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�rard L: xavier

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A Major Technical. R.epo

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in
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The Department

Of'
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civil �gineerin� '
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Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement•

for the degree I of Ma1iter of Bn<jineerinq at
. . Concordia univera ity
Montr,al, Qu€bec, Canada

September, 1979

@- Gerard L. Xavier

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ABSTRACT
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ABSTRACT

STRUCTURAL DESI'GN OF STEEL B;tNS

. ./ Gerard·L. Xavi et
·'·

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The purpose of thia report is to prepa re ' fr om various ' •
t •

design methods a va ilab le today, a·review for the design of

steel bins, to be used by design engineers.

' •

The theories· for calculating pressure exerted by stored

"

material on bin structure that are developed so far, are

still approximate and therefore

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the use of one over the other
' a -
does not necessarily me an that one is better.

It is the intent of this report to sort out th�advaqtages

and disadvantages of the di f f er en t methods, so tha t the des igner

can combine them to optimize his design.

The emphasis is on settinq �a compatibl� bin structural

modeling and. design procedure. This latter will include both

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strength and s tabi�ity ana lysis for governing loadings, i .e.,
;
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due to stored material (static and dynamic) when material is
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at rest and during discharge, respectively .

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The author wi8he• to thank Dr. M.S. Txoitalcy; for
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suqqeatinq the report t9pic. Bia a.aaiato.nce is highly

apP,r�itted.

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TABLE OF--CON'l'ENTS
PAGE

ABSTRACT . . . i
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . • ii

LIST OF FIGURES . • . . . . . . . . . . • . . v

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cMPTER 1 INTRODUCT:I ON • . • • . ; .. . 1 .
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OIAPTER 2 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN OF BINS 3

2.1 Shapes and Types of Bi�s • . .\ . 3 �

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....!
2.2 Shapes of OUtlets and Hoppers . '• . 3-
Materials of Construction
.

2.3 . • . . . . . . . 4

~ -
CHAPTER 3

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3.1
DESIGN OF B I NS - LoADINGS

General Theories . . . .
. .

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. . 8

8
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3.� Loads 10
. . . . . . .

Static
.

. . .. . . . . . . •

.,
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3.2.1 Jlnssen • s method 3.5 13

16
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3.2.2
.J.2.3
3.2.4
Re�rt'a method
Static pressure on flat botto
Static fo r ce s .- vertical fnnctio
• . • • • •

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19
21
Static pressures on silo hoppers
• •

3.2.5 23
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'CHAPTER 4
3.3 Dynamic Loads

S�UCTURAL DESIGN OF STEEL BINS

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23.

33
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Cylindrical S hel l s . . .
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f 4.1 • 33
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i 4.1.1 Stiffened shells . . 36

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4.1.2 . .
. . . . . . . .

Unatiffeaed shells . . 38
4.1:3 . . .'> . 39
.,
. . .

Stiffeners • . •
- of
. . . . . . 40
. . . . .

r--__ 4.1.4 Hoppers . .

.......... . . . 42
.

f
. . . .
-

---... � _ 4.1.5 Roofs . . . . • . . . • . . .

«

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4.2 Rectangular Shell� . . . • . . . 44

f 4.2.1 Single ce ll �. . . . . . . • .. . . 44

r 4.3 . . . . . 47
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Buckling . . • •
,
:

4.3.1 ·cylindrical bins [7] • • • . . • . • 48

4.3.2 Rectangular bins [3] . . .
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---
•

4.3.3 Compression ring between cylinder

• . . •

and hopper . . . . 54
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PAGE
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CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION • .. • .' 58
I

REFERENCES • • • 60

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LIST· OF FIGURltS
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·LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE •. DESCRIPTION PAGE

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2 .1 Types of flow . . . . . . . . . .. 5
•

3.1 ' Angle of repose of material • . · ...... . tJo • '12

3. 2 .f' Components., N and· T of thrust· Q

on �all • . • • . •
. . . . . . . . . 12

3.3 Vertical pressm;e curve . . . .. . . . . 14

·� ------

3.4 ... Horizontal pressure curve . . 14

3.5 - si io dimension for us e in Reimbert 1 s

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and Janssen 1 s equations . . , 14
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3.6 EqUl. val ent silo shapes . . • . . • . • 17

3. 7 Variation of ratio P /q with depth an �

shape of bins • . . • . . • . . • .·/ . 20

3. 8 loads (Kg) balanced by friction on the

walls of square silo 0 1 5 0 x 0 .150 m
. 20.

3.9 Flat bottom ,of reetangul,ar bin • • . •

�.10· La.ter61 and vertical pressures, bin..:

e�tying,�iapnr-gm.on inclined hopper
s«rface and on bottom of bin 'Wirlall • . . . 25
""""'
3.11 Wall stresses p l ot te d aqainst time in ,
two continuous discharge tests on dens.e
sand with' the 60 deg. hopper • • • • • 26
� .
3.12 Coeff·icients of over-pressure 28

3.13 Model. for bin ,rinq s�gment. • • • • . • • 29

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4.1 Stiffened shell • t • • • ... • • • • • �7
4.2 Ptessure on hopper . . . . . . 43

4. 3 �ctang'l:llar. she 11 s . .
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'•

. . . . . . 46 '

Critical val.ues of aX'ial stresse� for

cylinders subjected to axial compress-
ion . . . . . . . .
. ·. . . . . . . . 49

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.FIG� DESCRIPTION
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4.5 (a) -Qo _ssive -;;d tensile forces on
bin wal� 1 (b) Compres#live fo rces in
• I
two directions • . • .. . . . . . .. • • . 52
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4.6 Interaction curves for plate subjected
to in-plane c omp resiion \ two direc-
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..t::- { tiona .... • • • • • • · • • • · • • • • • • 55
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�Cyli��to-eon� �
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4.7 r
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4.8 !i' Forces on suspended bottom • • • • . . . - 7
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.CHAPTER 1
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INTRODUCTION "

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CHAPTER 1
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INTRODUCTION

•
:Sins are used t o s to re d iffe rent mat erials from food

(such as sugar, flour, etc.)4..,., to·ind�strial products (such

.,.
as coal., clinker, cement, Jt c .) , as a result of the increas-
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ing industrialization and a requirement of the processing -;.,. .

technology .

·-

Bins are of two main ty p es : silos, also called �eep·

bins, and bunkers or mallow b ins .

They are usually cons truct ed of steel or re inforced

�o n c ret e, y
b t can also be of �ther ma ter ials, and nowadays

even of ·prefabricated plastic. They have at theiT base

emptying hoppers and are � osed at their.upper part by a

roof supporting device for filling them.

.,
The maip,subject of this re port will be stee.l bins •

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In the design process of the bins,. two aspects are

co nsidered: their functiobal and structural.design.

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�e functional desig�·shall provide for adequ ate volume
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and shape of bins and a1so the selection of. the ap propriat e
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type'of bins t� be used for s�ecific materials to be stored •

� . __.___, 'The Structural design consider ationsrare ·Stability and

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str�ngth for different types of loads: static and

and·also·alternate methods of an'-l.ysis.

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In th�.S report, a stuQ.y of the cylipdri cal shell (single

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cell) unsti'ffened and stiffe�d is performed; then a study of
.
the! �
rectanqu� r type of b ina:;, (single and mult icell) is made.
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� Obvidusly,
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il';l the �
esign of steel bins, t e analysis � ·

waul � :
not be comp �e te without a stuc;ly of the buckling problem
'
for cylindrical and re ctangular s-hapes.

Finally, the requirements by the existing codes and

their different implications in the design of the steel b ins

are considered and discu�sed.

The main objectives of this .rep'ort in summary Jare:

{

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1) An investigation of ' the state of th� art; ,.

2) An evaluation of the different methods of desigD ;

I �

3) A preparation of comprehensive qui�elin es for

designers.

I _ Th� subject is hardlv exhausted and further research

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is necessary to provide optimum structural design in bins.

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OIAPTER 2

FUNCTIONAL DBSI� OF BINS

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 3

CHAPTER 2

FUNCTIONAL DESIGN OF BINS

' l
AND TYPES OF BINS

"
Bi ns provide'a storage function in the overall process
'
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and have to be designed accordingly. The process

� mente may range from a multiple silo p roportioning system

I

to gle load-out,srlo. In any case, the storage capacity,

I
of silos, and the required- discharg,e rate mus't be determined.

2.2 SHAPES OF
'
O�TLETS
.
AND HOPPE
<
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The proper solution for selecting adequate outlets and
' �
hoppers is base� on th� analysis of the material flow�roperties
,
and conditions dur ing material discharge, and
' also on the
..

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ge metry of the discharge outlet.

The releyant properties are: ,, •'

density .
'
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r angle of internal friction

angle of wall f ri cti on (with corresponding va�ues

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of static and kinetic coe fficient of friction)

-moisture, content, etc.

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·: All the preceding. char�cteris tics of /

the stored material

influence the foroe � erted by material on he silo s�ruc-

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tu re.

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' Wh'en the fl'?W' properties of th e bulk have beEVI

. '

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. measured �d are k�wn, then the cr it ic al dimanaions of the

. .

hopper �utlet and the , slope and �ape of the hopper can be

determined in order to allow the unobstructed flow of mater'tal .

2 3
• MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

The �metry and wall finishing of a silo and the type

�
of d i ch ar qi n � devices determine the type of flow pattern

wh ic h the n deve lop s within the silo. ' ---

'
,_

I n the majority of exist in q

r

. s il os , mate rials flow toward

the feed� th rough a channel whic,b. is f ormed w i thi . n the

�tationary
� solid. This is referred to as a funnel-flow

(Fig. 2 1 (a) )
. •

o
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Funnel f l w bins �re acceptable for coarse, free•flowinq,

... � (

chemically stable soiid� wh i ch - do not ' ' .

seqreqate.

is suf�iciantly st ee p and
.
'

If the hopper of the bin

JIIIOth
O an{.the I
fee der capable
. of. dra'(inq teri al a'cross the
ma

whole area of the outle.t, all' the materi-al f l ow s whenever the

feeder is in operatipn7. this. being. referred to as t he mass

flow (Fig .• 2.1 (�.) .

,
.,
.

···The mass flow bins are particularly well-su i ted to the

' . '

storaqe of powders which tend to fluidize and � materi�la

which cave or degrade in storaqe.

In many cases, adequate operation is ob ained by using t

'I

a short .mass-flow hopper-feeder unit. unde r a funnel-flow bin

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a) Funnel Flow ..,

Flow c) Expanded Flow

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FIG. �1 -'l'YPES OF FUM
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4Fig. �.l(c)), so-called expanded-flow bins, useful in the

st�rage of larqe quantities of non-degradi�g solids, such as

•,
ores.

The flow '

pattern s .
affect t he uniformity a nd'co siatencj n ·

of the stream, segre gati on , · degradation, etc., and also the

pressures exerted on bin·structures.

The qualitative and q uanti tative analyses of those

¥ pressures rep resent the main content in the structural.design

of bins. The prob�ems of flows that occur in the flowing mass

'

Of granular solids, the various conditions which can arise in

the flow and s-torage, also have special c aracte r is tics � � '

in terms of forces exerted on bin structures and may govern

in the structural design of bins.

The efficient lunctional design of bins is ai med at

1'
pr eventing those problems, or at least, minimizing them, but
�

due to the range of variable characte�istics of bulk materials

;· ,•

they cannot be totally eliminated and c onseq u e ntly , have to be

0 " '

1
considered in the structural desi gn of ·bins.

The two typical problems of flow relevant'•oto the

structural design, are:

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a) No flow:· a s tabl e arch or, rathold develop� within •

•

the solid,and flow ceases:

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Er a ic flow: moment .ary arches form witliin the solid,
- I
ratholes empty out part ly or completely, then collap se •

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 7

'A knovledqe of the · flow P·ropertias of stored materia.!

of' flow is ••••n�ial to deta � the dtmeh�

.
and the problema
'

s ions and' qeometry required for gravity flow (the flUlctional

deaiqn of bins), and the. forces 'exerted· on bin st.ruct.uxes

''(th� structural design of bina).

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aiAPTER 3
'I

DBSIGN OF BINS - LOIWI:NGS

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aiAPTER 3

I �
DESIGN OF BINS - LOADINGS
)

3 .1 GENERAL THEORIES

The de si gn of bins and the consideration of the s tr esstts

�
.. due' to the confi ned material are the ��ponsibility of the

civil engineer, and forms \

the subject of this report •

..
R�gardinq the rel�vely hi �
stres ses acting upon the
' ..
wal ls under the effect Of the thrust and of the friction
..
exerted on t hese walls by the s to red materials, several pro-

posal� have been made fo r the purpose of defining them�

' ")'
�
The first bin designers calculated the walls of the

cells as though they were /acted upon by a liquid o f the same

"
density as the stored material.

\ Then other des igne r!' sought to extend to bins the theory
I of the calculation of the thrust of sil os on a ret aini ng wall.
�

• J

The problem of cal culat i ng the p ressure of material on bin

walls is somewhat similar to the problem of the retaining wall,

. .
but is not so simple. The Rankine theory used for retaiiu. ng

wall s is applicable to sh ..llow bins with stnooth walls where

-......./ the plane of rup t ure cuts the material surface, but wi l i bot
apply to deeper bins
or bins with ro.pqh walls. It should be
�
remembered that Rankine assumes a granula r mass of unlimited

extent. [l]

. .. _ --- ----·�-----
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9

GerDIIJIJ\�
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Later, Prante, in and Airy in Fran�e, proved

on the ohe hand, that these methods of calculatioq were mis­

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taken, and on the othe r hand, that t he th rus t of the �ored

7/r
m ater ial and the pressure on the bottom of the bin .d� not

'
� 4

Ln r eas e indefinitely and tend towards defined li111its.

,
Then, some autho rs such as Janssen, Koenen and Morsch
\
put forward theories based on the hypo thesi s of the invariabil-

ity o f the ratio P/q of the ho r i z ontal thrust due to t he

. -.
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material
;
to the vertical pressure exerted by the latter. *' ..;_, .\
- .... .., ,
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thanks to new me thods of

l Fin cllly, M. and A. Reimbert,

) measuring pressures, performed tome very ...accurate t ests on

$ ,.

{ reduced s e a l � mdels of bins o f Variciu ol s ha;;., s, and also

o.
l
� on actual si l s The result o f those test<q,.�as shown
'
that at
J

the • low depths of th e bins, the above ra.tio p/q is not

'
\constant. I,

I
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Nowadays , the most commonly used methods are: Janssen's

I

classical � thad, and �robert's m�thod. Th refore, those � fwo

methQ'I&ts are the o n es that wi],l be c onsi dere d in this re pcSrt. .I

Material stored in a bin applies lat era l 'forces to the

side wal ls , vertical-force ( th rough frict:i!on.).rt tel thf'! si�e walls,

vertical fo r ce s to the' horizontal bottoms and both .normal and

!_� �he . The s tatic

•

J
frictional force inclined surfaces alues
_
of these for ce s , resulting from mater i als at rest, are all
....
,ll¥:)dified during the withdrawal of the material. In gene'ral,
�

al'l forces w ill increase, so that the l oads during withdrawal

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tend �o control the.,. design.

' Forqes applt.ea by s'torC!i:i materials may also\� affected

. '
by moisture cha nge s , by compaction, and by settl ing , which

� may accompany 1 lte r nate e xpa n s i o n and contr . � tion of the walls

during daily· or J
seasonal.J>te perature change. ·
...

...
An appro ach to the .�alculation of a bin's loads ·would ·
1nvolve th� co�ditions of material flow dur i ng e m p� yi n g • . Such an
'
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· '

app roa c h has �ot yet be en pe.rfected. T}JerefCJre , the equations

'

·
derived for static forces may be combined w ith expet)irnenta'l data
' . ")
to approx�mate the pressu�e in crea se s occurri�g d urin g the

rnat�rial withdrawal.

The procedure involves d�termining the static pre ssur es

and then mul�iplying these forces by an ..:"overpressure" factor

to obtain the design pressures.·

�
3.2 �STAtiG LOADS

As mentioned in Section 3.1, two metho ds for determini�g

. static pressures a re used: Jart�sen 's method and' Reimbert 's 7

mi\hod. The f i rst one is the more popular in the Unite d S tat�s
I
t
•

.r
However, a1xperime s s ��
w Janssen's me t hod to be un conser v a t i ve
.
in scme cases, wh�reas, Reimbe rt 's method is reported to give

'
·
pr e ss ures closer t k the tests �sul ts ·
. -

4
r
·

Before analyzing the two methods me nt ione d above, the

' .
� pr e s s ures exerted by a s to red pulVerulent mass s hal l be

' defined first.

'"
 --- ---- ---- ---------{

.., , ll

,j
� en a pUlverulent material is poured onto a plane, it

. he aps up i nto a· volume conical in' shapet the qeneratrices o f

. I .
,
. ' which �.orm a specific angle q,- �ith th � '
horizontci �
-'\or
tJ
If this mat er ial �' pour e d into a c losed space such as
...-/
a bin,...... it· exerts pre_ssures on th e walls and on ·the bottom
I
' '

•• of it·, tht; res ultant of which is t;he th rpst , which; due·to

t he £�icti on of the material on the"wails, �s oblique in

. )

relation to the surface of the wall.$! This thrust has there-

f�e two c omponen �s, one N. normal

.

to � e wa�l c ons i.d e r ed ,

'*'
.
and the other ta n �� t ia l T par al le l to the wall. The normal

pressure is _also c;:alled j. ate ra l thrust. (Fig. 3 . 1 and

Fig. 3:2). If q,• \

1 is the angl�.of friction of the mat er ia l

on the walls, . the �r espondin g coef tlc i ent �f fr i. � � io is

.tan q,•. . ..

. .

As a function of the oblique•thrust 0 defined above,

.. ....
the two compon ent s normal N and tangential T are:

N • Q cos q,
<
�

T Ill Q s in q, '\
.. '
· '-.
\
\ /
) � ·

Therefore "V'

I"
,,
.. ..
T • N tan q,
/

' "
T is the re f or e the load balanced by the friction correspond-
,
ing to the thrust N.

, At a given·�pth inside the bin,. the load·on the \ bottom

or tota� vertical pressure, is the difference between the

i:
j
.
 ----------- -·----- .

) ,.
e

12

,,

:
.
'
,•

,-1
FIG. 3.1
,,.., ' .. ..,.

..

. t

. .

Tr
.

FIG. 3.2 �OHINTS .NAND � OF TBIDS� Q ON WALL

I
 13
0

load
,
total weight oj the stored material and the total ·

balanced by the friction o f the material on the wal;l.&o. •

o .(
-
Now the
.
tests performed in order to determine the

of a silo at v�rious depths

I'
vertical pressure on the bottom· t

inside th is silo, show that the press�e i n cr a s e s with the e

�
·
depth, but that as a result of t he friction. of the material

on the walls, it is only a fraction of the weight of the

stored materi al , and this fri� ion i s such that at large

depths, the pressure .... reaches

·
a maximum and remai ) �
constant.
..
\
The curve repr e sen ting pressures obta ine d by plotting

depths against pressures, is sho� Jt Fi�re _3.3.

J
The same observation.is m ad e about the curve

ing the lateral·pressufe on the walls, Figure 3.4.

�.2.1 Jan ss en ' s Method, Figure 3.5

The vertical static unit pressure a t de pt h z be l ow

•
the surface is:
\
�� . ,
\ ,\.� 'i

...
'-..

(3.1)

where
/ (
ly • weiqht· per unit volume for stored �teri a l
\.\
area
r • hydraulic radius of horizontal
<perimeter>
cross-section of the inside of the biA
' 'f
I
. � c c oef fi cient of fri ction between stored material a�d

Ij
\

wall • tan!p'

� (
 '
-- - -·--------:-- .
-
----�---�A--
�-

14
q;

ThM1
y y . (

I,
j, ., l �

·I
I
"'
Jf:.
of c..
, ,;.
:..
::: �
,. �·

M:" Verucal Ma;\ Thru!'t

�
• •

I
fz f z

FIG. 3. 3 VERTICAL PRESSURE FIG. 3. 4 HORIZONTA:Ii"'

CURVE PRESSURE CURVE
I'

PllMBERT! JANSSE!i
I

'D ..

:t
..
I :t
.....
'
I
CL

�
·�
' .
v

xl :t

. "''
J
I
t

J
.&
-

FIG. 3.5 sn,o - � OBS POR US! IIi DDmiRT'S AND

3iiiJsS ' S EQUATIONS

.
-�.
- ..............._._ ....__�·- � -
 -------!...- -----------�------ - -- ..

...
�5

k. • ratio of p to q
(
The lateral staeic :unit pressure at depth z is

(3. 2)

where
j
I
I
\

The .ratio 2. is assume 4 by Janss�n to be constant 'at

q
all depths and has the value

k • e
q
a
1 - sin
I + sin ·i tan 1 ( J!. - f )
• '2"

At the limit

(3. ')

For circul.ar :bins,

1r D 2 1 0
.r •
;.
.w •
.,.- x iii) .. 4
.,_

•
where

s, -: area o f the bin

L • perimeter of the bin

D • diameter of the bin

\
f
o r·
For polygonal bins, r • f• assumin9 a circular ahap� of equi-

valent area to the poly90na1 shape.

For square· bins ,or for ahorter wall "a • qf rectangul•r

bin4:

---
 --�-�� -7,_...--....r---'
...., \ ·------
•'
'' / ,,
' �

16.

>
For the 1ong w all "b" of rectangular. bins I,
'

'

;a'
,. .r =. T''

where·

(See .
F.i4u re· 3 ;6)

It shOuld be noted that the lans se ��

I'
heory based on the

hypothesis that the rat � o p/q is

__ constant, a l so agrees that,
I
.. in a horizontal on the walls.
' plane,
'
the
lA
latetal pre'ss:ure "p"

is aiso constant. ·But such a proposj:tion is only true· in the

case of a cylindrical bin or· of an undefined bln betw �' two· .

parallel wctlls of infinite length. Moreover, 1:-h� laJ. co � cern­

ing ,the distribution of pressures a l,on g plane walls of a bin of a

I

polygonal �ection is not known, therefore, it would not be

�ssible to make the stmllnation

z
I p dz
0 z

'

3 2 2 Reimbe rt' s Method

:J
• •

, The vertical static un1tpreu depth z below

the surface is·

J h
..L
q == y(z(z
c
+ l), + -r-r {3.5}

.. ,
/

The later�;static
/'
unit pressure C'4tt depth .,z is

z -2.
P = Pmax [1 - ( c + 1) , ] 111
e: Pmax
( 3 ,6)

..

'

,,
-' �'
, __
; 5. J � - t'
· '

' ' . ' ..,

 ·17

..,'
..

_.•..
(

I
l'

Sl\.0
IWAGI.. AII''
SOUAilf $1�0
'a- Sib( ltl
I'II(S$UIIf(
(.t.�tULA TICII

a) Polygonal bin b) Rectangular bin

f:
FIG. 3 ·' DJUIVALENT s:u..o SBAP�
 '<, 18

P
max
't" �e ima..ximum Lateral unit pressure
')
c i s the "character i stic abscis s a " •,
'
'

- ):0
Pma
x • 4 tan �I
I
and
h
0 s
c• ' ( 3 . 8)
- ,-
4 tan + ' tan 2
1T
<:r - !> ..
,)

For po lygonal bins or bins having more than four s ides

Pma
Ir ( 3 . 9)
•
x tan + '

and (,
h
L
•

' l
•

- [
8
( 3 . 10 )
p

c: •
] - 3
'lr
4 tan . � ta 2 � 5� - !>
•
I ,
I

has th e same value s used in Jans s en ' s t2i'eory .

·" "
r

I
For rectanqular b ins - on shorte� wall "a"
'

.. . �

( 3 . ll )

. and.
�

h
a s
c •
, { 3 . 12 )
a
<{ - !) - ,-
'

w tan •• tan 2

Fo r rectangular "b "

. . bins - on lonqer wall

.. . ...

. '
 --

19
, .
,.

' ( 3 . 13 )
�

,,
and
/,
h r'
--rs
I ( 3 . 14 )

whe re
i'
•
2 ab - a
2
b
a ' ""

/.
Fo r de � i g n purpos e s , the granular materi a l i s u s ually

as�umed ie ve l at th e top tf tpe bin , t here fo re :

..

It s hould be observed that the theory d�veloped by

'
� c.�
r...," Reimbert takes i nto conside ration t h e v ariat i on of th e ratio

p/q with de pt h and a l so with the shape of the bins , ( s ee

�
Y'

�
Fi u res 3 . 7. � 3 . 8) . Be fo re Reimbert , P l e i s sner foun also �
ut � p/q was not
t 1
_

/
at the ratio constant . [1)
-

t. 2 . 3 S tat i c P re ssu r e on Flat Bottoms

The Equat i o n s ( 3 . 1) and (3 .5) give the p r e s sur e on a

bot to m . . o .
f l at However , for rectangular s i l s the s e equations
,

g i ve diffe rent bo ttom pre ssure for are as next to the short

and l ong s ides . An approximation c urre nt ly used is to as sume

the pressure , qa , compute d using r ( from Ja n s s e n ) or c ( from

-1,
lteimbe rt ) for the short s ide ''a " , t" act on the area Aa as o

shown in Fi gure 3 . 9 . ....

1
'

- -�-----
 c
-
20

•l I ,
.. I
--
,, ' I Sin ?
__. ... -
"
I' t - s i n 'f

:
.. ...!::::..__ . _

I + sin �

--
I :=. si�
�---------------------+------� & (
I
' I

..

Fig . 3 .7 V�I:ATjo� OF RATIO p/q WITH DEPTH AND SHAPE

OF BINS

•
l ...
i
!
'
t . 11
...
:;
l
t �

I
1!
'! 4
£
�
4

]
•
l

l
f
l '
\ .·

..
/

Fig.
.
' 3.a LORDS ( I<g) BALANCED BY FRICTION ON THE WALLS
OF SQUARE S ILO O . lS.O x O . lSO m .

' .

. - ·-·�---
'
-- _ ___._____ _

- '
_ __,;;________ -
 •
2 .L
0

S imilarly , pressure qb , computed usinq r or c for

s i de "b • , is as s 'Wiled .t�.at �area � .

o

3 .2 . 4 Stat ic forces - Vertical Fri ction

For circular , s quare and regular polygonal b ins , the

tot al stat ic fr i ctional force foot -wide vertic a l· s trip of

'
pe r
.

wal l above depth z i s appro�ately :

-·

By Reimbe rt ' s method :

(yz q) A
V ( 3 . 15 )
,. -

L
G..
Sy Janssen ' s method :

(XZ O . Bq) A
v - ( 3 . 16 )
-

whe re

A • area of the horiz ontal cross-s ection of the bin

L • P erimeter o f the horiz ontal cross-section of the bin

For .t:ectanqular bins , l. ateral p re s&�,�res dif fer for .the

.. "

long and short ·Walls ; hence , side friction and vertical pres­

sures also diffe r . The friction loads may be approximated by

Equations ( 3 . 15 ) and ( 3 .16 ) , when terms q , A and L , respective­

ly are subs tituted by q , A and a for s ide "a " , and by

a a
�,' �· and b
·
for s ide •b • , Figure 3.9 • ·

..
-

. .
"

... .
 22

/
I •

-7
I �

-
'
�
t •

I ..
' '
\�

('. '
I

r •
"'

'
.t .
.. ' b
-·
...
.

•
�'f:( . '
' ) /
//
' "1>

_;
'
'
' 1

a Aa
'
r- - - _ ........_ .._....... Aa
�
_ _
'
� '

l
,
. , '
I '
'
�

_,:�
,
'
'
'
'
..

'
. r

'

·.
.
,; • '

l /

r
.
• v-
.
. F ig . 3 ·.9 .. . FLAT BOTTO'M OF' RECTANGULAR BIN /

'

I . Jt
'

--

(
f r ,

1'
' .

C}
. .

t '
'

. .

-----.-. -� ,, - ·--- . - -- -
 The s t a t i c hori z ont al p�e ssure s , p , and ve rt ic a l pr e s -
..

�
,,
s u re s , q , on incl ined hoppe r w al l s are calcu lated by the '
'
s e n or Rei�ert f o rmul a s . ;
he hydrau l ic rad i u s r , may be

re·duce d w i t h i n the hoppe;r depth , but usua l ly i s as sume d

cons � nt :n� equal to that of the bin .

�

The s t at i c uni t pre s -

s u re norma l t o the i n c l i ne d s ur f ac e , at depth z · from the

t op of the fi l l i s
1

( 3 . 1 7)

Be fore , the stre s ses i n hopper b i n s were mos t ea s ily

..

calculated by graphi c methods o r by a c omb i n a t ion of algebr a i c

r----
and graphic methods . [l]

\
3.3 DYNAMIC LOADS

.
The calc o f vert i c a l and lateral for c e s exerted
'
"'--"
on ed materi a l was presen � ed fo r the s t a t i c

condit ion , when mate rial i s at re s t .

1 the r e will b e an " increas e in thea � f orces over

..
s tatic va lues when the s tored materi a l s are ' in the . s tate. of f low ,

during f i l l i n g , di�charging or when a rche s formed within

•

mat e r i a l are col l apsing . The1e phenomena drew a t t ention

only a fte r many bin s�ructures , that were de-

��
.
,..-. .
� igned for s tat i ion on ly , e � i te d visible s ign s
L

__ _ ·- - -
..

•
•

\
24

o f damage and f ai l ure . Many tests and observationa reveal that

..

the se loads are dynamic i n cha racte r , i: . e . time-vary ing . '

In order te confirm th is f apt , re fe rence is given to

Fi gures 3 . 1 0 · and 3 . 1 1 , de p icting results

,
from experiments per-
formed at the "beginning o f the century [1] and in recent years

[ 2] . Other experiments were performed us ing s pecial technique s

•

( s uch as piezo -electric ity , extensometry , etc . ) in order to

�
meas ure the act al sties s e s in �a l l s vs . the calculated on es ,
on actual bins or on � � bins : ' A1 1 · these measuremen�s
have hel ped to evaluate the . necessary factors , called the "over­
'1
pre s sure factors " , by which the static loads are mt.f!l.t iplied

in o rder to obtai n the realistic governing de s ign loads .

I t has also b ee n established from these exper iments and

actual obs ervations that the

.
dynami c eff ects , when they a.ppear , '
are
.
,
associated with the di sch arge o f material r athe r than with

f i l l ing .

Figure 3 . 1 2 [3] shows over-pressure coe fficients f rom

I.
I - l
two tests which indi c at e t he di fficulty in assessing the exact

value .

Various authors and-codes s tate .d.i..fferent val.ue1

' {'
of the factors and ar.r, · in. general , vecy precautious about. the ,...�

f�
I
� J
l 'I
actual values to be used in the desiqn ., a 1most always �� str � ctl ..
1\ .. • �-.:o -� -- ·1

ing thei r use to funnel

It
typ$
)
'.-

..
 _______________

(l
___ ...._____'::_!_ -- ---- -- -- - ----· -� ---- -�

25

J -

\
\

.. 1 1/ 1 \
1: \ IlL ' ILl\ rt lA
k. � I'

'
..
. /

..
FIG . 3-. 1 0 LATERAL AND VERTICAL PRESSURES I BIN- I
, EMPTYING , DIAPHRAGM ON INCLINED· HO-PPER ..
AND . ON BOT'OO)\ OF B,IN WALL
.
SURFACE
.
}!
-
!'
'

" ..
(

, L-----��----�-�--
...
, r '
r
j
..
''
 /
..,

26

0
•

a) Wall Stress Variations on a· cell ·at the Top of the

Hopper Wall in Tes t UVL 13

,.
,, '

�·

�·

'\

b) Wal.l S tress Variations� on a Cell at the Bottom of the

Bin Wall. in Test tn7L 8 i

FIG . 3·,,11 WALL S�SES PLOTTED AGAINST TIME IN TWO

\ CONTINUOUS -DISCHARGE TESTS ON DENSE SAND
WITH THE 6 0 DEq .. HOPPER

\. v
'
 ------ ·-- -� - - - -· - - - - - - ·-- - -- - - . - - - -

27

The s tate-o f -the art o f thi s part

- ) of bin structural
J

'
de s ign , at the present time , is de scribed even with suCh

stat ement s as "the uncertai nty " and " th e generally admi tted

ignorance " [ 3 ] . Surveying the re f erenc e s i t can be concluded

that . an adequate technique in analy z ing bins for dyhamic load s

"" .
i � no t avai lable . '

I n order to evaluate the dynami c r esponse o f the b in

struct ure ( i . e . the re sult ing s t r e s s e s and displacements

'

whi ch are a l s o ti me va ry i ng - due to the dynami c -ioads } , it i s

tl
ne ce s s ary to solve t he equat i o n o f motion of the system ,

which is r ep re s e nted as a s i ng l e circular ring ( e xac t l y how

the long cy lindrical s he l l s ar e de s i g n

)
. - '
ed f6r ax i s ymme t r i c
I'
I
horizontal lo a ds ) 1 Figur e 3 . 1 3 . �
l
•

A bin ring s egm 1 I

.I
nt i s a s ingle -degree-o:(-f reedom sy s tem 1
" .
the radi al di s�� acements 6 be i ng
\ r
the s ingle di�p lacement
1
with

component and with al l e s s nt a l � � ,..P ropert � , namely , its ?­ I

mass M , it s e l astic property-stiffne s s K , its energy - l o s s

I
"

mechani sm - dampinq c , as we l l as the loading p ( t ) ; a s s umed

to be concentrated" in a s ingl e _ physi�al e lement ( F i gure 3 . 4 ) ,

whose equat ion. of mot ion is :

Cll ( t ) + KA ( t.)

I
mA ( t ) + a
p ( t) '( 3 . 1 8 )
'
c

The mas s i s given by :

Ay
m • ( 3 .19)
q

'
/

�.\...

-:
....

A ..._
---·-- -- .. - ·- - -�- ·- -- -� -- --·--
 ..- --�----- -- ....... --- ,_ � - --- - - ...

-
/

.,

. .

Second Test

.<
FIG . 3 . 12 COEFFICIENTS OF OVER-PRESSURE

,, \

•
 ------ ---- - �-- --· --------- - - - -- .

- - -- - -- - - - -

29
\

�.

(
r

c:.
-

' .d
'

� I
I
FIG . 3 . 13 MODEL FOR BIN lUNG SEGMEN'l'

.,

'-
I
 30

with A be i ng the ring �ross-section with unit weight y •

•
..
\
'

To evaluate the damping is yecy pi f f_icult . . · It i s

always the c a se with structural damping , usually assumed to

' be o f the order o f 5 % of the critical damping . The critical damp•

ing is defined as the smallest amount of damping for which no
"

�aking �
·
oscillation occur s i n the free vibration ( i . e . � :mOtion
place with p ( t) • 0) .

i
'

• The s tif fnes s K is, given by :

- I

( 3 . 20 )
!,
I i
I

The natural ci �cular freq uency of the ring i.n pure radial I!
..
vibrations is :
.l v
(1.) • !� \. ( 3. 21 )
r y •

A , eircular ri n g can also have the hi9her modes of extensional

vibration , analogous to the longitudinal vib rati�ns of

....

pneumatic b ins ! with circular frequencies [4 ] .

...
•

"!'Eg 1 + l.' 2 j ( 3 . 2 2 )'

..
wi • r y
, I
where i denotes the number of vaveleng1;.hs to the ci reiUmference .

In fle�u�al vibrations , for the case when loading is not per­

f�otl� ax�s�tri� , . the cir�ular fre enc of the bin ' s ring qu y

I
s egment i s :
\

\
.\-

___ 1
 ' 31 .

�
Obviously , for each parti cular steel bin s t ructure , the

pre ceding frequencies could be determined and then compared

,,

w i th the frequency o f the app li ed lo ad w.

For rectangular cros s -sections o f b ins , th� e v al uati � n o f

natural f requen cie s i s s imi l a r , although not as S'traigh t -for-

�ard for c i r cular ' cros s s ec

as ,ll
ons r a nd the utile of compu�ers
�
j:-
.
i s s ugge ed as the s t e f f i cie nt way in a s s e s s in g the i r
�
natural frequencies .
'
�/
De s ignating the n , the ratio of the ap p l ied load f req uen y b
"

. < ,- to the natural f ree-vibration f re quency o f the sys te m with

,.,.

'
...
) a =
w
w
( 3 . 24 )
Ii
I
and us ipg the exte ns i ve ly worke d out analy s i s and ch art s of

a s ingl e de �ee of �ddom (SDOF ) system ' s response to various

types of dyn ami c loading , the dynami c magni f ication factor

l
( whi ch represents the ratio of the re s ult ing maximum dyn ami c l.
I
re s pons e vs . the s tat i c response ) can be determined . � is i s o f ,

real. inte rest in the structural des ign of b i ns •

.
�e type of dynami c loadlng , (horizontal pres sure in thi s
..

ease) an d it s freque ncy are not pos i t i ve ly dete rmine d .

,...

' Jenike and Johanson [5 ] · s tate, that the wa ll e

s ,tre s s s are

time -varying in cycles during _continuo us f low , i . e . , that the

loading can be approximated as periodic.

.
���
.� Wi nte � [6 ] s tate s tbat experiments reve �; "the" stat�c .

,...,..
pressures to be exceeded by a facto r o f 2 •0 tcf-'4 . 0 accordin• "

't;.\
 \
32

.. to the type of flow-funne l or IIUl&S type .

-..."'
..
...

t t can be concluded ( at this �tage of the state-o f-the ..

art of bins ' design for dynami'c loads ) that in the case of
., . .
·

' funne l-flow types , the maximum dynamic magni fication fa�or
of 2 . 0 shoul d be used , ( whi ch is in agreenM� nt with the
«ecommendation of the f ew avai l able co\ies for the r- sign of

bins/s i l o s ) and ln the case of mass-flow type s , the maximum

dynamic maqni f i cat:lon factor of 4 . o should be used .

1When the laa� become s more accurate ly defined , the

app�oximate dynamic maqni fi cation factor could be determined
r
•

· for each particular case .

I

....

I
• I

' -

. . ---- --- ·
_ _ __ ,..-,_________ _
. ._ ' �·

- -- . -- . -- - .. - - --- · ----------�- ------ �---

 '

...

'

CBAPTD. 4

�TR.UCTURAL
. ..

DESIGN 01' STEEL BINS .·

..

' .

-
·"

q,
. '

..

..

·.

·�
· - �-

; \'
 \

33

CHAP TER 4

(
STRUCTURAL DES IGN OF STEEL BINS
I .
I

Once the di fferent pr e s s ure s Mbti�g on the wal ls of the

bin have been de f i ned ,the de s igne r is ready to determine the

th ickne ss of the b in ' s walls .

4 .1 CYLINDRI CAL SHELLS

The calculation. of the s i z e of the vertical wall s of cy l i ndr i ­

'
ca l bins doe s not pres en t special difficulties . B eyond the self.­

weight of the walls , they· are acte� upon by two main force s : the

l ateral pr e s s ure and the ve rt i ca l f riction force due to the

l
....
1 f ri c t i on of the material on the. wal ls , wh i ch gene rat es verti­ I

I,
cal compres si on s �res s e s o n the wal l s .

If Pz is the l ate r a l pres sure and r the internal

·I
radi us ' of the bin , the thi cknes s of the wall mus t be designed

to withstand a c ircumferential tensi le or hoop stress of :

l\
.. I

( 4 1)
.

For smal l ' bi n s , sti ffeners may not be required . For

r-:-)
large and deep bins , because the cyl in dr i ca l wal l may buckle
. .

under ve� i c al compres s ive loads , and may bend under be nd in g

l
�
•
moments induced from uneven distribution of tke wall pres s ure
'
f

due to dynamic · ef f ect• and due to ecoentric:ally located ouUets ,

I

et c . , ring sti f fe ne rs or rings and vertical s t i f fene rs are

b !
recomme nded •
-

..
/
 ,

34

After calculation o f the heop stress a s men tione d before ,

�he vertical pre ssure ./i l l be calculated •

., .

The longit udinal c ompres sive stress is 1 fo llowing r

I
Reimbert ' s theory :

) -
( 4 . 2)

It s hould be noted that the Equat ion (4 . 2) applie s only wh6n

I

Yz . >� · J�
I
To find the maximum stres s in the plate at the level con�
I
I

s i dered , f and f may· be combi ne d in the form :

t c

f 1 • f + vf • (4 . 3) .
t t c

/
f1 • f
c
+ vf
t
(4 .4)
c

where

v • 0 . 3 , Po i s �on ' s ratio for s tee l . (

ft -�mum t ens i le str s s in �plat�. �

f� •maximum compre s s ive stres l in the plate

\ f
t
• c ir cumf e rential tensile stre s s or hoop s tress

, fc • lonqitudin�l compressive stress

Equa�ions ( 4 . 3) and ( 4 . 4 ) are derived from the· Saint Venant ' s

maximum normal strain -theory •

..,
For maximum compres sive stresses in the bin walls , con- �
. < . • .. .r
si"'ration must be giv.en to the portions of bin walls at the
0

'
 35

stiffener and t o those portions o t bin wal l s whi ch lie between

•

sti f fener s . The load dis tributions and the ir co rre sponding J

stres ses may be calculate d as fol lows :

�.

(4 .5)

q (4 .6)
u • q - qs

(4.7)
---1

qu
• (4 . 8 )
n (b - 2b } t
e

whe re
l
F ' F • allowabl e compres sive stre s s o f I
cs eu
� i

II
sti ffene d and uns tif fened shel l re spect ively

f f - ve rt ical compre s s ive s tres s o f

cs ' cu
stif fened and uns tiffened she ll re spectively
. I
I I
I
b • hori zontal spacing o f vertical s t i f fene r s

r b
e
• � f f�ctive wi dth � f the p late

I
'
n • number o f ·vertical s ti ffeners
I •

I
'
'
!
f
• Il
COns ide ration shou ld be given to th� the�l s tre� ses in
i
!
I ·

the case of bins receivlnq hot fill . AnY temperat ure drop may

c ause rinq tens ion in the s ilo wall . The only pos s ib le
•

re Ue f of the rinq tension due to temperature drop is by

compression of the stored material . In large diameter steel

� .

bins for granular material , the temperature stre s ses are

. .
 ---- ____ _....._ _ , --��----- - � - - -

36

care f ul ly e xAmined bec a use the granular mat�rial i $ not in­ .

t

compre ssible materi al . The hoop s tre s s c aused by 100° F

drop in temperature for granu l ar materi a l is as high as 1� . 5 ks i .

•• _J
However , s i nce fine materi a l is general ly e a�y to compact , the

tempe r at?re stre ss e s can b e ignored if the t empe rature dif fe r-/
ent ial is le ss than , say 1 0 0 °F . I
I
I
I
' I
4 . 1 .1 Sti ffened Shel l s '>'

' -.
i
The portions of bin she lls near the ' s t i f fe ne r s
•

' ---
have qreat-

number o f
I

er l?ad-carry ing c apac itie s . If "n " is the total.

•

equa l ly spa ce d vertical s t-i ffeners , and "b " is the e ffective
e
�i dth of the she l l on e ach side o f the s ti f feners , as shown in

Figure 4 . i [ 6 ] , t he e f fe ct ive width "b " w i l l be :

e

0 o 4 75 0 r-> r-
t Es
( 4 . 9 ) .....
Es
b 111 . 9 5t ( 1 - . •

e
es . cs

F is the a llowable stre s s o f the sti f fene r and p l ate

cs
column det ermi ne d
I
by the appropri � formula with the
" vert i cal spa cing " .t " of the hori zontal· sti f feners as the
.
column length . S ince the alloWable s t res s F ajl.d- the
cs
)
"b "
e f fe ctive width � are interdependent ( becaus e o f e
e

.... e f fe ct o f "be
" on t he column ' s radius of gyration) ne ce s s -
' .

ary to use a trial-and-erro� method by as s umin �

calculate F ' or vice vers a . After Fcr's and b

cs e
bee n determi ned , the capacity o f the s tiffened shells o f the

bin can � be calculated as :

,
(4 .1�
-.
I

;
''V
t
 --·----..-- -- ------ ---·--·- - -- __ .,. _ _ --

,- '

37
. .
'

-�
. ,
'
'

j - .

...

( '

� ,,

. "

•·
F:tG . 4 . 1 , ·STII'PIBBD SBBLL

I ' •

•
 38

,/
d

\[or quick an d apprQx:f.mate · evaluation � b may be assumed to be

e
30 to 4 0 t , where t .i, s the thi ckne s s of the plate .
I

It ��ould be no ted that

�
above e f f��ve' width is
•

� · taken as approximate ly equal to �t

�t

of a flat plate . In the

l�

.
• I
case of a �ylindrical p�e� the load-oar� ing capacity wil l

' be i ncre a s ed due to its curvatur� . Let }q b e the sl ende rnes s

t �
ratio o f the stif f ener and shell column , and A 1 ,. · , 20 qlt , _,

•r • is the shell radi� in feet , and "t " the wall � ick-
•

where
•

ness in inChes , then the combined slenderness ratio can be

�

calculated by :

'-'�.• >. • A1 At ( 4 . 11 )
. '
/Aft-A !
p
4 .1.2

af The .porti on s of the bin shells no"'t i�fluenced by the

. ' sti f fepers but which are in direct c6ntact with the
\
stored materi &l ,
�
can be conside red as restraint against
.
-
'
· i
b uck l ng . 'lhis as,sumption , is based on -... pr�ssure of ..

�teria� i� contact wi tn the �aell s preventing any in­

�ard b uck l inq . - �herefore , the maximum -tensile or

compressive stresses f
max
• .e Fts c� be used whe�
\Ft.. is � the allowable t e nsi le stress and e is the
• '

' .

.
e fficiency o f the double-welded butt j oint .
'" "'
. . ¥ .

"

b) � The portions of . the bin shell s which are not influenced

..
� .
by /the stiffepers and U$ no t in contact with the s tored
' 1 �

. .. /
r ,.

•
material
.
as in the case
.. '
of arching fo�d above' , may

l/J : " __...,--

\.

' I
.. _
,. .
-· ( ..
;il
- - - -- � - - -
 I ' '

39

buckle if the loads in cre a s e beyond their car rying

capacit ies . For that cas e cons ider t h e al lowab e l
' '
.,.
buckling stre s s. F0 for the unst i f fe n ed portions
u

with a s l ende rne a s r•tio of A % • The s tr eng th of the

unstiffened shells b f the bin can be calculated :

I
qu • n F u t (b
c
- 2b } �
e
(4 . 12) J
\
..

4 . 1 . 3 _J;tiffeaers
, .. �\

Based u�n pre v io us experience o f the de s i gn er s of

...
and po n the f acts that archi
u ng an d uneven dis-
!
... ceme11t 'binB,
. .
.
� l
Jf I •
tribution ·of lateral pressure in the horizontal s e c tio n

�
du ing . f i l l in g and empty in : arf pos s ible , sti ffener s are

a lways recommended . Verti �F pacing of the horiz ont� l

stiffeners of 10 to
'
1 5' fee t , a�-·�ri zontal spac ing of the·

vertical stif feners o f 4 to 10 f e e t may b e " r e commend.ed as

the norma� pr actice .

-

,g
-- The vertical s t i ff ener can b e d es i g ned as a po r t ion

of a stiffen�r-and-shell co l umn , as discussed· in s t i ffen ed

shell$ . The horizontal s ti f fene r s .,

should be de s i g ne d to

B�pport the vertical sti ffeners against buckling . The minim�

width of such a hor�zontal stiffener to be r e c ommend ed here

is one-hundredth of the diameter of the )?in , with a central"

fill ing or central discharging device . For. b i ns with non­

central fillings o r' non�central discharging devices , the

.
•
I

horizontal stiffeners should be de s i gn ed for one-sided p r es sure

effect . '!'he recommenctation by many des igners for the des ign of

-. '• ' . __ _;__--,___._

.___ _:-:..::::====::--=�---
 '
40

each hori zontal sti f fener i s :

M. .: 0 . 0 4 y r 2 d t tan $ , fo r 1 < 2 r . tan � (4 . 1 3)

e

" I

M = 0 .08 yr s d t an 2 ¢> , f o r R. . > 2r tan � ( 4 . 14)

�
e

.}where "

.
the ecc nt r ic d s tan ce o f the outlet f rom
e i
.. d
e
•

the centre of the bin , and

)
I

M = the momerit in t he s t i f f ener

.j
�f �er
l
In no cas e , shal l the width the horizontal sti f be

le�s than o� -hundredth o f the di amet er of the bin , as

re co �nde d for bins wi th centra l filling or central discharg-

�-·

ing dey ic e s . ;

r
4 . 1.4
f
Hopper s

The ce lls o f the silos are t erminated a t thei� lower part;

by hopper� ( funne ls ) , their shafe being usually th at o f a '

t runcated cone i n the case o f cylindrical ce l l s , o f pyr amid l a

'

shape , in the cas e o f rectangular cells , N

�

der to pe rmi t ·" �: ,

complete di scharge of the stored
-�
mat e ri al uhrough
\

'
the a
dis ch rge

t rap_ pl aced at _the lowe s t point .

ln :alculating �e �cknes� .- o� the walls of the hoppers ,

;,t is assume that the stored. pulverulent materials transmit to

'the walls of pers th e vertica l) res sure which they exert

at the level of the co · n· �vertical walls , i . e . , at the

leve l of the j unction o f the walls o f th e cel ls to the walls at

\,
' /
I'
_
 ' l,. .

41

the s e hoppe rs .

The fol lowing loads are con s i dere d :

I
" a ) The verti c a l pre s s u re e xe rte d by the s tored mate r i a l
i /

a t t he lowe r leve l o f the ve rti ca l wal l s .

\ "'
b ) The we ight of the s to r e d material fi l l i ng the hoppe r':
,.

" '
\

',
c ) Ttte we ight of t� devi ce (J xed onto the hopper (if
....
any) •
""

The plates forming the cone will be s ub j e cted to �o th

the lfoop tens ion and the meri dional tens ion . Jans sen ' s o r

Reimbert ' s expre s s ion for both lateral and ho r i zon� a l pre s s ure

may be use d , but s ome mod i f i cations of a mino r nat u re wi l l be

lj
ne ce s sary . Fo r app l i cat ion , we w i l l use Jans s en ' s' expre s s -

ion s . The me an hydrauli� radius �·r " s hould b e rep l aced by

..... ha l f the appropri ate cone radius r 1 /2 and the coe f fi cient o f
/)

. fri ction on the wall 11 ' by the corre s pondin g internal

f'r iction coe ffi c i e nt , ll · Those modificat ions take into account

the fact that in thi s a�e-a the ma te rial is s l i ding ag ains t the
f .
material loca ted outs ide the ra d ius r 1 , instead of s l iding

again s t the bin wall , F igure 4 . 2 .

The latera l pressure would therefore 'be :

( 4 . 15 )

giving a hoop te ns ion o f :

f .......
. '
.

.. ( 4 . 16 )

,.

' ...
 ,

42

resulting in a hoop straaa of :

\

f • !£1. { 4 . 1 7)
H t
'

Similarly , the longitudinal tension ·would: take the form. :·

T
· • w� cose ct
L
(4 .18)
'II' r 1

In(z-;ati.on ( 4 . 1 8)

W1 • �r: + yr1
z
1t
z'
3 + self weight

z
q1tr 1 • verti cal pressure of stored material

at lower lave i

·I
where \

q • ** [l
�
• 8
- 21Jkz/r ] . ( 4 . 19 )

yr � • �ight of the- · &tored ,material

:r!h� • we ight of the hopper

1, .

reaultinq�· i� a· mericU.onal� stress of :

'

f • w� cose c;
( 4 . 20 )
L 1r r 1 €

Both .fh and :fL will be a maximum at the waiat , and a lllinimtllll

at the outlet .

4 .1.5 RoofS

' .

The roof should be a. self.:support..i.nq stncture • It may

be
'
f1at , .or
�
in tbe form of a cone Qr dome . , ltowver , in view o�
� � , .
(
. .

/
-
__ r--y-......7'"" -�- - ... - ·-
- --�--
 43

..

. ·, ,
..;,.

•
'

. \

!'IG . 4 • 2. PDSS'OD ON BOPPBR

.,.
•

___ _ _ _
, ..
 44
'

the fact that a partia l vacuum may develop 1 above the stored

mater i a l due to the ar ch i ng action , larger vents s houlcf be

-.1
•
provided to prevent any inward buckling o f the s i lo walls or

of the roof , itse 1 f , from this cause .

4 2
• RECTANGULAR 5 HELlS
.ifi
,4 . 2 . 1 S ing l e Cell

I n the hor iz ontal plane 1 the wa l l s of the rec tangular bins

are acted upon by b e nd i ng .moment s tresses due to the direct

)y
,

thrus t of th e material and tens ile stres s e s due to the react ­

ions o f adj acent wal l s . In thE! vertical plane they 're acted

upop by tJte same s tres ses as those defined for the cylindr ical

bins .

The wal l s should therefor � be desigp.ed for c_ompound b'nd­

ing wi th tension .

The wa l l s of 'the ce ns wi ll be con s i dered in horizontal

layer s of the unit heightra. �_umed as independent f r om each
I

other and- assuming that each cell i s independent o f the

adj oining cells . Each layer of un i t height w i l l therefore be

s tud i ed as a hor izontal closed framework acted upon by internal

horizontal pressures P and p , Figure 4 . 3 .

a b

The tensile s t�es s in a wall is the resul tant of · the "\

horizontal reactions of support of the two adj acent walls • 'l'he

tensi le stres ses are tnerefore :

 n

45

�
x a
T •
pb for s i de •a • ( 4 . 21 }
a 2

X
pb b
"b " (4 . 22)
2
T I · for s i de
b •

Fo r calculation o f the bending moments -in the walls , the

/
fo rmulae i'
applJ•.c'cil> e to the � j e cted to uni fo rm pre s ­
frame

s u res but di f fe ring as betwe..fn" th e smal l and l ge s i� s , ar

are use d .

Let Ia• and :r be the momen ts of· i nert i a . res pe ct ively

b

of the wal l s of length "a " and "b 11 and for a ho rizontal

s li ce of unit height and p and Pb · the thl:us ts due to

a

the mate ri a l on the wal l s "a " and "b " .

The s ti f fness coe ffi cient k is calculated as :

The bending moma n t at the corne rs is :

{ 4 . 2 3}

The momt:tnts in the bays' are :

a2
:. Pa ( 4 . 24 )
M
a 8

(4 �2 5 ) '%'
' '

..
.
\ /
' J

--::-;
--
,. *-. -
. . ;""'':"';,,.----
 ---�- - ----- -- �-�r- �
- -�- - - I
.

4 6-

/
. ,_
\

r-
'-
l
/

b4
�

,.. r
•
'

A •
T · �l Tl�lT L
Q -
1-f.
'l �1 1 1 'l ! 1 l
.
0

J) c '--

.
....;,..
. '
'
'
(
. I
FIG . 4 . 3 REC'l'ANGtn:AR SHELLS

' ) .
., 0

\.
'

......

. r
I

. '
�
/'' ?
i . '

''\',' _'' ' t

' • '
 47

If the bin is square , the four wtlls are identical and :

'
, '
�

a· = b I c
there fore k •
1
a , I.b (

Equat ions ( 4 . 2 3) , ( 4 . 2 4 ) and ( 4 . 2 5 ) b ecome (with pa = % .. p)

}I (4 . 26)
9
I

" (4 . 2 7 )

It shoul d be noted that in order to calculate the bending

100ment s act i ng on the walls of a rectangUlar bin one mus.t

necessarily know the m:>ments of inert ia of the walls and cons e ­

quently , the thickne ss o f these walls . But the thi ck ne s s is a

f unct ion o f the moments to be calculated . The.:._j fore , a suffi­

c ie nt l y exact d,tertnination of t;:he bending mome�t is only

achieved by suc c e s s i ve approximataon .

,.
l.
A ·method s uggested by Reil'Qbe'rt [ 3] to get around that

di ff iculty i s to use the fo�lae �or continuous g ir de r s with

I
..
gussets in · the shape of f-rames , which he says gives direct and

• satis factory re sults .

4.3 BUCKLING

In horizontal planes , both circ la u r( and rectangular

s te el bins are under axi al tension and there is no danger of

buck l ing .

In vert ical planes , the uniformly distributed compressi�e

l)
loading due t o the own weiqht of bin walls , the . frictional force of

1.J
 - - . .. - - -·- ------- - - - -----�--- ------·------------- --- .

..

48

th� s tored materi al and roof and equipment loads , buckl ing of

}he b in walls may occur at a certain va.lue of the comf)re ssive

• a .·

load .

4 .3.1 Cylindrical Bins [7]

The buck ling s tress for cyl indrical bins i s given by the

clas s ical so l ut io n for axia.lly compressed cy'linders .

'i
0c
r
•
Eh/a

•
( 4 . 2'8 )
I
I
'
Where h is the w�l tliickness and a the average surface !
radi us , (with h << a} •

\
I
I
1
' C.
For v • 0 .3 ( steel bins) , Eq . ( 4 . 28 ) becomes

\
a • 0 . 6 0 5 Eh/a ( 4 . 29 )
cr

The critical va�uea o� axial stresses for cyli:nders subje cted

to axial c�mpreasion are conveniently expres�ed as a function

of the s o cal led Batdorf parameter z.

-

\
. %
L
t z • iii ( 1-v ) ! (4 . 30 )

! with the cor7:e�ponding values of factor K4 , · as shown in

I Fi gure 4 . 4 , and given by

I

l X =
L1h
a (4 . 31 )
...

a :!f aD cr
-
 -------.,....-- ------�--------- - -·

)
r
. '

I �
'

, I
..._

>'

--
.. . � ..
( - '

..

·.

FIG • 4•4 ClU'l'I� VALUES OF AXIAL S'l'RBSSES

POR CY:LINDERS SUBJECTED TO ·AXIAL
COMPRES S ION

.. ...
\

'\

•
·------ - - � �· - - ---- -
 -...---- -----:!- ·- �

50

D - ( 4 . 32)

For the va,J. ues of z > 2 . 85 , lonq cylinders , the valutl& of

v cr qiven by Figure 4 . 4 and Eq . (4 . 28) az:e the same .

.
\
'

(Z < 2 . 8 5 repres ents · the short cyl inder s ) .

4 . 3 .2 Rectanqula� Bin s [ 3J

'

The w all s of the rect angu ar l bins are

'

rectanqulllr plates that are subj e cted to vertical and h

--

axial fo rc e s •

r·

The vertical axial f �s are compressive

. .

are tensile , Figure 4 . 5 ( a ) · , althouqh for multi cell bins they can

sometimes be ·,compres sive , due to the difference in cel l. condi­

tions ( some full , some empty ) , so in the worst qene ral case , the
f
bin wal l pl at e s are subj ected to in-plane canpres s ion in two

' ·· directions , Figure 4 . 5 { b ) •

The forces i n the two direct£ons are i nter - re late d by

non•dimensional constant R by lettinq [ 2 ]

p •

(4 . 3 3 )

I
f
/
wBere /

R • load '"ratio

.I
' .

- 1
 -- - - --

51

'

' I

.
.

. . ;=-r
-

'
!
'
P. b

..

J a:.
..

PIG . 4 .. 5 (a) Cc»>PIU:SSIVE AND TJ!:NSII.B FORCBS C»f

Bl:N WALI.

..
(·

..

..

, (
 ,
;/
.

� ---- (
I'

L /
f
II'

� II
�
"

?'
�
�.·
..

\.

. -

., q
I

., "(
I

I .
II
,;·
G; Jl bi)
, ,, �

' .

,,
'7
i
!
l

! � , ,. '

I
' I

FIG . 4 . ,.(b ) <::c:»R USSIVB . FORCES IN · THO

J DIUC'rXOHS
l J
I
i'
}
I
I '
•

f\,
I ,
: - '� ..

..

\
.\. •

.-··-,..�",....,.._
�
� - ------ -
\
 \
53
}
, . · �
For the case of simply supportecl edges , the buckling force

is · given by

.. ( \
1
� (4 . 34)
I

where

z nz} Jz
K • '[ (m - b/a) +
(4 . 3 5 )
cc 2 + Rn 2
( m b/a)

,
For . given values , o f the load ratio R and plate aspect ratio
\
a/b , the values � £ m and n (posi tive integers ) may 'te chosen

for
by tri al to give the smallest buckl ing force Pe
r·

)
R •

n , and
For a square plate ,

1 , o , and -1 ,

K for
respectively ,

minimun(·
for example ,

�ation

Kcc ,.. the values

alb • 1• •hen ,
( 4 . 35 ) gives , for m ,

cc

'-\
�
' -
( R m
. KQ
C
'
n '

' .•
'
'
1( 1 ' l 2
(
IIQ
•
If '
.l .. .1 4 . ·

-1 2 1 ' 8 .33 , .
L_

q
Ne9•tive '2-lues of R ; of coU:t"ae , aiqnify tensile loadinq in
.
·

'

t�unt1f,
......_

• the y-ciliredti!)n . As voul� be e�cted o� intuitiv�

the addition of a tensile loa� in �anaverae, d��ection ia

sean to have'/' a�iliz.i. ftc; ' in'fluance .

·

: ', '
 ------ -- - ------------ - -- - -�

54

The results of a s t ab i l ity ana ly s i s fo r comb�ned load-

ing ·are f r equent ly presented in terms o f so-called i�eracti on

curves . S uch curves . are illustrated , e.g. , in Fi gure 4 . 6 , for

.)
the ca se a lb •-...J. . £2]
•
"'

The coor di nates in the graph are cr x/ axc r and cr y/ayc r

whe re :
•)
<./ ._

-
Px
&n
-
�
�
,
O'x O'y
•

and crx
cr
and • oy c
r
are e cr i t i cal �alues of ox an d cry ,

respectively , when each i s acting a lo ne .

'?
From Equat i ons (4 .33) and ( 4 . 36 ) ,

R .., �
O'X

The solid lines in . the interaction plot represent minimum

'
•
I

e igenvalues , and the dotted one s repres ent higher eigenva l ue s .

The negat ive values of the parameter oyjay repre sen� �ns i l e
cr

loading i n the y-direction . \

Interaction curves fo� an extens ive variety of comb ina­

t ions of comp re s s o n , bending ,� and shear loading are given ·

....
by Ger�rd and Becke r , [8) 1n graph�cal form .
..

(
I�
t \
 --------�-
--- ---- -- --�------· --·-- · - .
----

55
'• .

�
'

/\
..
�

(
i
I
/

� r\ __

..,
"-t_
l
_ ___.,...
�
r
�

"'

'
i:
,.
t 2
! •
f
'
I'
t '
4

...::..
[E] '

-3 -2 -I 0 2 •

\
FIG . 4 . 6
III-PLAIIE COMPRI!SSIOih\
INTElAC'l'ION CURVES · :tOR PLATE SUBJECTED TO
nfO DIREC'l'IOilS

. .

;'
. ., .\
.

, .

J
• • •·

)
,

. ' . . .' .I
 I z
- - - - - - ---- ------- ---o"'- ---- - - - - - - ----�, - - -- -

56

---
hori %ontal inward pul l . from ) the ' cone , as shown in Fi gure 4 . 7 .

Th � \
�&teel. rin �ould be de s i gned for an al lowable s tre s s of

10 ,000 psi [9 ] . Th i s relative ly l ow va l ue i s used to minimize

•

de flect ion and

'
•
� ence the s e condary bending s t re s s . ; But , · the

comp ress ion ring mus t be c hec � d particular ly for buckling .

Us ing a f acto r o f s a fety o f 3, in L�vy ' s formula for bUck l i n gi

of a ring under uni form p re s s ure :

T • =
3EI / ( 4-. 3 7 )
H
( CFiti cal )

":lhe re

T = horizontal component of T 2 , lb . per i n ,

H
.

whe re T = me ri di o n al force , lb . pe r i n ,
2.

F i gur e 4.8.

,..
1_,•
• c e nt r oi dal radi us of a r i n9 , in .
Rr

E .. Yo un g ' s modulus , psi

>
,I � minimum moment of inertia , in It

"

George s Manning [ 1 0 ] , Fellow o f the I n s ti tut ion of Civi l

E ngineers
� '
, be lieve s that the ring b�come s unstable when the
' \

external loading exceeds th e criti c al val ue

·
j f Equation (4 37)
. .

In the i r Handbooks , the British S tee l Corpo rati9n and

..
..... ' ' �.
the S riti sh S t ee l P illng I nternational Foundation are even
/
more conservat ive than Manni n g . [10 ] They re comme n d a safe
y
�
• working load :·

\
T ( 4 . 38 ) . •

(cri t ical }
. H

i
l )
i

j
 - �- -�-------.,....-- ---·---·--- --�' �
I
- - -
r �
-
I

I
57

I
\

\.

FIG . 4 . 7 �LINDER-TO-cONE TRANSITION

l
 _ ...._...�.--

!
I'
�
i
r·
�

·t
F,
'

...

i�
t
f
. �ER S
f ., .,
CONCLUSION

/
 58

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUS ION

For many years bins have been des i�ned accbrding to the

mos t known general theor ies : Janssen ' s me thod and Re�ert ' s

me thod . The fact i s that these two me thod s are approximate

- e.g . , the ra � �, p/q is as sumed cons tant by Janssen , the

vert ic a l fr ic t �� i s undere st imated by Retmbert and neither

• theory accounts for the ' dynamic effects . This explains the
!
'

r e l iance on emp i r i c a l results , in eng ineering pr a c t ice .

Further co nf i rma t ion of the above �entioned f acts is

relected by the �bsence o f adequate Co de pro? i s io ns on the

subj ect . In general , Codes include guidance that can be

used by designers in th ei r calculation with prudence and

j udg emen t . There are no Canad ian or .American Codes on Struc -

tural des ign of steel b ins .

The -., �CI

· ·
Code and also the German an �ss �an Codes
refer \ in· their secti on · on b ins to con crete b ins , or to general

:theo r i es that can � used for both c oncre te and steel .

In addition , there are only a very few references for

the desi gn of s tructural steel b i ns . The mos t currently ·

mentioned are : Ketchum ( 1 ] the oldest , and more re cent ly ,

Reimbert [ 3] . Even those , a re b ased on as sumptions and on

empirical tes t resu l t s .

 59

The purpose o f this report was to organi ze the available

[_
· mat erials on the subj ect , (i . e . , to review the state of art}

and to provide guide lines which will ' be up-dated as soon as

new methods or · theorie s are �v�,.�ped .

-.

1.
I
I
I
I -
I

1 ..

'

' .

I
{
 . ... .

>'

' '

-
"

""

/
.... - . "
)
...;.

,
•.

/
 60

REFERENCES ' ---

\
'

I [1 J Ket chum , Mi lo S .
Elevators , 3rd Ed . , McGraw-H1
Th e Des i o f Walls B in s and Grain
I nc . ,
New 'York , 1 9 1 9 .

[2] B la i r-Fi s h , M . P . , and B rans by , P . L . "Flow P attern and

Wall S tres se s i n a Mass -Flow Bunker , " Material s Handl ­
ing Divi s ion o f the 'ASME , P aper �o . 72-MH-6 , September
17-20 , 1972 .

..,

[3] Re i mbert , M . L . and A . M . , "Si los , Theo ry and P ractic e , "

Se ries on Bul k Mate r i al Handling , Vo l . 1 ( 1 9 7 5/76 )
No . 3 , F i rs t . Ed . , �rans . �ech . Puh�1ca�ion , 1 9 76 .
!

[4 J Timoshenko , s . , and Young , D . H . , Vibrat i o n P roblems in

Engineeri ni , Third E d . , Van Nos t r and , N . Y . 19!S .

[5] Jenike , A . W . and Johanson , J . R . , "Bi ns Lo ads " ,

J . Struc . Div . , Proc . ASCE t Vo l . 9 4 , No S TA , April 196 8 .
�
, .
. �
[6 ] �inter , G . , "Strength o f S tee l Compress ion F l anges , "
Corne ll Unive rsity , Eng . Sta ., Bull . No . 3 5/ 3 1 , 1 94 7 .

·'

[7] B rush ,Don 0 . and Almroth , Bo o . , B uckl i ng o f Ba r s ,

Plates , and S he l ls . McGraw-Hill Inc . , New Yo rk , 1975 •

...

(8] Gerard , G e , a n d
Be ck er ; H . , "Handbook o f Structural
S ta.Di li ty , P art I , Buckling of F l at P l ate s , " � !!_,
No . 3781 , 195 7 ._

'
[9 ] and Gaylord , C . N . , Structura l En inee r ing
Gaylord , E . H . l
Handbook . McGraw-Hi ll Book Company , New York , 96 8 ,
pp . 2:1-18 , 2 3 - 1 9 .
"

[ 10 ] NCE International . November 1 9 7 8 I s sue , worldwi de

Sectio n . t

\
_j