SocIety of Petroleum engineers

SPE 25661

Lithology-Dependent J-Functions and Relative Permeabilities

R.E. Phelps, Saudi Aramco
SPE Member

Copyright 1993, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Inc.

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Middle East Oil Technical Conference & Exhibition held in Bahrain, 3-6 April 1993.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper,
as presented, have not been reviewed by tile SOCiety of Petroleum Engineers and are subject to correction by the author(s). The material, as presented, does not necessarily reflect
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of Petroleum Engineers. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contam conspIcuous acknowledgment
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ABSTRACT best methods of determining water

saturations is the use of capillary
This paper demonstrates a technique pressures.
of using log data coupled with litho-
logy dependent porosity-permeability The Hadriya reservoir exhibits a lar-
transforms to calculate facies-depen- ge degree of heterogenity, and thus
dent Leverett J-functions for the the capillary properties varied con-
Hadriya reservoir. A comparison of siderably throughout the reservoir,
initial water saturation profiles depending on the permeability, poros-
from formation analysis logs versus ity, clay content and pore size.
profiles from a single global Comprehensive descriptions of capil-
J-function and facies-specific lary pressure data at each well loca-
J-functions are presented. tion would have required an extensive
and costly coring and testing prog-
These facies dependent J-functions ram. Therefore, to correlate and in-
were then used to compute facies spe- terpolate capillary pressure data for
cific imbibition and drainage rela- the Hadriya reservoir it was decided
tive permeabilities for both the wet- to develop J-function values.
ting and non-wetting phase. Development of a global J-function
was possible using core data,
however, since the Hadriya reservoir
INTRODUCTION has 19 facies there was insufficient
core data to accurately describe a
One of the most important aspects of J-function for each facies. Some
constructing-3-D simUlation models is facies had little or no data from
to accurately describe the distribu- core analysis.
tion of fluids at the beginning of
history. Since the fluid contacts A search for data led to the use of
were known, the next step was to FALs (formation analysis logs). These
determine the vertical distribution logs contained over 35,000 data
of water above the OOWC. One of the points for the Hadriya reservoir,

References and illustrations at end of paper.

525
2 LITHOLOGY DEPENDENT J-FUNCTIONS AND
RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES
with sufficient data to develop
J-functions for each of the nineteen
facies. These data were screened to
eliminate points which were affected
by water encroachment prior to the
time the log was taken. A comparison
was then made using a single global
J-function versus nineteen facies-
specific J-functions. The two tests
used to judge the validity of the
results were OOIP values and compa-
risons of saturation profiles from
individual wells using FALs, a single
global J-function and the nineteen
facies-specific J-functions.
These J-functions were then used to
derive facies dependent imbibition
and drainage relative permeabilities
for both the wetting and non-wetting
phase.
DISCUSSION
This paper illustrates a method for
determining the initial vertical
distribution of water and oil in the
Hadriya reservoir. The two main tasks
encountered in the initialization of
a simulation model is to determine
the OOWC and secondly to define the
distribution of reservoir fluids
above this contact. The latter point
will be discussed in this paper, as
the fluid contacts had been defined.
The Hadriya reservoir is a wedged
shape carbonate structure with vary-
ing thickness of 230 ft. to 50 ft.
Integration of depositional and dia-
genetic information resulted in
defining 19 lithofacies. Due to such
a large degree of hetergenity , and
insufficient core data a search was
initiated for additional data to
define facies-specific capillary
pressures and relative permeabi-
lities.· This search led to the use of
FALs which contain tabulated values
of TVD, measured depth, porosity,
permeability-thickness, water
saturation, facies assignment and
well number. These data were
526
SPE 025661
presented for each well at 1 ft.
vertical increments, which equated to
over 35,000 data points. This amount
of data was more than adequate to
describe capillary pressures and
relative permeabilities for each of
the nineteen Hadriya facies.
J-Functions
The first step in computing
J-functions is to determine the
variation of capillary pressure over
the entire relief of the reservoir.
PVT data along with FAL data were
assembled for each of the nineteen
Hadriya facies. It was assumed that
the capillary pressure at the OWC was
zero.
Using the capillary pressure versus
subsea depth tables, J-valueswere
computed at each FAL data point using
the following definition:
The capillary pressure in the reser-
voir was computed as:
Pc =
Combining the above two equations:
Jsw = 0.217H(po - PW)(~ kJ
144aCos6 4>
Based on laboratory studies a cons-
tant value of 18.5 dynes/em was used
for the interfacial tension times the
cosine of the contact angle.
In an attempt to reduce the scatter
in the data, wells with identified
water encroachment were excluded from
the original FAL data. However, even
SPE' 025661 PHELPS, R.E
with this screening process it was
still difficult to define the shape
of the J-function versus water satur-
ation curve over the entire satur-
ation range. The wide scatter in the
J-function data made it difficult to
def ine the shape of the curve over
the entire saturation range. The
final curve was derived by minimizing
the square of errors between the ob-
served and computed water saturations
from FAL and J-functions, respective-
ly. Figure 1 shows the derived
J-function curve fits for each of the
nineteen Hadriya facies. A plot of
the global J-function, using all
available facies data, versus water
saturation is presented in Figure 2.
Comparison plots showing water satu-
ration profiles computed from a glo-
bal J-function, facies-specific J-
functions and FALs are presented in
Figures 3-6 for typical Hadriya
wells. The data show that there is
close agreement between water satura-
tion profiles calculated using a glo-
bal J-function and facies-specific
J-functions. This implies that pos-
sibly one J-function would be ade-
quate to describe the capillary pres-
sure forces in the Hadriya reservoir.
The irreducible water saturation,
Swi, was read off these plots by
extrapolating the upper portion of
the curve through the x-axis . Using
these values for Swi the water satur-
ation was normalized, Sw*. The
average Swi value for the Hadriya was
approximately 5.5%.
Using the normalized values for water
saturation a new set of plots were
developed based on the log of both
Jsw and Sw*. These log-log plots were
used to determine the pore size
distribution index lamda (A), which
is related to the slope of the log
Jsw versus log Sw* plot. The pore
size distribution index was used to
calculate drainage and imbibition
relative permeabilities.
527
3
DRAINAGE AND IMBIBITION RELATIVE
PERMEABILITIES
Background
Multi-phase flow of fluids through a
porous media is a difficult process
to define, especially if the porous
media is of complex geometry. A mi-
croscopic description of this process
is not possible. However, Darcy's
(1) macroscopic description relating
pressure gradient and viscosity to
fluid velocity via permeability are
still used by reservoir engineers to
calculate fluid flow. These type of
calculations depend on a number of
parameters, one of which relative
permeability. Generally, relative
permeabilities are obtained through
laboratory measurements of actual
core samples containing original
reservoir fluids. These techniques
are sUbject to many uncertainties
such as preserving core samples and
laboratory procedures. Other sources
of relative permeability data are the
extrapolation of past reservoir per-
formance for future predictions,
pUblished data from literature of
reservoirs with similiar reservoir
characteristics and mathematical
models relating relative permeability
to measured properties of the rock.
This paper examines the latter
approach to calculate drainage and
imbibition curves for the Hadriya
reservoir.
The Navier-Stokes relationships cou-
pled with the continuity equation,
with the appropriate boundry condi-
tions, rigorously define the flow of
Newtonian fluids. This mathematical
model is near impossible to solve for
complex geometries and was therefore
simplified by Kozeny (2), who used
flow channels to approximate a porous
media. This was further modified by
Carman (3) and Purcell (4) by app-
lying the theory of capillary tubes
to calculate absolute permeability.
Later Burdine (5) extended the model
to include a saturation-dependent
4 LITHOLOGY DEPENDENT J-FUNCTIONS AND
RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES
tortuosity factor, and used this
approach to calculate theoretical
relative permeabilities. Corey's (6)
experiments with capillary pressure
on consolidated sandstones resulted
in relationships in which the normal-
ized saturation was found to be in-
versely proportional to the capillary
pressure squared. Naar (7) investi-
gated hysteresis effects and disco-
vered differences between imbibition
and drainage values. Incorporating a
pore size distribution index, and
formulating the trapping of the non-
wetting phase, Land (8) derived a
more general form of Corey's
equations. Standing (9) combined this
work to develop equations for an
oil-gas system accounting for
hysteresis of both the wetting and
non-wetting fluids. These rela-
tionships have been modified to de-
rive oil and water imbibition and
drainage relative permeabilities.
Drainaqe Relative Permeability
Relationships
The saturation history or the direc-
tion of the saturation change may be
indicated by either drainage or imbi-
bition. Drainage refers to the flow
in which the wetting phase saturation
is decreasing. Imbibition refers to
flow in which the wetting phase
saturation is increasing. For this
study water was determined to be the
wetting phase and oil the non-wetting
phase.
To eliminate the dependency of rela-
tive permeability on pore size dis-
tribution the effective permeability
is normalized to absolute permeabili-
ty. When relative permeability is
expressed as a function of saturation
then pore size distribution, wetta-
bility and saturation history are im-
portant parameters. The relative per-
meability relationships for the wet-
ting and non-wetting phase should
have a definable pore size distri-
bution.
528
SPE 025661
As discussed, lamda is defined as the
pore size distribution index. As
lamda increases the more uniform is
the pore size distribution. Based on
experimental data the ratio of capil-
lary pressure to capillary entry
presssure, (Pc/Pe), and effective
wetting phase saturation, Swt*, can
be represented by:
S wt * =
P
-E
)-A
( Pe
Taking the log of both sides:
log Pc = log Pe- [( ~)lOg(Swt*)]
Therefore, a plot of log (Pc) versus
log(Swt*) should result in a straight
line, and the slope defines lamda.
The average calculated value of lamda
for the Hadriya was 1.25.
Knowing the pore size distribution
index the following relationships
were used to calculate the oil and
water drainage relative permeabili-
ties.
(2+?)
krw = (Sw*)
(2jA)
kro = (1-Sw*)2 [l-(Sw*) ]
Imbibition Relative Permeability
Relationships
Imbibition relative permeabilities
are applicable when the wetting phase
is increasing, or as in our case the
water saturation increases due to
waterflooding and/or influx of the
aquifer. The hysteretic behavior is a
result of pores being desaturated and
resaturated. During the drainage pro-
cess capillary forces and viscous
SPE' 025661 PHELPS, R.E
forces operate in the direction to
promote desaturation of larger pores
first, followed by the smaller pores.
During imbibition capillary forces
cause resaturation of the smaller
pores first while viscous forces
cause resaturation of the largest
pores first. The result is that a
portion of the non-wetting phase, in
our case oil, becomes trapped within
the pore structure and is unable to
move.
The normalized initial and residual
oil saturations, Soi* & Sor*, respec-
tively, are expressed as:
Soi* = Soi
(l-Swi)
Sor
Sor* =
(l-Swi)
The value of C, the trapping cons-
tant, is expressed as:
1 1
c= Sor* Soi*
However, if Sor*~ represents the
effective residual oil saturation
after imbibing water from irreducible
water, then the above equation for C
becomes:
C = - -1- - 1
Sor*max
The calculated value of C for the Ha-
driya reservoir was about 2.0 using a
Sor*1IIIX of 30-35%.
The total oil saturation is equal to
the sum of the free, Sof*, and trap-
ped, Sot*,. oil saturation. When Kr0 imb
= 0, the total oil saturation is
equal to the residual oil saturation
529
5
less the amount of free oil that gets
trapped during the saturation change
from 50* to Sor*. This is expressed
as:
Sot* = Sor*- So£*
C So£* + 1
Eliminating Sot* gives:
Sof* = 0.5 [ (So*-Sor*)+
~ (So> - Sox»' ~(so> - sox»]
+
The final equation needed is a
relqtionship evaluating the residual
oil saturation from the initial oil
satuation, as shown:
Sor* = S~i*
C SO~* + 1
Using the derived equation for the
drainage non-wetting phase relative
permeability, and sUbstituting the
two phase relationship of SW* + 50* =
1, gives:
(2+1)
kr0 dr = SO*2 [l-(l-So*) 1 ]
Expressing the oil saturation in
terms of free oil leads to the
following equation for calculating
the imbibition relative permeability
for the non-wetting phase:
(2;:1)
kro imb =Sof*2 [1 - (1 - So£*) ]
For two phase systems, oil-water, the
water phase remains mobile. During
waterflood oil becomes trapped, for-
cing water to occupy pores of a lar-
ger size than it would normally
occupy if oil was not trapped. There-
fore, for the same saturation the im-
6 LITHOLOGY DEPENDENT J-FUNCTIONS AND
RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES
bibition relative permeability value
must always be less than the drainage
value. However, as the "trapping cons-
tant, C, increases and Soi* decreases
the difference between imbibition and
drainage values for the wetting phase
is negligible. Therefore, the same
equation is applicable when calcula-
ting the water imbibition and draina-
ge relative permeabilities.
(2+31)
krwimb = Sw* 1
These equations were used to calcu-
late facies-dependent oil and water
imbibition relative permeabilities
Figure 7 presents both the derived
facies-dependent and global water
relative permeabilities, along with
laboratory data. The data show a
facies dependency, however, the
derived global and laboratory data
show close agreement. Figures 8 and 9
show plots of the derived facies-
dependent and global imbibition and
drainage relative permeabilities,
respectively. with the exception of a
very tight facies found in the
southern area the global curve agrees
with the facies-dependent data and
laboratory relative permeabilities.
Calculation of Residual oil
Saturation
During the analysis of comparing the
calculated relative permeability
curves to the laboratory data it was
noticed that the reported value of
SOR=20% could not be theoretically
matched. The value of SOR is used in
the calculation of the imbibition
relative permeabilities.
The first pass in calculating the
imbibition relative permeability
curves failed to match the measured
value of SORe A sensitivity of the
various parameters in the equations
530
SPE 025661
led to the conclusion that SOR should
be approximately 30-35%.
Further analysis of field data, such
as TOTs, FALs, and sponge cores,
along with a core analysis report
supported our findings.
CONCLUSIONS
1. water saturations derived from
open-hole log based facies-
dependent J-functions and per-
meability-porosity transforms
gave an acceptable estimation of
the initial fluid distribution
in the Hadriya reservoir.
2. Derivation of facies dependent
imbibition and drainage relative
permeabilities is possible using
mathematical models based on the
pore size distribution index.
NOMENCLATURE
cos 8 - cosine of the contact angle,
degrees
Jsw - a dimensionless function for
capillary pressure
H - height above OWC, ft
k - rock permeability, md
krw - water relative permeability, md
kro - oil relative permeability, md
pw - density of the water, lb/fe
po - density of the oil, lb/ft3
Pc - capillary pressure, psi
pe - capillary entry pressure, psi
swt* - effective wetting phase
saturation
Sw* - normalized water saturation
SPE' 025661 PHELPS, R.E 7

swi - irreducible water saturation for Two-and Three-Phase flow

from Rock Properties. society
Sof* - free oil saturation of Petroleum Engineering
Journel., June 1968, pp.149-156
Soi* - normalized initial oil
saturation 9. Standing, M. B. "Notes on
Relative Permeability
¢ - porosity, fraction Relationships", Division of
Petroleum Engineering and
p - interfacial tension, dynes/em Applied Geophysics, The Norwe-
gian Institute of Technology,
A - pore size distribution index, University of Trondheim, August
lamda 1974.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Appreciation is given to the Saudi
1. Darcy, H; 1856, Les Fontaines Arabian Ministry of Petroleum and
Publiques de la Ville de Dijon. Mineral Resources and to Saudi ARAMCO
victor Dalmont, Paris for permission to publish this work.
I would like to thank Janet Phelps
2. Kozeny, J.,1927. sitzungsber. and MerIon R. Banagale for their help
Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Na- in preparing this paper.
turwiss KI, Abt.2a, 136:271
3: Carman, P.C. "Flow of Gases
Through Porous Media". Butter-
worths, London (1956).

4. Purcell, W.R.: "Capillary

Pressures Their Measurement
Using Mercury and Calculation of
Permeabi I i ty Therefrom", Trans. ,
AIME, February 1949, 39-48.
5. Burdine, N.T. Relative
Permeability Calculations from
Pore Size Distribution Data",
Trans., AIME, 198, 71-78
6. Corey, A.T. : The Interrelation
Between Gas and oil Relative
Permeabilities', Prod. Monthly,
1954, V19, 38-41. .

7. Naar, J; Henderson, J.H., 1961.

An imbibition model its
application to flow behavior and
the prediction of oil recovery.
society of Petroleum Engineering
Journel, June, pp. 61-70
8. Land, C.S.; Calculation of
Imbibition Relative Permeability

531
 90

80
..
:
70 •t
••
60

z
Q 50
t;
Z
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..,
LL
I
:
30 .
t
. i.
20
•:
it.l' ~
.\\
10

~...
'lltb,'

•1 ••, • . . . .. . ~ . ...
~ ... .. ... . . ... ..
8.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

FAL WATER SATURATION

FIG 1 - CURVE FIT OF FACIES - DEPENDENT J·FUNCTIONS

90.----.----.--,..-..,--.---.---r--r----.-......---.----.--,..-..,---.-.......,-...--....---.---.
.'
80+--HO-+-l--....r+--+.~r--+-__+__+-+-_+_-+-I---I-_+--1-+-__+__+........I
70+---f.-o,...-4--I---+--+--Ii--+-__+__+-+-_+_-+_I---I--+--Ii--+-__+_-+..........j
~. roo •
60+-...!\iI;,.:4-"'....__+_-:-l--+--+--+--=-I---I--+--Ii--+-__+__+-+--+--+-I---I--4
501-- : . :
.-,
z
o
40 ." .. .. ..
30
-.. ,.-:-':;' .. '.-
o
Z
20
.'"
::J 10
..,
LL
I

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

WATER SATURATION

FIG 2 - HADRIYA GLOBAL J-FUNCTION

532
 SPE25661

8810

8830

8850
:J:
li:W 8870
C
..J
c:e 8690
(,)
t::
a: 8710
W
>
W
::J 8730
a:
t-
8750

8770

879~.0
0.' 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

WATER SATURATION

FIG 3 .. HADRIYA WELL WATER SATURATION PROFILE

:J:
li:w
C
..I

g
a:
w
>
W
::J 8670
a:
t-
I I
I
I :
,,,
I I
I
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, ,
,,
I
,,
-+,_
- - 1 -_ _
, ,
-<-,- --4--
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

WATER SATURATION

FIG 4 .. HADRIYA WELL WATER SATURATION PROFILE

533
 WATER SATURATION

FIG 5· HADRIYAWELL WATER SATURATION PROFILE

8250

8270

8290

::I:
l- 8310
e.
w
c 8330
..J
«
() 8350
I-
a:UJ 8370j
J

>
UJ
:::> 8390
a:
I-
8410

8430

WATER SATURATION

FIG 6· HADRIYA WELL WATER SATURATION PROFILE

534
 SPE256 b 1

1.0
: : :
: I : I I I : I I
0.9 - - - - - - - - -~- - - - - - - - - ~ .. - - - _..... - ~ - - - .. - - - - -:- - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - .. - i .. - - _. - - .. i- - - - - - - - - ~ - - - - - - - - -:- - - - - - -.-
* -LABORATORY DATA ,
:::
j 1

,
1

,
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:.' :
0.8 ~--------~---------~---------~--------~---------~---------~----

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: : : : : : : : .1 ..
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: : : : : LABORATORY DATA '
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, I , ,

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: ' I : : : •• t .*~ I •••••••• : •
l. 1 I I I • l'::r:' .,.".. ,.

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i
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o·~.o 0.1 0.2 0.:) 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

WATER SATURATION
FIG 7· FACIES DEPENDENT AND GLOBAL RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES

1.
)( ~.«
''''. ++::. ill I I I I I

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• *:
Ill: : : I
: : : : : I I I I I I I
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"':
,,:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
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: • x·x ' CURVE FIT OF . : : : :
0 : • x"xx LABORATORY DATA : : : :
a: 0.6 ________ ~---~-x-~
*
I I i---------~--------~---------t---------~--------
~ ¥ I X I I l I I I I
: * )(~x : : : : : : :
Z I • IX I I I I I I I

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: .: Xx .: I : : : : :
i= I
I
•
,_)(
x GLOBAL'I ,I ,I ,I ,I
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iii : : .. * Xx '". : : : : : :
: :. "': : : : : :
~ 0.3
: :
I
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: . _ .+
: :
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'" I I

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1 : I

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I I I I I I I

"-".1.0'

WATER SATURATION
FIG 8. FACIES DEPENDENT AND GLOBAL IMBIBITION OIL RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES

535
 1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7
0
a:
~ 0.6
W
e" 0.5
<
Z
(JI
«
a:
0.4
CAl
c» c 0.3

0.2

0.1

O·~.O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

WATER SATURATION
FIG 9· FACIES DEPENDENT AND GLOBAL DRAINAGE OIL RELATIVE PERMEABILITIES