa = 0.5477 WP b= h, +E = (889) + = 100.69 Bru/bm (300) E2174) (778.16) P, 8 . p,, = 0.5830 Pep 3) . (tsa) 3.62 psia Po = Pa ) = (0:5830)(12) = 6.996 14-150 O aApata =2290'°R ©oO) O Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES by = 205,2 Brulbm h, - e a A, _ 205.2 - 100.69 hy-h, — by ~ 100.69 hy = 223.6 Btubm hy = 574.69 Py = 281.4 Dy + ty Dgp = (1 + Ty) by 223.6 + (tyy)(18.964) = (1 + t—4)(574.69) Jbm fuel Ibm air Ty = 0.01909 The pressure entering the nozzle is the isentropic pressure. The irreversibilities are assumed added at constant pressure, Ps We = (1+ ta)(hy ~)(p,) = -w,( hf =) (1.01909)(574.69 - h,)(0.87) = (223.6 - 100.69) hy = 436.06 Bu/lbm Ps = 101.97 =p, (Pe) « 101.97). ») pap Fa eons) rr 15.74 psia h,-h} 574,69 - hi 1 = O87 = Te,” SED = ABS h, a hj = 454.08 Brolbm Pay = 118.12 Assume vj = 0 Pas = Par (:) = (118.12)(_34 ) » 25.52 hy = 2964 Bru/lbm 14-151Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES 1 WP heh + Se 45408 = 2964+ Wr BGLIMANTIB.I6) a) = 28100 felsec 14-152Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem C14.1 Develop a computer program, spreadsheet template or TK Solver model to calculate the thermal efficiency of an air-standard Brayton cycle using equation (14.4). Caleulate the cycle thermal efficiency for pressure ratios between 3 and 15 and for specific heat ratios of 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7. Plot the results. Given: Find: Assumptions: Analysis: Air-standard Brayton cycle with pressure ratios between 3 and 15 and kof 13 to 1.7. Plot thermal efficiency. 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) Air behaves like an ideal gas. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Using a spreadsheet program, enter equation 14.4 and copy to a range of cells to permit calculating the thermal efficiency for different values Of pressure ratio and specific heat ratio. The results calculated are. AIR STANDARD BRAYTON CYCLE RP ke worauaw 10 il 12 13 14 1s 1.3 Eth 0.223940 0.273788 0.320238 0.338657 0.361769 0.381136 0.397731 0.412198 0.424985 0.436416 0.446731 0.456112 0.464703 1.4 Eth 0.269400 0.327049 0.368614 0.400663 0.426486 0.447955 0.466223 0.482052 0.495966 0.508342 0.519458 0.529526 0.538710 1.5 Eth 0.306638 0.370039 0.415196 0.449678 0.477242 0.5 0.519250 0.535842 +550355 0.563209 0.574709 0.585086 0.594519 14-158 1.6 Eth 0.337662 0.405396 0.453127 0.489267 0.517954 0.541497 0.561308 0.578303 0.593109 0.606171 0.617817 0.628291 0.637785 17 Eth 363881 434942 -484547 521827 +551235 575244 595352 612532 1627444 640555, 652209 662662 672110 ec000cCcecec0e O| Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Graphing the results. oO PROBLEM C14.4 2.70 2.60 0.50 0.40 THERMAL EFFICIENCY 8,20 F O 3.0 5.0 7.0 9.8 ie Bo 5.0 PRESSURE RATIO OWLS +L OwLS X LE O¥eL,7 Comment: Thermal efficiency increases with higher values of pressure ratio and specific heat ratio, 14-159© Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Problem C14.5 Use the model developed for problem C14.4 to determine the effect of varying the maximum cycle temperature (T3). Calculate the thermal efficiency of a simple Brayton cycle with a pressure ratio of 10, compressor and turbine efficiencies of 100 percent and maximum cycle temperatures between 1000K and 1400K. Repeat for component efficiencies of 85 percent. Given: ‘Simple Brayton cycle with pressure ratio of 10, compressor and turbine efficiencies of 100 and 85 percent and maximum cycle temperatures between 1000K and 1400K. Find: Cycle thermal efficiencies. ‘Assumptions: 1) Each component is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Using the model from Problem C144, List Solving for a T3 between 1000K and 1400K, and plotting the results. PROBLEM C14.5 s i 1 1 1 1 H H t 4 ! ‘Bes Bea 1don, 1 7 !__~_ Io oe | eae 1 1 t I q ' iy 1 1 1 1 ' ' ! 1 ' a ed — t i r r M ' 1 1 ' 1 ' ' i \ igen ee eee eee te Rae Mile e eels tee ce arene ee alee el el i a) i E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F 1 1 1 Meese ee 7 Apo mm ype sy ye i T T . 1 1 1 1 E 1 i H N25 1 i ¥ 1 ¥ 1 r 1 ' ido 10501100 1150 12001250, 130013501400 3 14-165Chapter XIV GAS TURBINES Comment: For component efficiencies below 100%, higher values of T3 result in higher thermal efficiencies. 14-166 oO| Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS | O Problem 15.1 | A Carnot cycle uses steam, as the working substance and operates between pressures of 7.0 MPa and 7 kPa. Determine (a) the thermal efficiency; (b) the turbine work per kg; (c) the compressor work per kg. CHAPTER FIFTEEN Given: __Camot eyele using steam operating between 7.0 MPa and 7 kPa. | Find: Thermal efficiency, turbine work, and compressor work. | Sketch and Given Data: | C Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Using Appendix A.6 or SATSTM.TK. | h, = 1267. Ki/kg hy = 27725 kg 8, = 3.1203 Wikg-K & = 5.8135 ki/kg-K 8, = 5, = 3.1203 kifkg- 5 = 5 = 5.8135 KikgK | hy = 963.44 kS/kg hy = 1804.1 ki/kg | x = 033216 x = 0.68102 The turbine work is. (©) w= bh, ~ hy = 272.5 - 1804.1 = 968.4 ki/kg The compressor work is Le) (©) w= by hy = 963.44 - 1267.1 = -303.66 ki/kg 15-1Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS ‘The thermal efficiency is. Wow . Met We 9684 ~ 303.66 We _ 9449 @ m= oe ” 273 ~ 1267.1 kihkg | | - ong = STK ABE gag 15-2Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.5 A Rankine cycle produces 100 MW of power with a condenser pressure of 7.5 kPa and an inlet turbine temperature of 500°C. Determine the cycle thermal efficiency and the steam flow rate required for an inlet turbine pressure of (a) 17.5 MPa; (b) | 1750 kPa. 100 MW Rankine cycle with condenser pressure of 7.5 kPa and turbine inlet at 500°C and 17.5 MPa, and 1750 kPa. Find: Thermal efficiency and steam flow rate. | ‘Sketch and Given Data: i Got Qin’ [> Wret = 100 HW Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle. Analysis: Determine the ideal cycle enthalpies for p, = 175 MPa following the procedure in Example 15.1 or using STMCYCLE.TK. hy = 186.13 k/kg hy = 1946.3 ki/kg hy = 3281.1 Kikg hy = 168.5 Kiikg Ge = hy ~ by = 3281.1 - 186.13 = 3095 ki/kg Woer = (Ita ~ hy) ~ (hy ~ hy) = (3281.1 - 1946.3) - (186.13 - 168.5) Wa = 1317.1 Kikg Won 13171 TE 0,496 @ na = FE * SOs eg Solving for the steam flow. OQ Wa =, Mae 15-9Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Weer, 100 000 kW Sees eeseamesette senses ® Wa WITT Kikg = 75.9 kgs For the ideal Rankine cycle with p, = 1750 kPa. hy = 170.26 ki/kg hy = 2337.2 K/kg hy = 3469.9 kik, hy = 168.5 ki/kg Ge = hy ~ hy = 3469.9 - 170.26 = 3299.6 kI/kg Woe = (I ~ hy) ~ (hy - hy) = (3469.9 - 2337.2) - (170.26 - 168.5) Wer = 1130.9 kI/kg Woe .9 kI/ (©) ng = Set = 1308 Wks o.343 Gn 3299.6 KITkg Solving for the steam flow. Woe , 100 000 kW ©) m= We | 1130.9 Wikg = 88.4 kg/s 15-10Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.9 Concentrating solar collectors are used to provide the heat source for a Rankine cycle using water as the working substance, The design specification require a power output of 10 MW. Commercially available collectors allow steam to be generated at 2500 kPa and 300°C. The cycle low pressure is assumed to be 7.5 kPa, Determine (a) the cycle thermal efficiency; (b) the steam flow rate. Given: 10 MW Rankine cycle operating at 2500 kPa and 300°C exhausting to 7.5 kPa. Find: Cycle thermal efficiency and steam flow rate. Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle. Analysis: Deterimine the ideal cycle enthalpies following the procedure in Example 15.1 or using STMCYCLE.TK. hy = 171.01 Ki/kg hy = 2071.4 Ki/kg hy = 30098 Ki/kg hy = 168.5 kfke Ge hy = 30098 - 171.01 = 2838.8 ki/kg Woee = (hy - hy) - (hy - hy) = (3009.8 - 2071.4) - (171.01 - 168.5) Woe = 935.9 kI/kg = Wor, 935.9 kikg | @ a= * asee tare ” Wa = th, Wy Wea , 10 000 kw eve soe 15-16 ©Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.13 O A Rankine-cycle power plant produces 100 MW of power and is characterized by a steam generator outlet condition of 10 MPa and 500°C and a condenser pressure of 75 kPa, The condensate leaving the condenser is subcooled by 3.3°C. Because of frictional and nonadiabatic effects in the piping leading to the turbine, the turbine inlet conditions are 9.75 MPa and 475°C. ‘The pump discharge is 10.5 MPa, and the turbine and pump internal efficiencies are 85%. Determine (a) the cycle thermal efficiency; (b) the steam flow rate required; (c) the heat transfer from the steam pipe connecting the boiler and turbine. Given: 100 MW Rankine-cycle power plant with 33°C condenser subcooling, losses between steam generator and turbine 25 kPa and 25°C, and turbine and pump efficiencies of 85%. Find: The thermal efficiency, steam flow rate, and heat transfer from high pressure steam pipe. Sketch and Given Data: s Assumptions: 1) Bach process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Determining the enthalpies using Appendixes A.5, A6 and A.7, or using SHTSTM.TK. SATSTM.TK and h, = 3376.5 kihkg, hy = 182.45 KS/kg as = 3315.1 kk hy = 193.05 kik, hy = 2035 K/kg hy = 1949 kiikg hy = 2227 ki/kg ©) 15-21Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS = Wot. (hy - bs) - (hi - hy) en (h, ~ bi) = (3315.1 - 2227) ~ (194.9 - 182.45) C3765 - 1949) Ne (a) ny = 0.338 Were = 1, Woe, @) mn, = Men. 100.000 KW 99 97 hays = 1075.65 kiikg ‘The heat transfer from the steam pipe is. Quan = th, (h ~ hy.) = (92.97 kg/s)(3376.5 - 3315.1 kI/kg) Que = 5708 KW 15-22Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.17 O Find the decrease in cycle efficiency for Problem 15.16. Given: Rankine cycle operating between 6.0 MPa and 480°C and 15 kPa, is throttled to turbine inlet pressure of 2.2 MPa at reduced loads. . Find: Decrease in cycle efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: + Assumptions: 1) The turbine may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle. O Analysis: Determine the ideal cycle enthalpies and cycle thermal efficiencies following the procedure in Example 15.1 or using STMCYCLE.TK. For p, = 6.0 MPa For p, = 2.2 MPa h, = 3375.8 kikkg, h, = 3375.8 kiikg hy = 2209.9 K/kg hy = 2356.1 kikg, hy = 226.29 kikkg, hy = 226.29 ki/kg, hy = 232.36 kivkg hy = 232.36 ki/kg Na = 0.369 Ny = 0.323 Efficiency decreases 12.5% 15-26Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.21 The supercritical power plant in Problem 15.20 has a reheat stage added at 3.5 MPa with a reheat temperature of 540°C. All other conditions are the same. Determine (@) the quality of steam entering the condenser; (b) the cycle efficiency. Given: Reheat Rankine cycle with turbine inlet of 25 MPa and 580°C, reheat of 3.5 MPa and 540°C, and exhaust of 7.0 kPa. Find: The quality of the exit steam and the cycle efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Each-process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle. Analysis: Determining the enthalpies for the cycle using Appendices A.6 and A.7 or using SATSTM.TK or SHTSTM.TK. hy = 188.22 ki/kg by = 3541.2 Wkg 6, = 7.2681 kg K by = 34363 Wikg h, = 2258.1 k/kg (a) x = 0.869 hy = 2893.8 kik, hg = 163.04 K/kg ig = Tat w GHD +0 — by) = bY i OC Tr (©) tq = 0.462 15-30 OChapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.25 A supercritical reheat Rankine cycle has two stages of reheat. ‘The steam entering the high-pressure turbine is 30 kPa and 550°C. The steam expands to 5 MPa and is reheated to 450°C, renters and expands to 1000 kPa, and is reheated to 400°C. It reenters the turbine and exhausts at 7.5 kPa. Determine (a) the quality or degrees of superheat of the steam entering the condenser; (b) the net work; (c) the cycle thermal efficiency. Given: Reheat Rankine cycle with inlet steam at 30 MPa and 550°C, reheat to 5 MPa and 450°C, reheat to 1000 kPa and 400°C, and exhaust to 7.5 kPa, | Find: Quality or superheat of exhaust, net work, and cycle thermal efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: cote 4") (40%) 6) ‘Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The cycle is an ideal reheat Rankine cycle. Analysis; Determining the enthalpies for the cycle using Appendices A.6 and A.7 or using SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK. by = 168.5 ki/kg hy = 198.7 fig bh, = 3287.6 kiikg 8, = 6.0485 Ki/kg-K b, = 2835.4 KSikg =, hy = 33178 kikg 5, = 6.8188 Ki/kg-K bh = 2888.4 Ki/kg 5 = & OC hg = 3263.9 ki/kg 8 = 7.4633 kS/kg-K 15-37Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS hy = 2328.0 kik, s s&s (@) x= 0.897 The net work is. Woet = (ftp - fy) + (by ~ has) + (hg - fy) ©) Wy = 1817.5 KT /kg ‘The thermal efficiency is. Wet | Me Ge Gb) Gh) Gh) | = 18175 kikg _ © me * Saar eine - 0-605 15-38Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.29 © In some cycles drain pumps receive the condensate from the shell of the closed feedwater heater and pump it back into the outlet piping from the tube side of the heater. Consider the following situation: Extraction steam enters the shell side of a heater at 1500 kPa and 300°C and condenses to a saturated liquid. The feedwater enters the tube side at 10 MPa and 100°C and leaves at 10 MPa and 250°C. A drain | pump with an isentropic efficiency of 80% returns the condensate to the discharge line from the heater. Determine the temperature of the water in the discharge line after it receives the drain pump return, Given: Feed heater with drain pump. Find: Water outlet temperature after mixing. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) The heater is adiabatic. 2) The liquid enthalpies will be based on h, at the fluid | temperature. Analysis: Determine the enthalpies using Appendices A.5, A.6 and A.7 or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK. By = 3038.3 kI/kg Bges, = 419.6 KI/g (b, at T = 100°C) Peg, = 1086.0 kifkg (hat T = 250°C) Pann = 844.9 KMkg (h, at p = 1500 kPa) Byenp = 844.9 + (0.001154)(10 000 - 1500) = 854.7 kI/kgChapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Writing the first law equation for the feedwater heater based on 1 kg of feedwater being heated. 1 Bea, *Y Bey = 1 Bye + Y Baaie Ct, ~ Brea) an = Pass) Writing the first law equation for the mixing process. y 1 Beg, + 0.304 Byuap = (1 + 0.304) Ihyig a, = CHADD) + (3001854) — 0501 Kg From Appendix A.5 or SATSTM.TK. Tax = 239°C 15-45Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.33 A steam power plant produces 1000 MW of electricity while operating on a three- stage regenerative cycle. The steam enters the turbine at 14 MPa and 580°C. Extractions for heating occur at 2.5 MPa, 700 kPa and 150 kPa. The turbine exhausts at 15 kPa and has an internal efficiency of 92%. Determine (a) the T-s diagram; (b) the mass flow rate; (c) the heat supplied; (d) the fuel flow rate, if the energy release is 35 000 ki/kg fuel; (e) the mass fractions y,, Y» ys; (E) the cycle efficiency. Given: Three-stage regenerative steam power plant with given steam conditions and 92% turbine efficiency produces 1000 MW. Find: T-s diagram, mass flow rate, heat supplied, fuel flow rate, bleed steam fractions, and cycle efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) _ Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The middle heater is open; the other two are closed with pumped forward drains and the feedwater leaving at the saturation temperature of the extraction steam. 4) — The pumps are 100% efficient. 5) The drain pump work will be neglected. Analysis: Determine the enthalpies using Appendices A.5, A.6 and A.7, or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK. h, = 3539.7 kifkg hy = 3016.1 kifkg hy = 3058.0 KW/kg (n, = 92%) hy = 2740.7 kifkg hi, = 2804.6 ki/kg (n, = 92%) hy = 2475.7 kifkg hy = 2560.8 ki/kg (n, = 92%) 15-52 oOO Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS hg = 2156.9 ki/kg hy = 22675 Ki/kg (n, = 92%) b, = 2263 kikkg hy = 227.0 kifkg hy = 4673 kifkg —(h, at 150 kPa) yy = 696.8 kJ/kg (h, at 700 kPa) hy = 711.12 Ki/kg h, = 962.4 kivkg (hy at 2500 kPa) Solving for y,, yz and y, using the First Law equations. yh =(-y) by sy, b+ (1 -y,) bh, Ya = 0.107 hi + (1 -y, -¥,) by = (1 ~y,) Dy Ya = 0.0877 Yehs + -¥-¥, -¥) Bye ¥s by +H ye) by Ys = 0.0829 Solving for the net work and heat supplied. Wace = Wi > Wp = [0 = BD + = yh ~ BD + Cay-y deel ~ Bf) + 1 - yer eed - nd] + [bu ~ by) + -y, - ¥2 - yy - ,)] Woe = 1101.3 Ki/kg in = bh, - hy = 3539.7 - 962.4 = 2577.3 kI/kg = Met, NOLS KIKE 9.497 © ne a” BAS Ekg 0. Wee , 1.000 000 kW ©) = SS "Tors eg ” 908° kes 15-53Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS (©) Q, = th, g, = (908.0 kg/s)(2577.3 kI/kg) = 2 340 234 kW 15-54Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.37 A regenerative Rankine cycle, producing 250 MW, has two feedwater heaters, a closed one for the first turbine extraction and an open one for the second turbine extraction, Steam enters the turbine at 7.5 MPa and 500°C and expands to 1500 kPa, where the first extraction stage occurs. The remaining steam expands to 500 kPa, where the second extraction stage occurs. The remainder expands through the turbine and exhausts at 7.5 kPa. The closed feedwater heater drains through a trap to the open heater. Determine (a) the cycle thermal efficiency; (b) the steam flow rate entering the turbine; (c) the steam flow rate to each of the heaters. Given: 250 MW regenerative Rankine cycle with two feedwater heaters and given steam conditions. Find: Cycle efficiency, turbine steam flow, and steam flows to heaters. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The closed heater drain temperature is equal to the saturation temperature of the extraction steam. 4) The turbine expansion is isentropic. Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A5, A.6, and A.7, or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK. h, = 3406.0 ki/kg & = 6.7597 kI/kg-K hy = 2950.2 ki/kg 3 = hy = 2722.7 kik, = 8 hy = 2107.4 kiikg 55 = & CO) hy = 1685 ki/kg hy at 7.5 kPaChapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS hy = 170.0 ki/kg hy = 639.8 ki/kg hy at 500 kPa hy = 647.4 kKS/kg h, = 844.9 ki/kg hh, at 1500 kPa Solving for y, and y, using the first law equations for the heaters. Ya hy + (hy = ys by + (1), ¥; = 0.0938 Ya hy + (1 ~ yy - y2)hy + yy by = (1) hy Ye = 0.1592 The net work is. Wet = We - Wp f(t -h) += yO, hd +0 -y, - yh, - BY] -[@, -h) + -y, -y,)(h, - bd] Woe = 1112.8 kI/kg, The steam flows to the turbine and heaters are. ©) Wye = tt yy a= Se» ey = 224.7 kg/s thy = th, Y, = (224.7 kg/s)(0.0938) = 21.08 ke/s (©) tha = th, yp = (224.7 kep/s)(0.1591) = 35.75 kes ‘The thermal efficiency is, ee @ a= a" Gb) ” Gaoea- 3449 gy = O* 15-64Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS | Problem 15.41 O A reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle uses steam at 8.4 MPa and 560°C entering the high-pressure turbine. The cycle includes one steam-extraction stage for regenerative feedwater heating, the remainder at this point being reheated to 540°C. The condenser temperature is 35°C. Determine (a) the T-s diagram for the cycle; (b) the optimum extraction pressure; (c) fraction of steam extracted; (d) turbine work in kJ/kg; (c) pump work in kJ/kg; (f) overall thermal efficiency. Given: Reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with single extraction. Find: T-s diagram, optimum extraction pressure, extraction steam fraction, turbine work, pump work, and cycle efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: O Assumptions: 1) _ Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The feed heater is open. 4) The turbine expansion is isentropic. 5) The optimum extraction pressure is when the heater | temperature is halfway between the steam generator and condenser saturated temperatures. Analysis: Determine the optimum extraction pressure. Teng = 35°C Py = 8400kPa T,, = 298.4°C Tex = 25°C + Bete se = 16L7°C | on ©) Pex = 645.6 KPa O Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.5, A.6, and A.7, or using 15-71Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK. by = 3541.6 ki/kg 8 = 6.8786 ki/kg-K hy = 2823.9 Ki/kg, B=8 hy = 3567.9 ki/kg 84 = 8.0725 KI /kg-K hy = 2479.1 kikg Ss by = 146.2 ki/kg hy at 35°C hy = 1468 ki/kg hy = 682.7 ki/kg hy at 161.7°C hy = 690.5 ki/kg Writing first law equation for the heater and solving for y,. Yh; + (1-y.) by =) by © y= 0200 The turbine and pump work are, w= (y= by) + (1-y,)(hy - hy) = 1425.5 KIikg ©) = (hy - hy) + (1 -y,)(hy - hy) = 8.3 KT/kg The thermal efficiency of the cycle is. 15-72Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.45 A university decides to invest in a cogeneration facility, providing 20 MW of power and steam for heating in the campus buildings. A preliminary design proposal suggests that steam be generated at 2500 kPa and 300°C. In addition a turbine may be purchased that has two extractions stages, the first occurring at 1000 kPa for building heating and the second at 300 kPa for regenerative heating with an open feedwater heater. The condenser pressure is 7.5 kPa. The returns from the buildings may be considered to be saturated at the condenser temperature. ‘The buildings require 3000 KW of heat for the worst-case condition, The turbine’s isentropic efficiency is 80% at these steam conditions. The pump efficiency is assumed to be 100%. Determine (a) the steam generator capacity in kg/s of steam produced and in the heat rate required; (b) the mass flow rate of steam extracted for building heating; (c) the cycle’s utilization factor. Given: Regenerative Rankine cycle with high pressure extraction used for heating, and low pressure for feedwater heating. Find: ‘Steam generator capacity, extraction flow for building heating, and utilization factor. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices AS, A.6 and A.7, or HTSTM.TK. SATSTM.TK and SI hy = 3009.8 Ki/kg, 5 = 6.6446 ki /kg-K by = 2804.4 k/kg = 8 hy = 2845.5 kI/kg = & 15-80Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS oO h, = 2584.3 ki/kg = & hy = 2669.4 kI/kg 1, = 80% h, = 2071.4 ki/kg &=% hy = 2259.1 ki/kg, n, = 80% hy = 168.5 ki/kg h, at 7.5 kPa h, = 168.8 kI/kg : hy = 561.2 ki/kg, h, at 300 kPa hy = 563.6 ki/kg Solving for the heating steam flow. Q, = my - bat = ah, ¥, = 3000 kW, . oO &) hy = WaES Tes 1.121 kg/s The net work and first law equation for the open heater are. Wont = We - Wp = [(ha- hy) + (1 - y,)(hS - hh) + -yr-ysd(he - bs) + [@hy = hy) - (1 = y2)(hy - hg] Ya hy + (1-y2) by = hy Since the plant must produce 20 MW of power. War * 1h, Wo Solving the above simultaneously. y, = 00371 Y, = 0.157 th, = 30.215 kg/s a ® kgs 15-81Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Q, = mh, - h,) = 73 692 kW The cycle utilization factor is. Woe +, _ 20 000 kW + 3000 kW = 0.312 73 692 kW 93) 15-82Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.49 A steam generator may be considered to be a constant-pressure combustion chamber followed by a heat exchanger where that heat from the combustion gases is transferred to water, creating steam. Consider such a steam generator where the combustion gases, with properties similar to air enter the heat exchanger at 1500°D and are cooled to 500°K . Twenty-five kg/s of water enters the heat exchanger at 10 MPa and 175°C and leaves as a superheated vapor at 10 MPa and 500°C. Ty = 300°K and p, = 100 kPa. Determine (a) the availability change of the combustion gas in KW; (b) the availability change of the water in kW; (c) the irreversibility rate in KW; (4) the second-law efficiency. Find: Steam generator producing 25 kg/s of 10 MPa and 175°C steam by combustion gases being cooled from 1500°K to 500°K. Availability change of the combustion gas and water, the irreversibility rate, and second-law efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: Analysis: 1) Bach process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) Heat flow to the surroundings and the work is zero. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 4) The combustion gases behave like an ideal gas at ambient conditions. From Appendix A.1, c, = 1.0047 ki/kg-K The change is entropy for a constant pressure process is thus. o 00K &-% = 6, In | = 1.0047 In ( i } = -1.1038 kS/kg-K u OK) From Appendices A.S and A.7 the steam and water properties are. hy = 741.0 ki/kg h, = 3376.5 ki/kg 15-90 oO© © Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS s, = 2.089 Ki/kg-K 8 = 6.5982 kI/kg-K Solving the first law equation for the gas flow rate. th, o(T, - T,) = h,(h, - h) = _(25 kpls)(3376.5 - 741.0 ki/kg) _ = (0087 Eiikg-KSOPK ~ 300K) ~ 8 es The change in availability of the combustion gas is. ¥% - % = (h- hy) - To - 8) % - B = (1.0047 kikg-K)(500°K - 1500°K) ~ (800°K)(-1.1038 k/kg-K) % - ¥ = 673.56 Wilke (2) th(] - B) = (65.58 kys)(-673.56 kifkg) = -44 172 kW The change in availability of the water is. B-¥% = (-h)-h-s) % - ¥ = (63765 - 741.0 k/kg) - (300°K)(6.5982 - 2.089 kI/kg-K) & - % = 1282.7 kikg (b) th ( - B) = (25 kg/s)(1282.7 ki/kg) = 32 068 kW The irreversibility rate is. 1 = Th, - 8) + ms, - s)] 1 = (200K) (65.58 kg/s)(~1.1038 kJ/kg-K) + (25 kg/s)(6.5982 ~ 2.089 ki/kg-K)] 1 = 12103 kW 15-91Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS The second law efficiency can be determined by comparing the change in availability of the combustion gases with that for the water. © = 32.068 kW S atkw @ a 15-92Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS O Problem 15.53 ‘A combined gas turbine-steam power plant produces 500 MW of net power, The pressure ratio of the gas turbine unit is 16, with air entering at 300°K and 100 kPa. ‘The maximum inlet temperature to the turbine is 1750°K. The minimum gas temperature from the steam generator is 450°K. Steam is generated at 7.5 MPa and 450°C. The turbine has one open feedwater heater regenerative stage at 500 kPa. The condenser pressure is 10 kPa, Assume the gases have properties similar to air. Determine (a) the air and steam mass flow rates; (b) the cycle efficiency; (c) the availability of that gas leaving the steam generator; (d) the availability of the gas leaving the gas turbine relative to inlet air temperature and pressure. What fraction Of this was used in the steam cycle? Given: 500 MW combined gas turbine-steam power plant. Find: Air and steam flow rates, cycle efficiency, availability of the gas entering and leaving the steam generator, fraction of availability used in steam cycle. Sketch and Given Data: ue “er Assumptions: 1) _ Bach process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The expansion and compression processes are isentropic. Analysis: Determine the net work, heat supplied, and turbine exit temperature for the gas turbine using AIRCYCLE.TK or the procedure in Example 14.1. Using AIRCYCLE.TK Woe: = -DELA3 - DEL21 = 658.0 ki/kg Qa = DELN32 = 1281.0 kikg T, = 8914°K Determining the steam cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.5, A.6, and A7, or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK. —Q 15-99Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS | hy = 3282.4 Ki/kg 8 = 6.5949 ki/kg-K h, = 2652.6 ki/kg a=8 hy = 2088.9 ki/kg, = 5 h, = 191.82 ki/kg hb, = at 10 kPa by = 192.32 kirkg h, = 639.8 kik, h, at 500 kPa h, = 6475 kifkg Solving for first law equation for the open heater for y,. yh, + (1-y,) by = by y, = 0.1819 The net work is Woot = Wi Wp = [(hy hy) + (1 - ¥N(h. - a] | ~[,-b, + Q- yr bd) We = 1082.9 Kg Solving the first law equation for the steam generator for the steam flow produced per kg of gas flow. m, 6(T, ~ Ts) = m, (by - b,) ™, _ (1.0047 kifkg-K)(891.4°K - 450°K) _ 9.1693 ke steam m, | G2824- CATS kg) kg gas Solving the equation for total net power for the gas flow rate Wore = ty Waa, + 1, Was, 500 000 KW = 11,(658.0 ki/kg) + [oases HE SA) 082.4 ks) yess0 na +, aes SH th, = 595.1 kg/s @® th, = (0.1683)(595.1 kJ/kg) = 100.1 kg/s 15-100 oOO O Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS The thermal efficiency is. Wor 500 000 kW aos 1, G, 595.1 kg/s)(1281.0 ki/kg) The availability of the gas leaving the steam generator is. 4, = (hy = hy) - To6s = 8) Using AIR.TK to determine the change in enthalpy and entropy. a, = (151.48 ki/kg) - (300°K)(0.4163 k/kg-K) © a, = 26.59 kiikg Solving for the availability of the gas leaving the gas turbine. 4, = (622.97 k/kg) - (300°K)(1.1183 ki/kg-K) @ — «, = 281.48 ki/kg Comparing the change in availability of the gas to the net work produced in the steam cycle per kg of gas. Wor/KB 888 _ (0.1683 kg/kg)(1082.9 ISkg) _ 9.715 @,- a, (@BIAB ~ 26.59 Khe) 15-101Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.57 Steam enters a turbine at 1.4 MPa and 320°C. The turbine internal efficiency is 70% and the load requirement is 800 kW. The exhaust is to the back pressure system, maintained at 175 kPa, Find the steam flow rate. Given: Steam turbine expands steam from 1400 kPa and 320°C to 175 kPa. Turbine efficiency is 70%. Find: Steam flow required to produce 800 kW. Sketch and Given Data: © Assumptions: 1) The process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Determine the inlet and outlet enthalpies using Appendices A, AG, and A.7 or SATSTMTK and by = 30849 Ki/kg 8, = 7.0288 kifkg-K hy = 2645.3 Ki ikg B=s, x= 0975 bl = 272 kikg =n, = 70% ‘The turbine power is Wea, @,-m) _wW_ 800 KW m= ©, - i) | COD - 2772 he) 2.60 ky/s 15-107Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem 15.61 Steam is admitted to the cylinder of an engine in such a manner that the average pressure is 840 kPa, The diameter of the piston is 25.4 cm, and the length of the stroke is 30.5 cm. (a) Determine the work that can be done during one revolution, assuming that the steam is admitted successively to each side (top and bottom) of the piston. (b) What is the power produced when the engine is running at 300 rpm? Given: Double-acting steam reciprocating engine with 25.4 cm diameter and 30.5 cm stroke is supplied by steam at 840 kPa. Find: Work per revolution and power produced at 300 rpm. Sketch and Given Data: D=2dew es We = [(1.0214)(300.69 kI/kg) + (1.02856)(366.94 kI/kg)] ~ [(105.05 kI/kg) + (105.05 ki/kg)] (@) Wee, = 474.4 KSikg Analyzing the steam cycle using STMCYCLE.TK. h, = 3310.9 kifkg bh, = 213.9 W/kg hy = 2175.9 kJ/kg hy = 219.5 ki/kg The net steam cycle work per kg of steam is, 15-124© Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS (©) oer = (hy = hy) - (ha ~ bh) = 1129.5 ki /kg Solving for the steam flow per kg air using the first law equation about the steam generator. thy, ~ = shh, - hy) thy _ (by — bd) _ 165 8 steam mG -h) kg air The thermal efficiency based on 1 kg air is = Wot (474.4 KiS/kg) + (0.165 kg/kg)(1129.5 Ki/kg) ae (©.02856 kg/kg)(43 200 K7kg) The air flow is. W = thw, W_ , 600 000 kW i) = WW , £00 000 EW _ a9, ee ae erg 7” 080 ket ‘The fuel flow rate is. (Oth = th, ry = (908.0 kg/s)(0.02856 kg/kg) = 25.9 kgs The fuel cost per kWh is. (25.9 kg/s)($0.45/kg)(3600 s/h) _ (@) svn = G5 Rene eBNEEO 5) - o0659 sewn The Camot cycle efficiency based on T; = 290°K and Ty = 1220°K. Naame #1 - 20K . 0.762 T20K The second-law efficiency is. Oe Nearoe 15-125I Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.1 In a Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at 800 psia and 800°F, which exhausts at 1 psia. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram and find (a) the quality of the steam entering the condenser; (b) the turbine work in Btu/lbm; (c) the pump work in Btu/lbm; (d) the heat supplied in Btu/lbm; (¢) the heat rejected in Btu/lbm; (f) the net work of the cycle in Btu/lbm; (g) the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Given: Rankine cycle with steam expanding from 800 psia and 800°F to 1 psia. Find: Quality of steam entering condenser, turbine work, pump work, heat rejected, net work, and thermal efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: O Assumptions: 1) _—_Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. ° 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. | 3) The turbine expansion and pump compression are isentropic. Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.14, A.15, and A.16, or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK. by = 1399.1 Brubm § = 1.5972 Btu/lbm-R 1 hy = 892.1 Bru/lbm %=% () x= 0.794 | hy = 69.58 Btulbm hy at 1 psia | hy = 71.97 Buflbm The turbine work is. (b) © The pump work is, = hy - hy = 1399.1 - 892.1 Brulbm = 507 Btu/lbm 15-129Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS (© w,=h,-h, = 71.97 - 69.58 Brufbm = 2.39 Bruflbm The heat supplied is. (@ a, =h,-h, = 1399.1 - 71.97 Btuflbm = 1327.1 Btuflbm The heat rejected is. (©) dae = hy ~ hy = 892.1 - 69.58 Bro/lbm = 822.5 Buy/lbm The net work is. (© Woe = ¥%- Wp = 507 - 2.39 Bru/lbm = 504.6 Btu/lbm The thermal efficiency is. 15-130O O O Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.5 A Rankine cycle is characterized by turbine inlet conditions of 1500 psia and 1000°F. ‘The condenser pressure is 1 psia. The heat transfer to the steam in the boiler occurs at the rate of 7.0 x 10° Btu/sec. The cooling water in the condenser increases in temperature from 70° to 85°F. Determine (a) the net power produced; (b) the cooling-water flow rate in gal/min; (c) the cycle thermal efficiency. Given: Rankine cycle operating between 1500 psia and 1000°F, and 1 psia with 7.0 x 10° Btu/sec transferred in the boiler. Find: Net power, cooling water flow, and thermal efficiency. Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) + The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle. 4) The specified heat of the cooling water is 1.0 Btulbm-R. Analysis: Determine the ideal cycle enthalpies and cycle thermal efficiency following the procedure in Example 15.1 or using STMCYCLE.TK. hy = 74.06 Btu/lbm hy = 893.7 Bru/lbm by = 1490.9 Bruflbm =, = 69.58 Btu/lbm © Nh = 0.4184 W, Using the definition of thermal efficiency, ng = —™ a @ Wau = Ny Qy = (0.4184)(7.0 x 10° Btu/sec) = 2.9288 x 10° Bru/sec From the first law equation for the cycle. Quur = Qh - Woe = 7.0 x 10° Btu/sec - 2.9288 x 10* Btu/sec Qua = 4.0712 x 10° Bruvsee Qua = the, AT () mr = Que, A072 x 10% Brulsec 971,413 tomisec 3 aT ” G0 Brulbm-R\GSR) 15-137Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.9 It is possible to construct a Rankine-cycle power plant using warm water near the ocean’s surface as a heat source and cold water from the ocean’s depth as a heat sink. For a particular plant operating with this configuration, the working substance is ammonia, the surface water is 80°F, and the cold water is 40°F. The ammonia is a saturated vapor entering the turbine and is 3°F less than the seawater temperature entering the heat exchanger and 3°F more than the seawater temperature leaving the turbine. The cycle is to produce 50 MW of power. Determine (a) the cycle thermal efficiency; (b) the cycle efficiency when considering the power requirements of pumps to move the seawater, which amount to 15 MW. Given: 50 MW Rankine cycle operating between 77°F and 43°F using ammonia. Find: Thermal efficiency, without and with seawater pump power. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) _ Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle. Analysis: Using Appendix A.18. hy = 630.2 Bru/lbm & = 1.2036 Brv/lbm-R S=% %=5+x5, x= 0.950 hy = 597.0 Brulbm h, = 90.15 Btulbm hy = h, + v, (p, ~ p,) = 90.15 Bru/lbm (144 in?/ft?) + (0.02543 fbm)(135.5 - 78.3 psia) cre ay 15-142 OComment: Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS ‘h, = 90.42 Btu/bm: ng = Net = = hy) = hy - by oo Gates = (630.2 - 597.0) - (90.42 - 90.05) (6032 - 90.42) @ ng = 00608 Considering W,,, = 50 MW with an additional 15 MW required to operate the seawater pumps. 50 MW = (0.0608) _50 MW__) _ o.q468 ©) Mase = C some) The small difference in cycle temperatures plus the high power requirements for the seawater pumps results in a low cycle efficiency. However, the "fuel" is free. The question is ifthe high cost of construction can be repaid by the fuel savings. 15-143Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.13 A Rankine-cycle power plant is to be designed with a maximum turbine inlet temperature of 1050°F and a minimum condenser pressure of 1 psia, The manufacturer guarantees a turbine isentropic efficiency of 85% and a pump efficiency of 80%. The manufacturer will make this guarantee for the turbine only if the exit steam condition from the turbine is 92% or greater. Determine the steam generator pressure that allows this. Given: Steam turbine of 85% isentropic efficiency expands steam from 1050°F to 1 psia. Find: Inlet pressure required for exit quality of 92%. Sketch and Given Data: h Ps? T=l050°F I psia 89 moitture $ Assumptions: 1) The turbine is analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Solving for the properties of the exhaust steam using Appendix A.15 or SATSTM.TK. boy = 1022.9 Bry/lbm Sea = 1.8303 Bru/lbm-R Using STMCYCLE.TK, enter the following rule hexh = h2 - (h2 - h3) *.85 Entering the above value of hexh, and solving. p2 = 1015 psia Comment: The problem can also be solved using the Mollier chart, Appendix B.1. Draw a line from the exhaust condition at a slope corresponding to 85% efficiency. Read the pressure at 1050°F (566°C). 15-148 )Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.17 In the conceptual design stages of a power plant, consideration is given to a steam generator operating at 4000 psia and a maximum temperature of 1100°F. The condenser pressure is 0.7 psia. Should reheat be used in the cycle, and if so, how many stages of reheating would be needed? The steam leaving the turbine should not be superheated. Given: Power plant with turbine inlet of 4000 psia and 1100°F and exhaust of 0.7 psia with wet steam. Find: Stages of reheat needed. Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The turbine expansion is isentropic. 4) Maximum moisture permitted is 12%. Analysis: ‘Using Appendices A.15, and A.16, Appendix B.1 or STMCYCLE.TK a non- reheat cycle would expand steam to 0.7 psia with a quality of 0.731. This is too much moisture. A single stage of reheat at 800 péia and 1100°F would result in a quality of 0.846. Still too much moisture. A second stage of reheat at [50 psia and 1100°F would result in a quality of 0.947. Acceptable. Comment: With typical efficiencies of less than 100%, a single stage of reheat will probably produce an acceptable solution. 15-155Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.21 Given: Find: Sketch Recalculate Problem *15.20, this time including a turbine isentropic efficiency of 85% and a pump efficiency of 80%. Regenerative Rankine cycle with steam conditions as in problem *15.20, turbine efficiency of 85% and pump efficiency of 80%. Thermal efficiency, flow to feedwater heater, and net power produced. and Given Data: T Assumptions: 1) Bach process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2 The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) Water leaves the heater as a saturated liquid. Analysis; From Problem *15.20 the following enthalpies are available. hy = 1549.9 Brulbm hy = 69.6 Btu/lbm hy = h, = 298.4 Bru/lbm Using the definition of turbine and pump efficiencies, and the enthalpies for points 3, 4, and 6 from Problem *15.20. hy = 1549.9 - (0,85)(1549.9 - 1216.6) = 1266.6 Bru/lbm hi = 1549.9 - (0.85)(1549.9 - 915.6) = 1010.7 Btu/lbm hh = 696 + Cay 28) = 75.2 Btu/lbm 15-162O Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Solving for y,. h-hh (2984 - 75.2) _ gax5 Y* RISB, ” (12666 ~ 298.4) (&) th, = th, y, = (3.6 x 10° Ibm/hr)(0.2305) = 8.30 x 10* Ibm/hr The net power produced is. , Wore = We = Wy = (ba = hs) + (1 yod(hy =) = (Be - hy) Wee = 474.6 Bru/lbm (©) Wyy = th, Wy, = (3.6 x 10° Ibm/hr)(474.6 Btu/lbm) = 1,709 x 10° Bry/hr ‘The thermal efficiency is. Fa ao Me ATG @ net en” wo ~ ea ~ 15-163Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.25 Areheat-regenerative Rankine cycle, producing 250 MW, has two feedwater heaters, closed for the first turbine extraction and open for the second turbine extraction. When a fraction steam is extracted for the first stage of feedwater heating, the remainder is reheated to 900°F. Steam enters the turbine at 1000 psia and 1000°F and expands to 200 psia, where the first extraction stage occurs. The remaining steam expands to 50 psia, where the second extraction stage occurs. The remainder expands through the turbine and exhausts at 1 psia. The closed feedwater heater drains through a trap to the open heater. Determine (a) the cycle thermal efficiency; (©) the steam flow rate entering the turbine; (c) the steam flow rate to each of the heaters. Given: 250 MW reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with two feedwater heaters are given steam conditions. Find: Cycle efficiency, turbine steam flow, and steam flow to the heaters. 2 Sketch and Given Data: Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. ‘Assumptions: 1) 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The feed and drains from the closed heater leave at the saturation temperature of the extraction steam. 4) The turbine expansion is isentropic. Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.14, A.15, and A.16 or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK. h, = 1506 Brwbm 8, = 1.6525 Bru/lbm-R hy = 12971 Bubn = = 8 hy = 14768 Brbm —s, = 1.8047 Bru/lbm-R hy = 12996 Bufbm ss = hy = 1008.6 Btubm = = 5 15-170 ©O © Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS h, = 69.6 Brum h, at 1 psia hy = 698 Bruflbm hy = 250.1 Btu/lbm h, at 50 psia hyp = 251.1 Btu/lbm h, = 355.6 Btuflbm h, at 200 psia Solving for y, and y, using the First Law equations for the heaters. yy hy + (1) Byo = yy by + (1) by Ys = 0.1089 Ya hy + (1-y,-y2) hg + y, hy =(1) hy y, = 0.1213 Calculating the net work. Woe = Wy Wy = [(h.- bs) + (1 - ys)(hy - hs) + (1 ys - y2)(hs - h)] ~ [ro - hy) + (1 = y4 - ya(be ~ by) Woe: = 587.7 Btu/lbm The steam flows to the turbine and heaters are. w, Wer = 18h, Moee =— War = Me = = (250 000 kW)(3412 BtwkW-hr) 387.7 Bi = 1.451 x 10° Ibm/hr ty, = th, ¥, = (1.451 x 10° Ibm/hr)(0.1089) = 1.580 x 10° Ibm/hr © ty,, = th, yy = (1.451 x 106 Ibmfhr)(0.1213) = 1.760 x 10° Ibm/hr ‘The thermal efficiency is. Moet be 0.448 © te GHG wm 15-171Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.29 In an ideal regenerative cycle, steam is generated at 400 psia and 700°F. Steam is extracted for feedwater heating at 110 30, and 5.99 psia. Condensation occurs at 90°F. Determine (a) the mass fraction extracted at each point; (b) the net work; © the cycle efficiency. Given: Ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with three extractions for feedwater heating. Find: Extraction mass fractions, net work, and cycle efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) _ Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The middle heater is open-type; the others are closed. 4) The feedwater and drains leave the closed heaters at the extraction saturation temperature; drains are cascaded. 5) The turbine expansion and compression processes are isentropic. Analysis: Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.14, A.15, and A.16, or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK. h, = 1363.0 Brubm & = 1.6398 Beu/lbm-R hy = 12258 Brulbm 5 =& hy = 1121.9 Bruflbm 5% = 5 hy = 1015.0 Bruflbm = 8 hg = 898.2 Bru/lbm 8 = & h, = 57.8 Bru/lbm h, at 90°F 15-178 OChapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS hy = 57.9 Btuflbm n, = 100% hy = 1383 Btu/lbm hh at 5.99 psia hyp = 218.9 Btubm hy at 30 psia hy = 220.1 Bru/lbm = 100% hy = 305.7 Btufbm h, at 110 psia Solving the first law equation, for the feedwater heaters for yi, yx, and ys. Yi by + (1) hy = (1) hy + yy by Yi = 0.093 Ya hy + (1 -¥s~ys) By + yr By = (1) Bro Ya = 0.0661 Ys hs + (1 - Ys - ya) By = ys by + (1 - ys - 2) by Ys = 0.0771 The net work is, Wort = Ws Wp = [(ba- hs) + (1 - ys)(hy - By) + (1 - ys - ya)(hy ~ hs) + (L-¥i = Yo > ¥sd(Bs - o)] = [Gu hyo) + (2 - ys - Ya) - Bd] (©) Wee = 409.2 Bru/ibm ‘The thermal efficiency is. 409.2 Bru/lbm 0.387 me” ” 73630 Bruflbm - 305.7 Broom ~ elt 15-179O O O Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.33 Given: Find: Sketch and Given Data: A university decides to invest in a cogeneration facility, providing 20 MW of power and steam for heating in the campus buildings. A preliminary design proposal suggests that steam be generated at 400 psia and 550°F. In addition a turbine may be purchased that has two extraction stages, the first occurring at 150 psia for building heating and the second at 50 psia for regenerative heating with an open feedwater heater. The condenser pressure is 1 psia, The returns from the buildings may be considered to be saturated at the condenser temperature. The buildings require 1.08 x 10’ Btu/hr of heat for the worst-case condition. The turbine’s isentropic efficiency is 80% at these steam conditions, The pump efficiency is assumed to be 100%. Determine (a) the steam generator capacity in Ibm/sec of steam produced and in the heat rate required; (b) the mass flow rate of steam extracted for building heating; (c) the cycle’s utilization factor. Regenerative Rankine cycle with high pressure extraction used for heating, and low pressure for feedwater heating. Steam generator capacity, extraction flow for building heating, and utilization factor. Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis; Determine the cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.14, A.15, and A.16, or HTSTM.TK. SATSTM.TK and SI hy = 12773 Btu/lbm & = 1.5607 Btu/lbm-R hy = 1187.1 Bru/lbm %=8 hy = 1205.1 Bru/lbm n, = 80% hy = 1101.7 Btu/lbm 5 = & 15-187Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS hi = 1136.8 Btubm h, = 871.6 Btu/lbm hi = 952.7 Btu/lbm hy = 69.6 Btulbm hy at 1 psia h, = 69.7 Btu/lbm h = 250.1 Btubm hy at 50 psia hy = 251.2 Btu/lbm n, = 100% Solving for the heating steam flow. Q, = mh (h-hh) th, = mh, y, = 108 x 107 Bru | ©) .% = Gag51 = 656 Brufbmy ~ 11 Tome The net work and first law equation for the open heater are «Wace = We Wp = [ba = Bg) + (L-ys)(hh - ha) + (ys -¥ad(d - 84) ~ [Ch - by) - 2 - y2)(hy - hg) yz hy + (1 -y2) by = hy Since the plant must produce 20 MW of power. Wore = 1H, Woot Solving the above simultaneously. y= 0.03945 Ya = 0.169 (@) th, = 241,539 Ibma/hr Q, = mh, - h,) = 2.478 x 10° Bru/hr 15-188 OChapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS The cycle utilization factor is. ()Yq= Bex, 2000 LW) G412 BrW-h) + 1.084 10" Bue ea 2478 x 10° Bralhr = 0319 > 15-189Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.37 Asteam generator may be considered to be a constant-pressure combustion chamber followed by a heat exchanger where the heat from the combustion gases is transferred to water, creating steam. Consider such a steam generator where the combustion gases, with properties similar to air, enter the heat exchanger at 2700°R and are cooled to 900°R. Ata rate of 180,000 Ibm/hr water enters the heat exchanger at 1500 psia and 350°F and leaves as a superheated vapor at 1500 psia and 1000°F. Ty = ‘TTF and p, = 1 atm. Determine (a) the availability change of the combustion gas in Btu/min; (b) the availability change of the water in Btu/min; (c) the irreversibility rate in Btu/min; (d) the second law efficiency. Given: Steam generator producing 25 kg/s of 10 MPa and 175°C steam by combustion gases being cooled from 1500°K to 500°K. Find: Availability change of combustion gas and water, irreversibility rate, and second-law efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: e77"F = Late tg = 180,000 tbm/hr Assumptions: 1) Bach process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) Heat flow to the surroundings and the work is zero. 3) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 4) The combustion gases behave like an ideal gas at ambient conditions. Analysis: From Appendix A.l, ¢, = 0.24 Btulbm-R The change in entropy for a constant pressure process is thus. 8-86 a(Z]- 024 n (Woor) = -0.2637 Brbm-R 15-197Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS From Appendices A.16 and A.17 the steam and water properties are. h, = 3239 Buubm h, = 1490.9 Brubm 0.50034 Btu/lbm-R — s, = 1.6001 Bru/lbm-R Solving the first law equation for the gas flow rate. wh 6, (T, =) = mh, -h) th, = (180,000 Ibm/hr)(1490.9 - 323.9 Bru/lbm) . (0.24 Btuom-R)(Z700R - 900°R) = 486,250 lb/hr ‘The change in availability of the combustion gas is. %- % = (h-hh) - Te -s) % ~ ¥ = (0.24 Brulbm-R)(900R - 2700°R) + (637°R)(- 0.2637 Btu/lbm-R) % - ¥ = -29039 Bru/fbm @®) m(%-%) = ee een (-290.39 Bru/lbm) = -2353 x 10° Btu/min ‘The change in availability of the water is, % - % = (h,-b) - Tos, -8) % - ¥ = (1490.9 - 323.9 Bru/bm) = ($37°R)(1.6001 - 0.50034 Brw/lbm-R) ¥% - ¥ = 576.4 Brum )(% - %) = CO BPD (5764 Brufbm) 15-198 OoChapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS = 1.7292 x 10° Bru/min The irreversibility rate is. i=T, [A - 5) + mys, - s)] = (486,250 Ibm/hr) i: t care Seer eae (-0.2637 Btu/lbm-R) (180,000 Tbmm/hr) _ . + TE (1,6001 - 0.50084 Bru/bm 8] © 1 = 624,100 Bruin The second law efficiency can be determined comparing the change in availability of the combustion gases with that for the water. = 1.7292 x 10° Btuimin _ 9.738 d) Om 2.353 x 10° Bru/min 15-199Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem *15.41 ‘A combined gas turbine-steam power plant produces 500 MW of net power. The pressure ratio of the ideal-gas turbine unit is 16, with air entering at 77°F and 1 atm. ‘The maximum inlet temperature to the turbine is 3100°R. The minimum gas temperature from the steam generator is 800°R. Steam is generated at 1000 psia and 900°F. The turbine has one open feedwater heater regenerative stage at 75 pisa. ‘The condenser pressure is 2 psia. Assume the gases have properties similar to air. Determine (a) the air and steam mass flow rates; (b) the cycle efficiency; (c) the availability of the gas leaving the steam generator; (4) the availability of the gas leaving the gas turbine relative to inlet air temperature and pressure. What fraction of this was used in the steam cycle? Given: 500 MW combined gas turbine-steam power plant. Find: Air and steam flow rates, cycle efficiency, availability of the gas entering and leaving the steam generator, fraction of availability used in steam cycle. Sketch and Given Data: 24 i Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. 3) The expansion and compression processes are isentropic. Analysis; Determine the net work, heat supplied, and turbine exit temperature for the gas turbine using AIRCYCLE.TK or the procedure in Example 14.1, Using AIRCYCLE.TK. ge = DELAB - DEL21 = 276.62 Bru/lbm Qe = DELN32 = 537.77 Bru/bm T, = 1576.5°R Determining the steam cycle enthalpies using Appendices A.14, A.15, and A.16, or SATSTM.TK and SHTSTM.TK. 15-206 OQO Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS hy = 1448.8 Brobm §, = 1.6121 Bru/lbm-R h, = 11713 Bruflbm 5 = 5 h, = 936.0 Btu/lbm = 5 h, = 94.1 Bru/lbm hy at 2 psia hy = 943 Btu/lbm h, = 277.4 Btu/lbm hy at 75 psia h, = 2804 Btu/lbm Solving the first law equation for the open heater for y,. yh, + (1-y) by = hy ¥: = 0.170 The net work is. Woot = We = Wy = [(hy - h,) + (1 - ys)(he - hy] - 1G, -h) + 1 - yor - b)] Wore = 469.6 Btu/lbm Solving for the first law equation for the steam generator for the stéam flow produced per kg of gas flow. 1h, 6, (T, -T,) = hh, ~ h) 1h, _ (0.24 Btu/lbm-R)(1576.5°R - 800°R) in, 4488 - 2804 Bto/ibm) = bm steam a a 1 buoy Solving the equation for total net power for the gas flow rate. Wo = tty Wag, + Hh Wag, th,(276.62 Btu/lbm) 500 000 kW 3 re] 3600 sec/hr 15-207Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS +h, (o.ses Fees Btu/lbm) Tom gas 4, = 1348.1 Ibm/sec @ th, = (0.1595)((1348.1 Ibm/sec) = 215 Ibm/sec The thermal efficiency is. | © onge Mee Me 473,889 Btu/sec “OQ, a, (348.1 Tomisec)(537.77 Btu/lbm) = 0.654 The availability of the gas leaving the steam generator is. ay = (By - by) - ToS, - 5) Using AIR.TK to determine the change in enthalpy and entropy. | a, = (63.485 Btu/lbm) - (537°R)(0.09788 Bru/lbm-R) © 0.92 Btw/lbm Solving for the availability of the gas leaving the gas turbine. a, = (261.14 Brulbm) - (537°R)(0.2687 Btu/lbm-R) @ a, = 116.86 Brufbm Comparing the change in availability of the gas to the net work produced in the steam cycle per kg of gas. Waed kg gas 1595 Tbm/lbm)(469.9 Brulbm) _ 9.797 @,- a, (i686 - 1092 Bralibm) a> 8 15-208Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem*15.45 Simplify the reheat power plant shown in Figure 15.35 by climinating all the heaters between the condensate pump and the first heater. Let the condenser operate at 90°F. Assume the high-pressure turbine exhausts at 550 psia. Calculate the mass flows if the power required is 236 MW. Use equipment efficiency guidelines as per actual heat balance discussion. Given: Reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle producing 236 MW. Find: Mass flows Sketch and Given Data: See Figure 15.35 Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Using the enthalpies given in Figure 15.35, solve the first-law equations for the seven feedwater heaters for the extraction mass fractions. 1316.4 y, + 370 = 336.9 y, = 464.6 1427 y, + 328.5 + 382.6 y, = 370 + (y; + yz) 336.9 1369 y, + 270.2 + (y, + yz) 336.9 = 318.5 + (y, + yo + yp) 2826 1308 y + (1 - Ys - Yo-Yo ~ Ys) 228.6 + (Ys + yo + ys) 282.6 = (1 + Y2 + Ys + Ys) 272.7 + (1 ys = Yo-Yo - Y4)270.2 1247 ys + (1 -Y1 = Yan Ys~ Ya Ys) 172 = (1 - ys - Yo-Yo - Ys) 228.6 1175 yo + (1- Ys -Yo- Yo-Yo) 123.9 = 136 yg + (1+ Yn-Ya-Ys-Ya-Ys) 172 1108 y, + (1 - y; - Y2~ Ya Ye - Ys) 72.6 + 136 ye = (1-Y1-Yo- Yo-Yo Ys) 123.9 + (Yeryn) 84.6 ‘The mass fractions are, ¥; = 0.09658 Ys = 0.042168 Ya = 0.034021 yg = 0.035125 15-220 OChapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Ys = 0.037931, = 0.036369 O Ys = 0.03057 | ‘The net work per Ibm of inlet steam is. Woe = W,~ Wy = [(1461.2 - 1316.4) + (1 - y,)(1519.2 - 1427) + (1- yy ~ y,)(1427 - 1369) + (1 - y; - ye ~ y3)(1369 - 1308) + (1-1 -Yo- Ys ~ Ye (1308 - 1247) + (1 Yn- Yo-Yo ~ Ya > ¥s)(1247 - 1175) + (1 -Ys-Yo~ Ys ~Ya>Ys ~ Yo)(1175 - 1108) + -y-¥9-s-Ye “Ye Yo ¥AHNO8 - 1023.6) ~ (G1 -¥1~Y2- Yo-Yo ys) OL + 7.44)) Woa = 531.7 Btubm - From Figure 15.35. W = 235,090 kW + 13,730 kW + 3200 kW + 950 kW = 252,9780 kW The inlet steam flow is, WY. 252,970 KW)3412 BoVKW-hY) = 4 695.347 thine me War 331.7 Braiom The bleed extraction flows are (th, = 1h, y,). th, = 156,783 Ibmyhr th, = 68,453 Ibm/hr th, = 55,228 Ibm/hr th, = 57,020 Ibm/hr th, = 61,575 Ibm/hr th, = 58,877 Ibm/hr th, = 49,626 Ibmo/hr 15-221Chapter XV - VAPOR POWER SYSTEMS Problem C15.1 Use STMCYCLE.TK or develop a spreadsheet template or computer program to investigate the effect of varying the steam generator pressure on the thermal efficiency of an ideal Rankine cycle. For a steam generator supetheater outlet temperature of 500°C and a condensing temperature of 35°C, vary the steam generator pressure from 100 kPa to 30 MPa. Plot the results. Given: Ideal Rankine cycle with superheater temperature of 500°C and condensing temperature of 35°C. Find: ‘Thermal efficiency for range of steam generator pressures. Assumptions: 1) Each process may be analyzed as a steady-state open system. 2) The changes in kinetic and potential energies may be neglected. Analysis: Using STMCYCLE.TK, List Solve for a range of pressures from 100 kPa to 30 MPa and plot the thermal efficiency. PROBLEM C15.1 44 S 7) 8) tons of retigeration = TE = 21.18 tons Wore = (hy - hj) = (190.66 - 231.4) = -40.74 ki/kg, b) cop = Se « 111.69 | a i The refrigerating effect for the standard cycle is (Ge) = (ta hy) = (178.61 - 84.13) = 94.48 Ki/kg ‘The increase is ‘Ag, = 111.69 - 94.48 = 17.21 ki/kg 17.21 , = 1721 9, ce ©) % increase = F771 = 0.182 or 18.2% 16-15© O Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem 16.13 Refrigerant 12 enters an adiabatic compressor as a saturated vapor at -15°C and discharges at 1.0 MPa. If the compressor efficiency is 70%, determine the actual work. Given: An adiabatic compressor with inlet and exit states and the compressor efficiency. Find: The compressor work, Sketch and Given Data: ‘ 2 rn SPC woke safvapor 2 = 7, Assumptions: 1) R12 isa pure substance. 2) The compressor is a steady-state open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. 4) The heat flow is zero. Analysis: Determine the work from a first law analysis. Q +h (h = ke + pe), = W +1 (h + ke + peys Apply assumptions 3 and 4 W = ih(h, - hy) w= (hy hi) hy = h, @ -15C = 180.85 Kikg 5, = 0.7046 kiI/kg-K P, = 1000 kPa = 5 h, = 210.98 ki/kg 16-21Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS 210.98 - 180.85 hy ~ 180.85 by = 223.89 kiikg Woes = (180.85 - 223.89) ky = -43.04 — kg 16-22Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS. oO Problem 16.17 | A vapor-compression refrigeration system uses R 12 as the refrigerant. The gaseous refrigerant leaves the compressor at 1200 kPa and 80°C. The heat loss during compression is 14 kJ/kg. The refrigerant enters the expansion valve at 32°C. The liquid leaves the evaporator and enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at -15°C. The unit must produce 50 tons of refrigeration. Determine (a) the R 12 flow rate; (b) the compressor power; (c) the COP. Given: ‘A.50-ton vapor compression refrigeration system uses R 12. The cycle states are given as well as heat loss during compression. Find: The flow rates of R 12, the power and COP. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) _—_-R 12 is a pure substance. 2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle. hy = 180.85 ki/kg & = 0.7046 kikg-K hy = 230.40 kifkg 8) = 0.7514 kifkg-K hy = hy @ 32°C = 66.67 ki/kg hy = 66.57 ki/kg Q, = i(h, - h,) (60 tons)(3.516 kW/ton) = (th kg/s)(180.85 - 66.67 ki/kg) a) th = 1540 kgs 16-29Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Since there is heat loss, perform a first law analysis of the compressor. Q + th(h + ke + pe), = W + ith + ke + pe); o Apply assumption 3. Q+mh =W+mhy (-14 keg) (1.54 kg/s) + (1.54 kg/s)(180.85 ki/kg) = W + (154 kg) (204 i) b) = W = 97.87 kW = (50)(3.516) _ eee 16-30Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem 16.21 The same as Problem 16.20, assuming the isentropic compressor efficiency is 85% for the compressors. Given: A two-stage cascade refrigeration system per problem 16.20 except the compressors have efficiencies. Find: The mass flow rates, COP and cascade condenser irreversibility rate. Sketch and Given Data: 2 7 8 Cepud ? a , TV, é ott eascare| : coud af TXY GS Me 77 av = Assumptions: 1) R 12 isa pure substance, 2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. Analysis: Use the property values from Problem 16.20 as appropriate. Ps = 316 kPa hy= 7629 big s = 046961 EE hy = 36.76 k/kg hy = 187.84 kJ/kg 8, = 0.2888 eK hy = 174.16 kikg. hy = 208.24 K/kg 8, = 0.1445 zw by = 193.68 ki/kg hy = 76.29 ki/kg hy = 36.76 kiikg Using the compressor efficiency, find hj and hy. 16-38 OChapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS n, = 085 = babe , 193.68 - 174.16 “ hh-b, hy - 174.16 hy = 197.12 kI/kg py = 316 kPa S$ = 0.7291 ier h, - be _ 208.24 - 187.84 by -h, hy - 187.84 0, = 0.85 = by = 232.24 KWikg From the first law analysis of the evaporator, Q = my, - h) kW) _ (15 tons) (oss ia] = (th, kys)(174.16 ~ 36.76 k/kg) a) th, = 0.3838 kg/s From a first law analysis of a cascade condenser. thy hy + th, by = 1h, hy + st th,(hy - b) | (0.3838)(197.12 - 36.76) OOM RTRy canes = meas” SSSIZ Als The total power is Wea = My (hy - by) + sth, ~ hy) Woon = (0.5517 kp/s)(187.84 - 232.24 ki /kg) + (0.3838)(17416 - 197.12) Wr = -33.3 kW = On , (153516) &) (COP. = Fe = Se sO 188 16-39Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS For an adiabatic, steady open system, the irreversibility rate, 1, is T, AS, AS yaa = thy (s, - 8) + (6, ~ 81) AS yt (0.5517)(0.6961 - 0.2888) + (0.3838)(0.1445 - 0.7291) AS, 9g = 0.000838 KWAK ° 1 = (298)(0.000338) = 0.10 kW 16-40 ©Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem 16.25 A vapor-compression refrigeration system uses a subcooling-superheating heat exchanger located after the evaporator to subcool the refrigerant entering the expansion valve. The refrigerant leaving the evaporator is superheated in the process. Assume the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a saturated vapor and the condenser as a saturated liquid and that no pressure drops occur in the heat exchangers. The evaporator temperature is -10°C, the condenser pressure is 1000 kPa, and the flow rate is 20 kg/min. Determine (a) the compressor power; (b) the tons of refrigeration; (c) the COP. Given: A vapor compression refrigeration system that uses a heat exchanger to subcool the refrigerant entering the expansion valve. System states are noted. Find: ‘The power required, tons of refrigeration and the COP. Sketch and Given Data: 4 = v3 3 pear Assumptions: 1) The refrigerant is R 12, a pure substance, | 2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. 4) The refrigerant is superheated 10°C. Analysis; Determine the enthalpies around the cycle. h, = 183.06 Kk Pe = 219.1 kPa hy = 76.29 kikg, Ps = Pp T; = 0°C, hy = 189.42 kJ/kg 8, = 0.7251 is P. = 1000 KPa, s,=s, hy = 217.72 kifkg-K Perform a first law analysis on the subcooling-superheating heat exchanger subject to assumption 3 and that Q = 0 and W = 0. 16-48 oO oOChapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS O mh hy + hh, = rh, +h hy hy + hg = hy + hy hg = (183.06 + 76.29) - 189.42 = 69.93 ki/kg h, = hg The power is a) Wy, = hh, - hy = (a 3 (189.42 ~ 217.72 kifkg) ' b) a) (183.06 - 69.93) = 37.71 kW oO °) © 16-49Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem 16.29 A vapor-compression heat pump uses R 12 and provides 10 kW of heating. The evaporator pressure is 200 kPa, and he refrigerant enters the compressor at 0°C. The compressor’s isentropic efficiency is 80%, and the condenser pressure is 900 kPa. | The electricity to drive the compressor comes from a power plant with an efficiency of 40%, Determine (a) the compressor power; (b) the ratio of heat used in the power plant to produce the electricity to the heat output of the heat pump. Given: A vapor-compression heat pump provides a specified amount of heat which between known operating conditions. Find: ‘The compressor power and a comparison between the heat used to generate the electricity to that used in the house. a rokbl Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) R 12is a pure substance. 2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. Analysis; Determine the property values around the cycle. hy = 189.67 ki/kg 5; = 0.7320 kI/kg-K hy = 72.01 kikg hy = hy = 72.01 kik S=s py = 900 kPa hy = 217.95 kI/kg 2, = 080 = h, - hy _ (217.95 - 189.67) . hy -h, (hs - 189.67) ‘hy = 225.02 ki/kg The heat out is 16-56Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Quer = ta(hy - hi) (10 kW) = (tin kg/s)(72.01 ~ 225.02 ki/kg) th = 0.06536 kg/s a) Wye, = th(h, - hy) = (0.06536)(189.67 - 225.02) = -2.31 kW The power is provided by an electric motor. The power plant producing the electricity has a thermal efficiency of 40%. Hence, im = 0.40 = Mow . 231 Qa a Q, = 5.775 kW The ratio of this to the heat out put of the heat pump is b Fr ae SST 0.577 16-57Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem 16.33 A two-stage cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia as the working substance. ‘The mass flow rate in the high-pressure loop is 0.10 kg/s. The condenser saturated temperature is 36°C, and the evaporator temperature is -40°C. The cascade condenser is direct contact. Determine (a) the cascade condenser pressure for minimum work; (b) the refrigerating effect in tons; (c) the COP; (d) the power required; (e) the second-law efficiency. Given: A two-stage, cascade refrigeration system uses ammonia. The high pressure mass flow is known as are the cycle states. | Find: ‘The optimum cascade condenser pressure, the tons of refrigeration, the COP, | the power and second law efficiency. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) Ammonia is a pure substance. 2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. Analysis: Determine the ammonia properties around the cycle. hy = 1389.0 ki /kg & = 5.9589 kiI/kg hy = 352.1 Kikg b= hy Pax @ -40C = 71.77 kPa py, @ 36°C = 1389.03 kPa a) Pee = P2Py = VTLTIGSOOB) = 315.7 kPa For ease in using the super heat tables, use the values at 1400 kPa for h, and at 300 for h, 8 = 8, = 5.9589 kIikg-K hy = 1578.4 kI/kg 16-64Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS kt = 8. = 5.4449 _— = 1.650.9 kJ/ QO ae ie-K h ms hy = 144.3 ki/kg h, =h, Perform a first law analysis on the cascade condenser applying assumption 3 and Q = 0, W =0. | th, hy + mh, by = tty hy + th, by (h, ~ hy) _ (0.1 kg/s)(1434.0 - 352.1) | = Oe Gh (1578.4 = 1443) | = 0.0754 kes Q,, = th(h, ~ h,) = (0.0754 kgs)(1389.0 - 144.3 ky/kg) = 93.85 kW | tons of _ QO | (9385 kW) _ O » refrigeration = 3316 “ G56 kWron) ~ 262tons W,, = th,(h, - b,) = (0.0754)(1389 - 1578.4) = -14.28 kW W,, = thyg(h, - h,) = (0.1)(1434.4 - 1650.9) = -21.65 kW 9) Wray = -35,93 kW

= N*Vpp (150) (as =) fous Vera _ 0.166 = cet = 0.166 _ 4 = t= gary 7 MASE or a6 O 16-141Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem 16.77 A reciprocating double-acting, single-cylinder air compressor operates at 220 rpm with a piston speed of 200 m/s. The air is compressed isentropically from 96.5 kPa and 289°K to 655 kPa. The compressor clearance is 5.4%, and the air flow rate is 0.4545 kg/s. Determine for n - 1.35 (a) the volumetric efficiency; (b) the piston displacement; (c) the power; (4) the bore and stroke if L = D. Given: A double acting, single cylinder, reciprocating compressor compresses air isentropically between two states. The percent clearance is known, as is the ‘mass flow rate and the polytropic exponent. Find: The volumetric efficiency, the displacement volume, power required and bore and stroke if L = D. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) The compressor is a steady, open system. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. 3) Airis an ideal gas. 4) The heat transfer is zero. Analysis: The volumetric efficiency is wis e-e() = 1054 - (00s (5) = a) melre 2) 1.054 (oa (555) The total volume flow rate at inlet conditions is mRr, (04545 kgs)(0.287 | (289 x) vemRh = 03906 m’/s P (065 KNim?) LO The volume flow rate is also 16-147Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Va = te Ven = NV eo)(N)(2) Oo Oe m| _ 220 rev) (> stroke v= [oss 2| (0891(Veo (Fp 2) e ao | b) Vop = 0.0641 m? Vin = 0.0641 m? = % DL = (3) @ my 4 D=L = 0439 m = 434m The power is = w= mRT, : - Ey" n-l P, w= (anos g/s)(0.287 Kiy/kg-K)(289 ) [ = (ses) | O o W=35KWw 16-148_ Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem 16.81 A single-acting compressor with twin cylinders of 30 x 30 cm receives saturated ammonia vapor at 226 kPa and discharges it at 1200 kPa. Saturated liquid ammonia enters the expansion valve. Ice is to be manufactured at -9°C, and the water is a available at 26°C. The compressor runs at 150 rpm, and the volumetric efficiency is 80%. Assuming the specific heat of ice to be 2.1 KkI/kg-K, determine (a) the ammonia flow rate; (b) the mass of ice manufactured; (c) the compressor power. Given: A double-cylinder refrigeration compressor has known bore and stroke and rpm. The ammonia states around the cycle are known as is the volumetric efficiency. The water temperature, ice temperature and ice specific heat are known. Find: The ammonia mass flow rate, compressor power and mass of ice manufactured. Sketch and Given Data: D=L=Bocm i & 7) ce @ -9°C Bee PE ip Age (oBrta AFG, Assumptions: 1) Ammonia is a pure substance. 2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. 4) The cycle is an ideal vapor compression cycle. Analysis: Determine the cycle properties. ¥, = 0.5296 mi/kg Py ky h, = 14244 KI = 5.5600 ; im * kg-K be= by @ 1200 kPa = 3279 h, Ps = 1200, & = & = 1667.6 ki/kg -Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS The compressor volume flow rate oO | V, = 1, N Vip Veo = G D1) Q) N= 150 rpm V, = (0.80) (3) (030 m)2) (a 2) = 0.08482 Ls = (0.08482 ms) _ (0.5296 m/kg) 9.160 kets y, a) ae ©.) W= mh, -h) = 0.160 ¥en) (las = 1667.6 5) = 238.9 kw Find the heat received in the evaporator. A first law analysis yields. Q = th, - h)= (0.16 kgs) {usta - 3279 Fs = 1754 kW oO AA first law on the evaporator from the water's view is Q = mh(h, - h) | b= gy = By ~ Ade Deus 0 by = 334.9 klicg Ah = 6(AT) = -(2.1 ki/kg-K)(0-(-9)) = -18.9 ki/kg (175.4 kW) = (1h, kg/s)(-334.9 - 18.9 ki/kg) b) th, = 0.496 ke/s 16-156Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem *16.1 A reversed Carnot cycle uses R 12 as the working fluid. The refrigerant enters the | condenser as a saturated vapor at 90°F and leaves as a saturated liquid. The evaporator temperature is a constant -10°F. Determine per unit mass (a) the compressor work; (b) the turbine work; (c) the heat input; (d) the COP. | Given: Areversed Carnot cycle uses R 12 and operates between known temperatures. | Find: The compressor and turbine works, the heat input and the COP. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) ___R 12s a pure substance. 2) Cycle processes are illustrated above. Analysis: From the R 12 tables, find hy = 86.17 Btu/bm hy = 28.71 Brobm 5, = 0.16353 Btubm-R —s, = 0.05900 Bru/lbm-R The process from 4-1 is isentropic, 5, = s, 0.059 = 0.01462 + x,(0.15527) x, = 0.286 hy = 6.37 + (0,286)(69.82) = 26.33 Bru/lbm ‘The process from 3-2 is isentropic, s = s 0.16353 = 0.01462 + (0.15527) x = 0.959 oO hy = 6.37 + (0.959)(69.82) = 73.33 Brulbm 16-157‘Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS | From a first law analysis. | a) We = hy - hy = (73.33 - 86.17) = -12.84 Btu/lbm b) w, = hy - hy = (28,71 - 26.33) = 2.38 — ° Ge = by- hy = (73.33 - 26.33) = 47.0 = 4 (CoP, = 450 = 45 * 350 = 450 Or the (COP), may be found from heat and work term. Wet Ww, + W, = 238 - 12.84 = -10.46 Btu/bm 47.0 Pp), = 27 = 4, (COP). = agag = 45 16-158Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem *16.5 A vapor-compression refrigeration system has an evaporator operating at -20°F, a condenser with a pressure of 175 psia, and subcooling of 10°F of the R 12 leaving the | condenser. Determine the percentage of increase in refrigerating effect because of the subcooling. Given: A vapor compression system is ideal except for subcooling of R 12 leaving the condenser. Find: ‘The percent refrigerating effect increase because of subcooling. | Sketch and Given Data: T AT#10F -2LorF © assumptions: 1) __R 121s a pure substance. 2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. Analysis: Determine the enthalpies around the cycle. Bu h, = 75.11 —— = 0.17102 Br -R 7 & stu/lbm- h, = bh, @ 175 psia and T, = 121.2 F = 36.27 Btu/lbm = hi T, = 112 F hy = h, @ 111.2 F = 33.82 Btulbm = h, ‘The refrigerating effect without subcooling is Ge = (hy - ht) = (75.11 - 36.27) = 38.84 Btu/lbm The refrigerating effect with subcooling is Gn = (hy - hy) = (75.11 - 33.82) = 41.29 Btu/lbm © 41,29 ~ 38.84 _ a % increase in q, = 0.063 or 6.3% 16-165Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem *16.9 O In a standard refrigerating cycle the evaporator temperature is -10°F, and the condenser temperature is 120°F. Saturated vapor enters the compressor, and there | is no subcooling of the liquid refrigerant. Consider ammonia and R 12, and select the refrigerant that gives the higher COP. Given: An ideal vapor compression refrigeration system, its operating conditions and two refrigerants, R 12 and ammonia. Find: Which refrigerant gives the higher COP. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) _ R12 isa pure substance. 2) Ammonia is a pure substance. 3) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 4) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. Analysis: Determine the COP for R 12, by = 76.196 = & = 0.16989 Bru/lbm-R +h, = hy @ 120 F = 36.01 Bru/lbm P, = 172.35 psia 9h, = hy P= Pe S=% h, = 93.03 Brubm Wer = hy - hy = (76.196 - 93.03) = -16.83 Bru/lbm a = hy - hy = (76.196 - 36.01) = 40.19 Btu/lbm 40. (COP)a 2 For ammonia 16-172Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS hy = 608.5 Btu/ibm & = 13558 Btu/lbm-R Bu = 179.0 — hy, = hy = 1790 5 1 = by P= pr= 2864 psia == 8, hy = 775.6 | Wo = (hy ~ hy) = (6085 - 775.6) = 1671 BE Ibm Bu in = (thy - hy) = (608.5 - 179.0) = 4295 u) = ( ) 5S 5 Ammonia gives the higher COP. 16-173Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem *16.13 The same as Problem *16.12, assuming the isentropic compressor efficiency is 85% for the compressors. Given: A two-stage cascade refrigeration system per Problem *16.12 except the | 8 compressors have efficiencies. | Find: The mass flow rates, COP and cascade condenser irreversibility rate. Sketch and Given Data: Assumptions: 1) R 12s a pure substance. | 2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. | 3) ° Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. Analysis: Use the property values from Problem 16.12* as appropriate. Ps = 51.7 psia hy = 36.27 Bru/lbm 5, = 0.1658 h, = 1731 Bruflbm h, = 75.11 Btuflbm h, = 81.44 Btu/lbm 5, hy = 8405 = h, = 90.71 Btu/lbm s, Bu Bu = a = 36.27 — he sie he ibm Using the compressor efficiency, find hy and hi. 16-182 Bn Ibm-R = Btu Gas back oe Bu = 00375 TOR OO © Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS. hi = 85.63 Buvbm =p} = 51.7 psia sf. = 0.1740 _BO_ Ibm-R hy, ~ hy _ 90.71 - 81.44 by - 8148 = " e R " 4 : = " hy = 92.34 Btu/bm From the first law analysis of the evaporator Q = mo, - b) (15 tons)(200 Bru/min-ton) = (th, Ibm/min)(75.11 - 17.31 Bru/bm) a) th, = 51.9 Ibm/min From a first law analysis of the cascade condenser. 1h hy + my + Bf = a by + my = GS =) _ (51.9)(85.63 - 17.31) _ ; 2 BD CL44 3627) ~~ BStbminin The total power is Woo = sty (hy = Hf) + ty(h, ~ hh) Wes = (785 Ibm/min)(81.44 - 92.34 Btu/lbm) + (51.9 Ibm/min)(75.11 - 85.63 Btu/lbm) = -] Bu =: Wow = -1401.6 BR = 3306 bp ») (cor), = Se = 159000) «914Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS For an adiabatic, steady open system, the irreversibility rate, 1, is T, AS, MSpoa = MY(S, ~ 85) + thy(S, ~ 8) AS... = (78.5)(01658 - 0.0754) + (51.9)(0.0375 - 0.1740) 7 Bu AS ya = 0.01205 FE °) 1 = (637)(0.01205) = 6.47 Bru/min 16-184 ©Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem *16.17 A vapor-compression refrigeration system uses a subcooling-superheating heat exchanger located after the evaporator to subcool the refrigerant entering the expansion valve. The refrigerant leaving the evaporator is superheated in the process. Assume the refrigerant leaves the evaporator as a saturated vapor and the condenser as a saturated liquid and that no pressure drops occur in the heat exchangers. ‘The evaporator temperature is 0°F, the condenser pressure is 200 psia, the flow rate is 20 Ibm/min, and 20°F of superheat added. Determine (a) the compressor power; (b) the tons of refrigeration; (c) the COP. Given: Find: Sketch and Given Data: Analysis: A vapor compression refrigeration system that uses a heat exchanger to subcool the refrigerant entering the expansion valve. System states are noted. The power required, tons of refrigeration and the COP. 1) The refrigerant is R 12, a pure substance. 2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. 4) The refrigerant is superheated 10°C. Determine the enthalpies around the cycle. b, = 77.27 Brulbm P2 = 23.85 psia hy = 38.91 Brubm Ps=P» 7; = 20°F, hy = 80.16 Btulbm s, = 0.1750 we Ps = 200 psia = 8 hy = 97.44 Btu/lbm 16-192 OO Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Perform a first law analysis on the subcooling-superheating heat exchanger subject to assumption 3 and that Q = 0 and W = 0. ih h, + hh, = mh, + hh, hy + he = hy + hy hg = (77.27 + 38.91) - 80.16 = 36.02 Btu/lbm h, = bg The power is a) Way = (hy - h,) = 20 Iommi (0.16 - 97.44 Bas . ie Bu _ Vda = 3456 BO = 615 bp b) Q, = mh, - hy) = (20)(77.27 - 36.02) = 825 Btu/min Oy, = 4125.tons cope Me = 85 a9 16-193Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem *16.21 oO A vapor-compression heat pump uses R 12 and provides 34,000 Btu/hr of heating. The evaporator pressure is 30 psia, and the refrigerant enters the compressor at 20°F. | The compressor’s isentropic efficiency is 80%, and the condenser pressure is 125 psia, The electricity to drive the compressor comes from a power plant with an efficiency | of 40%. Determine (a) the compressor power; (b) the ratio of heat used in the | power plant to produce the electricity to the heat output of the heat pump. Given: A vapor-compression heat pump provides a specified amount of heat which between known operating conditions. | Find: The compressor power and a comparison between the heat used to generate the electricity to that used in the house. Sketch and Given Data: 74000 Bhi/y, Assumptions: 1) R12 sa pure substance. 2 Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. Analysis: Determine the property values around the cycle. h, = 79.77 Btu/lbm S, = 0.1706 Bru/lbm-R ‘h, = 30.22 Bru/lbm ‘hy = hy = 30.22 Btuflbm 8 = — py=125psia hy = 90.88 Btu/lbm n, = 080 = "= , (9088 - 79.77) . hy-h, (3 - 79.77) hy = 93.66 Bru/lbm oO 16-200Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS The heat out is au = H(h, ~ hf) (-34 000 Btu/hr) = (th Ibm/hr)(30.22 -93.66 Btu/lbm) = 5359 = 8.93 lbm/min a)” Wy, = th(h, ~ hi) = (8.93)(79.77 - 93.66) = -124.0 Btu/min (ut = :2.92 hp The power is provided by an electric motor. The power plant producing the electricity has a thermal efficiency os 40%. Hence, Woe. 1240 On e708 Ty = 0.40 = Q, = 310 Btu/min The ratio of this to the heat output of the heat pump is = (310 Btu/min) 8 S67 Biuimin ~ 252 16-201Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem *16.25 A capillary tube vapor-compression refrigeration system operates on R 12 with an evaporator temperature of 0°F and a condenser temperature of 120°F. The system provides 1 ton of cooling. Determine (a) the mass flow rate; (b) the power; (c) the COP; (d) the temperature of R 12 entering the compressor. | Given: A capillary tube refrigeration system with saturated evaporator and condenser temperatures given. The units’ tonnage is specified. Find: The refrigerant flow rate, the power, the COP and the R 12 temperature entering the compressor. 4 Sketch and Given Data: r (20F 5 a 5 3 2 Zi a © z 4 oF a Assumptions: 1) ___R 12isa pyre substance. 2) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. Analysis: Determine the enthalpy values around the cycle. hy = by @ 120°F = 36.01 Brulbm hy = by @ OF = 852 PR by = h, @ OF = 77.27 Brvbm Pe = 23.85 psia Ps = Pr Perform a first law on subcooling/superheating tubing which yields: th, +h, = hh, +h, 16-209Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS hy + hy -h, = 36.01 + 77.27 - 852 = 104.76 e 8 = 0.2191 Btuflbm-R d) = T, = 1821 F The process 3-4 is isentropic, s, = s, and p, = 1723 psia hy = 1274 Bruflbm AA first law analysis of the evaporator yields Q = mh hy) (1 tons)(200 Bru/min-ton) = (a ) nar ~ 8.52 Btu/lbm) a) th = 2.91 Ibm/min b) W = th(h, - hy) = (2.91)(104.76 - 127.1) = -65.0 = We = -1.53 hp = Be, (20) _ °) aa wm 732 16-210O O Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem *16.29 Using the psychrometric chart, determine (a) the specific enthalpy and specific volume for air with a relative humidity of 60% and a dry-bulb temperature of 100°F; (b) the humidity ratio and the relative humidity, given a wet-bulb temperature of 75°F and a specific volume of 14.5 ft?bm; (c) the wet- and dry-bulb temperature, given a relative humidity of 70% and a humidity ratio of 0.018 Ibm vapor/Ibm air. Given: Various states of an air-vapor mixture. Find: Property values from the psychrometric chart. Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric. Analysis: a) = 60%, Ta = 10°F ‘h = 52.0 Btu/lbm airy = 14.67 ft'lbm air b) Tw = 75°F, v = 145 fbm fe @ = 0.0115 — ¢ = 24.2% Ibm ©) ¢ = 10%, @ = 0.018 Ibm vapor/Ibm air Typ = 76.5°F Te = 84.4°F 16-215Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Problem *16.33 O An air conditioning system dehumidifies and then reheats the air. The system operates with 2625 ft/min of air entering the dehumidifier at 80°F and 70% relative humidity. The air leaves the reheater at 70°F and 50% relative humidity. Determine (a) the temperature of the air leaving the dehumidifier before it is reheated; (b) the flow rate ‘of the condensed water; (c) the tons of cooling required; (d) the reheat in Brw/min, Given: An air conditioning system receives a given volume flow of air, dehumidifies it and reheats it to specified states. Find: The air temperature before reheating, the water flow rate, the tons of cooling required and the reheat required. Sketch and Given Data: 2e2Fafm | 80° gr 10h y Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric. 2) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. 3) The work is zero. 4) Each component may be considered a steady-state, open system. Analysis: Determine the air properties from the psychrometric chart to be: hy = 362. Btwlbm w, = 0,0155 ™ vapor Tom air v, = 13.95 fem air Br - Ibm vapor = 254 Bu = 0.0078 Ibm vapor ne Ba re ° a air The humidity ratio at (2) is the same as (3) oO 16-222Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS O @,=0; h,=206Btu/fbm (a) T, = 50.5°F The air mass flow rate is | = ae (2625 fimin) _ 189.9 tom/min , (13.95 fiom) The water flow is Tbr Ibm th, = tho, - @,) (182 a) (oss - org “vapor b) th, = 1.448 Jbmvmin | The first law on the dehumidifier yields Ot hy = hh + mB, Q = hh, - hb) +m, b, where by = by @ 70°F = 37.68 Bit Q = (1882 tominin) (206 - 362 = ma) + (os =a] (37.68 Btu/lbm water) Q = -2881 Btu/min = (2881 Bru/min) _ 9 a (00 Bivmin-tony ~ 144-tons | The first law on the reheater yields O+ m= mh, 4) Q= iQ, - hy) = (1882 Tommi fs 4 ~ 206 im) “ Bu © 98 16-223Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS | Problem *16.37 OQ An air-conditioned classroom receives air at 60°F. The air leaving via the exit duct is at 80°F and 50% relative humidity. The people in the room may be viewed as adding 0.165 Ibm/min of water vapor at 95°F. The heat addition from the people in the room and the lights and surroundings is estimated to be 33,000 Btu/hr. Determine the inlet volume flow rate, relative humidity and humidity ratio. Given: A classroom receives air at an incompletely defined state, has water vapor and heat input to the air and the air exits at a known state. Find: The inlet air volume flow rate, the inlet relative humidity and humidity ratio. Sketch and Given Data: Haus = Ob S Dhue forin @ hg = W027 Be a The cor Le soe are) o gary : bh. = 33000 6B- 8 > soe, Assumptions: 1) The pressure is atmospheric. oO 2) ‘The work is zero, 3) Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. 4) The classroom is a steady, open system. Analysis: The properties at state (2) are b, = 31.3 Bruflbm air @, = 0,010 !>m vapor Tom air Perform a first law analysis on the classroom Q + ih, h, + th, hy = th, by Q = mh, (, -h) - hh, th, = 0.165 Ibm/min Use a trial and error solution. Assume a value for state (1), calculate m, from the first law and check the conservation of mass equation for water. Oo 16-230Chapter XVI - REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS. Assume T, = OOF, # = 50%, hy = 20.4 PY, w, = 0.0055 om (550 Bt) = (a, tbmvmin)(31.3 - 20.4 Btu/bm) nin, ~ (0.165 Ibm/min)(1102.9 Btu/lbm) 1, = 67.1 Ibm/min th, = th,(@, - @,) = (67.1)(0.0110 - 0.0055) = 0.369 Ibm/min This value is too high, hence the initial humidity ratio is higher. Assume T = 60°F, ¢ = 86%, h, = 24.8 Bru/lbm, w, = 0.0096 550 = (th,)(31.3 - 24.8) - (0.165)(1102.9) th, = 112.6 Ibm/min th, = (112.6)(0.011 - .0096) = 0.16 Ibma/min This close enough. Thus Ibm bd) ¢, = 86% +c) —@, = 0.0096 — The specific volume is v, = 13.3 f'fbm, thus a) Yemo= (x26 a [ss £) = 1497 f'/min 16-231