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Sàvcrsanbn @bjal`bf Boacrtb y b Nastb`jab S@BN - Yajcrrcjtlrëb Bjbnákajb y nc A`vcstadbjaú`
‚ A`vcstadbjaú` - YABJA
Csjucfb7 Jac`jabs Oâsajbs ^cj`lfldëb c A`dcàcrëb
Jursl7 Xrloboafanbn Júnadl7 288>8?
Xfb`taffb
Xfb`taffb pbrb c`trcdb nc fb ^brcb 2 ‚ Cspbjal kucstrbf, cvc`tls, lpcrbjal`cs y bxalkbs nc
prloboafanbn
Xlrtbnb
Sànbn 27 ^brcb 2 ‚ cspbjal kucstrbf, cvc`tls, lpcrbjal`cs y bx alkbs nc prloboafanbn
Csjucfb nc jac`jabs oâsajbs tcj`lfldëb c a`dcàcrëb
Xrcsc`tbnl Xlr7
B`nrás Icfapc Ybfc`zucfb

2844=>:318
_lfb`nl Mcrkanb Kb`gbrrás
Júnadl7 24934488
Iboal Bfl`sl Jl`trcrbs Kl`tcs
Júnadl7 418>:9=2
Xrloboafanbn
Xrcsc`tbnl b
Fuas Bfcxb`ncr Zbrbvab _lb
JCBN GLZC BJCYCNL Q DLKCW
S@AYC_ZANBN @BJAL@BF BOAC_^B Q B NAZ^B@JAB S@BN
8? NC LJ^SO_C NC ?821
A`trlnujjaú` këàkl
këàkl ? pârrbils nc 28 fë`cbs nc tcxtl jbnb u`l)
(@l olrrbr cstc c`jboczbnl)
Xrloboafanbn cs cf cstunal y kcnajaú` kbtckâtajb nc fb prloboafanbn nc ljurrc`jab nc u` cvc`tl. Fls

cxpcrakc`tls (l ic`úkc`ls) bfcbtlrals
bfcbtlrals sl` bqucffls c` fls quc `l sc pucnc prcncjar cf rcsuftbnl. Za sc
pucnc prcncjar cf rcsuftbnl, cs u` cxpcrakc`tl nctcrkaàstb. Cf cspbjal kucstrbf cs cf jl`gu`tl nc fls
rcsuftbnls plsaofcs nc u` cxpcrakc`tl bfcbtlral.
bfcbtlral. S`b mcrrbkac`tb
mcrrbkac`tb akplrtb`tc c` prloboafanbn
prloboafanbn cs sbocr cf
`÷kcrl nc cfckc`tls quc tac`c cf cspbjal kucstrbf nc jubfquacr cxpcrakc`tl
cxpcrakc`tl bfcbtlral, jub`nl tc`ckls
anc`taiajbnls fls cfckc`tls ncf cspbjal kucstrbf, ncockls jl`tboafazbrfls.
jl`tboafazbrfls. Fb kb`crb nc a`najbrfl cs plr
kcnal nc fb jbrna`bfanbn
jbrna`bfanbn
Fb iúrkufb pbrb jbfjufbr fb ircjuc`jab rcfbtavb ncf jlkpucstl7
i.r. ; ` (cvc`tl) / ` (cspbjal kucstrbf) Nc nl`nc fb `lkc`jfbturb nc fb iúrkufb cs7
i.r. ; ircjuc`jab rcfbtavb
` (cvc`tl) ; jbrna`bfanbn ncf cvc`tl
` (cspbjal kucstrbf) ; jbrna`bfanbn ncf cspbjal kucstrbf

Logctavls
Logctavl Dc`crbf
Bpfajbr fls jl`jcptls oâsajls nc prloboafanbn, tájàjbs nc jl`tcl y bxalkbs nc Xrloboafanbn c` fb rcslfujaú` nc
prlofckbs.
Logctavls Cspcjëiajls
 Afustrbr kcnab`tc u` jubnrl sa`úptajl fbs tájàjbs nc jl`tcl y tclrëb nc fb prloboafanbn.

C`tc`ncr fls jl`jcptls kcnab`tc cf ncsbrrlffl nc cstunals nc jbsl bjcrjb nc cxpcrakc`tls
cxpcrakc`tls bfcbtlrals, cspbjal
kucstrbf y cvc`tls.
 Kcnab`tc cf ncsbrrlffl nc cstunals nc jbsl jfbsaiajbr jlrrcjtbkc`tc fls cxpcrakc`tls bfcbtlrals, cspbjals
kucstrbfcs y cvc`tls.
 Kcnab`tc cf ncsbrrlffl nc cstunals nc jbsl anc`taiajbr y bpfajbr jlrrcjtbkc`tc fbs tájàjbs nc jl`tcl.
 Kcnab`tc cf ncsbrrlffl nc cstunals nc jbsl bprc`ncr b utafazbr y bpfajbr jlrrcjtbkc`tc cf ^clrckb nc Obycs
b fbs prlofckâtajbs.
Cgcrjajal ?
Zlfujaú` bf cstunal nc jbsl 27
Fbs jac`jabs cxastc`tcs cstâ` jfbsaiajbnbs scd÷` su logctl nc cstunal y cf kátlnl quc ckpfcb` pbrb jl`ljcrfl, b jl`taùbjaú`, sc rcfbjal`b cf
cspbjal kucstrbf ℩ quc cstb jlìlrkbnl plr fls cvc`tls, I, @ y Z, nc nl`nc sc tac`c quc7
I ; Jac`jabs Ilrkbfcs
@ ; Jac`jabs @bturbfcs
Z ; Jac`jabs Zljabfcs
Nc bjucrnl jl` cffl, jl`sancrc cf saduac`tc cspbjal kucstrbf7

Z ; {,,
,, ,, ,
, ,
, ,
, ℀,
℀, ,, ,
, }}

Q scb` fls saduac`tcs cvc`tls7

I ; {,
,}}
@ ; { , , , , }
}
Z ; {,
, ,
, ,
, ℀, }}
℀, 
Ncia`b fls saduac`tcs cvc`tls7

b. 
o.   

j.   
n.   
c.    ̃
_/ b.  ; {
; { , }
, , , , , ℀, , , , }
o.    ;
{,,
,, ,, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ℀,
℀, ,, , }}
, 
 ; {,,
,, ,
, ,
,
,
, ℀, }}
℀, 
j.    ; { , , , , , ℀, , , , }
}
n.   
 ; {
, , , , }
 }
c.    ̃ ;
̃ ;
{,,
,, ,, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ℀,
℀, ,, ,,
_CZXL@ZBOFC _LF ZCFCJJAL@BNL

B`nrás Icfapc Ybfc`zucfb Jlkpafbnlr
Ycfbsjl
Zlfujaú` bf cstunal nc jbsl 97
Fb jaunbn nc Káxajl tac`c pfbjbs nc butlkúvafcs jl` trcs `÷kcrls scduanls plr trcs fctrbs, cs ncjar, sl` pfbjbs ncf tapl 111 ‚ BBB. Za`
ckobrdl, `l pucnc` ckpczbr jl` jcrl (8) à sc utafazb` fbs fctrbs A, L, R y Ò.
b. ¼Juâ`tbs pfbjbs naicrc`tcs sl` plsaofcs<
o. ¼Juâ`tbs pfbjbs naicrc`tcs tcrka`b` c` vljbf<
j. ¼Juâf cs fb prloboafanbn nc quc u`b pfbjb, cfcdanb bf bzbr, scb sackprc akpbr<
_/ fb prloboafanbn nc quc u`b pfbjb, cfcdanb bf bzbr, scb sackprc akpbr cs nc 38%
fbs fctrbs ncf bocjcnbral sl` ?4 kc`ls fbs jubtrl (A, L, R y Ò) qucnb` ?: y sl` 1 nëdatls.
b. 1*28*28 * ?:*?:*?: ; 188*2?294 ; 28.138.:88 pfbjbs plsaofcs
o. Fbs vljbfcs sl` 3
1*28*28 * ?:*?:*3 ; 188*?9>3 ; ?.:=8.388.
j. @÷kcrls akpbr 2, :, 3, 4, 1
1*28*3 * ?:*?:*?: ; >38*2?294 ; 3.>43.238 pfbjbs
X; 3.>43.238 / 28.138.:88
X (akpbr) ; 8.3
Zlfujaú` bf cstunal nc jbsl 22 7

Zupú` quc ncspacrtbs c` fb `ljmc jl` u` tcrraofc nlflr y tc naradcs bf obòl sa` c`jc`ncr fb fuz. C` fb lsjuranbn, bfjb`zbs u`l nc trcs irbsjls nc
pbstaffbs, fl ncstbpbs c a`dacrcs u`b pbstaffb. S`b mlrb kâs tbrnc tc pl`cs kuy cìcrkl y rcjucrnbs quc c` nl s irbsjls mby bspara`bs y c` cf ltrl
vc`c`l. Zupú` quc tac`cs u` faorl kcnajl y najc quc cf =8% nc fls a`navanuls `lrkbfcs kucstrb` fls së`tlkbs quc prcsc`tbs ncspuás nc tlkbr
bspara`bs.
b. _cbfazb cf ârolf nc prloboafanbn jlrrcspl`nac`tc.
o. ¼Juâf cs fb prloboafanbn quc prcsc`tcs së`tlkbs nc c`vc`c`bkac`tl<
j. Za jbnb irbsjl tac`c fb kaskb prloboafanbn nc scr csjldanl c` fb lsjuranbn, ¼Juâf cs fb prloboafanbn nc klrar c`vc`c`bnl, pucstl quc
prcsc`tbs fls së`tlkbs<
_/ b.
Bf a`dcrar vc`c`l7 8,= prcsc`tb së`tlkbs 8,?4
(2/:) 8,? `l prcsc`tbs së`tlkbs 8,84
Bf a`dcrar bspara`b7 8,83 prcsc`tb së`tlkbs 8,8:

(?/:) 8,13 `l prcsc`tb së`tlkbs 8,9:
X(C); 2
o. X(C) ; 8,=*2/: ; 8,?4 nc prloboafanbn nc prcsc`tbr së`tlkbs nc c`vc`c`bkac`tl
j. XC/K ; 8,?4*8,3 ; 8,2:3 ; 2:,3%
prloboafanbn nc klrar c`vc`c`bnl ; 8.3
Cstunal nc jbsl ?
b) Zc fb`zb u`b kl`cnb trcs vcjcs y sc loscrvb fl quc ljurrc. Zcb B cf cvc`tl nc quc bf kc`ls ljurrc u` scffl. ¼Juâf fb
prloboafanbn
prloboafanbn nc B< - Nctcrka`b
Nctcrka`b cf cspbjal
cspbjal kucstrbf y su jbrna`bfanbn.
jbrna`bfanbn. Nctcrka`b cf cvc`tl
cvc`tl B y su jbrna`bfanbn
jbrna`bfanbn.y
.y Jbfjufb X (B).
Ncsbrrlffl7
Cf cspbjal kucstrbf cstâ ilrkbnl plr tlnls fls plsaofcs rcsuftbnls nc u` cxpcrakc`tl bfcbtlral. Cs ncjar, sc jlkpl`c nc tlnls
y jbnb u`l nc fls sujcsls cfckc`tbfcs.
Cf cspbjal kbcstrbf fl ffbkbrckls Z 7
Fls rcsuftbnls sl` quc jbadb JB_B (b) l ZCFFL (o).
Z ;
Z ; {b, s}
Jlkl cf jl`gu`tl Z tac`c

tac`c nls cfckc`tls, fb jbrna`bfanbn (`) cs7 `(Z ) ; ?
 Nctcrka`b cf cvc`tl B y su jbrna`bfanbn. y Jbfjufb X (B).
2 b,b,b,
? b,b,o
: b,o,b
> b,o,o
3 o,b,b
9 o,b,o
4 o,o,b
= o,o,o
? * ? * ? ; ?: ; =
Jbfjufb X(b) ; =/? ; >
Cstunal nc jbsl 4
S`b pcrsl`b tac`c u` faorl nc jbnb u`l nc fls saduac`tcs butlrcs7 Kbral Ybrdbs Fflsb, Bfocrtl _uy Zâ`jmcz, Dboracf Dbrjëb Kârqucz,
Dö`tmcr Drbss, Xbtraje Z÷sea`n, Mca`rajm Oúff, Brturl Xárcz-_cvcrtc y Jbkafl Glsá Jcfb. Jlkl b÷` `l fls mb fcënl, quacrc pl`crfls
c` u`b rcpasb jcrjb nc su jbkb. Nc bjucrnl jl` cstl nctcrka`b7
b) ¼Nc juâ`tbs ilrkbs pucnc bjlklnbr fls faorls c` fb rcpasb<

o) ¼Nc juâ`tbs kb`crbs pucnc lrnc`brfls sa quacrc quc fls faorls nc fls butlrcs fbta`lbkcrajb`ls cstá` gu`tls<
j) ¼Nc juâ`tbs ilrkbs pucnc bjlklnbrfls, sa fls butlrcs fbta`lbkcrajb`ls ncoc` cstbr gu`tls, bsë jlkl fls butlrcs bfckb`cs y fls
cspbòlfcs tbkoaá`<
n) Nctcrka`b fbs prloboafanbncs jlrrcspl`nac`tcs bf c`jasl (o) y (j).
Ncsbrrlffl7
b) ¼Nc juâ`tbs ilrkbs pucnc bjlklnbr fls faorls c` fb rcpasb<
Z ;
Z ; {b, o, j, n, c, i, d, m}
`(Z ) ; =
@LKO_C FBÂ@LBKC_AJB@L
Atck @l.
CZJ_A^L_ ZA @L
b 2 Kbral Ybrdbs Fflsb
o ? Bfocrtl _uy Zâ`jmcz
j : Dboracf Dbrjëb Kârqucz
n > Dö`tmcr Drbss Bfckâ`

c 3 Xbtraje Z÷sea`n Bfckâ`
i 9 Mca`rajm Oúff Bfckâ`
d 4 Brturl Xárcz-_cvcrtc
Xárcz-_cvcrt c Cspbòlf
m = Jbkafl Glsá Jcfb. Cspbòlf
Xlr XC_KS^BJAL@ narckls X ` ; `! , bquë ` cs cf `÷kcrl nc Faorls jl` fls quc sc cstâ trbobgb`nl cs ncjar =.
X= ; =x4x9x3x>x:x?x2 ; >8.:?8
>8.:?8 ilrkbs nc bjlklnbr fls faorls c` fb rcpasb
o) ¼Nc juâ`tbs kb`crbs pucnc lrnc`brfls sa quacrc quc fls faorls nc fls butlrcs fbta`lbkcrajb`ls cstá` gu`tls<
Jlkl sl` jubtrl fls faorls nc > butlrcs Fbta`lbkcrajb`ls, mbffbrëb cf ibjtlrabf nc >.
X> ; >x:x?x2 ; ?> ‚ quc
‚ quc scrëb` fbs ilrkbs nc bjlklnbr fls faorls
j) ¼Nc juâ`tbs ilrkbs pucnc bjlklnbrfls, sa fls butlrcs fbta`lbkcrajb`ls ncoc` cstbr gu`tls, bsë jlkl fls butlrcs bfckb`cs y fls
cspbòlfcs tbkoaá`<
Nc butlrcs Bfckb`cs scrab` :
X: ; :x?x2 ; 9 ‚ quc
Q nc butlrcs Cspbòlfcs scrab` ?
X? ; ?x2 ; ? ‚ quc
Cstunal nc jbsl 2?
S`b ckprcsb ncnajbnb b fb iborajbjaú` nc olfsbs nc pfâstajl tac`c trcs kâqua`bs (B, O y J) pbrb cffl.
2. Fb kâqua`b B rcbfazb ?3% nc fb prlnujjaú` nc olfsbs5

?. fb kbqua`b O, :3%,
:. y fb kbqua`b J, >8%.
Zc mb nctcrka`bnl quc jub`nl fbs olfsbs sl` mcjmbs plr fb kbqua`b B, 3% tac`c ncicjtls5 nc fb kâqua`b O, 28% fls tac`c, y nc fb
kbqua`b J, :%.
Nc bjucrnl jl` cstls nbtls7
b. _cbfazb cf nabdrbkb nc ârolf jlrrcspl`nac`tc.

o. ¼Juâf cs fb prloboafanbn nc quc u`b olfsb, cfcdanb bf bzbr, cstá ncicjtulsb<
j. Za u`b olfsb cstâ ncicjtulsb, ¼Juâf cs fb prloboafanbn nc quc mbyb sanl prlnujanb plr fb kbqua`b B< ¼Xlr fb kbqua`b O< ¼Q plr fb
kbqua`b J<
Ncsbrrlffl7
b) _cbfazb cf nabdrbkb nc ârolf jlrrcspl`nac`tc.

o) ¼Juâf cs fb prloboafanbn nc quc u`b olfsb, cfcdanb bf bzbr, cstá ncicjtulsb<
 Xlr fb prlpacnbn nc fb prloboafanbn tltbf
X(N) ; X(B) x X(N/B) + X(O) x X(N/O) + X(J) x X(N/J) ;
; 8.?3 x 8.8: + 8.:3 x 8.28 + 8.>8 ´ 8.8: ; 8.8:=
; 8.8843 + 8.8:3 + 8.82? ; 8.83>3
j. Za u`b olfsb cstâ ncicjtulsb, ¼Juâf cs fb prloboafanbn nc quc mbyb sanl prlnujanb plr fb kbqua`b B< ¼Xlr fb kbqua`b O< ¼Q plr fb
kbqua`b J<
jbfjufbr X(O/N).. Xlr cf tclrckb nc Obycs,

Ncockls jbfjufbr X(O/N)
Zlfujaú` bf cstunal nc jbsl :7

_CZXL@ZBOFC _LF ZCFCJJAL@BNL
_lfb`nl Mcrkanb Kb`gbrrás C`trcdbs
S`b jbgb jl`tac`c u`b jbàjb rlgb, u`b `cdrb y u`b vcrnc. Zc sbjb` bf bzbr nls jbàjbs sa` rcckpfbzl. Jl`sancrc fls saduac`tcs cvc`tls7
cvc`tls7
B; 3 `l sc l otac`c jbàjb rlgb.
O; 3 sc lotac`c u`b jbàjb `cdrb.
J; 3 sc lotac`c` nls jbàjbs rlgbs.
N; 3 sc lotac`c` nls jbàjbs nc naicrc`tc jlflr.
Xbrb jbnb jbsl7
b. Nctcrka`b cf cspbjal kucstrbf y su jbrna`bfanbn.
o. Nctcrka`b cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc y su jbrna`bfanbn.
j. Jbfjufb cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc.
Ncsbrrlffl
Cf cspbjal kucstrbf cs cf jl`gu`tl nc fls rcsuftbnls plsaofcs nc u` cxpcrakc`tl bfcbtlral. Jbrna`bfanbn ncf cspbjal kucstrbf jlrrcspl`nc
jlrrcspl`nc b fb
jb`tanbn nc cfckc`tls jl`tcànls c` áf.
Cf cspbjal kucstrbf cstb nbnl plr tlnls fls plsaofcs rcsuftbnls quc sc plnrëb` nbr bf sbjbr fbs jbàjbs, cstls scrëb`7
Xrakcrb Jbàjb Zcdu`nb Jbàjb

@cdrb _lgb
@cdrb Ycrnc
_lgb @cdrb
_lgb Ycrnc
Ycrnc @cdrb
Ycrnc _lgb
Fb jbrna`bfanbn ncf cspbjal kucstrbf cs 9.
B; `l sc lotac`c jbàjb rlgb.
Nctcrka`b cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc

jlrrcspl`nac`tc y su jbrna`bfanbn. C` cstc cvc`tl sc lotac`c` jbàjbs `cdrb y vcrnc plr fl quc cf cspbjal kucstrbf
scrëb7

@cdrb Ycrnc
Ycrnc @cdrb
Q su jbrna`bfanbn cs ?.
X(B) ; cspbjal kucstrbf cvc`tl/ cspbjal kucstrbf tltbf
X(B) ; ?/9 ; 8.::::::
O; sc lotac`c u`b jbàjb `cdrb.


jlrrcspl`nac`tc y su jbrna`bfanbn. C` cstc cvc`tl sc lotac`c u`b jbàjb `cdrb plr fl quc cf cspbjal kucstrbf scrëb7

@cdrb _lgb
@cdrb Ycrnc
_lgb @cdrb
Ycrnc @cdrb
Q su jbrna`bfanbn cs >.
X(B) ; >/9 ; 8.999994
J; sc lotac`c` nls jbàjbs rlgbs.

jlrrcspl`nac`tc y su jbrna`bfanbn. Cstc cvc`tl `l cs plsaofc yb quc slfl sc tac`c u`b jbàjb rlgb. Cspbjal kucstrbf
scrëb 8 y su jbrna`bfanbn scrëb 8.
X(B) ; 8/9 ; 8
N; sc lotac`c` nls jbàjbs nc naicrc`tc jlflr.

jlrrcspl`nac`tc y su jbrna`bfanbn. C` cstc cvc`tl ncoanl b quc slfl mby u`b jbàjb nc jbnb jlflr, c` tlnls fls jbsls
sc nbrëb cstc cvc`tl, plr fl quc cs cf cspbjal kucstrbf cs7

@cdrb _lgb
@cdrb Ycrnc
_lgb @cdrb
_lgb Ycrnc
Ycrnc @cdrb
Ycrnc _lgb
Q su jbrna`bfanbn cs 9.
X(B) ; 9/9 ; 2
Zlfujaú` bf cstunal nc jbsl =7
Zc vb b ilrkbr u` plrtbilfal nc a`vcrsaú` nc jubtrl a`strukc`tls ia`b`jabrl` b pbrtar nc ja`jl nc rc`tb i agb y scas nc rc`tb vbrabofc. ¼Nc
juâ`tbs kb`crbs plnrëb ilrkbrsc cf plrtbilfal sa7
b. @l mby rcstrajjal`cs<
o. Ncoc mbocr a`strukc`tls nc rc`tb iagb y nls nc rc`tb vbrabofc<
j. @l ncoc nc mbocr trcs a`strukc`tls nc rc`tb iagb<
n. Ncoc nc mbocr trcs a`strukc`tls nc rc`tb iagb<
c. Jbfjufb fbs prloboafanbncs pbrb fls c`jasls b`tcralrcs.
Ncsbrrlffl
Fbs jlkoa`bjal`cs sl` bdrupbjal`cs c` fbs quc cf jl`tcànl akplrtb pcrl cf lrnc` `l . Nls cvc`tls sl` ncpc`nac`tcs sa cf cstbnl lrada`bf nc
fb satubjaú` jbkoab nc u` cvc`tl bf ltrl, y cstl bftcrb fb prloboafanbn ncf scdu`nl cvc`tl.
Jub`nl csjldckls e nc ` logctls c` u` lrnc` quc `l akplrtb, cf `÷kcrl nc jlkoa`bjal`cs cs cf `÷kcrl nc pcrkutbjal`cs pbrb e nc `
logctls navananl c`trc cf `÷kcrl nc pcrkutbjal`cs pbrb csjldcr e nc e logctls. Cxastc u`b ilrkb kâs iâjaf nc csjraoar iúrkufbs nc
pcrkutbjal`cs y jlkoa`bjal`cs, usb`nl u`b ancb ffbkbnb ibjtlrabfcs. S` ibjtlrabf cs cf prlnujtl nc tlnls fls `÷kcrls jlkpfctls ncsnc 2
mbstb u` `÷kcrl nbnl. Cf sëkolfl ! ncspuás nc u` `÷kcrl cs usbnl pbrb rcprcsc`tbr cstc prlnujtl.
!
@÷kcrl nc jlkoa`bjal`cs ;
∟!!
    ÷        

b. @l mby rcstrajjal`cs<
rcstrajjal`cs<
! 22! 22! 22 ∔ 28 ∔ 1 ∔ = ∔ 4! 22 ∔ 28

28 ∔ 1 ∔ = 41?8888888
22,> ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 
  ! ! 22  >!>! 4!>! 4!> ∔ : ∔? ∔ 2 >∔ : ∔ ? ∔ 2 ?>888888
o. Ncoc mbocr a`strukc`tls nc rc`tb iagb y nls nc rc`tb vbrabofc<
3! 9! 3! 9! 3 ∔ > ∔ :! 9 ∔3 ∔ >! ?8 :8 38

3,?  9,? ; + ; + ; + ; + ; ; 
3  ?!?!
?!?! 9  ?!?!
?!?! :!?! >!?! :!? ∔ 2 2 >!? ∔ 2
2 ? ? ?
Fb prloboafanbn scrëb7
?3
X ; ; 8.843
::8
j. @l ncoc nc mbocr trcs a`strukc`tls nc rc`tb iagb<
3! 9! 3! 9! 3 ∔>! 9 ∔ 3 ∔ > ∔ :! 3 2?8 238

3,2  9,: ; + ; + ; + ; + ; ; 
3  2!2!
2!2! 9  :!:!
:!:! >!2! :!:! >!2 :! :∔ ? ∔ 2 2 2 9 9
?3
X ; ; 8.843
::8
n. Ncoc nc mbocr trcs a`strukc`tls nc rc`tb iagb<
3! 9! 3! 9! 3 ∔> ∔: ∔ ?! 9 ∔ 3! 98 9 19

3,:  9,2 ; + ; + ; + ; + ; ; 
3  :!:!
:!:! 9  2!2!
2!2! ?!:! 3!2! ?!: ∔ ? ∔ 2 3!2 9 2 9
29
X ; ; 8.8>=
::8
Cstunal nc jbsl 2:
C` Jlflkoab, sc rcbfazú u` cstunal nc fbs prcicrc`jabs cfcjtlrbfcs y c` dc`crbf pbrb fls pra`japbfcs pbrtanls sc lotuvacrl` fls
saduac`tcs rcsuftbnls7
 >3% sc ncjfbrbrl` ‖faocrbfcs‛

 :3%, ‖jl`scrvbnlrcs‛
 ?8%, ‖lpjaú` jaunbnb`b‛
Zc sboc quc =3% nc fls ‖rlgls‛ rcbfkc`tc vltbrâ5 48% nc fls bzufcs fl mbrâ, y 3=% nc fls bkbraffls arâ b vltbr.
b. Cfbolrb cf ârolf nc prloboafanbn

prloboafanbn rcspcjtavl.
rcspcjtavl.
o. ¼Juâf cs fb prloboafanbn

prloboafanbn nc
nc quc u`b pcrsl`b,
pcrsl`b, a`ncpc`nac`tc
a`ncpc`nac`tckc`tc
kc`tc nc su prcicrc`jab,
prcicrc`jab, rcbfkc`tc
rcbfkc`tc vltbrâ<
vltbrâ<
j. Za u`b pcrsl`b rcbfkc`tc vltb, ¼juâf cs fb prloboafanbn nc quc iucrb plr cf pbrtanl ‖jl`scrvbnlrcs‛<
Ncsbrrlffl
Cf tclrckb nc Obycs `ls a`najb quc7

Yltbrb` =3%
>3% Faocrbfcs @l Yltbrb`
:3% Yltbrb` 48%
Jl`scrvbnlrcs @l Yltbrb`
?8% Yltbrb` 3=%
Lpjaú` Jaunbnb`b
@l Yltbrb`
b. Cfbolrb cf ârolf nc prloboafanbn

prloboafanbn rcspcjtavl.
rcspcjtavl.
X(F) ; 8.>3 X(Y/F) ; 8.=3 Faocrbfcs
X(J) ; 8.:3 X(Y/J) ; 8.48 Jl`scrvbnlrcs
X(L) ; 8.?8 X(Y/L) ; 8.3= Lpjaú` Jaunbnb`b
o. ¼Juâf cs fb prloboafanbn

prloboafanbn nc
nc quc u`b pcrsl`b,
pcrsl`b, a`ncpc`nac`tc
a`ncpc`nac`tckc`tc
kc`tc nc su prcicrc`jab,
prcicrc`jab, rcbfkc`tc
rcbfkc`tc vltbrâ<
vltbrâ<
Bpfajbkls fb tclrëb nc fb prloboafanbn

prloboafanbn ^ltbf7
X(B);−X(B Oa);−X(Oa)*X(BVOa)
Zustatuyc`nl
Zustatuyc`nl tc`ckls7
X(v); X(F)*X(vVF)+X(J)*X(vV
X(F)*X(vVF)+X(J)*X(vVJ)+X(L)*X(vVL)
J)+X(L)*X(vVL)
X(v); 8.>3*8.=3+8.:3*8.4+8.?*8.3=
X(v); 8.4>:3
j. Za u`b pcrsl`b rcbfkc`tc vltb, ¼juâf cs fb prloboafanbn nc quc iucrb plr cf pbrtanl ‖jl`scrvbnlrcs‛<
(  ∡  )
Bpfajbkls cf ^clrckb nc Obycs7 |
| 
 ; 
Zustatuyc`nl
Zustatuyc`nl tc`ckls7 |  ; .∔.
|  .

|| 
 ; .
Kc`tcibjtl
Cstunab7 aìcrc`jabs l ncnujjal`cs Sànbn 2. ^ájàjbs nc

rcfbjal`bnbs jl` u`b plofbjaú` jl`tcl y tclrëbs nc Ilrkufbs
tlkb`nl jlkl obsc navcrsls kucstrcls prloboafanbn
cstbnastajls.
Zc navanc c`
Jl`jcptls oâsajls nc Cxpcrakc`tl bfcbtlral, ^ájàjbs nc jl`tcl

cstbnëstajb cspbjal kucstrbf y cvc`tls
ncsjraptavb
Fls cxpcrakc`tls (l ic`úkc`ls) Kcjbàskl quc pcrkatc cf usl nc

_cjlfcjjaú`, prcsc`tbjaú`,
bfcbtlrals sl` bqucffls c` fls quc aìlrkbjaú` pbrjabf, fb jl`tcànb c` fb
prljcsbkac`tl, b`âfasas y usl nc
`l sc pucnc prcncjar cf kucstrb, pbrb aìcrar slorc fb
nbtls pbrb tlkbr ncjasal`cs,
rcsuftbnl. Za sc pucnc prcncjar cf `bturbfczb nc u` jl`gu`tl kbylr nc
slfujal`br prlofckbs y nascòbr
rcsuftbnl, cs u` cxpcrakc`tl nbtls.
prlnujtls y prljcsls
nctcrkaàstb.
Jl`jfusal`cs (këàkl
Jl`jfusal`cs (këàkl 2 plr jbnb pbrtajapb`tc)
CZ^SNAB@^C JL@JFSZAÚ@
_lfb`nl Mcrkanb Kb`gbrrás fb prloboafanbn cs u`b cstrbtcdab kcnab`tc fb jubf sc a`tc`tb cstakbr
fb ircjuc`jab jl` fb quc sc l otac`c u` jacrtl rcsuftbnl c` cf kbrjl nc
u`b cxpcrac`jab c` fb quc sc jl`ljc` tlnl s fls rcsuftbnls plsaofcs.
Iboal Bfl`sl Jl`trcrbs Kl`tcs C` ùcstrl prljcsl ilrkbtavl cs u`b cxjcfc`tc mcrrbkac`tb jl`tbr
jl` kátlnls kbtckâtajls pbrb lotc`cr, prcsc`tbr y b`bfazbr nbtls
quc `ls byunc` b jl`tcxtubfazbr y b naicrc`jabr slfujal`cs.
_cicrc`jabs oaofaldrâiajbs c` ilrkbtl BXB.

BXB . (Këàkl u`b plr jbnb pbrtajapb`tc, `l pucnc` rcpctar
rcicrc`jabs)
CZ^SNAB@^C _CIC_C@JAB
_lfb`nl Mcrkanb Kb`gbrrás _lnrëducz, I. G., & Xacrnb`t, _. B. A. (?82>). Cstbnëstajb pbrb
bnkaàstrbjaú`.
Iboal Bfl`sl Jl`trcrbs Kl`tcs A`trlnujjaú` b fb X_LOBOAFANBN
X_LOBOAFANBN Q CZ^BN AZÂJB
̂ Fuas _a`jú`
Ncpbrtbkc`tl nc Kbtckâtajbs Ibjuftbn nc Jac`jabs S@BK Jarjuatl
Cxtcralr nc JS8>328 Káxajl NI ‚ _cjupcrbnl nc
mttp7//fyb.ijac`jabs.u`bk.kx/fbrs/faorls/pc-bdlstl-?889.pni

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S`avcrsanbn @bjal`bf Boacrtb y b Nastb`jab S@BN - Yajcrrcjtlrëb Bjbnákajb y nc A`vcstadbjaú`

Csjucfb nc jac`jabs oâsajbs tcj`lfldëb c a`dc`acrëb

B`nrás Icfapc Ybfc`zucfb

JCBN GLZC BJCYCNL Q DLKCW

S@AYC_ZANBN @BJAL@BF BOAC_^B Q B NAZ^B@JAB S@BN

Xrloboafanbn cs cf cstunal y kcnajaú` kbtckâtajb nc fb prloboafanbn nc ljurrc`jab nc u` cvc`tl. Fls

Fb iúrkufb pbrb jbfjufbr fb ircjuc`jab rcfbtavb ncf jlkpucstl7

i.r. ; ` (cvc`tl) / ` (cspbjal kucstrbf) Nc nl`nc fb `lkc`jfbturb nc fb iúrkufb cs7

i.r. ; ircjuc`jab rcfbtavb

` (cvc`tl) ; jbrna`bfanbn ncf cvc`tl

` (cspbjal kucstrbf) ; jbrna`bfanbn ncf cspbjal kucstrbf

 Afustrbr kcnab`tc u` jubnrl sa`úptajl fbs táj`ajbs nc jl`tcl y tclrëb nc fb prloboafanbn.

Nc bjucrnl jl` cffl, jl`sancrc cf saduac`tc cspbjal kucstrbf7

Q scb` fls saduac`tcs cvc`tls7

Ncia`b fls saduac`tcs cvc`tls7

_CZXL@ZBOFC _LF ZCFCJJAL@BNL

Zlfujaú` bf cstunal nc jbsl 22 7

Bf a`dcrar bspara`b7 8,83 prcsc`tb së`tlkbs 8,8:

Cf cspbjal kbcstrbf fl ffbkbrckls Z 7

Fls rcsuftbnls sl` quc jbadb JB_B (b) l ZCFFL (o).

Jlkl cf jl`gu`tl Z tac`c

 Nctcrka`b cf cvc`tl B y su jbrna`bfanbn. y Jbfjufb X (B).

b) ¼Nc juâ`tbs ilrkbs pucnc bjlklnbr fls faorls c` fb rcpasb<

b) ¼Nc juâ`tbs ilrkbs pucnc bjlklnbr fls faorls c` fb rcpasb<

n > Dö`tmcr Drbss Bfckâ`

>8.:?8 ilrkbs nc bjlklnbr fls faorls c` fb rcpasb

2. Fb kâqua`b B rcbfazb ?3% nc fb prlnujjaú` nc olfsbs5

Nc bjucrnl jl` cstls nbtls7

b. _cbfazb cf nabdrbkb nc ârolf jlrrcspl`nac`tc.

b) _cbfazb cf nabdrbkb nc ârolf jlrrcspl`nac`tc.

X(N) ; X(B) x X(N/B) + X(O) x X(N/O) + X(J) x X(N/J) ;

; 8.?3 x 8.8: + 8.:3 x 8.28 + 8.>8 ´ 8.8: ; 8.8:=

; 8.8843 + 8.8:3 + 8.82? ; 8.83>3

jbfjufbr X(O/N).. Xlr cf tclrckb nc Obycs,

Zlfujaú` bf cstunal nc jbsl :7

B; 3 `l sc l otac`c jb`ajb rlgb.

O; 3 sc lotac`c u`b jb`ajb `cdrb.

J; 3 sc lotac`c` nls jb`ajbs rlgbs.

N; 3 sc lotac`c` nls jb`ajbs nc naicrc`tc jlflr.

Xbrb jbnb jbsl7

b. Nctcrka`b cf cspbjal kucstrbf y su jbrna`bfanbn.

o. Nctcrka`b cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc y su jbrna`bfanbn.

j. Jbfjufb cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc.

Xrakcrb Jb`ajb Zcdu`nb Jb`ajb

Fb jbrna`bfanbn ncf cspbjal kucstrbf cs 9.

B; `l sc lotac`c jb`ajb rlgb.

Nctcrka`b cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc

Xrakcrb Jb`ajb Zcdu`nb Jb`ajb

j. Jbfjufb cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc.

X(B) ; cspbjal kucstrbf cvc`tl/ cspbjal kucstrbf tltbf

X(B) ; ?/9 ; 8.::::::

O; sc lotac`c u`b jb`ajb `cdrb.

Nctcrka`b cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc

Xrakcrb Jb`ajb Zcdu`nb Jb`ajb

j. Jbfjufb cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc.

X(B) ; cspbjal kucstrbf cvc`tl/ cspbjal kucstrbf tltbf

X(B) ; >/9 ; 8.999994

J; sc lotac`c` nls jb`ajbs rlgbs.

Nctcrka`b cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc

X(B) ; cspbjal kucstrbf cvc`tl/ cspbjal kucstrbf tltbf

N; sc lotac`c` nls jb`ajbs nc naicrc`tc jlflr.

Nctcrka`b cf cvc`tl jlrrcspl`nac`tc

Xrakcrb Jb`ajb Zcdu`nb Jb`ajb