INSTITUTO TECNICO HINO

Course: Technical English

Teacher: Priscila López
Grade: 4to. Bachillerato Industrial y Perito en
Mecanica Diesel

TIRES

NAME: KEY:
Lorenzo Pastor, Eberson Alexander. 15
Valdez López, Jeremy Gerardo. 29
Ordoñez Vásquez, Cristian Josué. 16
Urbina Roche, Angel Samuel 28
Cumez Batzin, Flavio Angel. 7
Godoy Chajon, Melvin Alexander. 10
Lorenzo Pastor, Eberson Alexander.

TIRE

A tire is a strong, flexible rubber casing

attached to the rim of a wheel. Tires
provide a gripping surface for traction and
serve as a cushion for the wheels of a
moving vehicle. Tires are found on
automobile s, trucks, buses, aircraft
landing gear, tractors and other farm
equipment, industrial vehicles such as
forklifts, and common conveyances such
as baby carriages, shopping carts, wheel
chairs, bicycles, and motorcycles.

Tires for most vehicles are pneumatic; air

is held under pressure inside the tire.
Until recently, pneumatic tires had an
inner tube to hold the air pressure, but
now pneumatic tires are designed to form
a pressure seal with the rim of the wheel.

Scottish inventor Robert Thomson developed the pneumatic tire with inner tube in
1845, but his design was ahead of its time and attracted little interest. The pneumatic
tire was reinvented in the 1880s by another Scotsman, John Boyd Dunlop, and
became immediately popular with bicyclists.

Natural rubber is the main raw material used in manufacturing tires, although
synthetic rubber is also used. In order to develop the proper characteristics of
strength, resiliency, and wear-resistance, however, the rubber must be treated with
a variety of chemicals and then heated. American inventor Charles Goodyear
discovered the process of strengthening rubber, known as vulcanization or curing,
by accident in 1839. He had been experimenting with rubber since 1830 but had
been unable to develop a suitable curing process. During an experiment with a
mixture of india rubber and sulfur, Goodyear dropped the mixture on a hot stove. A
chemical reaction took place and, instead of melting, the rubber-sulfur mixture
formed a hard lump. He continued his experiments until he could treat continuous
sheets of rubber.

The tire is the only part of the car that touches the road. Tires must strike a balance
between traction, comfort, durability, energy efficiency and overall cost. As a result
of these competing needs, tires are more complex to design and build than you might
think.

Valdez López, Jeremy Gerardo

WHAT'S IN A TIRE

Tires contain many

rubber compounds and
other materials because
they are required to
safely perform in the
face of a wide range of
demanding conditions.

Tires are expected to

perform for thousands of
miles while retaining
their essential
performance and safety
properties.

Tire Construction Feature

Body Ply: Body plies function as the structure of the tire and provide the strength to
contain the inflation pressure. It also gives the tire strength and flexibility.

Bead: Tire bead assures an air-tight fit to the wheel.

Belts: Belts provide stability and strength to the tread area of the tire.

Innerliner: A rubber compound used to retain the inflation pressure inside the tire.

Sidewall: A rubber compound used to cover the body plies on the sides of the tires,
which provides protection from road and curb damage.

Tread: The tread rubber compound and tread pattern provides grip and traction.

TIRE COMPOSITION
NATURAL RUBBER:
Natural rubber provides specific performance characteristics to tires. It is especially
good for tear and fatigue crack resistance.

SYNTHETIC POLYMERS:
The two main synthetic rubber polymers used in tire manufacturing are butadiene
rubber and styrene butadiene rubber. These rubber polymers are used in
combination with natural rubber. Physical and chemical properties of these rubber
polymers determine the performance of each component in the tire as well as the
overall tire performance (rolling resistance, wear and traction).

Another important synthetic rubber is halogenated polyisobutylene rubber (XIIR)

commonly known as halobutyl rubber. This material causes the innerliner to be
impermeable, which helps to keep the tire inflated.

STEEL:
Steel wire is used in the tire belts and beads, and the plies for truck tires. The belts
under the tread serve to stiffen the tire casing and improve wear performance and
tire handling. The bead wire anchors the tire and locks it onto the wheel.

TEXTILE:
Textiles in tires are various types of fabric cords that reinforce the tire. Tire fabric
cords provide dimensional stability and help support the vehicle weight.

These textiles are polyester cord fabrics, rayon cord fabric, nylon cord fabric, and
aramid cord fabric. They are used to make the tire plies in passenger tires. While
they serve as the primary reinforcing material in the tire casing and they also help
the tire keep its shape in different road conditions which provide added endurance
and performance characteristics to the tire.

FILLERS (CARBON BLACK, AMORPHOUS PRECIPITATED SILICA):

Both carbon black and silica are fillers that reinforce the rubber, that is, improve
properties such as tear, tensile strength and abrasion. This results in improved wear
performance and traction. Silica use improves rolling resistance.

ANTIOXIDANTS:
Antioxidants help to keep rubber from the breaking down due to the effect of
temperature and oxygen exposure.

ANTIOZONANTS:
Antiozonants are used to impede the effects of exposure to ozone on the surface of
the tire.

CURING SYSTEMS (SULFUR, ZINC OXIDE):

Sulfur and zinc oxide, are crucial ingredients to transform rubber into a solid article
during vulcanization or tire curing. Curing systems shorten the vulcanization time
and impact the length and number of crosslinks in the rubber matrix that form during

Ordoñez Vásquez, Cristian Josué.

DESIGN

The main features of a passenger car tire are the tread, the body with sidewalls, and
the beads. The tread is the raised pattern in contact with the road. The body supports
the tread and gives the tire its specific shape. The beads are rubber-covered, metal-
wire bundles that hold the tire on the wheel.

Computer systems now play a major role in tire design. Complex analysis software
acting on years of test data allows tire engineers to simulate the performance of
tread design and other design parameters. The software creates a three-
dimensional color image of a possible tire design and calculates the effects of
different stresses on the proposed tire design. Computer simulations save money
for tire manufacturers because many design limitations can be discovered before a
proto-type tire is actually assembled and tested.

In addition to tests of tread design and tire body construction, computers can
simulate the effects of different types of rubber compounds. In a modern passenger
car tire, as many as twenty different types of rubber may be used in different parts
of the tire. One rubber compound may be used in the tread for good traction in cold
weather; another compound is used to give increased rigidity in the tire sidewalls.

After tire engineers are satisfied with computer studies of a new tire, manufacturing
engineers and skilled tire assemblers work with the designers to produce tire
prototypes for testing. When design and manufacturing engineers are satisfied with
a new tire design, tire factories begin mass production of the new tire.

The tire-building machine invented by W. C. State of Goodyear Tire Company in

1909 dramatically increased workers' productivity.
The tire-building machine invented by W. C. State of Goodyear Tire Company in
1909 dramatically increased workers' productivity.
The history of tires provides an excellent example of how innovations in one industry
can cause massive changes in another. Simply put, the "take-off" of the automobile
industry transformed the rubber industry in the United States during the early years
of the twentieth century. The late-nineteenth century rubber industry concentrated
on producing footwear and bicycle and carriage tires. By World War I, rubber and
automobile tires were virtually synonymous in the public mind. Seven thousand new
car sales in 1901 were accompanied by sales of 28,000 tires as original equipment
(OE) and an additional 68,000 replacement tires. By 1918, with tires forming about
fifty percent of rubber sales, OE tire sales exceeded four million for the one million
new cars produced and total tire production reached 24.5 million.

This vast increase in production was accompanied by the emergence of now well-
known firms like Goodyear, Goodrich, and Firestone, and the formation of the
industry's center in Akron, Ohio. And while employment soared, production
increases were possible only with the aid of technology. The fundamental innovation
was the mechanization of core building. Before 1910, tires were built up by workers
stretching, cementing, and stitching each ply and the beads around an iron core. In
1909, W. C. State of the Goodyear company patented a machine that carried the
plys, beads, and tread on rollers carried on a central turret. The worker pulled the
appropriate material over the core while the machine's electric motor held the proper
tension so the worker could finish cementing and stitching. Skill and dexterity
remained important, but the core-building machine simplified and sped-up
production from six to eight tires per day per worker to twenty to forty a day,
depending upon the type.

William S. Pretzer
 The tire-building machine invented by W. C. State of Goodyear Tire Company in
1909 dramatically increased workers' productivity.

Urbina Roche, Angel Samuel.

Different Types of Tires

A common challenge when buying tires is understanding the different types of tires,
and which one will work best for you.

The easiest way to group tires is to start with the type of your vehicle. After
determining which tire types are possibilities for your vehicle, you can determine
which type is best for you based on your driving needs.

PASSENGER TOURING VEHICLES: SEDANS, CUVS, & MINIVANS

The tires designed for this particular class of vehicles are generally engineered to
deliver a smooth and quiet ride, reliable all-season traction, and a long lasting tread
life. Luxury vehicles that fall into the passenger touring category can find luxury tire
options in both the all-season touring and grand-touring categories. While most cars
in this segment will conform to these types of tires, some vehicles are modified for
enhanced performance, and will need more performance from their tires.

ALL-SEASON

The all-season touring tire is designed to deliver good

comfort and handling on the highway, as well as reliable all-
season traction. It will generally feature a symmetrical tread
pattern and circumferential grooves for wet weather grip.
 TOURING

Touring tires, also called Grand touring tires are designed to

deliver a comfortable ride and reliable all-season traction,
with the addition of more responsive handling. They
generally have a higher speed rating than all-season touring
tires, and often feature an asymmetrical tread pattern.

Performance sport and sedan vehicles generally require enhanced handling

capabilities from their tires. They often want reasonable traction in a variety of
conditions, but the focus leans more towards performance than comfort. Some
touring sedan owners modify their vehicles, and want a tire with greater
performance capabilities. There are luxury options available in both the all-season
performance and the summer performance segments.

A common challenge when buying tires is understanding the different types of tires,
and which one will work best for you. The easiest way to group tires is to start with
the type of your vehicle. After determining which tire types are possibilities for your
vehicle, you can determine which type is best for you based on your driving needs.

PERFORMANCE

Performance tires generally have larger circumferential and

lateral grooves, for wet weather traction. They also typically
feature fairly dense siping and silica enriched tread
compounds, for better grip regardless of the weather. They
have higher speed ratings than touring tires.

SUMMER

Summer tires are geared for performance in wet and dry

conditions. They are not designed for all-season traction.
They are optimized for warm weather, and deliver grip and
responsive handling in wet or dry conditions. Summer tires
generally feature solid contact patches, adequate
circumferential grooves for hydroplaning resistance, and
little to no siping. They are ideal for performance vehicles
in warmer climates.
 TRACK AND COMPETITION

Track and competition tires are similar to street performance

tires in that they are designed to deliver the pinnacle of
performance. Track and competition tires are rarely used for
daily driving. They are engineered to provide constant road
contact in dry conditions. They differ from summer tires in
their construction, which often features high-tech body and
sidewall reinforcements such as kevlar or aramid. While these tires may be D.O.T.
approved, they are designed for extreme performance, and are generally used for
amateur track days or professional competitions. If you are in a competition series,
whether a Corvette club or a MINI series, your competition tire specifications are
determined by your series’ mandate. To ensure that your competition tires align
with your series, it is best to check series bylaws.

TRUCK AND SUV

Truck and SUV tires are divided up by the different uses of the vehicle. You may
need a more aggressive tire that can handle things where the pavement ends, or
you may see a lot of highway driving, which would benefit from a smoother, longer
lasting tread. There are truck and SUV tire types that can meet your needs
wherever you drive.

HIGHWAY

Highway tires have all-season tread patterns and are

designed to handle the heavier loads of a truck or SUV.
They are engineered to be very comfortable on the
pavement. Most highway tires have durable compounds and
tread patterns that resist uneven wear to deliver long lasting
tread life. They generally feature siping for enhanced all-
season traction.
 ALL-TERRAIN

All-terrain, or A/T tires generally have a more aggressive

tread pattern than highway or trail tires. They have larger
tread blocks and more voids, which provide traction in off-
road driving conditions. A/T tires often feature the Severe
Weather Service symbol. They are designed to handle
gravel, sand, and light mud. Most all-terrain tires achieve
this off-road traction with little to no on-road discomfort. They provide highway
stability and comfort, in addition to the off-road thrills. Many people enjoy all-terrain
tires because they have a more aggressive look with little or minimal sacrifice in
noise, comfort, or longevity.

MUD-TERRAIN

Mud-terrain, or M/T tires feature extremely aggressive tread

patterns with very large tread blocks and more voids. This
allows the tires to get more traction in soft terrains, such as
deep mud and sand. They often have aggressive sidewall
features that enhance traction in soft terrain while giving the
tire an even more rugged appearance. Often, the sidewalls
will be reinforced to resist punctures, abrasions, and tears that commonly occur
when driving off-road. Mud-terrain tires are generally less comfortable on roads,
and tend to be noisier than the less aggressive tire options. They are best for
vehicles that see regular off-road driving, off-road enthusiasts, or those looking for
an off-road appearance.

ALL-PURPOSE OR TRAIL

All-Purpose (A/P) or trail tires are only a little more rugged

than a standard highway tire. A/P tires generally feature
fewer sipes than a highway truck tire. An A/P tread pattern
will often include overlapping blocks to provide moderate
off-road grip in loose road conditions. A/P tires are
commonly referred to as very mild all-terrain tires.
 RIBBED

Ribbed tires are designed for the ultimate in highway

handling and long lasting mileage. They generally have a
solid rib tread design for enhanced stability, even under a
heavy load. This also enhances wet weather traction.
Ribbed tires are great for commercial vehicles that see a lot
of highway mileage.

SPORT TRUCK

Performance truck tires are very similar to highway tires.

They feature all-season tread patterns that are optimized for
a variety of weather conditions. They generally have sipes
for enhanced traction, although not as many sipes as seen
on a highway tire. Performance truck tires also feature
higher speed ratings than highway tires. Some performance
truck tires will feature an asymmetrical tread pattern.

SPECIALTY TIRES

It is possible that you find yourself in need of specialty tires. They could be for your
lawn mower or go-cart, or maybe you need to replace your spare tire. We have
temporary spare tires, trailer tires, ATV tires, and even lawn and garden tires.
Whether you need to outfit your golf cart, or replace tires on your horse trailer, we
have the tires you need.

WINTER

Winter tires are designed for the best possible traction in

harsh winter conditions below 45 degrees. Winter tires
come in a wide variety of uses, and are made for an even
wider variety of vehicles. Winter tires feature heavy siping
and deep circumferential grooves that work to expel snow
and slush buildup from the contact patch. The two main
winter tire types are studded and non-studded. Studded winter tires feature small
metal studs, or pins, that are engineered to deliver the pinnacle of traction on icy
driving surfaces. Studded tires, while great for conditions with heavy ice, can cause
additional noise and discomfort. Studded winter tires are illegal to use in some
states. They are only recommended if you drive in the harshest of winter
conditions. Non-studded winter tires have all of the features of studded winter tires,
except the studs. They are designed for great traction in winter conditions, and
even provide reasonable grip on ice. Non-studded winter tires provide plenty of
traction for your winter driving.

The All Weather tire is a newcomer to the industry. It is designed to fill the gap
between a dedicated winter tire and an all-season tire. All Weather tires are
designed to maintain reliable traction when temperatures drop below 45 degrees,
but unlike winter tires, they don’t need to be changed out when spring comes
around. However, if you live in regions that deal with heavy ice and snow, an all-
weather tire, like the all-season tire, will not provide the superior winter traction that
a winter tire delivers.

TEMPORARY SPARES

Temporary spare tires are available in either compact or full

size. Compact temporary spares, a.k.a. donut spares, are
for temporary use only. They are typically rated for up to 50
miles, at speeds up to 50mph. They require a much higher
air pressure than standard tires. Full size spares are
generally the same size as the tires on the vehicle. Often, if
the manufacturer provides a full size spare, it will be the same tire type as the
original equipment.

TRAILER

Trailer tires are available in either bias ply or radial ply

constructions. Bias ply tires typically can carry more weight
for longer periods of time. However, they tend to have more
irregular wear and a rougher ride than radial tires. Radial ply
tires provide a smoother ride and are better suited for
highway driving.
 ATV/UTV

ATV tires are available in mud, sand, all-terrain, and racing

types. They can feature large individual tread blocks and
large voids, which deliver excellent traction in sand, mud,
gravel, and rocks. Generally speaking, the more aggressive
the tread pattern is, the more aggressive the usage can be.

LAWN & GARDEN

We also have lawn and garden tires in stock. This includes:

dolly (a.k.a. hand truck) tires, wheelbarrow tires, lawn
mower tires, and golf cart tires.

Other
Aircraft, bicycle and a variety of industrial applications have distinct design
requirements.

Aircraft—Most aircraft tires are designed for landing on paved surfaces and rely on
their landing gear to absorb the shock of landing. To conserve weight and space
required, they are typically small in proportion to the vehicle that they support. Most
are radial-ply construction. They are designed for a peak load when the aircraft is
stationary, although side loads upon landing are an important factor. Although
hydroplaning is a concern for aircraft tires, they typically have radial grooves and no
lateral grooves or sipes. Some light aircraft employ large-diameter, low-pressure
"tundra tires" for landing on unprepared surfaces in wilderness areas.

Bicycle—Bicycle tires may be designed for riding on roads or over unimproved

terrain and may be mounted on vehicles with more than two wheels. There are three
main types: clincher, wired and tubular. Most bicycle tires are clincher and have a
bead that presses against the wheel rim. An inner tube provides the air pressure and
the contact pressure between bead and wheel rim.

Industrial—Industrial tires support such vehicles as forklifts, tractors, excavators,

road rollers, and bucket loaders. Those used on smooth surfaces have a smooth
tread, whereas those used on soft surfaces typically have large tread features. Some
industrial tires are solid or filled with foam.
Motorcycle—Motorcycle tires provide traction, resisting wear, absorbing surface
irregularities, and allow the motorcycle to turn via countersteering. The two tires'
contact with the ground affect safety, braking, fuel economy, noise, and rider
comfort.

Cumez Batzin, Flavio Angel

Tire Size Markings

P=
Passenger Car Tire

The first letter on a tire indicates the tire’s class. P designates this tire as a
passenger car tire, an LT before the tire size would mean the tire is a light truck
tire, and a European metric tire would have no letter before the tire size.

245 =
Section Width
Tread (mm)

The section width is the width of the tire from one sidewall to the other measured in
millimeters. In this example, the tire is 245 millimeters wide.

45 =
Aspect Ratio
(Ratio of Sidewall height to width)

The aspect ratio refers to the height of the sidewall, and it is a percentage of the
section width. In this example, the sidewall height is 45% of the 245 section width
which equals 110.25.

Z=
Speed Rating
S = 112mph
T = 118mph

The speed rating designates the maximum speed at which a properly installed and
inflated tire can be driven on. In this example, the speed rating is Z which means it
has the highest speed rating. Z rated tires will also have a W or Y speed rating
indication after the load index which denotes the actual mph the tire is rated for.

R=
Radial
Construction

In this example, the R designates this tire as a radial tire. Radial tires have layers
of fabric whose cords run at right angles to the circumference of the tire and whose
tread is strengthened by additional layers around the circumference making it the
most common type of automotive tire.

19 =
Wheel
Diameter
(inches)

Wheel Diameter specifies the size, in inches, of the wheel that a tire fits. In this
example, the tire will fit a 19 inch wheel.

98 =
Load
Index

Load Index indicates the maximum load carrying capacity of the tire. It is very
important to only install tires with a load index that meets or exceeds your vehicle
manufacturer's specification.

W=
Speed
Rating

The speed rating designates the maximum speed at which a properly installed and
inflated tire can be driven on. In this example, the speed rating is W which means it
can be driven at speeds up to 168 mph.

U.S. Department of Transportation Markings

All tires must have a DOT, or Department of Transportation number, which

indicates the tire has passed all minimum DOT standards for sale in the U.S. This
code represents the manufacturer and the plant it was manufactured at (R8) and
the size (LN). Also, an optional code for manufacturing (LMJR) which specifies the
construction, tread pattern and category of the tire. The week (46) and year (10)
the tire was produced are at the end of the code.
Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG) Marking

The Department of Transportation requires each manufacturer to grade its tires

under the Uniform Tire Quality Grade (UTQG) system which establishes ratings for
treadwear, traction, and temperature resistance. It is important to note that these
tests are conducted independently by each manufacturer and not by the
Department of Transportation.

The treadwear rating (440) refers to the durability of the tire, not necessarily the
projected life of the tire. Since the test is conducted by each manufacturer, and the
grade is assigned after the tire has only experienced a small amount of treadwear,
there is room for interpretation. While it may be helpful to compare treadwear
grades within the same manufacturer, it might not be as helpful to compare the
grades across multiple brands or manufacturers.

The traction rating (A) refers to the tire’s ability to stop in a straight line on wet
asphalt and concrete under the controlled conditions of the test track. The test
does not measure the tire’s cornering ability or hydroplaning resistance in wet
conditions or braking and handling in dry conditions. The traction grades consist of
AA, A, B or C, with AA being the highest.

The temperature rating (A) refers to the tire's resistance to the generation of heat
when driven at high speeds. The grades range from A through C with A being the
highest, making tires with an A grade most effective at dissipating heat.

Maximum Inflation Pressure and Load

This maximum inflation pressure number, (51 PSI) indicates the maximum air
pressure the tire can hold while in operation. This does not represent the
recommended inflation pressure for the vehicle it is installed on. You should always
set your air pressure to your vehicle manufacturer’s specifications as stated in your
owner’s manual or on the tire information placard inside the vehicle.

The maximum load number, (1653 LBS) is the load carrying capacity of the tire
when it is inflated to the maximum inflation pressure. Similar to inflation pressure,
this is not the recommended load carrying capacity for the vehicle it is installed on.
You should always match the load index or load range of the tire to the
specifications in your owner’s manual.

Godoy Chajon, Melvin Alexander.

How to Read a Tire Size

What's On Your Tire's Sidewall?
With a little explanation it's easy to understand what all of the letters and numbers
mean on your tire's sidewall. The numbers are indicators of the size, type, and
performance of the tire.

Tire Type

The letter "P" at the beginning of the "Tire Size"

tells us the tire is a P-Metric tire, referring to
tires made to certain standards within the
United States, intended for Passenger
vehicles.

If a tire size has no letters at the beginning, this indicates a Euro metric tire. P-Metric
and Euro-Metric tires may have different load capacities.

The letters "LT," either at the beginning or at the end of the tire size indicate the tire
was designed for light trucks. Vehicle manufacturers equip some light trucks with
"LT" type tires. These tires generally require higher inflation pressures than
passenger tires.

Consult your owner's manual or tire placard for the recommended tire size and
inflation pressure for your vehicle.

Tire Width
Is the width of the tire measured in millimeters
from sidewall to sidewall. The first three-digit
number in the tire size refers to the tire width.
For instance, in a size P215/65 R15 tire, the
width is 215 millimeters.

Aspect Ratio
Is the ratio of the height of the tire's cross-
section to its width. The two-digit number after
the slash mark in a tire size is the aspect ratio.
For example, in a size P215/65 R15 tire, the
65 means that the height is equal to 65% of the
tire's width. The bigger the aspect ratio, the
bigger the tire's sidewall will be.
 Construction
The letter "R" in a tire size stands for Radial,
which means the layers run radially across the
tire.

Wheel Diameter
Is the size of the wheel measured from one
end to the other. It tells us the size of the wheel
that the tire is intended to fit. A size P215/65
R15 tire is made for a wheel with a 15"
diameter

EGRAFIA
https://www.michelinman.com/howTireMade.html

https://www.ustires.org/whats-tire-0

https://www.discounttiredirect.com/learn/tire-types

http://www.madehow.com/Volume-1/Tire.html

https://www.pepboys.com/auto-care/tire/understanding-tire-markings

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire

https://www.goodyearautoservice.com/en-US/tire-basics/tire-size