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Art appreciation
History of art
NOTES:
 Art movements talked about philosophies and not the style. 
o Due to artist using the same style but do not practice the same philosophy and goals. 
 We use BCE and CE instead of AD and BC to me more inclusive and remove religious biases. 
 As time goes by, the periods/movements gets shorter due to fast changing perspectives and constant rise of conflicts. 
 Earliest Discovery of Art
o Marcelino and his daughter Marie went to their backyard → He asked Marie to go through a narrow opening of the
cave in their backyard → Marie saw cave paintings making her the first modern human to see cave paintings. 
o This story has its scrutiny wherein people say that Marcelino faked the discovery and made the cave paintings
himself. 
 Rock paintings have been found to include line drawings in charcoal and red ochre, painted images and negative images (of
their hands) which are formed by painting the rock area around the object. 
 Why were cave paintings made? 
o There is no true answer as to why they were made but there are multiple theories: 
 Used for hunting and magic 
 Part of spiritual beliefs
 Ceremonial- coming of age
 Aid to memory and tradition 
 How can these prehistoric men make cave paintings? 
o There is a theory that these prehistoric men used hallucinogens (drugs), which gave them the ability to make 3D
images. 
 5 Civilizations in Mesopotamia :Sumerian Civilization, Akkadian Empire, Babylonian Empire, Assyrian Empire, Neo
Babylonian Empire. 
 Mesopotamian Sculptures focused on Epics and accurately depicted animals. 
o Humanities - One’s discovery/work will last long
o Science- Advances quickly, one’s discovery will quickly become a footnote. 
Distinctions
Art Period - Measure of time where dominant commonalities between artworks have been 
identified. Last for a longer period of time.  
Art Movements - A group of artist who agree on general principles due to a common philosophy 
or goal, all done within a restricted/short period of time. 
BRIEF TIMELINE: 15,000 BC- Early 20th Century
Prehistoric Era - 40,000 BCE- 2300 BCE. Under this are the eras of  transition eurocentric artworks. 
Mesopotamian Art - Transitions to record history of art. 9000 BCE- 300 BCE
Egyptian art - 6,000 BCE- 500 BCE 
Classical Art Period - 600 BCE- 400 CE 
Greek Art - 600 BCE- 30 BCE
Roman Art - 509 BCE- 400 CE
Middle Ages/ Medieval Period - 200CE - 1400 CE
Byzantine - 400 CE- 1450 CE
Romanesque - 500 CE- 980 CE
Gothic - 1200 CE- 1400 CE
Renaissance Period - 1400 CE- 1600 CE
Mannerism - 1520 - 1600 CE
Baroque Period - 1700 CE - 1850 CE 
Rococo - 1730 CE - 1850 CE
Neoclassicism (movement) - 1760CE - 1900 CE
Romanticism (movement) - 1800 CE- 1900 CE
Realism (movement) - 1850 CE- 1905 CE
Impressionism (movement) - 1860 CE- 1905 CE
Post- Impressionism (movement) -1860CE- 1905 CE 

Before Common Era - BCE

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Common Era - CE
Ad Domini (Year of the Lord) - AD
Before Christ - BC

BRIEF TIMELINE: Modern Art Movements

Expressionism - 1900-1910
Fauvism - 1905-1914
Cubism - 1908-1914
Futurism - 1909- 1918
Dada - 1916-1923
Surrealism - 1924-1940
Abstract Expressionism - 1940
Action Painting & Color Field -^ under this period
Pop art -1950
Minimalism - 1960
Op Art -1964

THE BEGINNINGS OF ART

The First Artist
Cro Magnon - A place in france, differentiated from the Modern Humans, are the earliest 
people who made art.
Eauropean Early Modern Humans (EEMH) - ^ are instead called this. This is due to the location of the earliest artworks. 
Natural Environments - Artist employed resources from this. Example: Clay, rocks, animal hair, etc. 
Animals and People - The subject matter of art of the EEMH, often tells stories. 
Earliest Discovery of Art
Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola - A Spanish nobleman and archeologist who found the earliest signs of art. 
1879 - ^ this phenomena happened during this year. 
Maria -^’s daughter. First modern human to see cave paintings. 

Cave Paintings - These are found all over the world, first artworks.
Altamira Caves - One of the caves with cave paintings from 36,000 years ago.
Spain -^ is found here 
Bulls - These are drawing in side view but its horns are in frontal position.. 
Lascaux Caves - Cave where a painting of a horse who is believed to be speared as a part of
 ritual is seen. Hall of Bulls. 
Gemanry -^ is found here. 
         Western Europe: Northern Spain & Southern France - These places are rich with caves containing Stone Age wall paintings. 
Ochre - Yellow to deep orange clay used to make cave paintings. 
Clat, Colored Minerals, Black Charcoal - The early artist made their paintings out of these natural substances.They 
would grind this into a powder and mix it with water.
Black Charcoal - The use of this natural substance in art shows evidence that people during that 
time are able to make fire. 
Subject - Refers to any entity represented in a work of art. May be absent in artwork. 
Representational/Objective Arts - Arts that have a subject 
Non-Representational./Objective Arts - Art without a subject 

Prehistoric Sculptures - Items used are mammoth bone, ivory, wood, bone, limestone and stone. 
Ivory - This encompasses any animal tooth or tusk. 
Venus of Berekhat Ram - The oldest known prehistoric sculpture. Is a statue of a woman. 
Lion Man of the Hohlenstein Stadel - The first sculpture of an anima, oldest known sculpture. Animal + Man
Ivory -^ is made from this
Stonehenge - A prehistoric rock monument. Very mysterious- align with the sun cast 
shadows during solstices and may have been a type of calendar. Made
when wheels were not a thing. 
Monoliths -^ is made from this; are large rocks. 
2000BCE -^ was created during this time. 

MESOPOTAMIAN ART - 9,000 BCE - 300 BCE. 

Fertile Crescent - Mesopotamia is located here. 
Iraq -^ is now known as this. 
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Tigris and Euphrates - The two rivers surrounding the Fertile Crescent
Stone Relief - These were carved to decorate imperial monuments, these depict royal affairs
 such as hunting and war. 
` Statue of Gilgamesh - An example of stone relief art. He is a summerian king of the 1st civilization 
in Mesopotamia. His epic is about having a best friend and finding
eternal life. 
Epic - A story about a hero on a journey or quest. 
Enkidu - A wild man sent by the Gods to defeat Gilgamesh, but instead became his 
best friend.
1st Book - At the end of this book, Enkidu dies. Gold told Gilgamesh “What you seek 
you shall not find” meaning it is part of being human to die.
2nd Book - Is about Gilgamesh finding eternal life as he tries to bring Enkidu back to life. 
He was able to become strong and confront the Gods but wasn’t able to
bring Enkidu back to life; Found eternal life through his epic. 
Three Deaths
1. Physical death
2. In a wake to be displayed- everyone knows you are dead
3. When the last person says your name for the last time 

The Invention and Spread of Writing

Graphic Design - This began thousands of years in the past with the invention of wrting. 
Written Language - With the creation of this, people now had to combine text and pictures for the 
first time. 
Sumerians - They invented the first true written language at around 3000 BC. Their 
civilization flourished due to their ability to write. 
Scribes - Due to the complexity of early writing systems, they held a position of great
 honor amongst societies. Some are exempted from taxation. 
Branding with the Seal - The spread of writing brought about this. Presents the mark of their family.
 Made by wrapping damp clay around it which is then imprinted within
the metal. 
King Nebuchadnezzar II- Neo Babylonian - 562 BCE, the last golden age. 

EGYPTIAN ART - 6,000 BCE - 500 BCE. Art during this time was not meant to be seen for it is 
to be appreciated by the dead. Art is made to receive offerings and
prayers.
Hierarchical proportion - Where the size of figures indicate their relative importance. 
Formal Frontality - Most statues show this, meaning they are arranged straight ahead for it is 
designed to face the ritual being performed before them.
Recessed Niches - Most statues were also originally placed in here. 
Three Dimensional art - An idealized version of an individual, mostly dictated by the medium. 
Elites ` - These people kept frontality/formality
Commoners/lower status - These people had more range of movement. 
Two Dimensional art - Each object or element in a scene was rendered from its most recognizable 
angle, this is why people show their body in profile but eyes and
shoulders frontally. 
Egyptian Artist -They attempted to provide the most representative aspects of each element in 
the scenes rather than replicate the real world. 
Register - Scenes were ordered in parallel lines known as this. These separate the 
scenes as well as provide ground lines for the figures.
Chaos - Scenes without ^ are unusual and are used to evoke this. 
Peace -^ are used when this is depicted. 
Text accompanied almost all images - These are in the form of hieroglyphics to share a message. May be in forms of 
sounds or icons. 
Statuary - Identifying text in this art form will appear on the back pillar or base
Hieroglyphs - These were often rendered as tiny works of art themselves. Pictures do not 
always stand for what they depict. 
Greek and Latin -^ was translated with the help of these languages. 
Rosetta Stone - Used to seek translation of hieroglyphics from greek and latin. Used by
 diplomats to learn how to speak in foreign languages. 
Phonetic Sounds - Some characters in ^ may represent this. 
Logographic - Some characters of ^ are this, meaning they stand for an object or concept. 
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CLASSICAL ART -Greek and Roman artworks, known for copying from the Egyptians. 
Evolution/influences are seen through the examination of the pottery
and sculptures of humans.
Aegean Sea - ^ are from countries located in this area.
Pablo Picaso - He stated that Good artists copy, great artists steal.  
Kuros - Means young boy
Kore - Means young girl 
3 Distinct Periods of classical art
Ancient Greece
Archaic Period - 600-480 BCE, Ancient Aegean Civilizations 
Classical Period - 480-400 BCE, known as the sub period of Classical
Hellenistic Period - 320-30BCE 

Archaic: Ancient Aegean Civilizations

1. Cycladic Civilization - Spedos type sculpture. Depicts a boy, copied the concept of formal frontality. 
2. Minoan Civilization - Bull-Leaping Fresco. Not realistic, showcases stretched figures.
Creet - It is due to him why people in this civilization celebrated bulls. The minator. 
3. Mycenaean Civilization - Peplos Kore. Shows formal frontality, transitions to realism. 

Greek Classical Period - Shows sculptures in movement, shows tensed and relaxed body parts.Detailed
Ploutos - God of wealth 
Eirene - Godess of peace. 

Greek Proportion - Greeks used a system of measure when they made temples and attempt to use
a standard unit of measure to draw the human body.
Polykleitos of Argos - This was the sculpture who best represented the idea of constructing the ideal 
human figure. 
The Canon -^ Created this. 
The Canon - This is a theoretical work that discusses the ideal mathematical proportions of 
the parts of the human body. 
Dynamic counterbalance - ^ proposed this for sculptures. Shows relaxed and tensed body parts.
Length of finger or hairline to jaw - The unit of measurement is unknown but is thought of as this.
Polykietos - He set the standards of symmetria by setting the lengths of various body parts
equal to each other.

Classical Period - 480-400 BCE. There was an attempt to render human and animal forms
realistically. Entailed careful observation of the model and mechanics
of anatomy. Statues are not frontal but shifted to one side.
Kouroi - These are now shown at ease, one leg relaxed, with a shift in the shoulders.
Parthenon Statues - Design was best expressed here.
Penis Size -These were represented as small for during this period it is believed that the
larger it is, the less intellectual the man is (for he is more focused on
lust).
Priapus - This god had a large pp which he carried in a chariot. Is vulgar and barbaric.
Hellenistic Period - 320-30BC. Architectural sculptures. Ancient style of Classical Architecture is
distinguished by its proportion and characteristic profiles and details
and most readily recognizable by the type of column employed.
Macedonian Empire -^ this period began with the creation of this until the intrusion of Rome.
Alexander the Great -^ was created by him.
Architectural Sculpture - The Hellenistic period was fueled by this, together with the rise of Patronage.
Architectural Orders - Statues that hold religious significance are utilized in Greek Architecture
through this.
Doric - Simple
Ionic - Slender
Corinthian - Ornate
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Artworks
Altamira Caves
European Early Modern Lascaux Caves, France
Humans European Early Modern
Beginnings of Art Humans
Beginnings of Art
Body is in profile but horns are
frontal
Used Clay.

Venus of Berekhat Ram Lion Man of the

EEMR
Beginnings of Art
Oldest known prehistoric
sculpture, is a statue of a
woman for it has breasts.
Hohlenstein Stadel
EEMR
Beginnings of Art
Made up of Ivory. Animal +
Man.

Stonehenge
Druids (According to John
Aubrey)
Beginnings of Art

Believed to be made with the Lamasu “The Winged

help of aliens due to the absence Bull”
of wheels during the time. In the Mesopotamian Art
17th century, archaeologist John
Aubrey made the claim that
Stonehenge was the work of the
Celtic high priests known as the
Druids

Seal
Mesopotamian Art
Statue of Gilgamesh
Mesopotamian Art
Presents the mark of their
family
Gilgamesh and his journey in
Wraps damp clay around it
finding eternal life.
which the symbols are then
imprinted via the metal seal.

Seal of King Cycladic Civilization,

Nebuchadnezzar II – Neo Spedos type sculpture
Babylonian Classical Art
Mesopotamian Art
Depicts a boy, copied formal
Last Golden Age frontallity from the Egyptians
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Minoan Civilization, Bull- Statue of Kouros

Leaping Fresco Classical Art
Classical Art
Showcases formal frontality,
Not realistic, stretched Hairstyle are from the
figures, Via Creet (minatory) Egyptians, Kuros means
who celebrated the bulls young boy.

Mycenaean Civilization,
Statue of Kore
Peplos Kore
Classical Art
Classical Art
Kore means young girl
Formal frontality
Formal frontality
Transition to Realism

Eirene Holding the Child

Ploutos
Discobolus
Kephisodotos
Myron
Greek Classical Period
Greek Classical Period
Eirene- Goddess of Peace
Detailed, movement, no
Ploutos- God of Wealth
formal frontality
Erected in Agora of Athens
Means disk thrower.
after the peace agreement
between Sparta and Athens.