LIVE GRAPH

Kt

For large H (infinite panel)

d/H
Chart 4.1 Stress concentration factors K,g and K1n for the tension of a finite-width thin element
with a circular hole (Rowland 1929-30).
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt

K1n based on net section A

which carries load Kt

ale
Chart 4.2 Stress concentration factors for the tension of a thin semi-infinite element with a circular hole near the edge (Mindlin 1948;
Udoguti 1947; Isida 1955a).
 LIVE GRAPH

TS
K °max
tg= -5-

Ktn
Use the formula of Chart

Stress on Section AB is

ale
Chart 4.3 Stress concentration factors for the tension of a finite-width element having an eccentri-
cally located circular hole (based on mathematical analysis of Sjostrom 1950). e/c = <» corresponds
to Chart 4.2.
 LIVE GRAPH

Enlarged
detail

Kt

See Fig. 4-8 for the

region of validity

Membrane plus Membrane

bending

P
Chart 4.4 Stress concentration factors for a circular hole in a cylindrical shell in tension (based on data of Van Dyke 1965).
 LIVE GRAPH
Membrane plus bending: Membrane:

Membrane
Kt
Membrane
plus bending

Approx. location of 0max

Enlarged
detail

See Fig. 4-8 for the region of validity of p.

P
Chart 4.5 Stress concentration factors for a circular hole in a cylindrical shell with internal pressure (based on data of Van Dyke
1965).
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt

Pressure p
K, for infinite flat panel Closure
biaxially stressed (schematic)
a_ JR
RVh
Chart 4.6 Stress concentration factors for a pressurized spherical shell with elliptical hole (Leckie, Paine, and Penny 1967).
 LIVE GRAPH

Reinforcement cross-sectional shape

Rectangle

Triangle

Angle with equal

length side

with lips

Channel
Sides and base equal

Sides and base equal

Sides equal in length

to half base

A section of any shape

symmetrical about mid-
plane ol the elements

c/a

K
tg

CAAr
2ah
Chart 4.7 Stress concentration factors for various shaped reinforcements of a circular hole near the
edge of a semi-infinite element in tension (data from Davies 1963; Wittrick 1959; Mansfield 1955;
Mindlin 1948; ESDU 1981).
 LIVE GRAPH

Ktg

htlh

Chart 4.8a Stress concentration factors K,g for a reinforced circular hole in a thin element in tension (Seika and Amano 1967).
(a) H/D = \,D/h = 5.0, r = O.
 (b) H/D = 4.0, DIh = 5.0 LIVE GRAPH

K
tg

ht/h

Chart 4.8b Stress concentration factors K,g for a reinforced circular hole in a thin element in tension (Seika and Amano 1967).
(V) U/D = 4.0, OA = 5.0.
 (c) H/D = 4 (except in one case with H/D = 3.5), D/h = 5,0, r / h = Q, 0.33, 0.83 LIVE GRAPH
Formula for the case

Timoshenko

Ktg
(Solid curves)

(Dashed curves)

htlh

Chart 4.8c Stress concentration factors K,g for a reinforced circular hole in a thin element in tension (Seika and Amano 1967).
(c) H/D = 4 (except in one case with H/D = 3.5), D/h = 5.0, r = O, 0.33, 0.83.
 LIVE GRAPH

Net Section

Kfn

htlh
Chart 4.9 Stress concentration factors K1n for a reinforced circular hole in a thin element in tension, H/D = 4.0, D/h = 5.0 (Seika
and Ishii 1964; Seika and Amane 1967).
 LIVE GRAPH

Gross section

K
tg

d/H
Chart 4.10 Stress concentration factors K,g for a reinforced circular hole in a thin element in tension, d/D = 0.7, D/h = 5.0
(Seika and IsMi 1964).
 LIVE GRAPH

For all cases:

volume of reinforcement
= volume of hole

Gross section

Net section
K
tn

For constant reinforcement volume

ht/h
Chart 4.11 Stress concentration factors for a uniaxially stressed thin element with a reinforced circular hole on one side (from
photoelastic tests of Lingaiah et al. 1966).
 LIVE GRAPH

K
tg
or
Ktn

Infinite element width

dlH
Chart 4.12 Extrapolation of Ktg and K1n values of Chart 4.11 to an element of infinite width (from photoelastic tests of Lingaiahet al.
1966).
 At edge of hole:

In panel at edge
of reinforcement:

(a) Equal biaxial stresses, O2 = O-), aeq = O1 = O2 LIVE GRAPH

D/dtorKted
Kte

hr/h

Chart 4.13a Analytical stress concentration factors for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole in
a thin element with in-plane biaxial normal stresses, (j| and (T2 (Gurney 1938; ESDU 1981). (a) Equal
biaxial stresses, 02 = a\, creq = cr\ = (T2.
 (b) Unequal biaxial stresses, LIVE GRAPH

Dld\orKted
D/dhrKteD
Kte

hrlh

Chart 4.13b Analytical stress concentration factors for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole
in a thin element with in-plane biaxial normal stresses, Cr1 and a^ (Gurney 1938; ESDU 1981).

(b) Unequal biaxial stresses, (T2 = \cr\, creii — -^-(TI.

 (c) Uniaxial stresses, LIVE GRAPH

D/dtorKteD

D/dtorKted
K-te

hrlh
Chart 4.13c Analytical stress concentration factors for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole
in a thin element with in-plane biaxial normal stresses, a, and (J2 (Gurney 1938; ESDU 1981).
(c) Uniaxial stress, <72 = O, <TI = cr, creq = a.
 LIVE GRAPH
(d) Unequal tensile and compressive biaxial stresses,

D/dtorKteD
D/dtorKted
K
te

hrlh

Chart 4.13d Analytical stress concentration factors for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole
in a thin element with in-plane biaxial normal stresses, CTI and cr2 (Gurney 1938; ESDU 1981).

(<f) Unequal tensile and compressive biaxial stresses, CT2 = — |(Ti,cr f(7 = —-^-Cr 1 .
 D/dtorKteD
(e) Pure shear, equal tensile and compressive biaxial stresses,
LIVE GRAPH

D/dtorKted
Kfe

hr/h

Chart 4.13e Analytical stress concentration factors for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole in
a thin element with in-plane biaxial normal stresses,CTIandCT2(Gurney 1938; ESDU 1981). (e) Pure
shear, equal tensile and compressive biaxial stresses, CT2 = -CTI, CT^ = v3°"i-
 LIVE GRAPH
Maximum stress Cross-sectional area reinforcement
occurs in reinforcement
Cross-sectional area, hole
rim on the lower and left
part of the curve with K,g > 1

Maximum stress occurs

in panel with Ktg = 1
on the upper part of this curve

Locus of minimum
(For a given K^, AI(Hd)
assumes a minimum
along this curve)
A/(hd) values

D^
d

ht/h

Chart 4.14 Area ratios and experimental stress concentration factors K,g for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole in a panel with
equal biaxial normal stresses, <ri = a? (approximate results based on strain gage tests by Kaufman et al. 1962).
 LIVE GRAPH
Volume, reinforcement
Volume, Hole
Locus of minimum
(For given K«, Vfi/Vfl
assumes a minimum
along the curve)
values
Maximum stress
occurs in reinforcement
rim on the lower and Maximum stress
teft part of the curve occurs in panel
with Ktg > 1 with Ktg = 1 on
the upper part
of this curve

Z)
d

htlh

Chart 4.15 Volume ratios and experimental stress concentration factors Ktg for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole in a panel
with equal biaxial normal stresses, (J1 = Cr2 (approximate results based on strain gage tests by Kaufman, et al. 1962).
 LIVE GRAPH
Maximum stress
occurs in panel
with K,K - 1
on the upper part
of this curve
A_
hd
Maximum stress
occurs in reinforcement
rim on the lower and
left part of the curve
with A',. > 1

Z)
d

Locus of minimum
(For a given K1g, At(kd)
assumes a minimum
along this curve)

ht/h

Chart 4.16 Area ratios and experimental stress concentration factors Ktg for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole in a panel with
unequal biaxial normal stresses, <T2 = ^f (approximate results based on strain gage tests by Kaufman, et al. 1962).
 LIVE GRAPH
Maximum stress
occurs in reinforcement
rim on the lower and left
part of the curve with Ktg > 1

Maximum stress occurs

in panel with Ki11 - 1
on the upper part of this curve

D_
~d

Locus of minimum VRIVH

values (For a given K,g,
VRIVH assumes a minimum
along this curve)

ht/h
Chart 4.17 Volume ratios and experimental stress concentration factors Ktg for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole in a panel
with unequal biaxial normal stresses, 02 = (r\/2 (approximate results based on strain gage tests by Kaufman et al., 1962).
 LIVE GRAPH

Cross-section area reinforcement

Ktg
Cross-sectional area, hole

_A_
hd
Chart 4.18 Approximate minimum values of Ktg versus area ratios for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole in a panel with
biaxial normal stresses (based on strain gage tests by Kaufman et al. 1962).
 LIVE GRAPH

Ktg Volume, reinforcement

Volume, hole

YR
VH
Chart 4.19 Approximate minimum values of K,g versus volume ratios for a symmetrically reinforced circular hole in a panel with
biaxial normal stresses (based on strain gage tests by Kaufman et al., 1962).
 LIVE GRAPH

Hole in center of panel

Hole
near
a corner
Hole in center of panel
of panel

Hole near Lame solution

a corner for either hole
Kt of panel in center or
near a corner
of panel

Hole
near
a corner
of panel
Omax on hole (Kts > KIA) Omax on edge of panel
Hole in center or near a corner of panel

ale

Chart 4.20 Stress concentration factors K, for a square panel with a pressurized circular hole (Riley et al 1959; Durelli and Kobayashi
1958).
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt

J_
d

Ud
Chart 4.21 Stress concentration factors K, for uniaxial tension case of an infinite panel with two circular holes (based on mathematical
analysis of Ling 1948 and Haddon 1967). Tension parallel to line of holes.
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt

Based on net section B-B

assuming section carries load alh

Based on net section B-B

assuming section carries load crt/iVl -(dll)2
Panel thickness

Ud
Chart 4.22 Stress concentration factors K,g and K1n for tension case of an infinite panel with two circular holes (based on mathematical
analyses of Ling, 1948 and Haddon 1967). Tension perpendicular to line of holes.
 LIVE GRAPH

Ktg

Ud
Chart 4.23 Stress concentration factors Ktg for tension case of an infinite panel with two circular holes (from mathematical analysis of
Haddon 1967). Tension at various angles.
 LIVE GRAPH

Kt

Ud
Chart 4.24 Stress concentration factors K,g and K1n for equal biaxial tension case of an infinite panel with two circular holes (based on
mathematical analyses of Ling 1948 and Haddon 1967). Next Page