GEM602: Numerical Methods

Technical Report Rating Sheet

Finite Difference Method in Solving Distribution of Discharge
Velocity of Water Flow through the Porous Media
Glerey Fe Fabillan Libradilla
1 Affiliation 1; 12107613@usc.edu.com.ph
Numerical Methods Instructor: Dr. Ian Dominic F. Tabañag
Date Submitted: Dec. 9, 2019
Revision No.:

This technical report will test your ability to formulate, solve and interpret model systems described by boundary
value problems using numerical methods. The rating to be given for this report will be based on the ‘Rubric GEM602-
3’ as provided in the course syllabus.

Dimension Rating Weighted Rating

Model Formulation 0.4 ×

Prediction & Interpretation 0.3 ×

Descriptive Writing 0.1 ×

Tables & Figures 0.1 ×

Formatting 0.1 ×

OVERALL RATING

GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020

 GEM602: Numerical Methods

Technical Report
Finite Difference Method in Solving Distribution of Discharge
Velocity of Water Flow through the Porous Media
Glerey Fe Fabillan Libradilla
1 Affiliation 1; 12107613@usc.edu.com.ph
Numerical Methods Instructor: Dr. Ian Dominic F. Tabañag
Date Submitted: Dec. 9, 2019

1. Problem Statement
𝑑ℎ
The velocity of water flow through the porous media can be related to head by D’Arcy’s law 𝑞𝑛 = −𝐾 where
𝑑𝑛
K is the hydraulic conductivity and 𝑞𝑛 is the discharge velocity in the n direction. If K = 5 𝑥 10−4 cm/s, compute the
velocities of water flows through
porous media that can be
described by the Laplace equation

𝜕2 ℎ 𝜕2 ℎ
2
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

Where h is head.

Figure A. Porous Media

1.1 Given
K = 5 𝑥 10−4 cm/s, hydraulic conductivity
h = 20 cm, head

1.2 Required
𝑞𝒏 = discharge velocity in the n direction

GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020

 GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020 Page 3 of 12

2. Mathematical Modelling

The flow through porous media can be described by the Laplace equation:

𝝏𝟐 𝒉 𝝏𝟐 𝒉
Governing Partial Differential Equation: 𝟐
+ =𝟎
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚𝟐

Boundary Conditions:

h ( 3, y ) = 20 1≤y≤2

𝝏𝒉
| =𝟎 0≤x≤3
𝝏𝒚 𝒚=𝟐

𝝏𝒉
| =𝟎 0≤x≤2
𝝏𝒚 𝟎

𝝏𝒉
| =𝟏 1≤y≤2
𝝏𝒙 𝟎

𝝏𝒉
=𝟎 1≤x≤3 Figure A.1. Boundary Conditions
𝝏𝒏
0≤y≤1

Laws and Principle

1. The governing Partial Differential Equation is an elliptic type of DE. Hence, system is in steady sate
with two spatial dimensions.
2. Darcy’s law says that the discharge rate q is proportional to the gradient in hydraulic head and the
𝒅𝒉
hydraulic conductivity (𝒒𝒏 = −𝑲 )
𝒅𝒏

Assumptions
1. This methodology models two-dimensional steady state flow, where head is independent of depth,
therefore the flow is horizontal.

3. Solution of the Mathematical Model

3.1. Numerical Method/s

The governing Partial Differential Equation is an elliptic. Therefore, we can use central difference
based on the grid scheme where we divide the system in cells.

Figure A.2. Discretization of the model

GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020 Page 4 of 12

Consider the Laplace equation

𝜕2ℎ 𝜕2ℎ
+ =0
𝜕2𝑥 𝜕2𝑦

Apply central difference approximation for the second derivative in above Laplace equation to
determine the equation of the node
𝜕2ℎ ℎ𝑖+1, 𝑗 − 2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 + ℎ𝑖−1,𝑗 𝜕2ℎ ℎ𝑖,𝑗+1 − 2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 + ℎ𝑖,𝑗−1
= =
𝜕2𝑥 ∆𝑥 2 𝜕2𝑦 ∆𝑦 2

This equation can be written for all interior nodes

ℎ𝑖+1, 𝑗 −2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 +ℎ𝑖−1,𝑗 ℎ𝑖,𝑗+1 −2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 +ℎ𝑖,𝑗−1
∆𝑥 2
+ ∆𝑦 2
=0

at node (i, j) = (0,0)

ℎ𝑖+1, 𝑗 −2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 +ℎ𝑖−1,𝑗 ℎ𝑖,𝑗+1 −2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 +ℎ𝑖,𝑗−1 (1)
∆𝑥 2
+ ∆𝑦 2
=0

approximate the external nodes with central finite difference

𝑑ℎ ℎ0,1 − ℎ0,−1
=
𝑑𝑦 2∆𝑦
𝑑ℎ
ℎ0,1 − ℎ0,−1 = 2 ∆y
𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∆y∗0
=0

Thus,
ℎ0,1 = ℎ0,−1 (2)
approximate the external nodes with central finite difference
𝑑ℎ ℎ1,0 − ℎ−1,0
=
𝑑𝑥 2∆𝑥
𝑑ℎ
ℎ0,1 − ℎ1,0 = 2 ∆x
𝑑𝑥
= ℎ1,0 - 2 ∆*1*1
Thus,
= h1,0 -2 (3)

Substitute (2) and (3) in (1)

ℎ1,0 −2ℎ0,0 +(ℎ1,0 −2) ℎ0,1 −2ℎ0,0 +ℎ0,1
∆𝑥 2
+ ∆𝑦 2
=0

2ℎ1,0 − 2ℎ0,0 − 2 2ℎ0,1 − 2ℎ0,0

+ =0
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2
GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020 Page 5 of 12

at node (i, j) = (0,0) 𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟎,𝟏 = -2

at node (i, j) = (0,1) : −𝒉𝟎,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 = -2

at node (i, j) = (0,2) : −𝟐𝒉𝟎,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟐 = -2

at node (i, j) = (1,0) : −𝒉𝟎,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 = 0

at node (i, j) = (1,1) : −𝒉𝟎,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟐 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐,𝟏 = 0

at node (i, j) = (1,2) : −𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 0

at node (i, j) = (2,0) : −𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟐,𝟏 = 0

at node (i, j) = (2,1) : −𝒉𝟐,𝟎 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟏 −𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 20
at node (i, j) = (2,2) : −𝒉𝟏,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟐,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 20
Since the boundary head is known at point (3,2) and (3,3), hence we have 9 nodes of unknown distribution
head.

The systems of linear equations (distribution head) can be solve using excel array.
𝑑ℎ
Next is to consider the tabulated data obtained from distribution head to find the value of and
𝑑𝑥
𝑑ℎ
for each corresponding node. In the D’Arcy implementation here, it is this seepage velocity that is
𝑑𝑦
calculated on a cell-by-cell basis. For cell i,j the aquifer flux is calculated through each of the four cell walls
𝑑ℎ
using the difference in heads between the two adjacent cells. Therefore, for the x component of ∆h, for
𝑑𝑥
𝜕ℎ ℎ𝑖+1 − ℎ𝑖 𝑑ℎ
each node can be solve using = . The same way for the y component of ∆h, for each node
𝜕𝑥 ∆x 𝑑𝑦
𝜕ℎ ℎ𝑖+1 − ℎ𝑖
can be solve using =
𝜕𝑦 ∆y
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ2 𝑑ℎ2
Now, the value of will be calculated by the following ways =√ + . After
𝑑𝑛 𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑦𝑛
𝑑ℎ
calculating the values, apply the D’Arcy law to find the discharge velocity in the n direction: 𝑞𝑛 = −𝐾
𝑑𝑛
Where K = 5 𝑥 10−4 cm/s.
 GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020 Page 6 of 12

3.2. Flowchart

Figure B. Flowchart
 GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020 Page 7 of 12

3.3. Results and Discussion

VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION TABULATION OF WATER

FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

0.0005205 0.0005542 0.0006593 0.0007249

0.0005079 0.0005315 0.0006989 0.0007942
0.0004668 0.0003967 0.0004429 0.0000000
Table 1.a. Velocity distribution tabulation of
water flow in porous media

HYDRAULIC HEAD DISTRIBUTION TABULATION OF

WATER FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

16.3371965 17.3774834 18.5502208 20.0000000

16.2969095 17.3112583 18.4116998 20.0000000
16.2279249 17.1589404 17.7853201 0.0000000
Table 1.b. Hydraulic Head distribution tabulation of Figure C. Contour view of velocity distribution
water flow in porous media

The main goal of this study is to determine the discharge rate distribution and describe the velocity
flow in a porous medium. The system is divided in cells in the medium contains one inclusion. The equations
for the velocity is solved as an interior flow problem in each cell and the boundary conditions are passed
from cell to cell.
Observing the tabulated data in Table 1.a., it is easy to notice that the velocity field increases as
the hydraulic head (Table 1.b.) increases, this will suffice as stated in Darcy’s law where it states that the
discharge rate q is proportional to the gradient in hydraulic head and the hydraulic conductivity
dh
(qn = −K )
dn

4. Insights
Numerical method is an art of simplifying things. But you’ll have to understand its complexity to
appreciate it’s beauty.
For this type of problem, it is convenient to use central finite difference method because it is elliptic
and it converts PDE into system of equations that can be solved by matrix algebra. Thus, making it great
stride in computer technology while it avoids intense mathematical detail.
In real-world, it is important that we know how to solve the discharge velocity of any aquifer or any
underground water so that we can identify the flow rate of water in the area which is significant in designing
the water requirement.

5. References

1 Steven C. Chapra, Berger Chair in Computing and Engineering Tufts University & Raymond P. Canale
Professor Emeritus of Civil Engineering University of Michigan Numerical Methods for Engineers. (7th
Edition, 2015).
 GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020 Page 8 of 12

Appendices

SOLUTIONS

Consider the figure

Figure A.2. Discretization of the model

Governing PDE

𝜕2ℎ 𝜕2ℎ [1]

+ =0
𝜕2𝑥 𝜕2𝑦

Apply central difference approximation for the second derivative in above Laplace equation to
determine the equation of the node [1]
𝜕2ℎ ℎ𝑖+1, 𝑗 − 2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 + ℎ𝑖−1,𝑗 𝜕2ℎ ℎ𝑖,𝑗+1 − 2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 + ℎ𝑖,𝑗−1
= =
𝜕2𝑥 ∆𝑥 2 𝜕2𝑦 ∆𝑦 2

This equation can be written for all interior nodes

ℎ𝑖+1, 𝑗 −2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 +ℎ𝑖−1,𝑗 ℎ𝑖,𝑗+1 −2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 +ℎ𝑖,𝑗−1
∆𝑥 2
+ ∆𝑦 2
=0

at node (i, j) = (0,0)

ℎ𝑖+1, 𝑗 −2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 +ℎ𝑖−1,𝑗 ℎ𝑖,𝑗+1 −2ℎ𝑖,𝑗 +ℎ𝑖,𝑗−1 (1)
∆𝑥 2
+ ∆𝑦 2
=0

approximate the external nodes with central finite difference

𝑑ℎ ℎ0,1 − ℎ0,−1
=
𝑑𝑦 2∆𝑦
𝑑ℎ
ℎ0,1 − ℎ0,−1 = 2 ∆y
𝑑𝑦

= 2 ∆y∗0
=0

Thus,
ℎ0,1 = ℎ0,−1 (2)
 GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020 Page 9 of 12

approximate the external nodes with central finite difference

𝑑ℎ ℎ1,0 − ℎ−1,0
=
𝑑𝑥 2∆𝑥
𝑑ℎ
ℎ0,1 − ℎ1,0 = 2 ∆x
𝑑𝑥
= ℎ1,0 - 2 ∆*1*1
Thus,
= h1,0 -2 (3)

Substitute (2) and (3) in (1)

ℎ1,0 −2ℎ0,0 +(ℎ1,0 −2) ℎ0,1 −2ℎ0,0 +ℎ0,1
∆𝑥 2
+ ∆𝑦 2
=0

2ℎ1,0 − 2ℎ0,0 − 2 2ℎ0,1 − 2ℎ0,0

+ =0
∆𝑥 2 ∆𝑦 2
𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟎,𝟏 = -2
at node (i, j) = (0,1) : −𝒉𝟎,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 = -2

at node (i, j) = (0,2) : −𝟐𝒉𝟎,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟐 = -2

at node (i, j) = (1,0) : −𝒉𝟎,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 = 0

at node (i, j) = (1,1) : −𝒉𝟎,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟐 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐,𝟏 = 0

at node (i, j) = (1,2) : −𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 0

at node (i, j) = (2,0) : −𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟐,𝟏 = 0

at node (i, j) = (2,1) : −𝒉𝟐,𝟎 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟏 −𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 20
at node (i, j) = (2,2) : −𝒉𝟏,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟐,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 20

Consider the system of linear Equation

𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟎,𝟏 = -2

−𝒉𝟎,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 = -2
−𝟐𝒉𝟎,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟐 = -2
−𝒉𝟎,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 = 0
−𝒉𝟎,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟐 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐,𝟏 = 0
−𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 0
−𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟐,𝟏 = 0
−𝒉𝟐,𝟎 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟏 −𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 20
−𝒉𝟏,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟐,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 20
 GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020 Page 10 of 12

Solve the linear equation using excel array

BOUNDARY HEADS AND DISCRETE POINTS
0,2 1,2 2,2 20
0,1 1,1 2,1 20
0,0 1,0 2,0 0
Table 1.1. Boundary Heads and Discrete points

Consider the system of linear Equation

𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟎,𝟏 = -2
−𝒉𝟎,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 = -2
−𝟐𝒉𝟎,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟐 = -2
−𝒉𝟎,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 = 0
−𝒉𝟎,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟎 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟐 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟏 − 𝒉𝟐,𝟏 = 0
−𝒉𝟎,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟏,𝟐 − 𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 0
−𝟐𝒉𝟏,𝟎 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟎 − 𝟐𝒉𝟐,𝟏 = 0
−𝒉𝟐,𝟎 − 𝒉𝟏,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟏 −𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 20
−𝒉𝟏,𝟐 − 𝟐𝒉𝟐,𝟏 + 𝟒𝒉𝟐,𝟐 = 20
9x9 matrix

matrix A [h] [b]

0,0 0,1 0,2 1,0 1,1 1,2 2,0 2,1 2,2
4 -2 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 0,0 -2
-1 4 -1 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0,1 -2
0 -2 4 0 0 -2 0 0 0 0,2 -2
-1 0 0 4 -2 0 -1 0 0 1,0 0
0 -1 0 -1 4 -1 0 -1 0 1,1 = 0
0 0 -1 0 -2 4 0 0 -1 1,2 0
0 0 0 -2 0 0 4 -2 0 2,0 0
0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 4 -1 2,1 20
0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -2 4 2,2 20
Table 2.1. Assemble of matrix from systems of linear equation

FORMULA USED

matrix A (h) = b function: minverse

h = inverse of matrix A (b) function: mmult

Table 2.2. Formula used in excel array

9x9 matrix

inverse matrix A

0.6777 0.84879 0.35955 0.86203 1.32064 0.5894 0.38604 0.68212 0.31788

0.4349 1.00883 0.40784 0.73068 1.34989 0.62252 0.35155 0.6755 0.3245
0.3731 0.8223 0.63604 0.66998 1.27097 0.72185 0.3314 0.65563 0.34437
0.4205 0.68874 0.31126 0.99338 1.29139 0.55629 0.42053 0.68874 0.31126
0.3444 0.68212 0.31788 0.69536 1.40397 0.5894 0.34437 0.68212 0.31788
0.3113 0.63576 0.36424 0.60927 1.19205 0.82119 0.31126 0.63576 0.36424
0.3157 0.54194 0.24972 0.72075 1.03698 0.45695 0.60734 0.70861 0.29139
0.2108 0.39514 0.18819 0.44812 0.78256 0.35762 0.29415 0.72848 0.27152
0.1832 0.35651 0.18515 0.37638 0.68929 0.38411 0.22489 0.52318 0.47682
Table 2.3 Inverse of a Matrix A
 GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020 Page 11 of 12
[h]=[A]' * [b]
HYDRAULIC HEAD DISTRIBUTION TABULATION OF
0,0 16.2279 WATER FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA
0,1 16.2969
0,2 16.3372 16.3371965 17.3774834 18.5502208 20.0000000
16.2969095 17.3112583 18.4116998 20.0000000
1,0 17.1589 16.2279249 17.1589404 17.7853201 0.0000000
1,1 = 17.3113
Table 1.b. Hydraulic Head distribution tabulation of
1,2 17.3775 water flow in porous media
2,0 17.7853
2,1 18.4117
2,2 18.5502
Table 2.4. solving of hydraulic head distribution
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
Now consider the above table to find the value of and . The value of for each node can be solve using
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝜕ℎ ℎ𝑖+1 − ℎ𝑖
=
𝜕𝑥 ∆x

𝜕ℎ ℎ −ℎ
( ) = 1,2 0,2
𝜕𝑥 0,2 1
= 17.33748-16.3372
= 1.04029

𝜕ℎ ℎ −ℎ
( ) = 2,1 0,1
𝜕𝑥 0,1 1
= 17.31126-16.29691
= 1.01435
𝜕ℎ
In the same way all the value of can be calculated
𝜕𝑥
𝜕ℎ
After calculating all the values of the following table will be obtained:
𝜕𝑥
ALONG X-DIRECTION
1.04029 1.10651 1.31126 1.44978
1.01435 1.05740 1.34437 1.58830
0.93102 0.77870 0.62638
𝜕ℎ
Table 3.1. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝜕𝑥

𝑑ℎ
The value of for each node can be solve using
𝑑𝑦
𝜕ℎ ℎ𝑖+1 − ℎ𝑖
=
𝜕𝑦 ∆y

𝜕ℎ ℎ0,2 − ℎ0,1
( ) =
𝜕𝑦 0,2 1

= 16.3372-16.29691
= 0.04029
𝜕ℎ
In the same way all the value of can be calculated
𝜕𝑦
𝜕ℎ
After calculating all the values of the following table will be obtained:
𝜕𝑦
ALONG Y-DIRECTION
0.04029 0.06623 0.13852 0.00000
0.05464 0.10927 0.38245 0.00000
0.06898 0.15232 0.62638
𝜕ℎ
Table 3.2. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝜕𝑦
 GEM602, First Semester, A.Y. 2019-2020 Page 12 of 12

𝑑ℎ
Now, the value of will be calculated by the following ways
𝑑𝑛

𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ2 𝑑ℎ2
=√ +
𝑑𝑛𝑛 𝑑𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑦𝑛

𝑑ℎ
for ( )
𝑑𝑛 0,2

𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ 2 𝑑ℎ 2
( ) = √( ) +( )
𝑑𝑛 0,2 𝑑𝑥 0,2 𝑑𝑦 0,2
= √(1.04029)2 + (0.04029)2
= 1.04107
𝑑ℎ
In the same way, for every node the value of will be calculated.
𝑑𝑛
After calculating the values the following table will be obtained:

RESULTANT
1.04107 1.10849 1.31855 1.44978
1.01582 1.06303 1.39771 1.58830
0.93357 0.79345 0.88583
𝜕ℎ
Table 3.3. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝜕𝑛

Now apply the following D’arcy law to find the discharge velocity in the n direction:
𝑑ℎ
𝑞𝑛 = −𝐾
𝑑𝑛

Where, K = 5 𝑥 10−4 cm/s, hydraulic conductivity

Now for the velocity 𝑞0,2 will be calculated as

𝑑ℎ
𝑞0,2 = −𝐾 ( )
𝑑𝑛 0,2

= -(𝟓 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 ) x 1.04107

= -0005205 cm/s

In the same way, the velocity for each nodes will be calculated and the following table shows the resultant values for
every nodes:

Final answer
VELOCITY (DISTRIBUTION TABULATION OF WATER
FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

0.0005205 0.0005542 0.0006593 0.0007249

0.0005079 0.0005315 0.0006989 0.0007942
0.0004668 0.0003967 0.0004429 0.0000000
Table 1.a. Velocity distribution tabulation of
water flow in porous media