Echocardiography

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1. Aortic coarctation PG = 4 (V^2 - V^2) 6. Echocardiography findings of AT < 100 ms (RVOT VTI)
Gradient pulmonary hypertension PASP > 36 mmHg
calculation TAPSE < 16 mm
RV FAC < 35%
2. Aortic Severe
PA diameter > 25 mm
regurgitation (8) VC >= 6mm
(severity) RF >= 60 mL 7. EROA EROA = VFR / Vmax
RF >= 50% (effective regurgitant orifice
ERO >= 0.3 cm2 area) Vmax in m/s
PHT < 200 ms EROA in mm2
Jet width (PLAX) > 65% LVOT
8. Low-Flow Low-Gradient Stage D2
Area of jet (PSAX) > 60% LVOT
AVA < 1 cm2, MG < 40
Holodiastolic flow reversal, EDV > 20
mmHg
cm/s
DSE -> MG>40, stable AVA
< 1 cm2
Moderate
VC = 3 - 5.9
Stage D3
RV = 30-60 mL
AVA < 1cm2, LVEF > 50%
RF = 30 - 49 %
AVAi < 0.6 cm2/m2, SV < 35
ERO = 0.1 - 0.29
mL/m2 with SBP < 140
PHT = 200-500
Jet width PLAX = 25-65% LVOT
Pseudo-AS
Jet width PSAX = 5-60%
DSE AVA > 1 cm2 with > 0.2
3. Aortic stenosis (6) Severe cm2 increase
(Severity) Vmax > 4 m/s Fixed MG < 40
MG > 40 mmHg
AVA < 1 cm2 Contractile reserve - +SV >
AVAi < 0.6 cm2/m2 20% with DSE
LVOT VTI / AV VTI < 0.25
9. Mitral regurgitation (8) Severe
Peak/mean < 1.5
(severity) VC >= 7
RV >= 60
Moderate
RF >= 50
Vmax > 3 m/s
ERO >= 0.4 cm2
MG > 30 mmHg
Jet area >10 cm2 or >40% of
AVA < 1.5
LA or Coanda
LVOT VTI / AV VTI < .50
PISA radius > 1 cm
4. Aortic Valve M- PV flow rate = systolic
Modes reversal
Jet envelope = Dense, early
IE triangular peak
HCM
Low SV Moderate
BAV VC 3-6.9
AR RV 30-59
RF 30-49
ERO 0.2-0.4
PISA radius 0.4 - 1 cm
Jet area 4-10 cm2 or 20-
40% LA
PV flow rate = systolic
5. Continuity attenuation
Equation (aortic
stenosis)
10. Mitral stenosis (4) Very Severe 15. Patient prosthesis
(severity) Area < 1.0 cm2 mismatch
PHT > 220 ms

Severe
Area < 1.5 cm2
PHT > 150
PASP > 30 mmHg

Moderate
MG = 5-10
16. PISA (mitral
11. Mitral valve area MVA = 220 / PHT
regurgitation)
(PHT)
MVA in cm2
PHT in ms
12. Mitral Valve M-
Modes

MVP
Rheumatic MS 17. Pressure Half PHT = 0.29 x deceleration time (ms)
Atrial arrhythmias Time
Atrial myxoma 18. Pulmonary Severe
HCM regurgitation (2) Jet envelope on CW
MR (severity) - Dense
- Marked deceleration
- Early end of diastolic flow
PHT < 100 ms
19. Pulmonic stenosis Severe
(1) Peak gradient > 64 mmHg
13. M-Mode
(severity)
20. Regurgitant R Vol = EROA x VTI
volume
21. Stroke Volume
(by VTI)

14. Patient prostehsis 22. Tricuspid Severe

mismatch ASE regurgitation (6) Jet area (central) > 10 cm2
(severity) VC >= 7
PISA radius > 9 mm
Tricuspid E (m/sec) > 1
Jet envelope = Dense, early triangular
peak
Hepatic vein flow = systolic reversal

Moderate
Jet area 5-10
VC N/A
PISA 6-9
Jet envelope intermediate
Hepatic vein systolic attenuation
23. Tricuspid stenosis (3) Severe
(stenosis) Valve area < 1cm
MG > 5 mmHg
PHT > 190 ms
24. Valve disease follow-up Mild 3-5 years
Mod 1-2 years
Severe 6 mo - 1 year
25. Volume Flow Rate (mL/s) VFR = 2π x r2 x Va

for MR VA = Aliasing velocity (cm/s)