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Maximum value - the maximum value attained during positive or negative half cycle.
Area,..under.. .the...curve
in general: Ave...value -
Base
2
For sine wave: Ave...value = —* Max. ..value = 0.637 * Max....value
n
Effective value - is that which when applied to a given circuit for a given time produces the same
expenditure of energy as when dc is applied to the same circuit for the same
interval time,
also called "Root Mean Square" RMS value.
_ , , Max...value . .. . .
Peak factor - ------- --------= 1.414 (for sine wave)
RMS., .value
Wave ;
2
POWER FORMULAS :
1. Component method :
Let E = Ej + j E2 P = EI
I - I, + jl2 P = B, I, + E2I2
2. Conjugate method:
Let E I ~ conjugate of E & I respective
P - I2 R - E I (p.f.)
Q = I" X E 1 (r.f.)
s = ij z = e i = ij p 1 +e2
u * a R p watts ■
where : p.f. = cos 8 = — = — = ------- = power factor
r 2 S VA
r.f. = sin 0 = Q var^ = reactive factor
S ~VA
R ESO N A N CE
Is that condition existing in a circuit containing at least one resistor, an inductor and
capacitor where in the current behaves as if it is purely resistive.
3
1. XL= Xc P l “ Pc
2: Z ~ R 2. Z = L/RC
3. I is maximum, Z is minimum 3. I is minimum, Z is maximum
I *
V
=R ' = VCR
RESONANCE FREQUENCY:
fr =
1 Hz ( for series)
iKyfLC
1
2. f, = 2ns^ L±_
C
f£_
[}
Hz (for parallel resonant circuit)
1
3. /, Hz
In-JlC i L -(C/fe
f t = "f *r +4zrZ,
R bw = / 2- / , = |
4ttL ' '*
4/?
POWERLIne r e v ie w c e n te r Inc.
H e IQtimate E l Review Center
AG CIRCUITS (*1*|>) REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The instantaneous magnitude of a voltage is given as 100 sin 377t volts,
What is the rms value of the voltage?
A. 100 volts d 70.7 volts
B. 63.7 volts D. 50 volts
2. What is the rms value of a half wave rectified sinusoidal wave with 20 ampere
amplitude?
A. 14.14 Amp C; 10 Amp
B. 12.74 Amp D. 6.37 Amp
3. Which of the following waves has the highest value of peak factor?
A. square wave C. sine wave
B) half-wave rectified sine wave D. triangular
4. The instantaneous value of the voltage is given by its equation v(t) = 105 sin
cot - 25 sin 3cot +15 sin (5cot - 30 degrees). What is its Rms and average
voltage?
A. 77 & 74 volts c. 77 & 48 volts
B. 145 & 72.5 volts D. 145 & 48 volts
5. In a pure resistive circuit, the instantaneous voltage and current are given by:
v(t) =200 sin 377t volts and i(t)= 10 sin (377t-60° )amperes. What is the
average power?
A. 250 W C. 1000W
B.
V -/ 500 W D. 2000 W
6. What is the instantaneous expression for a given rms current 160-j75 amp.?
A. i = V2 250 sin (wt + 25degrees) C. /' = 250 sin (wt + 25 degrees)
B. / = V2 250 sin (wt - 25degrees) D. / = 250 sin (wt - 25 degrees)
7. An inductive load operating at phase angle of 53° draw 1400W from 120 volt
line. Find the current drawn.
A. 19.6A C. 19.4 A
B. 11.7A D. 14.6 A
8. A single phase induction motor is rated 5 hp, 220 V, 75%pf and 85%
efficiency. What is its rated current?
A. 26.6 Amp C. 22.6 Amp
B. 16.95 Amp D. 15.36 Amp
9. A coil is connected to 12 volts dc draws 1 ampere. If the same coil is
connected to 24 volts 60Hz, it draws the same amperes. What is the value of
L?
A. 40 mH C. 62 mH
B. 55 mH D. 70 mH
10. A lightning protector circuit contains 55.7 mH coil in series with a 6 ohms
resistor. What current will flow when it is tested with a 110 volt, 60 Hz voltage?
A. 4.93 A C. 6.57 A
B. 5.04 A D. 4.05 A
11 A coil having a Q of 25 draws 20mA when connected to a 12 volts 1kHz power
supply. What is the inductance?
A )96 mH C. 78 mH
B. 88 mH D. 58 mH
12. At what frequency will the current lead the voltage by 30° in a series circuit
with R= 8 ohms & C=30/ / F.
A. 1149 Hz C. 7216 Hz
B. 2298 Hz D. 796 Hz
13. For a series RLC circuit with elements R = 50 Q, L = 8 mH and C = 2.22 jjF.
What is the current of the circuit if its supply is 200 volts, 796 Hz?
A. 2 - j2 Amp C) 2 + j2 Amp
B. 5 +j13A m p D. 5 -j1 3 A m p
14. A source of 100 Volts rms is supplying a resistance 80 ohms in parallel with a
200 mH inductor. To what angle is the current lag or lead?
A) 125W & 46.7 deg. lag C. 1.25W & 46.7 deg. lead
B. 125W & 43.3 deg. lag D. 1 25W & 43.3 deg. lead
1.5. A load of 6000 voit-amp, 0.6 pf lagging is supplied at 200 volts 60 Hz. It is
desired to raise the pf to 0.95 lagging using capacitor. What is the value of
capacitor?
_/y 239.8 micro-farad C. 23.98 micro-farad
B. 2.398 micro-farad D. 2,398 micro-farad
16. A 10-kVA induction motor operating at 80% power factor lagging and a 5 kVA
synchronous motor operating at 70% power factor leading are connected in
parallel. Find the total real power.
A. 3.5 kW C. 11.5kW
B. 15 kW D. 8 Kw
17. A plant draws 2000 kVA from 240 volts line at a power factor of 0.7 lagging.
Find the kVA required of a capacitor bank in parallel with the plant for the
overall power factor to be 0.9 leading.
A. 1071 C. 750
B. 1878 D. 2106
18.Two impedances, Z1 = 0.8 + j5.6 and Z2 = 8 —j16 and a single-phase motor
are connected in parallel across 200 Vrms, 60 Hz supply. The motor draws 5
kVA at 80% power factor lagging. Find the new line current when a capacitor
is connected across the load to improve the power factor to unity.
A. 20A C. 65A
B. 50A Dj 30A A
19. A series resonant circuit has resistance of 4 ohms, 100mH inductance and
unknown capacitance. It is supplied from a 120 volts, 60 Hz. Calculate the
voltage across capacitor.
^ 1131 V C. 80 V
B. 120 V D. 100 V
20. A series RL branch in an ac circuit has 8 ohms resistance and 10 ohms
inductive reactance. A capacitor is connected across the branch. What should
be the reactance of the capacitor if the unit is to have power factor of unity?
A. 17.2ohms C. 16.7 ohms
B. ;16.4ohms D. 15.8 ohms
21 .What is the capacitance for a series RLC circuit with inductance of 1mH that
will resonate at 4MHz.
A. 1.15 pico-farad C. 1.58 pico-farad
B. 1.45 pico-farad D. 1.75 pico-farad
22. A coil of resistance 2 ohms is connected is series with a capacitor of 50 micro
farad resonate at 500 rad/sec. What is the Q factor of the coil.
A .25 C. 40
B„20 D. 100
23. What is the bandwidth of a series resonant circuit consisting of 2.4 ohm
resistance, inductor and 30 micro-farad capacitance. .The resonant frequency
is 1000 rad/sec.
A. 43 C. 82
B. 68 D. 72
24. A parallel resonant RLC circuit with R=100 ohm, L=150mH and unknown
capacitor is connected to a source voltage with co =2000rad/sec. Find
capacitance C in micro farad
A. 2 C. 1.5
B. 3.5 D. 5
25. A coil of 40 ohms resistance has an inductance of 100 mH and is connected in
parallel with a 30p.F capacitor .What is the resonance frequency of the circuit ?
A. 23.7 Hz C. 60 Hz
B. 66.3 Hz D. 79.6 Hz
26. At parallel resonance, the circuit draws a current of 2 mA. If the Q-factor of the
circuit is 100. What is the current through capacitor?
A. 2 mA C. 1mA
B. 200 mA D. 100 mA
27. What is the dynamic impedance of a parallel resonant circuit if C= 1 ju F , R=1
ohmandL=1H?
A .1 M Q C. 100 kQ
B. 10 kQ D. 1000 Q
28. A 220 volt 20 A inductions motor draws 3 kW of power. A 4 kVA capacitive
load is placed in parallel to adjust the power factor to unity. What must be the
power factor of the capacitive load?
A. 69.2% C. 77.9%
B. 47.8% D. 59.4%
29.A (6+j10) ohms coil is supplied by a y(t)=30 sin10t volts ac source connected
in series with 12 volts battery. The internal impedance of the generator is
(0.1 +j2) ohms and that of the battery is negligible. Determine the current
through the coil by superposition.
A. 2.23 sin(10t-63°)+1-97 Amp. C. 1.58 sin(10t-63°)+1.97 Amp.
B. 4.33 sin(10t-63°)+2 Amp. D. 2.23 sin(10t+63°)+1.97 Amp.
30. A 5:1 ideal transformer is used to couple a load to a generator whose internal
impedance is 500+j253U ohms. Determine the load impedance that will
transfer maximum power.
A. 20+j20 C)20-j100
B. 100+j100 D. 100-j100
AC Circuits (lcp) Supplementary Problems
50. A single phase induction motor draws 10A at 75% pf. The voltage is 220V. A capacitor
is 50 uF is installed to improve power factor, What is the resulting power factor?
A. 99% C. 97%
B. 90% D. 95%
51. A factory has an average demand of 176 kw at 70% power factor. What is the minimum
size of capacitor required to raise the power factor to 95%?
A. 122 kvar C. 165kvar
B. 82kvar D. 157 kvar
52. The power factor of a load on a 120 volt, 60Hz source is raised from 0.707 to 0.866
lagging by connecting a 53 micro-farad capacitor across the load. What is the true power
of the load in watts?
A. 286 ' C. 862
B. 682 D. 268
53. A single phase induction motor is rated 5hp, 75% power factor and 220 volts. What
approximate size of capacitor is necessary to raise the power factor to about 95%?
A. 3 kvar C. 2.5 kvar
B. 2 kvar D. 3.5 kvar
54. A load of 10,000 KVA, 85% power factor lagging is connected to a 13,200 volt line. How
much reactive power is needed to correct the power factor to 97% lagging?
A. 5,156 KVAR V C) 3,138 KVAR
B. 2,547 KVAR ' D. 4,753 KVAR
55. A tank circuit is supplied by a current source whose source resistance is 56 k Q . The
tank circuit is composed of a 56 nF capacitor in parallel with a coil of inductance 35 mH
and resistance 80 ohms. Determine the resonant frequency.
A. 3kHz C. 3.6 kHz
B. 6.2 kHz D. 4.6 kHz
56. A parallel resonant RLC circuit with G=10mS, C=1 /u F and unknown L is connected to a
source voltage with a> =2000rad/sec. Find inductance L in milli-Henry
A .2 C .10
B. 30 D. 5
57. What capacitance must be placed in series with an inductance of 0.05 H so that at 100
Hz, the impedance becomes equal to the ohmic resistance?
A. 50 uF C. 35.5 uF
B. 70.7 uF D. 87 uF
58. One leg of a radio tuned circuit has a capacitance of one times ten to the minus nine
farad. It is turned at 200 KHz, what is the inductance of the other leg in henry?
A. 6.33x1 O'4 C. 20 x 10‘3
B. 8.25x1 O'5 D. 120x1 O'3
59. A coil of 40 ohms resistance has an inductance of 100 mH and is connected in parallel
with a 40 |uF capacitor .What is the resonance frequency of the circuit ?
A. 23.7 Hz C. 60 Hz
B. 47.75 Hz D. 79.6 Hz
60. A 5 mH pure inductance is connected in parallel with 1. 0 pi f capacitor. At what frequency
shall the circuit be in anti-resonance.
A. 2250 hertz C, 60 hertz
B. 1020 hertz D. 100 hertz
61. A coil has a 50 ohms resistance and a 70 ohm reactance. A capacitor is connected in
parallel to produce resonance. The source voltage is 120 V. What is the power drawn by
the circuit.
A. 162 watts C. 132 watts
B. 97 watts D. 52 watts
62. A 100mh pure inductance is connected in parallel with a 40 ohms resistor. What is the
power drawn if the voltage is 220volts?
A. 1010 watts C. 1210 watts
B. 1720 watts D. 3018 watts
63. A 15 ohm resistor connected in parallel with an impedance of 8 - j2 ohm across an AC
source. The entire circuit takes a total average power of 2000 Watts. What is the average
power in the 15 ohm resistor
A. 2000 W C. 1277 W
B. 723 W D. 1500 W
64. A coil has resistance of 10 ohms and draws a current of 5A when connected across 100
V, 60 Hz source. Determine the reactive power
A. 433 VAR C. 250 VAR
B. 500 VAR D. 300 VAR
65. What is the reactance offered by a 100 // H inductance are connected to a 100 volt
source of frequency 3MHz?
A. 767 ohm C. 4647 ohm
B. 1885 ohm D. 1260 ohm
66. Determine the power angle in the series circuit which consist of R=25 ohms and L=0.2 H
across a power supply of 200 volts, 30 Hertz.
A. 36.4 deg. C. 52.4 deg.
B. 46.4 deg D. 56.4 deg.
67. An electronic instrument that visually shows the magnitude and shape of an alternating
current signal.
A. Electroscope C. Optical instrument
B. Synchroscope D. Oscilloscope
68. Convert 75/-260 in rectangular form.
A. 67.4-j32.9 C. 75-j26
B. 32.9-j67.4 D. 26-j75
69. A series circuit is composed of j4, j6, -j9,-j2 reactances. What is the total reactance?
A. j C.j21
B. -j D.—j21 A
70. V12 is equal to 100 cis 30 degrees and V23 is equal to 50 cis 120 degrees.
Evaluate V12-V23.
A. 62 cis 6.2 degrees C. 111.8 cis 3.4 degrees
B. 127. 3 cis 39.9degrees D. 62 cis (-6.2 degrees)
96
iP
P O W E R L IN E
powerlinereviewcenter@vahoo.com
M E Z Z A N IN E F L O O R , D O N A A M P A R O B U IL D IN G
C O R N E R E S P A N A & G. M. T O L E N T IN O S T R E E T S
S A M P A L O C , M A N IL A
T E L N O S. 7 3 5 -7 3 -0 2 & 7 3 3 -2 1 -1 8
ALTERNATORS
An electrical machine converting mechanical energy to AC electrical energy.
B) Induction generator - it is an induction motor which run as a generator with a speed above
synchronous speed. Its p.f. is usually leading and connected in parallel
with a synchronous generator in order to supply power for lighting loads.
A d v a n ta g e s o f S ta tio n a r y ,A r m a tu r e
1. Output current is delivered to the load without passing it through brush contacts
2. Easier to insulate stationary armature winding for high ac voltage
2. Armature winding can be easily braced to prevent deformation which could be produced
by mechanical stresses.
A. Easily insulated slip rings which transfers low voltage, low power dc field circuit.
a. Salient pole construction - used for low speed alternator, large diameter than axial length ,
having more poles ( from 6 to 40 poles)
b. Sm ooth cylindrical construction- used for high speed alternator, diameter is less than axial
length, having less number of poles (2 or 4 pole)
F re q ue ncy o lG e n e ra te d E m f
PN
f- — Hz Where : P = number o f field poles
120
Ns - synchronous speed, rpm
Gmenited-EniLEQuo Uqr (verphasg)
E(j) =r 4.44 ^)p N f KpKd x 10'8 volts ( rms) (if <J)p is in lines or maxwells )
or E<j> = 4.44 <j)P N f KpKd volts (rms) ( if 4>P is in weber)
or E(j) = 2.22 (|)p Z f K PKd volts (rms) (if <j)P is in weber)
or E(j> = Z Ez KpKa volts (rms)
Notations:
( ( po\
a
K P = cos —
= sin
2
\ 2 / \ .j
a° = 1 8 0 ° -p ° a
*
where : p • ■ C° '' ^ >1 S 0 °________
F rC R xm °
Slot pitch Fu.C.P.
D IST R IB U TIO N O R BR EA D TH F A C T O R , Kd
i l
. n /r '' !
nWJ
sin
2 180
where : (3°
. —
P° slots i pole
n sm
2
p ° = distance in electrical degree between coil sides
gc ° = required distance in electrical degree to make it a full pitch coil.
(3 0 = distance in electrical degree between adjacent slots,
n = number o f slots per pole per phase
For instance:
Consider a 36 sjkris, 4pole, 3 phase alternator
I0 \ IIpitch(9 slots/pole)
' || 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 8 -
U H
From
Exciter
Circuit
El = E* la “ I* v+= vL
S
t_JL
E<t>= K+ 7„ (Zs) where : Zs = Rc + j
/------------------- >— 1
1
la t
1
/ va
\
4
Notations:
R* = effective armature (stator) resistance per phase
X s = synchronous reactance per phase = Xar + XL
Zs = synchronous impedance per phase
X L - leakage reactance per phase
Xar = reactance due to armature reaction
EcJ) = generated or no-load voltage per phase
E l - generated or no-load line-to-line voltage
V L —Line-to-line terminal voltage
IL = Line current
lo ~ Ia ~ armature current or phase current
V f - exciter voltage
R f = field resistance
If = field current
Alternator on load, the variation of terminal voltage is due to the following reasons:
Vector diagram:
in com plex fo rm
E<t> = Vj>+ Ia ( Z s )
in m agnitude
From
Exciter
Circuit
lo
T"
Zs & i
i
va
\
i
jL
4
Notations:
R* = effective armature (stator) resistance per phase
X s = synchronous reactance per phase = Xar 4- XL
Z s ~ synchronous impedance per phase
X L = leakage reactance per phase
Xar = reactance due to armature reaction
Ecj) = generated or no-load voltage per phase
E l “ generated or no-load line-to-line voltage
V L = Line-to-line terminal voltage
IL = Line current
la? ~ h = armature current or phase current
Vf = exciter voltage
R f = field resistance
If ~ field current
Alternator on load, the variation of terminal voltage is due to the following reasons:
Vector diagram:
in com plex fo rm
E<j> = V 4 + I a ( Z , )
in m agnitude
a. DC Resistance Test
While Alternator is at rest, and dc field is open, measure the dc resistance
between each terminals. The average o f three sets o f resistance is called R(.
p, " I ----------------------------- f x
Field is /
Open / Rf
- o- _ /?, H- R2 + R2
R,
is c -- ! i + l2 ± h -
1 Sc
Where:
R t = ohmic resistance between terminals (measured by ohmmeter )
Rdc = ohmic resistance per phase
Re - effective resistance per phase
V = voltmeter reading or open circuit voltage between lines
Eoc = open circuit voltage per phase
Lc - short circuit line current
ALTERNATOR EFFICIENCY :
ALTERNATOR LOSSES
Electrical losses
a. Field circuit copper loss
b. Armature winding copper loss
c. Brush contact loss
The requirements of connecting two alternators in parallel or connecting an alternator to the bus ar
1. The two effective values of voltages are equal at the terminals being connected.
2. The two frequency are the same
3. The tw o^oltages are exactly opposite in phase (in the local circuit o f the two machine).
4. The phase sequence o f the voltages (for polyphase machine) are the same.
5. The two voltages have the same waveforms.
The operation of properly connected synchronous generator in parallel with a system is called
"sy n c h r o n i z i n g If any of the above requirements are not met, there will be cross-current between
alternator winding through the com mon bus-bars, with this cross-current, the generator can not be
synchronize.
MAXIMUM POWER OUTPUT E£R ALTERNATOR
n EV watts . , .
P„,ax = —-------— If Rc IS neglected
A, <t>
Where :
Because o f some disturbance on the system, the power angle changes by ij/ (as shown Va = V0 ), w a
the machine to developed an additional power, thereby keeping in synchronism. This additional power is knowa
‘\svnch\ onizingpow er *.
2. A 60 cycle alternator has a speed of 120 rpm. How many poles has it?
A. 24 poles C. 36 pole
B. 20 pole D. 60 pole
3. The effective voltage for a 5-turn coil on a 6 pole generator is 10.6 volts. The flux
per pole is 0.00795 weber. Calculate the frequency of the machine.
A. 30 Hz C. 60 Hz
B. 50 Hz D 40 Hz
4. A 3-phase, 4 pole machine has 36 slots. The winding is double layered and short
rause pitched being made up to 6 turns per coil whose pitch is 140° electrical.
Determine the winding factor.
0.902 C. 0.94
B. 0.96 D. 0.965
5. A 72 slots three phase stator armature is wound for 6 poles, using double layer
lap coils having 20 turns per coil with a 5/6 pitch. The flux per pole is 4.8x10
lines, and the rotor speed is 1200 rpm. Calculate the generated EMF per phase.
A. 6000 volts C. 6480 volts
B. 5680 volts D. 6000 volts
6. A generator is rated 100 MW, 13.8 kV and 90 % power factor. The effective
. resistance to ohmic resistance is 1.5. The ohmic resistance is obtained by
connecting two terminals to a 6 volts d.c. source. If the current 43.8 Amperes,
what is the percent resistance per phase ?
A. 1.5% C. 4.5%
B. 6% D. 6.9%
7. A 150 kVA, 1000 volts three phase wye-connected alternator has an open circuit
' emf of 1000 volts. When an alternator is short circuited at the same excitation, the
armature current is 460 amperes. What is the synchronous impedance?
A. 1.26 ohms C. 2.17 ohms
B. 2.23 ohm£ D. 3.23 ohms
10. A 30 kVA, 220 volt, wye connected, 3-phase, salient pole synchronous generator
supplies rated load at 0.707 lagging power factor. The reactance per phase are
Xd=2Xq=4 ohms. Determine the percent voltage regulation.
A. 100% C. 224%
B. 600% D. 10%
11. A generator at no-load operates 61.2 Hz, slope 1mHz/W. Load 1= 1200W and
load 2=900W. Find the frequency before and after adding the load 2.
A. 60 Hz & 59 Hz C. 61.2 Hz & 59.2 Hz
B) 60 Hz & 59.1 Hz D. 61.3 Hz & 59.3 Hz
12. A 250 MW, 60 Hz turbine generator set has a speed regulation of 5% based on its
own rating. The generator frequency decreases from 60 Hz to a steady vaiue of
59.7 Hz. Determine the increase in the turbine power output.
A. 25 MW C. 50MW
B. 12.5 MW D. 20 MW
13.Two generating units rated 250 MW and 400 MW have governor speed regulation
of 6% and 6.4% resp. from no load to full load. They are operating in parallel and
share a load of 500MW. Determine the load shared by each unit.
A. 190M W & 310 MW C. 220 MW & 280 MW
B. 225MW & 275 MW D. 240 MW & 260 MW
4. For a 3-phase winding with 6 slots per pole per phase and with coil span of 15 s lo t,
the value of pitch factor is
A. 0.851 C. 0.951
B. 0.966 D. 1.05
6. What is the frequency of the generated emf of a 10 pole alternator driven at 720 rpm?
A. 50 hz C. 60 hz
B. 55 hz D. 25 hz
7. A 6 pole, three phase AC generator has 72 slots, the coil span is 12 slots. What is the
pitch factor ?
(jy - 100 C. 0.985
B' 0.939 D. 0.966
8. A 3-<t», 60 hz , 10-pole alternator has 120 slots and 4 turns in every coil. The coil pitch
is short by 2 slots. The winding distribution factor of the alternator is ......
A. 0.925 C. 0.987
B. 0.967 ; 0.957
9. ■A three phase alternator has three armature coils each rated 1200 volts and 120
amperes. W hat is the kVA rating of this unit?
A. 288 . - C. 432
B. 249.4 /f*h 144
10. An alternator oft open circuit generates 360 Volts at 60 Hz when the field current is 3.6
Amp: Neglecting saturation, determine the generated emf at a frequency of 30 Hz and ‘
a field current of 3.0 Amp.
A. 240 Volts C. 160 Volts
B. 300 Volts D. 150 Volts.
11 Determine the distribution factor for a 3- phase winding in which there are 18 slots per
pole.
A. 0.966 -CL 0.958
B. 0.957 D. 0.956
12. Calculate generated emf per phase of a 10 pole, 3-phase, 60 Hz alternator with 5 slot
per pole per phase and 4 conductors per slots in two layers. The winding is short by 3
slots & the flux per pole is 0.12 W eber
A. 2908 Volts C. 720 Volts
B. 1000 Volts D. 3200 volts
13. A 100 MVA, 13.8 kV, 3<j>, Y-connected alternator will have a per phase nominal
impedance o f ......
A. 7.5 ohms d ) 1.9 ohms
B. 2.9 ohms u. 3.5 ohms
14. A generator is rated 100 MW, 13.8 kV and 90 % power factor. The effective resistance
to ohmic resistance is 1.5. The ohmic resistance is obtained by connecting two
terminals to a d.c.source. The current & voltage are 87.6 Amperes and 6 Volts
respectively . W hat is the percent resistance?
Ai 3 C. 4.2
B. 2 D. 1
15. A wye-connected alternator was tested for its effective resistance. The ratio of the
effective resistance to ohmic resistance was previously determine to be 1.35. A 12-V
battery was connected across two terminals and the ammeter read 120 amperes.
What is the per phase effective resistance of thf«.alternator?
A. 0.135 ohms 0.0675 ohms
B. 0.117 ohms D. 0.0234 ohms
16. Dirt accumulation in generator can cause all of the following except
A. low power factor C. poor voltage regulation
B. flashover D. overheating
.17. A generator is rated 100 MW, 13.8 kV and 90 % power factor. The effective resistance
to ohmic resistance is 1.5. The ohmic resistance is obtained by connecting two
terminals to a d.c. source. The current & voltage are 87.6 Amperes and 6 Volts
respectively . What is the resistance per phase ?
A. 0.0513 ohm C. 0.0685 ohm
B. 0.342 ohm D. 0.0617 ohm
18. A generator is rated 100 MW at 22 kV, and 90% power factor. The effective ac
resistance to ohmic resistance is 1.35. The resistance is obtain by connecting two
terminals to a 12 volts dc source. If the current is 120 Amperes, What is the percent
effective resistance per phase ?
A. 1.5% C. 4.5%
B. 6% D. 6.9%
19. A dc resistance test is conducted on a 3-phase 200 kva, 240 volts, delta connected
generator. When the two terminals are connected from 6 volts dc source, the ammeter
inserted in the line reads 150 amperes. The effective resistance to ohmic resistance is
1.25. What is the percent resistance?
A. 7.5% C. 26%
20. Find the synchronous impedance of a 3-phase synchronous generator in which a
given field current produces an armature current of 200 amperes on short circuit and a
generated emf of 1050 volts on open circuit.
A. 1.72'ohms C. 9.1 ohms
B. 5.25 ohms D> 3.0 ohms
21. Synchronous impedance test is taken on a 3-phase generator. Under short circuit
condition, the currents in the three lines are 26.2 A, 23.7 A, and 27.4 A. What
current should be used for the test ?
A. 26.3 A C. 24.6 A
E| 25.7 A D. 25.4 A
22. If in a 3-phase alternator, field current of 50 A produces a full load current of 200 A on
short circuit and 1730 V on open circuit, then its synchronous impedance i s .........
ohm,
A. 8.66 C. 4
B. 5 • D. 34.6
23. A 100 MW, 13,800 volts 90% power factor synchronous generator has an ohmic
resistance of 0.1 ohm and synchronous reactance of 0.42 ohm is operating at rated
condition. Find the angle between the voltages.
A. 9.55 deg C. 6.72 deg.
B. 7.45 deg. D. 3.25 deg.
24. A single phase generator with full load current of 450 amperes at 2400 volts has 0.08
ohms resistance and synchronous reactance is 2.8 ohms. Determine the voltage
regulation in percent at 75% power factor lagging.
A . 55 C 64
B. 41 D. 75
V —*
25. A three phase, 318.75 kVA, 2300 V alternator has an armature resistance of 0.35
ohms per phase and a synchronous reactance of 1.2 ohms per phase. Determine the
vojtage regulation at full load 0.6 power factor leading.
-A .;-4.33% C. 4.33%
B. 6.12% D. -6.12%
27. A 3-phase, 1000 kVA, 2,300 volts alternator is short circuited and open circuited and
is operated at rated speed to produce rated current. With the short circuit removed
and the same excitation, the voltage between stator terminals is 860 volts. The
effective ac resistance between stator terminals is 1.2 ohms.. Determine the percent
' voltage regulation at 0.9 power factor lagging
A. 29 C. 32
B. 15 D. 26.7
*
28. A 500 kVA, 3,600 Volt, 3-phase, 60 Hz alternator has an effective armature
resistance per phase of 0.40 ohm. Mechanical and iron losses is 10 kW, field current
at full load unity pf is 70 Ampere. The exciter voltage is constant at 120 Volts. What
is its efficiency when supplying incandescent lamp at rated load?
A. 93.4% C. 92.3%
B. 89.7% D. 95.0 %
29 A 25 kVA 220 volt three phase alternator delivers rated kva at 0.84 power factor. The
effective ac resistance between the armature winding terminals is 0.18. The field takes
9.3 amperes at 115 volts. If the friction and windage loss is 460 watts and the core
loss is 610 watts. What is the Hp delivered by the prime mover?
A. 32.6 C. 28.15
B. 31.54 D. 33.23
31. A generator is being synchronized to a large system. The actual system voltage and
frequency are 13.7 kV and 60 Hz respectively. The generator voltage and frequency
are 13.9 kV and 60 Hz respectively when the generator is switched to the system.
Choose which one happens.
A. Generator delivers both MW and MVAR (C. .Generator delivers MVAR
B. Generator delivers MW u. Generator takes in MW
33. An alternator is operating with 100 Amp field current. If the field current is increased
to 125 Amp with the same electrical load on the machines, it will
A. be less likely to go out of synchronism C.j operates at new power factor angle
B. be more likely to go out of synchronism ''”D. overheat
34. A generator is being synchronized to a large system. The actual system voltage and
frequency are 13.8 kV and 60 Hz respectively. The generator voltage and frequency
are 13.8 kV and 60.1 Hz respectively when the generator is switched to the system.
Choose which one happens.
■A. Generator delivers both MW and MVAR C. Generator delivers MVAR
B. Generator delivers MW D. Generator takes in MW
35. The driving power from the prime mover driving an alternator is lost but the alternator
remain connected to the supply (i.e. its power circuit breaker failed to trip) and its
excitation is on. The alternator will ....
A. behaves as an induction motor
B. stop & get burnt
C. behaves as synchronous motor but will rotate in reverse direction.
D. behaves as synchronous motor and rotate at same direction .
37. The power factor of an alternator is 75 %. The operator is ordered to increase the
power factor to 80 %. What shall he do ?
A. increase the voltage C. operate the governor
B. increase the excitation D. decrease the excitation
38. Two 1500 kVA ac generators running in parallel supplies the total load of 2,250 kW at
0.90 p.f. lagging . One machine is loaded to 1000 kW at 0.85 p.f. lagging. What is the
kVA and p.f. of the other machine?
A. 1750 & 0.8 lagging 1335 & 0.94 lagging
B. 470 & 0.96 leading >• _ D. 1250 & 0.78 leading
39. Two 60Hz alternators are driven by shunt motors. The shunt motors have speed-load
droop characteristics of 3 % and 4 % respectively. The alternators are in parallel and
each carrying 50 kW. There is no automatic speed-load control. An additional 50 kW
load is switched-on. What are the resulting loads of the alternators assuming that the
speed-load control of eachis not adjusted?
A. 78.57 k W & 71.43 kW C. 78 kW & 75kW
B. 82.51 k W & 67.49 kW D. 80.31 kW & 69.69 kW
40. Two identical 2000 kW alternator operates in parallel. The governor of the first
machine is such that the frequency drops uniformly from 50 Hz at no-load to 48 Hz at
full-load. The corresponding uniform speed drop of the second machine is 50 Hz to
47.5 Hz, W hat is the maximum load that can be delivered without overloading either
machine ?
A. 3600 kW C. 6300 kW
B. 4000 kW D. 3800 kW
41. Two-3cj) alternators operating in parallel delivers power at a line potential of 2200 Volts
to an inductive load of 150 kW at 80% p.f. If the armature currents of the two
alternators be equal one be operating at unity p.f. How much power does each
alternator supply to the load ?
A. 117.2 kW for unity p.f.& 32.8 kW C. 112.7 kW for unity p.f. & 38.2 kW
B both 75 kW one at unity p.f. D. 100 kW for unity &50 kW
43. An ac generator 1500 kVA capacity has a full load efficiency of 91% at 100% power
factor and 86% efficiency at 80% power factor lagging. What engine drive in Hp is
required if the genset is to supply entirely incandescent lamp?
A. 3125 C. 1980
B. 2525 . D. 2210
44. A 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, 3<j), Y-connected alternator will have a per phase nominal
impedance o f ......
A. 7.5 ohms C. 3.8 ohms
B. 2.9 ohm 9- D. 15 ohms
45. A three phase salient pole, 440 volts, wye connected synchronous generator operates
at a power angle of 20° while developing power of 36 kW. The machine constant are
Xd=2Xq=5 ohms and Ra is negligible. Calculate the percent voltagfe regulation
A. 70% C. 78%
B. 144% D. 54%
46. A generator at no-load operates 61 Hz, slope 1MW/Hz. Load 1= 1.0 MW and load
2=0.8MW are connected. Find the frequency before and after adding the load 2.
A. 60 Hz & 59 Hz C. 60 Hz & 59.2 Hz
B. 60 Hz & 59.1 Hz D. 60 Hz & 59.3 Hz
47. Out of the following conditions, the one which does not have to be met by alternators
working parallel is the machine must
A. have equal rating C. be the same terminal voltage
B have the same phase rotation D. operate at the same frequency
48. A 75 kVA single phase, 240 volts, 60 Hz alternator has an effective armature
resistance of 0.02 ohm per phase and an armature leakage reactance of 0.08 ohm.
Calculate the induced emf when supplying rated load at unity pf.
A. 245.5 volts C. 249.2 volts
B. 250.4 volts D. 247.5 volts
49. A 1000 kVA, 3300 volt, 60Hz, 3-phase, 4 pole, wye connected, wound rotor
synchronous generator has an impedance of Zs=0+j1.0. The generator is operating at
full load 0.8 pf lagging to an infinite bus. Calculate the synchronizing power per phase
if a disturbance causes the power angle to swing by 1°(mech’l).
A. 133.6 kW C. 145.2 kW
B. 125.4 kW D. 168.9 kW
51. Due to which of the following reasons, for aircraft alternators high frequency is used?
A. To reduced the bulk C. To compensate for high speed '
B. to compensate for high altitude D. To free the systems from external disturbance
53 In an alternator, when the load power factor is unity the armature flux
A. will be demagnetizing C. will be cross-magnetising
B. will reduced to zero D. will have square wave form
CEERS-:
TEL. NOS. (03)261-2244 & (032)261-8452
POWERLINE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER, INC.
TRANSFORMERS
Is an electrical machine that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
without changing the frequency, it works on the principle of electromagnetic induction, also its
windings are linked by a common magnetic circuit
Classification o f Transformers
IDEAL TRANSFORMER
A transformer is considered ideal if there is no voltage drop across its windings, if resistance and
leakage flux are neglected, in which losses are neglected, if losses are neglected, power input is the same
as power output.
Notations :
Core loss
Ih+e - hysteresis and eddy current component =? — ■■
». ------
EP
Iex = exciting or magnetizing current
The total induced emf in each winding of the transformer is proportional to the number of
turns of the winding i.e.
N P E P
a ~ -----= ----- = ratio■ oj jr transformation
Es
Where :
f = frequency in HZ
<pm = mutual flux in Wb
N = number turns for every windings
4.44 - a constant equal'to 4(1.11) where 1.11 is the form factor of sinusoidal wave
, r, RMS value1/ v 2 m ax. value
Note : K f = ---------------- = 1------ J.--------------- = 1/11
AVE value (2//r)m ax. value
Ns ~ Ip
3
Where:
ReP
Rr, Xm - core loss equivalent resistance (accounts for eddy current loss and hysteresis loss) &
equivalent magnetizing reactance respectively.
Secondary = rs + —
a
Xes = total equivalent leakage reactance referred to
Secondary = x s + - j
a2
zes = R c s + j X es = 4 RJ + X J
L - are fixed losses result of hysteresis and eddy current losses in the magnetic
circuit ( core ) of the transformer
yi.6 ^
Hysteresis Loss, P*- - Kh f £m = Kh
r
Ph ocf ;Ph = Khf ►if (pni & pm is constant
a. Gp ?n circuit test
Xi Hi
rj ~ ® ~* !~fr lf
VVvV i
TO
— i L
r - © - 1h W
r i somatirrms
e m itte d
Source of reduced ---------- 1
voltage at the input
until rated current flows
© H,r,
(A tS ^ h o r te d
L y *slde
I i
f
Hz Xz
i
Wattmeter reading (W )» full - load copper loss
r O UT VI cos 6
*100%: - jc100%
VI cos# + 1 2R„ + Pk
dij
to have max. efficiency : take — = 0
?R . - P k
Variable loss = Constant loss
Also ;
TRANSFORMER POLARITY
Connection:
Conditions: ® When voltmeter reading is greater than the input test voltage the polarity is
Vp 1
A D D ITIV E . V = VP' + - P
® When voltmeter reading is less than the input test voltage the polarity is
V p'
SU BTRACT I V E V = Vp
Note: By industry standards all lcp, 200 kVA, 8660 Volts or less are ADDITIVE .
AUTOTRANSFORMER:
The autotransformer is one having a single continuous winding, part of which is common to both
primary and secondary circuits. It can be used for either step-up or step-down application with a
relatively small change in voltage between the input and output voltages, and should not used when there
is a large change in voltage because the circuits are connected electrically.
Such: N ab _ Eab I.
N, be he
I Rep x ep I
t i
r i
i
fa - ! ) V s
Vp i
I i
I i
i
t __
Where:
Re p = rp + ( a - 1) rs Rn = r< + -
(a-1 )2
Xep = xP + ( a - l) 2 xs
(a - 1)
Step - Up Auto transformer ( a < 1)
a ,----------- y -
N be
i
i
Vs
be I be ^_bc_ _
I
I ab Eab lp-h
6
Conditions: ® When voltmeter reading is greater than the input test voltage the polarity is
A D D ITIV E. V - Vp ’ + V"
a
® When voltmeter reading is less than the input test voltage the polarity is
Note: By industry standards all lep, 200 kVA, 8660 Volts or less are ADDITIVE .
AUTOTRANSFORMER:
The autotransformer is one having a single continuous winding, part of which is common to both
primary and secondary circuits. It can be used for either step-up or step-down application with a
relatively small change in voltage between the input and output voltages, and should not used when there
is a large change in voltage because the circuits are connected electrically.
a = Ll v
j l
Icb
1 Vs Mcb cb
I i
i
2c _ jl
This autotransformer is equivalent, in its transformation, to an ordinary two-winding transformer
if winding ab is regarded as primary winding , with winding be as the secondary winding as
E gb j_cb_ _ [ ,
Such:• _
-1 * = a - l
be he
r
i
i*
/ V - 'W P -------------
Rep *ep
TTt
I
i
i
Vp (a -l)V s
I
i
i
i
__
Where:
R cP = r p + ( a - 1) 2 rs Rr, =/■,+-
B N. ac Ipr
Vs
lb c Njc, . ^_bc_ h
N ab Eab
7
P ow er indu ctively tran sform ed (thru ob)P ow er conductive] F Transf o rm ed (th ru be)
Important conditions that must be fulfilled if two or more transformers are to be operate
successfully in parallfcV to deliver a eomrnon load:
1 Voltage ratings of both. primaries and secondaries must he identical, or the transformation ratio are
the same, (otherwise, current will circulate tluough the: liaiisformer windings which will contribute
to the losses of the transformer ).
2. The transformer must be properly connected with regards to polarity, (otherwise , a large current will
circulate through the transformer winding which could damage the windings ).
a. The equivalent impedances should be inversely proportional to the respective kVA ratings.
( otherwise, the transformer will not share the load in proportional to their ratings).
' Z' a - ; ~ i. = £ l
S Z e2
b. The ratio of the equivalent resistance to the equivalent reactance of the all transformer should
be the same.( Otherwise, each transformer will not lakes its correct fraction of the load)
Re, Rc 2
“ Acs
Also the condition for two transformers connected in parallel to operate at the same p.f.
F or unequal transform ation ratio (a2 & a >)the secondary currents will b e :
3. A —Y connection
Primarily used to step-up the voltage. It is also used in step - down applications where a
conventional distribution voltage is reduced to supply two voltages for lighting and power
loads
4. Y ~ A connection
use for stepping down voltages
5. T (scott) connection
used to convert 3(p to 2cp or vice - versa.
7. A utotransform er —also called as a “ compensator ” used for reduced voltage starting, also
used for stepping down or up the voltages.
Bank A Bank B
Load
Note : In dealing with 3<p transformer, calculations are made for one phase only.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS :
2. The 2300 volt primary winding of a 60 cycle transformer has 4800 turns. Calculate
the number of turns in the 230 volt secondary winding.
A. 480 turns C. 4800 turns
B. 48 turns D. 240 turns
3. A certain 10 kVA 60 cycle transformer with primary voltage rating 2400 volts,
secondary 240 volts, has a core area of 12.25 sq. in. The primary is wound with
1100 turns and the secondary with 110 turns. Calculate the flux density in Tesla.
A. 6.686x1 O'4 C. 1.036
B. 6.686x1 O'3 D. 8.19x10"3
4. The primary with 200'turn on the H winding is to be wound to step down from 240
volt to 120 volts. Find the number of turns on the X winding.
A. 100 turns C. 400 turns
B. 200 turns D. 50 turns
6. A transformer supplies: a load with 30 amp at 240 volts. If the primary voltage is
2400 volts, find the primary current and volt-amp.?
A< 3A & 7,200 volt-amp C. 300A & 7,200 volt-amp
B. 0.3A & 7,200 volt-amp D. 30A & 7,200 volt-amp
10. A 2300/230 volt, 20 kVA transformer has the following short circuit test data:
Psc=250 watts; Vsc=50 volts and lsc= 8.7 amp. Calculate the percent regulation
at full load 0.7 power factor lagging.
A/2.15% C. 3.9%
B. 4.18% D. 5.7%
11. A 5 kVA transformer has the nominal voltage rating of 1100/110 volts. With the
low voltage winding short circuited, it is found by experiment that 33 volts is
required to circulate rated full load current and the corresponding power input is
85 watts. Find the percent regulation when the load takes rated current at a power
factor of 80% lagging.
A. 2.85% C. 3.9%
B. 2.18% D. 2.7%
12. A 2300/230 volt, 10 kVA transformer has the following constants: 1 percent
resistance & 10 percent reactance. Determine the voltage regulation of the
transformer at full load 0.8 power factor leading.
A. -4.8% C. -6.9%
B. - 3.8% D. -5.9%
13. A small single phase transformer has 10.2 watts no-load loss. The core has a
volume of 750 cu cm. The maximum flux density is 10,000 gauss and the
hysteresis constant of the core is 5 x 10'4. Using the Steinmetz law, determine the
eddy current loss.
A. 4.55 Watts C. 5.55 Watts "
,B. 3.55 Watts D. 2.55 Watts
14. A certain transformer has a core loss of 100 watts at 30 Hz and core loss of 300
watts at 60 Hz. What is the hysteresis and eddy current loss at 50 Hz?
A. 83.5W& 138.9W C. 100W&200W
B. 83.5W & 222.4W D. 75W&175W
15.The eddy current loss in a 2300 volts 60Hz transformer is 280 watts. What is the
eddy current loss at 2400 volts 50 Hz source?
A. 280 Watts C. 305 Watts
B. 300 Vyatts D. 257 Watts
16. The hysteresis loss in a 6,600 volts, 50 Hz transformer is 480 Watts. What will be
the hysteresis loss when the transformer is connected to a 6,900 Volts, 60 Hz
source ?
A. 382 Watts C. 602 Watts
B. 462 Watts D. 418 Watts
17. A 4400 volts 60 Hz transformer has a core loss of 840 watts, of which one third of
which is eddy current loss. Determine the core loss when the transformer is
connected to 4600 volt 50 Hz supply
A. 977 W C. 1066 W
B. 907 W D. 904 W
18. A 50 kVA 2200/220 volt 60 Hz transformer has a core loss determine by the open
circuit test, of 350 watts and the copper loss, at rated current of 630 watts,
determined by short circuit test. Find the efficiency at three fourths of rated load
80% power factor.
A. 97.7% C. 98.2%
B. 97.6% D. 98.8%
19. A 10 kVA distribution transformer has 240 volts secondary winding. The
equivalent internal resistance of this transformer, referred to that winding is 0.048
ohm. The core loss of this transformer is 75 watts. At what kVA load will this
transformer operate at maximum efficiency?
A, 9.48 C. 8.44
B. 12.6 D. 16.86
20. The resistance of a 500 kVA, 11000/2300 volts 60 Hz transformer are respectively
0.8 and 0.04 ohm for high and low voltage sides. The iron loss is 3,000 watts.
This transformer is loaded daily as follows: 2 hrs at full load, 3 hrs at three quarter
load, and 6 hrs at one-quarter full load. Calculate the all day efficiency.
A. 94.7 C. 97.1
B. 95.7 D. 98.7
22. A 10 kVA, 440/110 volts 60 Hz, single phase transformer has full load copper loss
is 150 watts and the core loss is 100 watts. What is the kva rating if it is used as
550/440 volts autotransformer?
A. 50 C. 12.5
B .25 D. 20
23. A 60 Hz two winding transformer is rated 3 kVA, 220/110 volts. This transformer is
reconnected as a step up auto transformer to deliver 330 volts to a resistive load
when the input is from 220 volt source. Find the value of resistance for which
rated current will flow in each winding.
A. 27.3 ohms C. 82.8 ohms
B. 40.9 ohms D. 12.1 ohms
24. A transformer when it is operated as a conventional two winding transformer is
rated 10 MVA, 12/1.2 kV, 60 Hz. Under these conditions, its series resistance and
reactance are given as 2% and 7% pu respectively. This transformer is to be used
as 13.2/12 kV step-down autotransformer in a power distribution system. What is
the transformer’s series impedance in pu in the autotransformer connection?
A. 0.0017 +j0.0058 C. 0.0020 +j0.0070
B. 0.0022 +j0.0078 D. 0.0018 +j0.0064
26. Two (2)-75 kVA,1<|) transformers are connected open-delta, calculate the
maximum kVA of a 3-phase balanced load without overloading any of the
transformers.
A .225 C . 100
B. 150 D. 130
27. Three single phase, 10 kVA transformer connected delta-delta supply a balanced
3-phase wye-connected load of 30 kVA. One transformer is removed for repair.
Find the kVA overload of each remaining transformers.
A. 5 C. 7.32
B. 12.68 D. 17.32
28. A 2000 kW, 2400 volt, 75 percent power factor load is to be supplied from a
34500 V, 3 phase line through a single bank of transformers. Give the primary
and secondary voltages in volts of the transformer for wye-delta connection.
A. 20000/1380 C 34500/1380
B.34500/2400 , D. 20000/2400
29. A 500 hp, 2400 V, 3-phase motor of 90 percent power factor and 95 percent
efficiency is to be operated from a 13.2 kV utility service through a wye-delta
connected transformer. What is the minimum KVA rating of each transformers?
A. 125 C.500.
B. 250 D .167
30. In a Scott-connection, calculate the line current in Amperes on the 36 side if the
load on th e ^ side both draws 5000 A at 100 Volt and the 3<t> line voltage is
3,300 Volt, Neglect transformer loss.
A . 195 A C . 152 A
B . 175 A D . 140 A
11. A transformer rated 2000 kVA, 20,000/240 volts has 5.75% impedance. What is the
impedance referred to primary.
A. 0.0635 C. 0.0656 —X L
B. 11.5 • D. 34.2 '• '
t >
12. A 125 kVA distribution transformer with 4% impendence is connected in parallel with another
transformer rated 75 kVA and with 3% impedance: Both have same voltage ratio. (Neglect
resistance of each transformer) The total load is 140 kVA at 85% power factor. How much
load does each carry?
A. 80.5 kVA/59.5 kVA C. 80kV A /6 0 kV A
77.78 kV A /62.22 kVA D. 87.50 kVA/52.5 kVA
13. A 13,800/480 Volts, 10MVA three phase transformer has 5% impedance. What is the
impedance in ohm referred to the primary?
A. 0.952 ohms C. 5.125 ohms
B. 0.03 ohms D. 9.01 ohms
14. A 3(|> transformer is rated 30 MVA, 115A/13.8Y kV, and 2 % impedance, the resistance is
negligible compared with the reactance. Determine the percent (%) voltage drop at the
secondary at 80 % load and at 75 % power factor.
A. 4.1 % • C. 2.26%
B. 1.05% D. 3.15%
15. A power transformer rated 50,000 kVA, 34.5 kV/13.8 kV is connected wye-grounded at the
primary and delta on the secondary. Determine the full load phase currents on the secondary
side.
A 2092 amperes C, 1449 amperes
B. 1725 amperes (D?) 1208 amperes
16. A 1<j>transformer is rated 4,160 Volts primary and 250 Volts secondary. It has 1,500 turns in
the primary and a voltage regulation of 8%. What should be the number of turns in the
secondary windings ?
A. 88 turns !’v - ™ - o j QC) 97 turns
B. 90 turns ‘ ■ 4 D. 86 turns
17. A 3-phase transformer has a primary voltage rating of 34.5 kV, wye-connectedwith two-2.5 %
taps above and two-2.5 % taps below the rated voltage. The secondary winding is rated 460
Volts and is delta-connected. If it has 100 turns, what will be the effective number of turns in
the primary winding if the voltage tap is set at minus 2.5% ?
A. 7,133 turns T t „ a ; . f v C 7,312 turns
B. 4,222 turns D. 4,333 turns
E a
18. A 1$ 440/110 Volt transformer taKes a no-load current of 5 Amp at 0.25 p.f. lagging. If the
secondary supplies a current of 100 Amp at 0.8 p.f, lagging . Estimate the primary current.
A. 32 Amp C. 25 Amp
B. 22 Amp D. 29 Amp
19. A transformer has primary and secondary turns of 60 and 240 respectively.If the 60 turn
winding has a 5 % tap, calculate the primary voltage applied to 105 percentof thewinding
that will permit the rated output voltage of 480 Volts ?
A 504Volts» C. 456 Volts
B. 126 Volts D. 114 Volts
20. A 14), 100 kVA, 2400/240 Volt, 60 Hz transformer has a primary resistance and s e ^
winding resistance of 0.828 ohms and 0.009 ohm respectively. Calculate
resistance referred to primary. - binding
A. 1.6 ohms C. 1.728 ohms
B. 0.837 ohms D. 1.46 ohms
21. A 230/460 V transformer has a primary resistance of 0.2 ohm and reactance of 0-5 ohm and
the corresponding values for the secondary are 0.75 ohm and 1.8 ohm respectively. What is
the secondary terminal voltage when supplying 10 A at 460V, 0.80 p.f. lagging ?
A. 455.2 V C. 450.6 V
t£> 425.3 V E , , V , / , ..
22. A 3,300/230 V, 50 kVA, single phase transformer is found to have impedance of 4% and a
copper loss of 1.8% at full load. What is the percent reactance?
A. 3.74% / -— " "" C. 3.83%
B. 3 57% Zt ^ D. 3.79%
23. A single phase 60 Hz transformer has its core volume of 1.5x1 O’3 cu m. The maximum flux
density is 1.0 tesla and the hysteresis constant of the core is 750C^r find the hysteresis loss.
£ 755 Watts p C. 355 Watts
675 Watts ^ D. 255 Watts
25. A 4,400 Volt, 60 Hz transformer has a core loss of 840 Watts, of which one-third is eddy-
current loss. Determine the core loss of this transformer when it is connected to a 4,600 Volts,
50 Hz.
A. 779 Watts C. 879 Watts
B. 679 Watts Q D ) 977 Watts
26. A 25 kVA, single phase transformer the core loss and full load copper loss are 320 and 380
watts respectively What is the efficiency at half load and 0.866 power factor?
A. 97.8% C 94.7% « , u . h
B. 95.3% (D ) 96.3% •* ‘ ^ * ^6
fV ^
27. What is the ratio of capacity of open delta bank to the capacity of close delta bank ?
A. 72% ( C)57.7%
B; 63.2% S i 66.7%
28. In a Scott-connection, calculate the values of the line currents in Amperes on the 3300 volts
3<j> side if the load on the 2<j>side are both 300 kW at 100 Volt and 70.7% lagging p.f.
A. 157.2 C. 145.2
B 148.5 D. 85.7
29 A 1<j>, 5 kVA transformer has 35 Watts, iron loss and 40 Watts copper loss at full-load. It
operates at full-load, 0.80 p.f. iagging for 6 hours, half-load ,0.75 p.f. lagging for 12 hours and
quarter-load at unity pf for 6 hours, its all-day efficiency in percent is nearest t o ......
A. 98.9% C ) 97.8%
B. 95.2% IT 96.5%
30 A 120/180 Volt auto-transformer draws power at 120 Volt and supplies power to a 2 kW load
at 180 Volts with a p.f. of 0.80 lagging. An additional load of 1 kW is supplied at unity p.f. from
the 60 Voit Winding. What is the current drawn from the 120 Volt supply line ?
A 26 C. 28
B 30 D. 32
31. Three—1<)> transformers, rated at 50 kVA, 2,400/2,400 Volts (1:1ratio) each, are to be
connected as autotransformer to deliver 4800 V from a 2400 V line. What is the maximum kVA
that can be delivered by these auto-transformers if they are connected in A ?
A >00kV A C. 275 kVA
B. 250 kVA D. 150 kVA
32. Three (3)-1<j), 75 kVA transformers in delta-delta bank supplying a balanced load 160 kVA
(3<(>) at 0.80 p.f. lagging. If one (1) transformer is removed for repair. The V-V bank was
overloaded, then to prevent overloading of the remaining units, capacitor bank is connected
across the 3s|> load. What is the minimum capacitive kVAR required ?
A. 118.14 C. 73.86
B. 86.73 D. 114.18
33. A 500 kvA, 13200/2400 volts 60 Hz single phase transformer has a 4% reactance and 1%
resistance. The core loss under rated condition is 1800 watts. Calculate the percent
efficiency of this transformer at full load and 85% power factor. 2 , « ^ . , ■„/
A .98.4 % I t - H. C. 96.8 ^ ^
B. 96.2 /d D. 97.6 ’
IH'»V
34. A power transformer rated 50,000 kVA, 34.5/13.8 kV is connected wye-wye, "What are the line
currents in Amp at full-load ?
A. 525.2 & 1725 CJ836.7 & 2092 .
B. 483.1 & 1207.7 '"TT 1449.3 & 3623.2
35. A 750 Hp, 2400 volts, 3-phase motor 90% power factor and 95% efficiency is to be operated
from 13.2 kV utility service through a wye-delta connected transformer bank. What is the total
the kVA bank rating of the transformer?
2 )7 5 0 C. 595
B. 575 D .615
36. A 750 Hp, 2400V, 3-phase motor of 90 percent factor and 95 percent efficiency is to be
operated from a 13.2 kV utility service through a wye-delta connected transformers. Compute
the secondary or load current in ampere of the transformer.
A. 180.6 C ll5 7 .3
B. 125.6 0 . 175.4
37. The current at the common winding of a 20kV/7.97kV auto-transformer is 200A. What is the
current at the secondary?
200A C. 142.22A
J/332.45AL D. 132.45A
38. Name the transformer that provides an almost continuously variable stepless output from zero
rated line voltage.
A. Booster \C )Variac
B. AVR D. UPS
39. A 1<j> -250 kVA, 7967/240 Volt, 60 Hz transformer has 1.5% resistance. What is the full-load
copper loss? .
A. 626.25 watts ic ? 3750 watts
B. 1252.5 watts D. 2505 watts
43. The following are protection device built-in for safe operation of a power transformer,
EXCEPT:
A. breather C. conservator
B. bushing insulator D. pothead
46. Calculate the percent voltage regulation for a transformer with apercent resistance of 2 % and
a reactance of 4 % of rating 550 kVA. when delivering 450 kVA at 0.6p.f. lagging.
A. 5.5% C. 4.4%
B. 4.2% ( IT ) 3.6%
47. A quantity is expressed in per unit if it is divided by a chosen base quantity (having the same
physical dimension). Suppose that for a 10-kVA, 2400-V/240-V transformer we choose
P hase “ 10 kW Vj = 2400 V Va>tor = 2 4 0 V
This transformer has the following test data:
Open-circuit test (low-voltage side): 240 V, 0.8 A, 80 W
Short-circuit test (high-voltage side): 80 V, 5.1 A, 220 W
What is the series resistance in per unit?
A. 0.0148 pu C. 0.0184 pu
B. 0.0114 pu D. 0.0168 pu
48. A 5 kVA 60 Hz single phase transformer has a full load efficiency of 96% and an iron loss of
40 watts under rated condition. If the transformer is connected as an autotransformer
operating from a 240 volts mains and delivering 5 kW at unity power factor to a 120 volts
circuit, calculate the percent efficiency.
A 95.6 C. 98.7
B. 95.8 D. 98.4
49. Three single phase 37.5 kVA transformers are connected in delta. Load is 85 kVA at 85%
Jagging power factor. What is the overload kVA of each unit if one unit is brought for repair?
& ^ ... ^ ^ ^ C. 11.6
B. 27.5 D. 10
50. Three transformers are delta connected, one connection has been cut, what is the percent
reduced?
A. 33% C. 67%
51. The potential transformer of a line have a ratio of 132,000/66. These are connected wye-delta.
The voltmeter connected at the secondary reads 64 Volts. What is the voltage of the line ?
A. 221.7 kV C. 135.2 kV
B. 112.5 kV D. 132 kV
52. A 2200/220 volts transformer has two 110-volt coils connected in series Across the first of
these two coils is connected a resistive load drawing 15 A. Across the second coil is
connected a pure capacitor drawing 10 amperes. Across the two 110 volt coil in series is an
80% lagging power factor circuit drawing 20 A. Calculate the current to the 2200 volts coil.
A. 4 50 C. 8.45
B. 3.45 D. 2.45
53. A 500 kVA, 13200/2400 volts 60 Hz single phase transformer has a 4% reactance and 1%
resistance. The leakage reactance and resistance of the low voltage winding are 0.25 and
0.055 ohm, resp. Calculate the leakage reactance and resistance in ohms of the HV winding.
A. 6.38 & 1.82 D fa , n . ■ , J. C. 6.53 & 1.87 u . i
B. 4.86 & 1.56 ' f ' D. 6.23 & 1.85
54. Two (2) 1<|> transformers having equal turns, ratio and ratings are operated in parallel to
supply a load of 280 kW at 80 % p.f. lagging- Transformer A has 2 % resistance and 8 %
reactance, while transformer B has 1% resistance and 6 % reactance. What is the power
delivered by each of the transformers to the load ?
A. 123 and 157 kW C. 130 and 150 kW
B. 142 and 138 kW D. 127 and 153 kW
55. What is the maximum flux in Weber for a transformer with 200 turns at the primary when
supplied by 60 hertz, 200 volts source?
A. 0.0037 C. 0.375
B. 0 0375 D. 3.75
56. A transformer rated 1-kVA, 240/120, 60 Hz. Because of an emergency, the transformer has to
be used on a 50 Hz system If the flux density in the transformer core is to be kept the same
at 60 Hz and 240 volts, what is the volt- ampere rating at 50 Hz?
A. 0.833 kva C. 0.766 kva
B. 1.211 kva D. 0.899 kva
57. A transformer has a turn ratio of 5. If a 150 ohms resistor is connected across the primary,
what is the resistance referred to secondary?
A 2 ohms C. 6 ohms
B. 4 ohms D. 5 ohms
58. An ideal transformer has a voltage rating of 2400/240 volts, a motor is connected to the
secondary draws 50 A at 200 volts, what resistance in ohms must be connected to secondary
to maintain this voltage at secondary?
A. 6 C. 5
B. 80 D. 0.8
59. A 100 kVA two winding transformer, 2400:240 volts 3% impedance is converted as auto
transformer 2040:2400 volts. What is the new percent impedance?
A. 0.27% C. 3%.
B. 2.7% D. 0.3%
60. What is the normal secondary current rating of current transformer in amperes?
A. 20 C. 5
B. 10 D.15
PRACTICE Makes Perfect!!!
AC MOTORS
This Free Quality Manual is
Found only at POWERLINE
TEL. N O S . ( 0 3 ) 2 6 1 - 2 2 4 4 & ( 0 3 2 ) 2 6 1 - 8 4 5 2
POWERLINE REVIEW CENTER, INC.
AC MOTOR REVIEW LECTURE
1. IN D U C T IO N M O T O R S
An induction motor is one in which the magnetic field in the rotor is induced b;
currents flowing in the stator winding. The rotor has no connection whatsoever to the line. 1
differs from the synchronous motor, the rotor o f the induction motor does not rotate as fast a
the rotating field in the annature. The armature difference in speed is called the slip. The sir
is usually expressed as a percentage o f synchronous speed.
Slip is also connected with rotor efficiency, the higher the slip* the lower the clhciency, i,e.
% ?/= — *100%
T Y P E S 01 1 H I U 1 -l‘ll 1M ) L ( 1 IO N .M O T O R S :
1. S q u irre l -cage tvpe - the rotor winding is practically self-contained and its not connect!
either mechanically o f electrically with the outside power supply or control circuit,
consists o f number, o f straight bar uniformly distributed around the periphery ot the rot
and skewed and short circuited, at the both ends by end ring to which'they are integral
joined
2- W o un d -rotor tvpe - This is a three-phase motor that has another three-phase winding
instead o f a squirrel -cage rotor, the terminals o f which are connected to three slip-rings.
Brushers rides these slip rings and deliver the current-to an external three-phase rheostat
variable resistor to vary the characteristics of the motor. At start, all the resistances are in
the circuit, as the motor picks-tip speed. The resistance are gradually decrease until fim i
slip rings are short circuited
IN D U C T IO N M O T O R E Q U I Y A I F N T C I R C U I T D IA G R A M
’Where
Vo = Applied voltage per phase 12 Rotor current per phase
Ek = Rotor induced cm f per phase 1[ Stator current per phase
E 2 = Stand still rotor induced em f per phase lo = no load current per phase
R = Rotor reactance per phase S = Shp
X : = standstill reactance per phase f - supply or stator frequency
X ; = stator reactance per phase fi( “ rotor frequency
R ; = rotor resistance per phase Go no load conductance per phase
R. = stator resistance per phase f>s, no load susccptance per phase
1. Synchronous Speed, Ns
120/
2. Slip Speed n s - n r
5. Rotor Reactance X R = S ( X 2)
E, = if a ) 1.0
a
■S
8. Rotor Load Resistance per Phase R LOad ~ R-
S
POWER FORMULAS
-U V \e&
A M
1C. ®PL \
P O W E R S T A G E S IN A N IN D U C T IO N M O T O R :
v
^ ll V
SSL
S C L+S 1L (M och'l, Loss)
( S tatorC u a Iron J g f"’ Cu iOSS>
A D V A N T A G E S O F S Y N C H R O N O U S M O T O R O V E R 1\ 1)1 ( H O N M O T O R :
They can be made to operate at leading power factor and they improve the power factor of
an industrial plant from one that is normally lagging to that is close unity.
They are less costly in certain horsepower and speed range.
They can be constructed with wider air-gap induction motor, which makes them better
mechanically.
They usually operate at higher efficiency, especially at low i,peed unity power factor range.
A D V A N T A G E S O F IN D U C T IO N M O T O R O V E R S Y N C H R O N O U S iM O T O R :
. Across the line starting - this customarily used when the motor must operate at a high
■tailing torque. It is to be used in connection with a time delay over-current relay which w ill
>ecoma operative before the winding can be damage by the surge current.
I. Reduced voltage starting - this is used in order to .-educed the staring in rush current which
nay have detrimental effects on the line voltage and may disturb other apparatus.
A. Line resistance starting - it uses suitable high current, low ohmic - value resistance
is Removed in steps or all at once.
D. Wye-deltu start inn - it used when the motor is designed for delta operation at its
rated voltage. The motor phase winding are connected by contractor for a wye
circuit starting. As a result, each phase w ill take the normal line current
divided by 3.
3. P art winding method - This method is particularly adapted to Dual-Voltage motors (those
designed to operate at two Voltages). The motor winding is divided into two identical wye-
cdnnected sections. One o f which is used when is used when the moior is started and after its
accel crates to about rated speed, the two section are joined in parallel for normal operation.
L A B O R A T O R Y T E S T F O R IN D U C T IO N M O T O R :
A. No -load Test:
W hen supplied with rated voltage and frequency, voltage, current and power input
arc measured. The no-load power input represent core loss, friction & windage , small
stator copper loss and rotor copper loss (which is almost negligible).
Pin = P0R = Stator Copper Loss + Rotor Copper Loss + Small CoreLoss
DOUBLE SQ U IRREL CAGE INDUCTION M OTOR:
The main disadvantages o f squirrel-cage IM is its poor because o f low rotor resistance
The starting torque could be increased by having cage o f high resistance, but the motor \vm
have poor efficiency under running conditions! because there w ill be more copper losses;
This can be accomplished by introducing two rotor cages. The outer cage has a high-
resistance har low inductance and being close to the rotor, while surface, while the inner-
cage is low-resistance bars and has high inductance and being nearly surrounded by ion.
C A S C A D E D / C O N C A T E N A T E D 'O R IA N D E M O P E R A T IO N :
in this method, two induction motors arc used and are ordinarily mounted on the same
haft so that both run the same speed (or else they may be geared together). The stator winding
of motor A ( a wound rotor IM) is connected to the main source, and its rotor winding is the
joined to the stator winding of motor B ( a squirrel IM or wound rotor IM)
II - SY N C H R O N O U S M O T O R S
An ac motor that can run only at definite constant speed called " synchronous speed
regardless o f the load applied to it.
1. It runs either at synchronous speed or not ail, i, e. while running it maintains a constant
speed. The only w ay to change is speed is to vary the supply frequency
3. It is also capable o f being operated over a wide range o f power factor, lagging or
leading. Hence, it can be used for power factor correction purposes , in addition to
supply torque to drive mechanical loads.
TWO BASK PAR I S OESYN CH RO N O U S MOTORS:
B. A rm atu re (stator) structure often has 3- phase winding which is connected to an A C source
T O R Q U E A S S O C IA T E D W I T H S Y N C H R O N O U S M O T O R :
2. Pu ll - in torque - amount of torque or load at which the motor w ill pull into step, when it
is started as an induction motor ( 2 to 5 % ) below synchronous speed until it is synchronous
to the system.
4. Pull-out Torque - maximum torque at which the motor w ill develop nulling out-of- step
or out o f synchronism, with an increase in torque produces backward shift “ a ” , too much
shift o f torque angle o f the rotor ( at about Zz distance between adjacent pole) w ill cause
motor to stop.
A P P L I C A T IO N O F S Y N C H R O N O U S M O T O R S :
C ) Voltage Regulators:
At the end o f a transmission line, the voltage is controlled.
M E T H O D S / P R O C E D U R E S F O R S T A R T IN G S Y N C H R O N O U S M O T O R :
1. First, main field winding is short-circuited.
2. ’Reduced voltages, with the help o f auto-transformers, were applied across stator terminals,
the motor starts up,
3. When it reaches a steady (as judged by its sound), a weak excitation is applied by removing
the short-circuij on the main field winding. I f excitation is sufficient, then the machine will
be pulled into synchronism.
4 Full supply voltage is applied across the armature (stator) terminals by cutting out the auto
transformers.
r The motor may be operated at any desired power factor by changing the dc excitation.
SINGLE-PHASE AC M O T O R :
(1) Split-phase motor it has stator windings, which is the main and
- auxiliary windings.
a. Standard split-nlnisc motor in series with a the auxiliary
winding is a centrifugal switch that w ill disconnect this wmdinjB
'from the source once the motor has reached -75% to 80% o f u |
synchronous speed.
c. C apacitor start and run motor it has two capacitors, one for
starting another for running.
U S E S : same as capacitor start motor
1. U niversal M o tor - it is small series wound motor which can be operated using
ac or dc source at approximately same output power.
U S E S ; sewing-machine, portable tools, etc.
2. Repulsion its brushes are short circuited making the armature as a large
magnet.
U S E S : vacuum cleaner, floor polisher, etc.
4. Repulsion induction motor - similar to the repulsion motor only it has squirrel
cage winding placed on the rotor. This-motor start as induction motor and
repulsion motor at the same time.
U S E S : refrigerator, compressor, gasoline pump, etc.
OC
2. Hysteresis motor - it operates on the presence o f a continuously- revolvin
magnetic flux, usually shaded-pole principle is employed, the only difference it
has smooth chrome-steel cylindrical rotor having high retentivity so that
hysteresis loss is high.
U S E S : driving-tape deck, turn-tables, clocks, etc.
M E T H O D S E M P L O Y E D T O S T A R T S IN <. I I PH A S K M O T O R S :
Repulsion induction M otor you move I he brushes m the rotation ol the original rotation:
until the direction o f rotation is reversed.
1. A 3-phase, 60-Hz induction motor has 8 poles and operates with a slip of 0.05
for a certain load. Compute the speed of the rotor field with respect to the
stator field.
A. 900 rpm 855 rpm
B. 45 rpm D' 0 rpm
2. A 3-phase, 6-pole induction motor runs on no-load at 1160 rpm. Determine the
slip and frequency of rotor currents on no-load.
A. 0.034 & 2Hz C. 0.09 & 5.4Hz
B. 0.04 & 2.5Hz D. 0.05 & 6Hz
6. An 3-phase induction motor has rotor resistance and standstill reactance of 0.1
ohm and 3.5 ohm per phase respectively. The rotor emf at standstill is 60 volts
per phase , for a slip of 5 %, what is the rotor power input?
A^1328W C. 1156W
B. 1262W D. 1068W
7. Induction motor has resistance per phase of 0.1 ohm, phase current of 10A
and running with 5% slip. Find the power developed per phase.
A. 200 W C . 240 W
J 190 W D. 150 W
10. A 15 Hp, 4 pole 60 Hz, wye connected, 208 volts induction motor draw 12 kW
from the line have losses as follows: Stator copper loss 900 W, Rotor copper
loss 300W, Iron loss 800W and Friction & Windage Loss 100W. Determine the
speed of the motor in rpm.
A. 1710 C.1700
B . 1720 D . 1747
11. A 3-phase, 6-pole induction motor is rated 400 Hz, 150 V, 10 hp, 3% slip at
rated power output. The windage and friction loss is 200 W at rated speed.
With the motor operating at rated voltage, frequency slip, and power output,
determine the output torque.
A. 9.2 N-m C. 8.2 N-m
B. 10.4 N-m D. 7,2 N-m
12. The rotor of a 3-phase, 60-Hz, 4-pole induction motor takes 120 kW at 3 Hz.
The motor has stator copper loss of 3 kW, a mechanical loss of 2 kW and a
stator core loss of 1.7 kW. Determine the motor efficiency.
A. 89.7% C. 90.2 %
B. 89.5% D. 85.7 %
13. A 20 hp, 3-phase, 400-V, 60-Hz, 4-pole induction motor delivers full-load at 5%
slip. The mechanical rotational losses are 400 W. Calculate the
electromagnetic torque.
A. 83.3 N-m C.- 85.5 N-m
B. 84.6 N-m D. 87.6 N-m
14. A 50 hp, 3-phase, 4-pole, 60hz, 230 volts induction motor is operating at full
load slip of 3%, what is the full load torque in Ib-ft?
A. 125 C. 170
B . 150 D. 195
15. A 4 pole, 60 Hz., 200 volts single phase induction motor having a full load
current of 350 amperes. The torque developed is 700 N-m. What is the
approximate speed of motor?
A.)955 rpm C. 1196 rpm
B.' 1704 rpm D. 1800 rpm
10. A 15 Hp, 4 pole 60 Hz, wye connected, 208 volts induction motor draw 12 kW
from the line have losses as follows: Stator copper loss 900 W, Rotor copper
loss 300W, Iron loss 800W and Friction & Windage Loss 100W. Determine the
speed of the motor in rpm.
A. 1710 C.1700
B . 1720 D . 1747
11. A 3-phase, 6-pole induction motor is rated 400 Hz, 150 V, 10 hp, 3% slip at
rated power output. The windage and friction loss is 200 W at rated speed.
With the motor operating at rated voltage, frequency slip, and power output,
determine the output torque.
A. 9.2 N-m C. 8.2 N-m
B. 10.4 N-m D. 7,2 N-m
12. The rotor of a 3-phase, 60-Hz, 4-pole induction motor takes 120 kW at 3 Hz.
The motor has stator copper loss of 3 kW, a mechanical loss of 2 kW and a
stator core loss of 1.7 kW. Determine the motor efficiency.
A. 89.7% C. 90.2%
B. 89.5% D. 85.7 %
13. A 20 hp, 3-phase, 400-V, 60-Hz, 4-pole induction motor delivers full-load at 5%
slip. The mechanical rotational losses are 400 W. Calculate the
electromagnetic torque.
A. 83.3 N-m C; 85.5 N-m
B. 84.6 N-m D. 87.6 N-m
14. A 50 hp, 3-phase, 4-pole, 60hz, 230 volts induction motor is operating at full
load slip of 3%, what is the full load torque in Ib-ft?
A, 125 C. 170
B.150 D. 195
15. A 4 pole, 60 Hz., 200 volts single phase induction motor having a full load
current of 350 amperes. The torque developed is 700 N-m. What is the
approximate speed of motor?
A. 955 rpm C. 1196 rpm
B. 1704 rpm D. 1800 rpm
18.An induction motor has starting torque of 100 N-m at full-voltage starting. If
the starting voltage is reduced to 80% of rated voltage, what is the starting
torque?
A. 150 N-m / C. $ 4 N-m
B. 50 N-m 80 N-m /
19. For a-given voltage supplied to the primary of a wye-delta started and the
secondary changed from wye to delta. Find the ratio of startingphasecurrents
(/,. / / A ).
20.A delta connected 6-leads 20 hp, 3-phase 60 Hz, 230 volts 1750 rpm, 54
amperes squirrel cage induction motor at standstill draws 5 times full load
current with normal applied voltage and develops 1:5 times full load torque.
What is the starting current in each phase when wye connected?
A. 160 Amp x - G .-270-Amp
B. 110 A m p * D> 90 Amp
21.A 15 hp, 230 Volt, 3-phase, 42 Amp, 1750 rpm squirrel cage induction has
starting torque of 2.5 times that of full-load and starting current of 6 times the
full-load current when started at full voltage. The motor is equipped with an
autotransformer or starting compensator. If the auto-transformer is set at 65 %
tap, What is the starting current?
A. 252 Amp (L)106.5Am p v'
B. 126 Amp Vs D. 163 Amp
22. A 20 HP, 230 volts, 1750 rpm, 3-phase, 60 Hz induction motor draws 5.5 times
the full load current and develops 1.6 times the full load torque when starting
under the rated voltage. What is the starting voltage to produce a rated
torque? ,
A. 144Volts r. C . 1 8 2 Volts *•
B. 230 Volts f . Vj v.c V D. 165 volts
23. A 50 HP, 440 volts, 3-phase induction motor delivers during the starting period
of 150% of the normal torque and draws 550% of rated current with the rated
voltage. The full load pf and full efficiency are 80% and 90% respectively. If the
starting torque of the load is only 50% of the rated torque of the motor and an
auto transformer is used as starting unit, what should be the starting current at
this voltage?
A ^1 2 5 amp. C. 374 amp.
B. 130 amp. £ D. 254 amp. *
24. An induction motor is to be started at a reduced voltage such that the starting
current will not exceed four times the full-load current, while developing the
starting torque of 25% of the full-load torque. The full-load slip is 3%.
Determine the factor by which the motor terminal voltage must be reduced at
starting.
A) 0.722 C. 0.655
B. 0.825 D. 0.688
25. The synchronous speedof an induction motor is 900 rpm. Under abiocked-
rotor condition, the input power to themotor is 45 kW at 193.6 A. The stator
resistance per phase is 0.2 Q and the transformation ratio is a = 2. Calculate
the ohmic value of the rotor resistance per phase.
A. 0.04 ohm C. 0.02 ohm
B. 0.01 ohm D. 0.05 ohm
V J " '■
26. A 6 pole, 60 Hz, three-phase induction motor operates with slip 2 % to requires
11 Amp and 3500 Watts when driving its rated load. At no-load this requires
4.3 Amp and 290 Watts, when the rotor is blocked 440 Watts and 52 Volts are
required to circulate a current of 14 Amp. Calculate the rated efficiency?
A. 83.15% C. 85.13% •
B. 81.53% D. 88.53 %
27. A 6 pole synchronous motor has a speed of 1145 rpm at certain instant, what is
the supply frequency?
A.'57.25 Hz C. 59.45 Hz
B. 58.25 Hz D. ' 60 Hz
28. A 380 V, 3-phase star connected synchronous motor has an effective armature
resistance of 0.25 ohm and synchronous reactance of 4 ohms per phase. At
certain load, with over excited field it draws 20 ampere current at 90% power
factor. What is the excitation emf?
A. 592 V ( c . 451 V '
B .477 V D. 350V
29. A 2300 volts, three phase, wound rotor synchronous motor has Xs= 2 ohms
per phase and Ra= 0 1 per phase. The motor operates at 0.866 leading power
factor lagging while taking a line current of 350 amperes. Find the power
angle?
A. -20.7° > C. -22.9° *
B. 22.1° D. 19.5°
30. A 100 hp 600 volts, 1200 rpm, 92% rated load efficiency, 3-phase wye
connected synchronous motor has an armature resistance of 0.052 ohm per
phase and a leakage reactance of 0.42 ohm per phase. At rated load and 0.8
p.f. leading, determine the mechanical power developed within the armature .
JU79.6 kW C. 86.8 kW
B. 108.6 kW v D. 69.8 kW
AC Motors Supplementary Problems
1. A 3-phase 6-pole induction motor has a nameplate speed of 1160 rpm, What is its full load
slip?
A. 2.58% - C. 3.3% '
B. 3.59% "0 :1 .4 %
2. A 3-phase induction motor is wound for 4 poles and is supplied from a 50 Hz system . What is
the rotor frequency when rotor runs at 1410 rpm?
A. 3 Hz C. 2.5 Hz
B 2.9 Hz D. 3.5 Hz
3. A 3-phase induction motor is rated 50 Hp, 220 volts and 1745 rpm and 78% power factor. What
is the percent slip?
A. 2.5% C,'3.1%
B. 3.5% D. 4%
4 A 3-phase 440 volts, 50 Hz induction motor has 4% slip. What is the frequency of the rotor
induced emf?
A. 20 Hz C. 50 Hz
B 2 Hz D. 0.2 Hz
5. What is the speed of an induction motor of 6 poles if the percent slip is 2.5% ?
A. 1462 rpm C. 1170 rpm
B. 877 rpm 1755 rpm
6. The nameplate speed of a 60 Hz induction motor is 1164 rpm. If the speed at no load is 1188
rpm , what is the percent speed regulation?
A. 2.06 C. 2.86
B. 2.77 D. 4.24
7. A 4 pole, 60 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has a full load speed of 1750 rpm. What is the speed
at half load in rpm?
A. 1770 ; 0^3500
B. 1775 W875
8. A 20 HP, 3 phase 400 Volt, 60 H? , 4 pole induction motor delivers full -load at 5% slip. The
mechanical rotational losses are 400 Watts. Calculate the electromagnetic torque.
A. 58.5 N-m C. 53.3 N-m
B. 85 5 N-m D. 95.5 N-m
9. A 3-phase 150 hp, 60 Hz, 460 volts, 6 pole induction motor has a full load torque of 679 Ib-ft.
What is the full load slip?
A. 1.5% . . Kr T c -3%
B. 2.8% „• i-i 1 D' 4o/o
10. A 4-pole, 60 Hz , 3- phase induction motor has a blocked rotor reactance of 0.4 ohm per
phase and the rotor resistance is 0.1 ohm per phase. At what speed will the motor develop
maximum torque?
A 1200 rpm 1350 rpm
B. 1500 rpm D. 1620 rpm
11 If the maximum torque of an induction motor is 200 kg-m at slip of 12% and the torque at 6%
slip would be____ kg-m
A. )00 C . 150
BT 160 D. 140
12. A squirrel cage motor is started at 50% its rated voltage. What is the starting torque relative to
its rated voltage starting torque.
A. 50% C. 25%
B. 100% "T). 75%
13. A three phase 230 volts, 77% power factor, 75 hp induction motor draws a starting current 5
times of full load current. What is the starting current?
A. 1125 amperes C ... 250 amperes
B, 360 amperes D. ,912 amperes
14. A 10 hp, 550 V, 60 Hz, 3-phase induction motor has starting current of 425% of full load
current. If the motor is used in 440 V lines at 60 Hz system. What is starting current expressed
in percent of full load value?
A. 425% p. 400%
B. 360% D 340%
16. For wound rotor motor, where is the reduced voltage starting device applied
A. rotor . C) Stator
B. Panel board v[5. field
17. Out of the following methods of starting a 3-phase induction motor, which one requires six
stator terminals?
A. direct-on-line Q. rotor rheostat
B. auto-transformer D.', star-delta
18. A 25 Hp, 230 Volts, three-phase motor with 85 % power factor has a starting current of 5.5
times rated current. To reduce the starting current, a wye-delta starter is installed. What is the
new starting current ?
M , 195 Amp C 135 Amp
B. 302 Amp D. 155 Amp
19. A 7.5 HP, 440 Volt, 3-phase , 10 Amp, 1730 rpm induction has starting current of 6 times the
full-load current when started at full voltage. The motor is equipped with an auto transformer or
starting compensator. If the auto-transformer is set at 65 % tap, what is the starting line
current?
Aj 25.4 Amp C. 21.6 Amp
B. 60 Amp D. 36 Amp
20. Find the starting torque as percentage of full load torque when an auto-transformer starter with
80% tap is used to start a squirrel cage motor. The short circuit current on normal voltage is 5.5
times the full load current and the full load slip is 3%
A. 72 % C. 50 %
B. 5 8 % D. 65%
21. A three phase induction motor has the following data on its nameplate: 10 hp, 440 Volts, 14.1
Amps, 60 cps, 1750 rpm. If the motor is operated from 370 Volt, 3-phase, 50 Hz source, What
is the approximate rotor speed when delivering its nameplate rated torque?
A. 1,750 rpm C. 1,660 rpm
B. 1.560 rpm &)1,460 rpm
22. A 380 volts,'20 hp three phase 50 Hz six pole wye-connected stator winding squirrel cage
rotor induction motor yielded the following test measurements. The resistance between
terminals of the stator winding is 0.4 ohm. The no-load test input of the stator winding at rated
voltage is 14 amperes, 680 watts. Locked rotor test input at 50 Hz at 20% rated voltage is 55
amperes, 3500 watts. What is the resistance per phase of stator windings in ohms?
A. 0.4 C. 0.3
B. 0.6 D. 0.2
23. At what speed will a synchronous motor operate, if it has 10 poles and is connected to 60 Hz
source ?
(2)720 rpm C. 1800 rpm
B. 120 rpm D. 600 rpm
24. A 10 Hp, 250 V, 3-phase star connected synchronous motor has an effective armature
resistance of 0.25 ohm and synchronous impedance of 4 ohms per phase. To what voltage
must motor be excited to give full load output at unity power factor? Assume armature
efficiency of 88%.
A. 292 V C. 253 V
B. 277 V D. 250V
25. A single phase 10Hp, 220-v motor rated 75%pf, 97.56 % efficient has a load of 8 hp at 210V.
Find the line current?
A. 36.67 A C. 46.3 A
B. 35 A D. 38.84 A
26. A 100 hp, 1750 rpm, 2300 volts, three phase motor draws 150 A and produces a starting
torque Of 120% f the full load value, when started at 2300 volts. If a compensator is to be used,
and the 80% voltage tap is selected, find the starting line current and starting torque.
A. 85 amp & 360 Ib-ft C. 120 amp & 230 Ib-ft
B. 96 amp & 230 Ib-ft D. 150 amp & 360 Ib-ft
27. Find the percentage tap in an auto-transformer starter to start a squirrel cage motor against Vi
of full load torque. The short circuit current on normal voltage is 6 times the full load current
and the full load slip is 3%
A 72 % C. 50 %
B 68 % D 65 %
28. Jbe advantage of a synchronous motor over a wound rotor motor is that
Q y the power factor may be varied
B. its speed does not depend on the frequency of the supply
C. it has no brushes to contend with
D. its speed may be more readily controlled
31. If starting winding of a single phase induction motor is left in the circuit, it will
A. run faster C. run slower
B. draw excessive current& overheat D.lspark at light load
32. J f a single phase motor runs hot the probable cause cannot be
(_A jplown fuses C. high voltage
B"Mow voltage D. shorted stator coils
33. If a single phase induction motor runs slower than normal, the most likely defect is
worn bearing C. open-circuit in the winding
B. short circuit in the winding D. none of the above
39. A 50 hp three phase motor, rated 220 volts, 75% power factor has 6 poles. The Slip at full load
is 3%. What is the frequency of the rotor current at full load?
A 1.8 Hz C. 60 Hz
B. 5.4 Hz D. 58.2 Hz
40. The no-load speed of a 3<p 4-pole induction motor connected to 50 Hz supply is expected to be
A 1400 rpm C. 1480 rpm
B. 1450 rpm D. 1498 rpm
41. A 3<j> induction motor develops 15 hp when running at slip of 5%.. If the motor has secondary
resistance of 0.075 ohm per phase. What is the rotor current?
A. 46 5 - C. 38.2
B. 51.2 D. 153 5
42. A 3<j>induction motor running with 2.5% slip takes 100 kW from the mains. If the stator copper
loss amounts to 1.8 kW. Determine the mechanical power developed.
A. 90.745 kW C. 98.20 kW
B 95 745 kW D. 97.5 kW .
43. A 30 hp 6 pole, 3 phase, 440 volts, 60 Hz squirrel cage motor operates at full load with an
efficiency of 92%, a power factor of 90% and a slip of 2%. Calculate the torque at full load,
A. 134 Ib-ft. C. 1702 Ib-ft.
. B. 155 Ib-ft. D. 165 Ib-ft.
44. What is the ratio of maximum to full load torque in a motor having slip of 5% at full load and
25% at maximum torque ?
A. 15 C. 2.6
B. 3 D. 5.2
45. An autotransformer used for starting induction and synchronous motor to reduce the current
drawn from the supply lines
A. motor starter C; starting compensator
B. reduper transformer & . four point starter
46 A 3-phase delta connected induction motor, 10 hp, 240 volt, 0.85 power factor has a load of 6
hp. One winding is suddenly cut,
A. the motor will run but reduce speed the motor will run
B. the motor will stop D. the motor will run but overheat
47. A 50Hp, 440-V, three phase 60 cycle induction motor has a power factor of 87 2 and efficiency
of 90.6%. What is the power input Hp?
A. 50 C. 47
B 45 D. 55.2
48. The efficiency of a 550 volts 3-phase motor is 90% when the line current is 100 ampere per
wire at a power factor of 0.92. Calculate the output of the motor.
A. 68 C. 79
B. 72 D. 96
49. A 3-phase motor rated 50 hp, 220 volts, 75% power factor and 95% efficiency. What is the
current at 210 volts.
A. 144 Amp. C. 238 Amp.
B, 137 Amp. D. 79 Amp.
50. A single phase induction motor is rated 220V, 25 hp and 75% pf it has 3% losses at full load.
What is the full load current?
A. 151.5 A C. 116.5 A
B. 161.2 A D. 113 A
51. What is the average slip in percent of a synchronous motor at running speed?
A. 2.5% C. 2%
B, 3 % D. 0
52. For a 3-phase, 4 pole, 60 Hz synchronous motor, the frequency, pole number and the load
torque are halved. The motor speed will b e ...... rpm
A. 1750 C. 900
B. 1800 D. 3300
53. A 300 hp, 2300 volts 60 cps synchronous motor has a synchronous impedance at starting by
action of the amortisseur grids, so that 6.00 per unit current will be drawn if rated voltage is
applied. It is desired to reduce the starting current drawn from the line to 2.5 per unit. What
voltage would be applied to motor at starting?
A. 1285 volts C. 1485 volts
B. 1385 volts D. 1585 volts
54. A 15 Hp, 4 pole 60 Hz, wyfeconnected, 208 volts induction motor draw 12 kW from the line
have losses as follows: Stator copper loss 900 W, Rotor copper loss 300W, Iron loss 800W
and Friction & Windage Loss 100W. Determine the speed of the motor in rpm.
A. 1710 C.1747
B . 1720 D. 1700
55. Select the motor thatwill give relatively high starting torque......
A. shaded pole motor f l capacitor run motor
B. split phase motor D. capacitor start motor
56. A split phase induction motor is defective, but if the motor is energized and the rotor is rotated
by the hand, the motor runs. What is wrong with the motor.
A. One winding is open C. capacitor is defective
B. loose connection winding is burn out.
57. What is the part of a synchronous motor that allows it to develop starting torque?
A. Cranking system C. Amortisseur winding
B. Pulley D. Pilot starter
58. In a shaded pole single phase motor, revolving field is produced by the use of__________ .
A. inductor , C. capacitor
B. resistor D. ^hading coils
59. A three phase induction motor rotates at of 3510 rpm at normal voltage and frequency of 60
Hz. What is the motor slip in percent'?
A. 3.5 % C. 2.5%
B. 4% D. 3%
a
60. What type of motor is used for food mixer?
A. Split phase Universal
B Shaded Compound shunt
61.- If a motor has a slip of 2% at rated voltage , determine the approximate value of the slip when
developing the same torque at 10% above the rated voltage.
A. 1.8% C. 1.55%
B. 1.75% D. 1.65%
62. A 440V 3-phase, 50 Hp, 1750 rpm squirrel cage induction motor is connected to 440 V bus
through a feeder which the voltage drop of 10% of bus voltage when the motor is drawing rated
current. What is the he maximum continuous power the motor can safely deliver to its load?
A. 40 Hp C. 42 Hp
B. 45 Hp ■ D. 48 Hp
64. A 400-V. 3-phase, round-rotor synchronous motor has an efficiency of 92% while delivering 18
hp (at the shaft). The per-phase synchronous impedance of 0.5 +j 1.5 Q If the motor operates
at 0.9 lagging power factor, determine the power angle.
A. -7.4° C. -24.3°
B. 15.4° D. 10.8°
65. A synchronous motor has moment of inertia 20 kg« m2 and damping coefficient 15
N • m • s/rad. If the machine has a synchronizing torque constant of 800 N • m/rad, determine
the natural frequency of oscillation,
A. 1 Hz C. 2 Hz
B. 4 Hz D 6 Hz
66. If the no load speed of a squirrel cage induction motor connected to a three phase 50 cycle
supply is 740 rpm. The motor has
A. 2 poles 6 poles
B. 4 poles D: 8 poles
67. A certain motor is driven by a 1750 rpm dc shunt motor. If the power supply is to be changed to
three phase, 50 cycles, ac., the most suitable replacement motor would be
A. synchronous motor C. ac commutator motor
B. capacitor motor D, squirrel cage inductionmotor
68. The value of slip at maximum torque condition ( under running condition ) in terms R2and X2 is
A. S = X’-IR -, ( f r p = R ?lX 2
B. S = 2 R J X - V s = E-J 2X2
70. When the excitation of an unloaded salient pole synchronous motor suddenly gets
disconnected, then
°/<Othe motor stops C. it runs at same speed
C. it runs at lower speed D. it runs at very high speed
P R A C T IC E Makes P erfect!!!
CIRCUIT
TRANSIENTS
This Free Qualit\ .Manual is
Found Only at P O W E R L IN E
M E Z Z A N IN E F L O O R , D O N A A M P A R O B U IL D IN G
C O R N E R E S P A N A & G. M . T O L E N T I N O S T R E E T S
S A M P A L O C , M A N IL A
TEL. NOS. 7 3 5 -7 3 -0 2 & 7 3 3 -2 1 -1 8
CIRCUIT TRANSIENTS
(B ILA TER A L CIRCUIT ELEM EN TS ONLY)
Note. Transient currents are not driven by any part o f the applied voltage but are entirely associated
with the charges in the stored energy in inductor and capacitor .
Resistor
= R/ volts
i _ dq
1 ~ — amp
dt
Inductor
di
eL = L — volts
dt
- C l ----- *-
ubut 1' = —
dq
« ----- dt
L(henr^) ,2
„ d q
et. - l — —. volts
d t2
Capacitor
Qo
ec = — ±
c c
, H ± if aiding E or opposing
c (fttrod}
e c = — |idt
C b
f di____fdt
J E - Ri “ J L
Rt
In ( E- Ri) = - — + K
L
Rt
E - Ri = e
L K
e
Rt
E - Ri = Ke
@ t = 0, i = 0
E = Ke° then K=E
-Rt
E - iR = Ee
f Rt ^
E L
/ =— 1 - e Amp
R
J
Voitage across R at any instant
f „Rt A
eR= ir = e 1- e ^ Volts
V J
Voltage across L at any instant
Rt
e„ L = h, —
^ = L — Re “I
E . -----
dt R L
_ bl
61,, E e ^ Volts
( K t\ 2
p R= eR. / = 1 - e v watts
R
V J
When t = 00 PR= E2/R
( 2Rt
R t ____
Pl = eL. 1 e~L -e L
R
V y
When t = oo P l=0
dWL = P L . dt
d wL = e L . i dt
T . di
=L1_ . dt
dt
\dw = \ L i di
WL « - joules
2
Time Constant - the time for the current i to reach 63 .2% o f its final value or the time for the negative
exponent o f e to become unity
J x
E=R —
dt
+ I
dq dt
E -q/C R
1
Multiply both sides by - - and integrating
C
1
1
| J — = j j _ — dt
J E -q/C J Rc
Ln ( E -q/c) = - — + K
Rc
E - q/C = K e £
Initial Condition: @ t = 0 , q = q„ = 0
K=E
Rc
Then E - q/C = E e
coul
dq
Transients Current:
dt
t
i = E - RC amp
—e
R
t
E amp
e» RC
^R
Voltage A cro ss R at any instant
eR = / R = E e rc Volts
(
t
q R RC
< ? c = - = E 1- e Volts
C
Wc = jV c dt = J e c • i • dt
wc= fa 5a = i =i f qd, =
Jc dt C J dt C J 2C
q2
Wc = — joules
2 C
but q = ec C
Wc = — ec 2 C joules
2
Time Constant in RC Series Circuit - is the time for charge q to reach 63 .2% o f its final value.
E = Ri + L — + — \idt
dt C J
Taking the first derivative
0 = R * + L d— + —
■2 + C
dt dt"
d 2i R R
& di _i_ _0
d t2 L dt LC
Let D= —
dt
R 1
D2 + — D + — " i = 0
L LC
R
By Quadratic Formula: D=
f Rl - 4 (1)
^LC
u ,
D = _ A ±
2L f -
V2L v LCy
R
Let a = - —
21
R 1
2L LC
Roots: Di = a + P
D; = a - P
f 1 ^
VLCy
P is real number
D, = a + P
7
D; = a - P
[ D - ( a + P ) ] .[ D - ( a - 3 ) ] » '“ 0
2
if m
V2Lj U cJ
“ P. 3=0
Di=a, D2= a
[D - a] [D-a]/ =0
/ = C, e0 , + t C 2 eat
/ = ea t [ Ci + 1 C2]
I amp
R
(
2L vLC y
3 is imaginary
Di = a + j3 D: = a -jP
t D- ( a +jP)] [ D - (a - jP] / = 0
RL Circuits
e = Em sin(©t + (j))
@ t=0 if e=0, then cp=0°
@ t=0 if e=Em, then cp=90°
J: t=(?
W hen the switch is closed,
di
R; + L — =? Em sin(cot+q>)
dt
The solution to differential equation is
o)L
ZL= R + j o L 0z=arctan
R
RC Circuits
W hen the switch is closed,
Ri + — J i dt= Em sin(ot+(p)
C
t Em
i = Ke + ----- sin ( rat + (p + 0z)
POWERLINe r e v ie w c e n te r Inc.
Hie Ultimate EE. Review Center
CIRCUIT TRANSIENTS REVIEW PROBLEMS
1. A coil of inductance 10.5 H is connected to a source voltage of V=(3t+25.4)1/2.
What is the current in the inductor after 5.25 sec?
A. 5.5 A Cp2.88 A
B. 6.15 A D. 3.22 A
4. A 1000 pF capacitor, a 1.0 mH inductor, and a current source of /'=2 cos 106t mA
are in series. The capacitor voltage is zero at t=0 . Find the energy stored in the
inductor at t=0.
'A, 2x1 O'9 J C. 2x1 O'8 J
B. 2x10"® J D. 2x1 O'3 J
6. The decay current of a coil is recorded. It is found that iL= 10 A at t =2ms and i[_
= 3.58 A at t = 6 ms. What is the time constant of the coil
A. 3 ms C. 2 ms
B. 6 ms D. 4 ms
7. The armature of a relay working on 200 V circuit operates when the current
reaches 0.24 A. It is required that the relay shall closes, 0.004 sec after the relay
circuits is closed, this time is corresponding to the time constant of the circuit.
What is the inductance of the relay circuit?
A. 2,1 H C. 3.3 H
B. 5.27 H D.1H
11. A series RLC with R=2 ohm and L=0.5 H. Find the value of capacitance so that
the circuit is critically damped.
A. 0.25 F C. 1F
B. 0.5 F D. 2F
15. A series RC Circuit with R = 100 ohms and C = 25 micro-farad has a sinusoidal
voltage source e= 381 sin (377t +cp) volts applied at t=0 when passing to its
maximum value. What is the resultant transient current equation.
A, 2e'400t+2.6sin(377t+136.7°) C. 2e'400t+2.6sin(377t+46.7°)
B. 1.9e‘400t+2.6sin(377t+136.7°) D. 2e~400t+1.9sin(377t+136.7°)
%
CIRCUIT TRANSIENTS SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
2. A Capacitor has an initial charge 8 3 coulomb If the current flows through it is given by the
equation i=2t+3 amperes, find the charge when t=1 sec?
A. 16.3 C. 4
B. 12.3 D. 6
I - ( /
3. A coil of inductance 15H is connected to a source voltage of V=6t1/2+28.5. If the initial current is 15
ampere, What is the current in the inductor after 2.5 sec?
A. 15.5 A C)y20 8 A
B. 16.5 A D. 18.2 A
4. The current in a 125 farad capacitor is i=t(t+6.83)1'2 ampere. Find the voltage after 1 second if it is
initially charged at 25 volts.
A. 26 volts / . { cl < C. 11 volts
B 25 volts ’ 77' D. 19 volts
Cl S
5. The rate of rise of current through an inductive coil in maximum
A. afterone time constant *C> at the start of current flow
B. near the finalmaximum steady value 6. at 63.2% of its maximum steady value
8. A 10 ohms resistance R and a 1.0 H inductance L are in series . A direct current voltage of E 50
volts is applied across a series circuit at time t = 0 initial current is i(0)=0 Solve for the differential
equation and determine the resulting current i(t) at t=0.1 second.
A. 3.48 C. 2 87
B. 3.16 D 3 82
10. A circuit whose resistance is 20 ohms inductance of 10 H has a steady state voltage of 100 volts
suddenly applied to it. For the instant of 0.50 second after the voltage is applied, determine the
total power input to the circuit.
A. 200 watt? C. 116 watts
6;31 6 watts D. 500 watts
11. A coil has 2500 turns, and a current of 10 A flowing in it produces an effective flux of 0.06 Weber
If the resistance is 12 ohms, what is the time constant of the coil
A. 1.0 sec C. 0.75 sec
12 A coil having L = 150 H, R = 200 ohms is connected in series with 100 ohms resistor. A 240 -V
dc source is connected to the circuit at t = 0. What is the voltage across the coil at t= 0.5 sec.
A. 185.9 V C. 189.4 V
B. 88.2 V D. 120 V
13. A 240 V dc generator supplies current to a parallel circuit consisting of a resistor 600 Cl and a coil
with resistance 300Q and inductance 200 H. The system is at steady state. Determine the current
In the coil 5 ms after the breaker is tripped.
A 0 78 A C. 0.8 A
B. 0,68 A D. zero
14. A coil of 10 H inductance and 5 ohms resistance are connected in parallel with a 20 ohm resistor
across 100 V DC supply which is suddenly disconnected. The voltage
across the switch contacts at the instant of separation is .
A, zero C. 100V
B. 400V 9 D 500V
15. A 250 volts, 10 Kw, DC generator is separately excited. It has an effective armature circuit
resistance of 0.5 ohm andinductance of 0.10H when it is supplying its rated current.Suddenly the
terminals beyond itsprotective circuitbreaker are short circuitedwith a short circuitresistance of
0.2 ohm. The breaker operates 0.02 sec after the fault occurs. Neglecting the saturation of the
magnetic circuit, the maximum current which tfje generator is subjected is nearest to
A. 80 Amp C. 85 Amp
B. 90 Amp D. 95 Amp
16. A generator has a field winding with inductance of L=10 H and a resistance Rf= 0.1 ohm. To break
the initial field current of 1000 amperes, the field inserts a field discharge resistance of Rd across
the field terminals before it contacts open. As a result, the field current decays to zero according tc
Ldi/dt-t- iR=0; where R=Rf+Rd the differential equation, preventing the sudden decrease of / to
zero, a resulting high inductive voltage due to L. Solve for the differential equation and determine
the vaiue of Rd that will limit the voltage across it to 1000 volts.
A. 0.9 C. 0.85
B. 0.8 D. 0.95
17. A coil of 10 H inductance and 5 ohms resistance are connected in parallel with 20 ohm resistor
across 100 V DC supply which is suddenly disconnected The rate at which energy stored is losinc
0.3 sec after switching is
A. 2232 j/s C. 2332 j/s
B 2223 j/s D 3322 j/s
18 A 20 ohm resistance R and a 0.001 farad capacitance C are in series. A direct current voltage E
100 volts is applied across series circuit at t=0 and the initial current is l(0)= 5 amperes. The
Applicable differential equation is Rdi/dt+i/C=0. Solve for the differential equation and determine
the resulting current i(t) at t= 0.01 second.
A 3 34 ,C, 2.78
B. 3.67 D. 3.03
20. A series RC circuit consist of 40 ohms resistor and an uncharged 300 micro-farad capacitor. What
is the time constant of the circuit?
A. t = 0.0132 sec C .t = 0.012 sec
B. t = 1.2 sec D t = 1.333 sec
21. A capacitor of 2 micro-farad with an initial charge q = 100 micro-coulombs is connected across
the terminals of a 100 ohm resistance at t = 0. Calculate the time ( micro-sec) in which the
transient voltage across resistor drops from 40 to 10 volts
A.)277.40 C. 477.20
B, 274.20 D 472.70
22. An 80 (j, F capacitor in series with a voltmeter of 10,000 ohms resistance is connected suddenly to
a 100 V dc supply How long it will take the voltmeter read 40 volts
A. 0.04 sec (2^0.733 sec
B. 0.02 sec D. 0.523 sec
23. A 100n F Capacitor charged to 24 V is connected with a 200jj. F uncharged capacitor, a 1 kilo-ohm
resistor and a switch . What is the current 0.1 sec after the switch is closed
A. 6.3 mA C. 5.36 mA
B. 24 mA D. 0.16 mA
24 A capacitor of 2 micro-farad with an initial charge is connected across the terminals of a 10 ohm
resistor and the switch is closed at t = 0. Find qo ( micro-coulomb) if the transients power in the
resistor is known to be Pr = 360e ' 100,0001 -,
A. 1200 C . 120
B. 102 TT2100
25. The transients current in a loss-free L-C circuit when excited from an ac source is a/an
sine wave.
A. over damped Oundamped
B underdamped D. critically damped
28. A 60 hz sinusoidal voltage of maximum value 400 V is applied to a series circuit of resistance 10
ohms and inductance 0.1 H. Assuming that the voltage is zero at the instant of application,
calculate the resultant transient current 0.002 second after witching on
A. 2,7 A C. 7.3 A
d T -3 .2 A D. -4.2 A
29. A circuit consisting of 20 ohms resistor, 20 mH inductor and a 100 micro-farad capacitor in series
is connected to 200 V DC supply. The capacitor is initially uncharged. Find the maximum
instantaneous current.
A. 6.45 Amp C. 7.45 Amp
B. 8.45 Amp D. 9.45 Amp
30. A 10 ohms resistance R and a 1.0 H inductance L are in series . An ac voltage of e(t)=
100sin(377tvolts is applied across a series circuit. The applicable differential equation is
Ri+L(di/dt)=e(t). Solve for the particular solution (without complementary solution) to the
differential equation and determine the amplitude resulting sinusoidal current.
A. 0.2645 Ampere C. 0.292 Ampere
B. 0.321 Ampere D. 0.241 Ampere
CONTROLandSYSTEMS
tUECTROHAGNETICS
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PART 1 : CONTROL SYSTEMS
Control System - is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a manner as to
Commend, direct or regulate itself or another system.
Purpose of control system
The purpose of control system usually identifies or defines the “output” and “input”. If the
output and input are given, it is possible to identify or define the nature of system's components.
Where an , CLn-i, ***, a 0 are the coefficients of the characteristic equation and
, ^ n -l^ n -2 T l^ n - 4 ~ &n&n-5
b1 = ----------------------------- , &2 = ------------------------------, etc.
a 7i-t a n~~l
The table is continued horizontally and vertically until zeros are obtained. Any row can be multiplied by a
constant before the next row is computed without disturbing the properties of the table. All roots of this
characteristic equation have negative real parts if and only if the elements of the first column of the
Routh table have the same sign. Otherwise, the number of roots with positive real parts is equal to the
number of changes of sign.
Transfer Function H (s ) of a system is defined as that factor in the equation for F (s ) multiplying
the transform of the input . For the given system describe above, the transfer function is.
Y (s) = H (s) *X (s) 4- {terms due to all initial values X* , y$ }
Note: independent of the input signal, it solely determined by the parameters of the circuit or network.
W R(s) A£t
Where: M k = gain- of the Mi. term forward path {k —1,2,..., ft)from input node R.{s) to the output
node C (s)
A = 1 - (sum of all loop gain) + (sum of products of loop gains over all sets o f ‘two non
touching loops) - (sum of products of loops gains over all sets of ‘three’ non-touching
loops) + ...
A* = value of A if all loops that touch the kxh. forward path from R to C are expected.
The function A(^)is known as the “determinant” of the signal flow graph.
PART 2 : ELECTROMAGNETICS
Mathematically. F - - — — ■- a R Newtons
4 kS 'R 2
Where: Qx, Q2 = respective charges in Coulomb, R = separation distance in meters
£ = permittivity of the medium = S0 • Sr ( for air 8r = 1.0 )
I = j \ j • dS in Amp
Poisson’s Equation & Laplace's Equation:
From V • D = p , also D = S * E and E = —V V
Consider, V • 6'(—V F ) —p V • V V = —— or V 2V = ——
thus,
8 £
Where: V • VV —divergence of divergence of V = Laplacian of V
Ampere's Law & Magnetic Field:
Biot-Savart Law - a differential field strength , results from differential current element I ♦dt
. The field varies inversely with the distance squared, is independent of the surrounding medium, and
has a direction given by the cross-product of I *d l and a^ .
■I<#xa» Amp
H = in --------
4n r2 meter
Current Density. J & Magnetic Field. H:
V x H = J = (curl H ) = crE
Where: <7 “ conductivity of the material in mho/meter
a, ay a*
d d d dHz 8H y A (d n y an 'dHy dH,
Curl H = av + a>’ +
dx d> dy dz dx dx dy
Hy Hz
F I j x Density & Stokes Theorem: (Ampere's Circuital Law)
B= j A * d( = £ b • dS ~ / i0j>J • dS
Where: A = magnetic potential vector.
Electromagnetic Waves:
Wave Equations: V x H = (cr + jo)e)E also V x E = ~jcojuH
V • E = 0 & V «H = 0
Propagatfon Constant: y - a + jj3
P(P> <P, Z)
<P)
■y
3. Is that part of the total response which does not approach zero as time approaches
infinity?
TA.; steady state V1 ! ' C. signal
B. transient D. force
4. Is that part of the total response which approaches zero as time approaches infinity?
A. steady state C. signal
B. transient t ^ „ D. force
8. Determine the initial value of the function f ( t ) whose Laplace is F(a) = - -------
s 4 + 353 + 52 + 5
A. 1 B. 2 , C. 0 D. 3
10. Consider the system with differential equation y'+2y - u'+u, find the transfer function.
a 5+1 r , ' S+ 2 „ s ^ s
A. * B. ------- C. ------- D.
•S+ 2 5+1 5+ 2 5+ 1
11. Find the transfer function C (s )/ R{s) for the system shown.
G\G2 c. G |~ G2
1- G 2H, \ - G 2H, X
B. Gl + G 2 D.
1- G ,H \
12. Determine the damping ratio C and undamped natural frequency <y„in rad/sec for the
d 2y , Ady_
second order system: 2 — ~ + 4 — + 8>> = 8x
dt
A 0,5, 2 B. 0.5, 4 C. 0.25, 1 D. 2, 4
13. Determine the time constant r in sec. and damped natural frequency o)d in rad/sec for
d 2y , dy
the second order system: + 5— + 9y = 9x
d t1 dt
A. 0.4, 0.66 B. 0.5, 1.66 C. 0.4, 1.66 D. 0.25, 0.55
14. A servo system for a pen plotter is given by the following block diagram. Find the value
of K required to get the fastest response without any overshoot is given by:
\ w 1
m
- o IP- K ---------------^
■
s (s + 2) c% )
A. 10 B. 1 C. 5 D. 100
15. What is the flux crosses the closed surface which contains a charge distribution in the
sin <j)
form of a plane disk of radius 4m with a density p s Coul/m ?
2r
17. The electric field between two concentric cylindrical conductors at r = 0.01 m and
r = 0.05 m is given by E = (105/r) a r (Volts/m), fringing neglected. Find the energy
stored in a 0.5 m length. Assume free space.
A. 0.224 Joule C. 224 Joules
B. 2.25 Joules D. 0.0224 Joule
18. A long straight steel metal rod has a radius of 5 cm and a line charge density of
30 nCoul/m. Find the electric field 100 cm from the axis of rod. The distance measured
is perpendicular to the axial rod.
A. 539.5 V/m C. 107.9 V/m
B. 567.9 V/m D. 540.9 V/m
19. A certain electromagnetic wave traveling in sea water was observed to have an
amplitude of 98.02 V/m at a depth of 10 m, an amplitude of 81.87 V/m at a depth of
100m. What is the attenuation of the sea water in neper/m?
A. 0.003 C. 0.001
B. 0.002 D. 0.004
20. A wave radiated by a source in air is incident upon a soil surface where upon a part of
the wave is transmitted in the soil medium. If the wavelength is 60 cm to 30 cm. What is
the soil permittivity? Assume soil to be a very lossless medium.
A. 6 C. 4
B. 10 D. 5
6
21. Calculate the wave velocity for a conducting medium in which conductivity a = 58 x10
mho/meter, pr = 1, at a frequency of f= 100 MHz.
A. 4152.3 m/sec C. 5243.1 m/sec
B. 4521.3 m/sec D. 5432.1 m/sec
22. A 50-ohm load is being fed from a 72-ohm transmission line. W hat is the reflection
coefficient resulting from this mismatch?
A. 0.018 0 . 0.180
B. 0.694 D. 1.440
23. If an SWR (Standing Wave Ratio) of 4:1 exists on a transmission line, what is
respective the percentage reflected and absorbed power by the load?
A. 36, 64 C. 33.33, 66.67
B. 64, 36 D. 60, 40
24. An antenna 0.02 sq. meter area operates 300 MHz at 0.3 mV per km. What is its
magnetic field intensity, H?
A. 0.6 nA/m _ C. 1.0nA/m
B. 2 nA/m D. 0.8 nA/m
25. What is the electric field intensity of an omni-directional antenna at 1 km distance if the
transmitter power is 1 kW? (77 = 1 20 ^)
A. 150.8 C.. 173.2
B. 135.2 D 120.5
Rev.Probs. Sept. 2073
CONTROL SYSTEMS & ELECTROMAGNETICS
SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
1. Is an algebraic or transcendental equality which involves more than one value of the dependent
variable corresponding to more than one value of at least one of the independent variable(s).
A) differential equation C. linear equation
B difference equation D. quadratic equation
3. Due to which of the following reason excessive bandwidth in control system should be avoided?
A. noise is proportionalto band width C. it leads to a low relative stability
B. it leads to slow speed response D. has no considerable effect
4. Is another method for determining whether all the roots of the characteristic equation of a
continuous system have negative real parts.
A. Routh criteria C. continued fraction criteria
B. Hurwitz criteria D. locus of point
5. Find the initial value of the function / ( / ) whose Laplace is: F(s) = —------- t------------
■ 7 5 + 2s +9.y + 6
A. 1 C.) 0
B. 2 DT 1/a
7. What restrictions must be placed upon the parameter “K” in order to insure that the system is
stable from the characteristic equation given:
s4 + 6s3 + l l s 2 +6s + K = 0
A. K>10, K<60 C. K>10, K<11
B K< 10, K>Os D. K<60, K>11
8. What is the transfer function of a system whose input and output are related by the following
differential equation: y"+3y'+2y = u'+u
5+1 „ 5+4 5 -1 _ 5+3
A. —----------- B. —----------------------------C. ^ -------- D. —-------------
5 +35 + 2 5 +35 + 4 s~ — 3 5 - 2 5 " + 4s+ 5
9. Given y ”+3y'+2y = u , with initial condition y(o ) = 0, jv'(o) = 1, find the free response
A. e~‘ - e - 2' B. - e " + e '2'C. e~'+e~2' D. - e " - e ~ 2‘
10. From the differential equation of prob. #9, find the force response if u(t) = 1
I
A. 1—2e-' + e ~ 2‘ C. i(l-2(?w + ^ 2')
2
d 2y , ,d y
second order: + 5 — + 9y = 9u
dt2 dt
A. 2/3, 2 rad/sec C. 5/6, 3 rad/sec
B. 4/5, 2.5 rad/sec D. 1/3, 3.5 rad/sec
C.
13 Find the transfer function C (.s)//?(s) for the system shown.
G,G2 G, - G2
A. C.
1+ G 2H , + G ,//, 1 - G , / / , + G,
g l + ^2 G,G2
\ - G xH , - G 2//, I - G, 7/1 - C 2//,
14. Find the output J ^ o f a system described by the differential equation: y"+3y’+2y = 1 + /
with initial conditions ,y(0) = o, y ( o ) = i
l& r' - l e ~ 2' + 2 t - \ \ C. 1/4[8ew + 3 e"2' -2 /-lj
[8ew + 7e~2' +2/ + lJ D 1/4[8ew - 5 e - 2‘ - 2 t - \ \
15. From the differential equation of prob. #11, find the transient response.
A. l/4 [8 e "'-2 r-lj C. 1 / 4 ^ ^ + 7e"2( J
B. 1/4[2/ - 1] D. 1/4 [8e~' - 7e~21j
16. Given the following close-loop system: Find the value of K for the which the system becomes
marginally stable and the frequency of oscillation respectively when K is set to make the system
marginally stable. Hint: apply Routh-Hurwitz criterion
1
K ------------- ^ f — ^
s (s + 2) (s 4* 10)
R(sy A -.
1 1 >3 / — ~~ ✓ IVJLkLXu
17. Find the force on a +100 |iCoulfcharge at (0, 0, 3)m, if four like charges of +20 (iCoul are located
on the x and y axes ± 4mr
A. 1.73 az Newton C. 3.71 az Newton
B. 0.72 az Newton D. 2.73 az Newton
18. Two point charges, Qi= 5 0 / / C and Q2= 1 0 / / C are located at (-1, 1, -3) m and (3, 0, 1) m
respectively. Find the force on Qv
A. 0.144 ax - 0.108 az Newton C. -0.144 ax - 0.108 az Newton
B. 0.144 ay + 0.108 az Newton D. 0.144 ay - 0.108 az Newton
19. Find the charge defined in the volume defined 0 < x < 1 m, 0 < < 1m, & 0 < z < 1 m, i f :
py ~ 30x 2y p Coul/m3
A. 4 pC C. SpC
B. 6 pC D. 8 pC
20. Find the charge in the volume defined by 1 < r < 2m in spherical coordinates i f :
5 cos2 <j> „ ,, 3
. p v = ------t Coul/m
r
A. 10 n Coul C. 5 n Coul
B. 5I n Coul D. 10/^CqjuI
21. For a line charge p t - 0.5 nCoul/m on the z-axis. Find VAB , where A (2m, nl2, 0) and
B (4m, n, 5m)
A. 6.24 volts C. 2.46 volts
B. 4.26 volts D. 4.62 volts
22. An electromagnetic wave in free space has a wavelength of 0.20 m. When this same wave
enters a perfect dielectric, the wavelength changes to 0.09 m. Assuming that (jr = 1, determine
the relative permittivity of the dielectric.
A 4.94 C. 5.94
B. 4.49 D. 6.54
23. Calculate the attenuation factor for a conducting medium in which 8 = 58 x106 mho/m, = 1.0,
sr= 1.0 at a frequency of 100 MHz in neper /m.
A. 151,319 neper/m C. 315,915 neper/m
^*"115,391 neper/m D. 319,515 neper/m
24. A transmission line having characteristic impedance of 75 ohms is delivering power to a 300-
ohm load. What is its Voltage Standing Wave Ratio j(§WR)?
A. 1:4 C. ;4:1
B. 1:2 D '2:1
25. If an SWR (Standing Wave Ratio) of 4:1 exists on a transmission line, its reflection coefficient is
A. 0.6 C. 0.8
B. 1.67 D. 0.25
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DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS :
P A R T - I
RESISTANCE /NETW ORK THEOREM S
RESISTANCE ( R )•. It may be defined as that property o f a substance or material which opposes the
flow o f electron or current.
D= p — ^ = /»- ^
1 =P—
R
A V r A2
Where : I = length o f the conductor in m or ft.
A = cross sectional area in m 2 , sq. mils or circular mils (CM).
NOTE : 1 inch = 1000 mils , 1 sq. inch = 10 6 sq. mils , 1 sq. inch = — x 10 6 CM
n
p = specific resistance or resistivity o f the material o f the conductor in Q-m or Q-CM/ft.
= 1.77 x 10 8 Q-m =10.66 Q -C M / ft => for hard-drawn Copper (HDC) @ 20 °C
= 1.72 x 10 ~8 Q-m =10.50 Q -C M / ft => for annealed Copper @ 2C °C
= 2.83 x 10 "“ Q-m = 17.10 Q -C M / ft for Aluminum @ 20 °C
V = volume o f conductor in m 3 or ft3.
O H M 'S L A W : it is stated that the ratio o f potential difference (V ) between any two points on a conductor to
the current (I) flowing between them, is constant provided the temperature o f the conductor
V V
does not change. i.e. — = constant or — = R
*t - r >+r w i =i +i +i +-+t
y.r = v , + y ,+ V j+ - - + y„ v r = Vi = K ,= V, =•■• v„
I, = / , - h ' = In h = h 1 h H j '••• 1 f«
- L = — H— ^ i — h ... h— — Gr — G/ + G> + G; + +. G„
gt g, g2 g3 g„
where : G = conductance in mho Q
W O R K , PO W E R and E N E R G Y :
J o u le ’s Law o f Electric Heating is the amount work required to maintain a current I amperes through a
resistance R ohms fo r t seconds is given b y :
W = I2 Rt = Vlt =
This work is converted into heat and is dissipated away, the amount o f heat produced is given by :
T H E R M A L E F F IC IE N C Y :
it is the ratio o f the heat actually utilized to the total heat produced electrically, Hence, the relation
between heat produced electrically and the heat absorbed usefully becomes :
NET W O R K DEFINITIONS :
CIRCUIT- is a conducting path through which either an electric current flows or is intended to flow.
PARAMETERS - it is various elements o f an electric circuits such as Resistance', Inductance and
capacitance. These may be Lumped or Distributed.
LINEAR CIRCUIT - a circuit one whose parameters are constant
i.e. do not change with voltage or current.
NON-LINEAR CIRCUIT- a circuit one whose parameters change with voltage and current.
UNILATERAL CIRCUIT- it is that circuit whose properties changes with the direction o f its
operations. A vacuum tube rectifier is a unilateral circuit.
BILATERAL CIRCUIT - a circuit having identical properties in either direction. Transmission line
is a bilateral circuit.
ACTIVE NETWORK - a network containing one or more sources o f e.m.f.
PASSIVE NETWORK - a network containing no source o f e.m.f.
IDEAL CONSTANT- VOLTAGE SOURCE - is that voltage source whose output voltage remains
absolutely constant whatever the change in load current. Such a voltage source
must possess zero resistance so that internal voltage drop in the source is zero.
IDEAL CONSTANT- CURRENT SOURCE - is that voltage source whose internal resistance is
infinity. In practice, it is approached by a source which possesses very high
resistance as compared to that o f the external load resistance.
F A K A D A Y ’ S L A W O F E LE C T R O L Y SIS:
Electrochemical equivalent
P A R T - II
MAGNETIC FIELD & INDUCTANCE:
MAGNETIC FIELD : exists in a region o f space if a moving charge there experiences a force (other than
Friction ) due to its motion.
INDUCTANCE (L) : is the property o f A C circuits which opposes any change in the amount o f current,
Its unit is Henry.
Expression o f S elf Inductance :
, N<p HrVoAN2 .
I - _ r _ = ... r »------- ln Henry
I I
where : A =is the area o f cross section o f the core in m\ <p= is the magnetic flux in Wb,
t =is the length o f the core in m (ir = is the relative permeability o f the core
W , = — L I 2 in Joules
L 2
ELECTROSTATICS : is the study o f the behavior o f static-electricity (i.e. electric charges which are at rest).
E = — = 9 x l0 9 in N/C or Volts/m
- Q e rd 2
D =—= E in C/m 2
A
Where : \p= electric flux in Coul = Q ( according to Gauss’ s Law )
A = area at which electric flux is passing normally in m2
CAPACITANCE (C) : is the property o f AC circuits which opposes any change in the amount o f voltage. Also
defined as the charge required to create a unit potential difference between its two plates.
Capacitance o f a Capacitor is :
Q in Coul./Volt or Farad
C=—
v
£
(b) Composite dielectric medium : C = --------------------------------------- =r in Farad
4-^2 , ^3
--------j---------- 1---------- h. o o o -j----—
£rl e rl e r) Srn
Where : d\ , d2 , d^, . . . d„ ~ are thickness o f dielectric medium with relative permitivity
o f Sri, £,2 , , •••Sm respectively.
6A
(c) Dielectric medium partly air : C = -------f—-------— in Farad
t
d - t - —-
- \ £r _
Where : d = air gap in m , t —thickness o f dielectric medium in m
C ~ {n —l ) -— in Farad
d
Where : n = number o f parallel plates, A = area o f each plate inm 2
d = separation between two plates in m, £ , = relative permitivity o f medium
w c = - C V 2 = i QV = -^1 i„ Joules
C 2 2 2C
T y p e s o f S e c o n d a ry In stru m e n ts
1 Indicating instruments - displays the instantaneous values o f electrical quantity on a calibrated
scale, (e.g. voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter etc.)
2 Recording instruments - these give a continuous record o f variations o f an electrical quantity
with respect to time. (e.g. load or demand graph, recording wattmeter e tc )
3. Integrating instruments - these measure and register by a set o f dials and pointers, (e.g. watt-hour
meter, Amp-hour etc.)
T o rq u e s o n M o v in g S y stem s
1. Deflecting (operating) torque - the force developed in an instrument which moves the moving
system o f an instrument in accordance with the magnitude o f the quantity to
be measured.
2 . Controlling (restoring) torque - the force which controls the deflection o f the pointer o f an
instruments and which brings the pointer back to zero. Controlling torque
may be provided by spring control, gravity control.
3. Damping torque - torque which stops the oscillations o f the pointer o f an instrument. Damping
can be produced by air friction, fluid friction, eddy currents
M o v in g C o il In stru m e n t
It works on the principle o f a o f a dc motor, it has a uniform scale, and a sensitive instrument,
sometimes called “ D ’ Arsonval” instrument It is only used for dc measurement.
M o v in g Iro n In stru m e n t
It has no moving coil but which has a moving iron strip or disk it works in the principle o f attraction
and repulsion. It can be used both for ac and dc measurements.
D y n a m o m e te r In stru m e n t
These instrument are based on the principle that mechanical force exists between the current carrying
conductors. It is essentially consists o f a fixed and moving coil, these coils may be excited separately
or they may be connected in series. It can be used both for ac and dc measurements.
In d u c tio n ty p e In stru m e n t
The principle o f operation is similar to that o f induction motor. A rotating magnetic field is set up by
the suitably located coils o f the instrument. An aluminum disc is suspended near to the coils in which
eddy currents are induced by the rotating flux which tends to rotate the disc. It is only used for ac
circuits.
T h e r m o -c o u p le In s tr u m e n t
These are based on Seebeck effect (thermoelectric effect) The thermo em f is proportional to the
difference in temperature between hot and cold junction. These can be used for ac/dc measurement.
H o t w ir e In s tr u m e n t
It is an ac/dc current measuring instrument which is based on the heating effect o f electric current. It
consists o f platinum-iridium (it can withstand oxidation at high temperatures) wire which expands
when heated which provide deflection o f the pointer.
E le c t r o s t a t i c I n s t r u m e n t
The basic principle o f such instrument is that a force o f attraction exists between two or more charged
bodies. So these are basically a voltage measuring devices.
POWERLINE r e v i e w c e n t e r Inc.
TH« Ultimate E.E. Review Center
DC CIRCUITS REVIEW PROBLEM S/QUESTIONS
. The presence of electric current is only made known by the effect it produces. Three
important effects are:
^H^eating, electric shock & generation C. generation, chemical & electric shock
y B . Seating, magnetic & electric shock D. heating, magnetic & chemical
A copper bar is 1/4 inch by 4 inches by 20 feet, if the resistivity of the copper bar is 10.37
ohms-cmf. What is the resistance of the copper bar? p ~ J)
A. 17.3x1 O^ohm C. 0.0052 ohm Jr 4 '
B. 125 ohms (^57^8.15 x10~5ohm ^
. A one-meter rod of 2 cm diameter is drawn until its resistance is 100 times the initial
distance, its length afterward is?
10 m C. 100 m
12.5 m D. 5 m
A one-meter of annealed copper 2.5 cm in diameter is drawn until its resistance is 100
les the initial resistance, its diameter afterward is?
0.79 cm C. 0.25 cm
0.47 cm D. 0.15 cm
. Suppose that you wish to fabricate a uniform wire out of 1.0 gram of copper. The
resistance of wire is to be 0.5 ohm and if all of the copper are to be used, what will be
the diameter of wire? Specific resistance is 1.7 x1 O'8ohm-meter and mass density is
8.92 x103kg/m3. w
C. 260 R =y. V ‘ /o
(3 ) 280 pnv-" ^ D. 290 pm r
A dc motor 120 Volts has 100 Amp rated current. The allowable voltage drop of 3% of
input voltage. Find the maximum distance from the supply if the wire has a diameter of
316 mils and resistivity of wire is 10.4 ohm-cmf~_
A. 508 ft © 1 7 8 ft \/ & |
B. 316 ft y v . 203 ft ^ c~^"
10. A light bulb having a tungsten filament draws 0.5 Amp at 110 Volts. The cold resistance
of the filament is 20 ohms at 20°C with temperature coefficient of resistance for
tungsten at this temperature of 0.005 per °C. Determine the operating temperature of
the bulb. rj , ., ,T -r- -■
A. 1220°C r'^>~ C?520° C
B. 520°C ■"■■■ iV-- ^J2 0 2 0 °C
11. A 100-Volt carbon filament lamp takes 1 Amp when glowing with a filament temperature
of 1615°C. Calculate the momentary current when the lamp is first switched on in air
temperature of 15°C. The temperature coefficient of resistance for carbon may be taken
as -0.000265 per °C at 15°C.
A. 1.72Amp *r =• (^ )0 .5 8 A m p A
B. 0.65 Amp cT 1.94 Amp
12. Find the work in kWh to lift 1 ton at a height of 55 ft for 10 sec. The motor gear
efficiency is 51%.
Q . 0.083 C. 0.83
B. 83 v “ D. 830
13. A 24 Volts battery delivers 15 Amp to a motor load in 30 minutes per day. What is the
energy delivered per month in kWh?
A. 6.2 C. 7.31
® 5 . 4 (j j ^ \ K . t D 018
14. A certain process uses warm water at rate of 2 liters per minute. The water enters at
electric heater at 25 deg C to 50 deg C. Assuming no heat losses, what is the wattage
of the heater?
A. 5125 ■- — C. 2420
B. 6250 3488
17. A 12-Volt battery has 50 Amp-hr capacity. The internal resistance is 0.1 ohm. A 5-ohm
resistor is connected for 5 hours. How many Amp-hours are still left?
0 . 38.23 C. 41.24
B. 3 D. 11.76
18. A 20-ohm resistor is connected in parallel with avariable resistor R The parallel
combination is then connected in series with a 4-ohm resistor and connectedacross a
240 V source. Determine the minimum value of R if the power of R is equal to the power
taken by the 4-ohm resistor.
A. 7.95 ohms ( c ) 7.64 ohms
B. 8.40 ohms IX 6.87 ohms
19. Twelve resistances 1 ohm each are arranged along the edge of a cube with junctions at
comers. What resistance will be measured between terminals of symmetrically apposite
corners of the cube?
A. 6/5 ohm C. 5/9 ohm
5/6 ohm D. 6/111 ohm
20. What is the power absorbed by 900 ohm resistor in the network shown below (Fig,1)7
A. 1.44 Watts C. 5.43 Watts
B. 3.52 Watts D. 4.84 Watts
0.1 Amp
21. Two batteries are connected in parallel supply a load taking 60 Watts. First battery has
10.5Volt emf and 0.5 ohm internal resistance while second has 9 Volt emf and 0.4 ohm
internal resistance. Find the resistance of the load.
A. 1.333 ohms f/ C . 1.067 ohms
B, 1.444 ohms ~tf. 1.557 ohms
22. From the given network shown in Fig. 2, determine the current supplied by the 12 Volt
battery and the voltage Vo.
A. 1.5 Amp, 12.2 Volts .C. -1.5 Amp, 8.8 Volts
B. -2.2 Amp, -2.2 Volts D. 1.9 Amp, -8.8 Volts
‘Cft. \ i
:3. Find the current in the 3 ohm resistor of the circuit of Fig. 3 by Thevenin’s theorem.
A. 9 Amp C. 12 Amp
B:> 5.143 Amp D. 6.143 Amp
3Q
4. Determine the total current supplied by a battery to the resistive network shown Fig. 4.
A. 0.5 Amp C. 0.2 Amp
B. 0.3 Amp D. 0.7 Amp
5. A lead storage battery is rated at 12 Volts. If the internal resistance is 0.01 ohm, What is
the maximum power that can be delivered to the load?
A. 1,200 Watts v Q j 3,600 Watts V £ P
B. 7,200 Watts D. 1,800 Watts
3. A steel sheet 1 m long and 30 cm wide is to be plated with 0.02 mm copper. The
density of copper is 8.9 gr/cm3 and its electrochemical equivalent weight is 0,3292x10~J
gm/Coul. How long should the steel sheet remain in an electroplating bath that contains
copper (Cu1-2) ions in which the current is 100 Amp?
A. 541 mins. C. 27 mins.
B. 145 mins. D. 54 mins.
1. In Flemming’s Right Hand Rule, which finger point the direction of current?
A. Thumb C.‘ Middle
B. Index D. Ring
i. A 120 cm long conductor is carrying a current of 1.2 Amp and is situated at right angles
to the field of flux density of 0.65 Tesla. Calculate the force on the conductor.
A. 3.264 N C. 1.348 N
B, 0.936 N D. 1.587 N
>. A core of annealed steel sheet is wound with 1500 turns of wire through which a current
of 40 mA is flowing. If the length of the coil is 20 cm, calculate the magnetic strength is
Amp-turns per meter.
A. 300 C. 400
B. 350 D. 450
). A flat circular coil having 50 loops of wire on it has a diameter of 48 cm. What current
must flow in its wires to produce a flux density of 0.005 Tesla at its center?
A. 45.5 Amp C. 32.8 Amp
B, 38.2 Amp D. 40.5 Amp
1. A substance or material having relative permeability of less than unity is classified as:
A. ferro-magnetic C. para-magnetic . .. ;
B. dia-magnetic D. none of these
J <’*» i
2. Permeability in a magnetic circuit corresponds to ______in an electric circuit.
A. resistance C. jconductivity
B. resistivity D. conductance
3. A solenoid has a magnetic reluctance of 2.2 x10~3. It has 300 turns and a core area of 5
sq. cm. What is the flux density when the current flowing is 1 Amp?
A. 26,300 Gauss C. 34,200 Gauss
B. 12,200 Gauss D. 21,200 Gauss
4. A magnetic circuit consists of silicon steel of 3000 permeability and an air gap. The
length of the steel core is 10 cm and the air gap is 2 cm both have the same cross-
section of 1.5 sq. cm. A current of V* Amp flows through the windings to produce 2351
Maxwell flux. How many turns are there in the coil?
A. 4,120 turns C. 2,500 turns
B, 500 turns D. 1,250 turns
'N * , ,
5. A magnetic circuit consists of silicon steel 3000 permeability of 10 cm length and cross
section of 1.5 sq.cm and an air gap of the same cross section and of 2 cm length. A !4
Amp flows through 500 turns. What is the field intensity at the air gap?
A. 250 C. 795
-B. 2,262 D. 1,567
16. Pole strength 160 and 192 are separated by a distance has a force of 19600 dynes.
What is the distance in cm? integer choices.
A) 1 ' C. 3
B. 2 D. 4
57. A current of 2 Amp through a coil sets up flux linkages- of 4 Weber-turns. What is the
inductance of the coil?
A. 8H C)2H
B. 0.5 H D. 1 H
a
39. A magnetic coil produces 100,000 maxwells with 2,000 turns and with a current of 2
Amp. The current is cut-off and the flux collapses in 0.01 sec. What is the average
voltage that will appear across the coil?
A. 20 kV C. 200 V
B. 2,000 kV D. 2 kV
41. A metal transport plane has a wing spread of 88 ft. What difference of potential exists
between the extremities of the wings, when the plane moves horizontally with the speed
of 150 miles per hour? The value of the vertical-component of the earth’s magnetic field
is 0.65 Gauss at the plane.
A; 0.12 Volt . C. 12 Volt
B. 0.24 Volt D. 1.2 Volts
42. Two coils of inductance L| = 1.16 mH, L2 = 2 mH are connected in series. Find the total
energy stored when the steady current is 2 Amp.
A. 1.75 mJ C. 17.5 mJ
B.: 6.32 mJ D. 63.2 mJ
43. A non-magnetic ring having a mean diameter of 30 cm the cross-section area is 4 sq.
cm and uniformlywound with twoconductors A and B over one another. A has 90turns
and B has 240turns. Calculate the firstprinciple of mutualinductance between the
core.
A. 10.62 C) 11.52
B. 10.55 D. 11.00
44/When two inductors are connected in series aiding, their total inductance is 40 mH,
when connected series opposing the inductance is 17.5 mH. What is the value of
mutual inductance?
A. 0.5625 C. 56.25
B) 5.625 D. 562.5
45. Two coils of inductance 6 & 4 Henries are connected in parallel such that its coefficient
of coupling is 41% with mutual inductance opposes the self-inductance. What is the
total inductance of the combination?
A. 0.94 H C. 1.43 H
B. 3.33 H D. 0.49 H
46. When one coil of magnetically coupled pair has a current of 5 Amp, the resulting flux
0 n = 0.4 mWb and flux <t>12 = 0.8 mWb respectively. If the turns are Nt = 500 and
N2= 1500, Find U ■
A. 60 mH C,i120mH
B. 80 mH D. 100 mH
47. Equal amount of electrons are placed in two spheres 3 cm apart in air. If the resultant
force is 4 kN, how many electrons does each spheres contain?
A. 1.44 x1014 C. 1.25 x1014
B. 1.33 x1014 D. 1.75 x1014
48. Four 3 pCoul spheres are in corners of a square 1 cm on sides. Find the force in
Newton?
A. 8.1 x10-10 C. 4.05x10~10
B) 15.5x1 O'10 D. 20.25x1 O'10
49. Two similar charges of 250 state are srtuated on small spheres 15 cm apart. What is
the potential at point midway between the spheres?
J5 16.7 statV CJ 66.7 statV
B. 25 StatV D. 33.3 statV
50. A small sphere of mass 0.5 gram hangs by a thread between two parallel vertical plates
53 mm apart. If the charge on the sphere is 25 micro-Coul, What potential difference
between the plates will cause the thread to assume an angle of 30° with the vertical?
A. 24 Volts C. 16 Volts
B, 6 Volts D. 12 Volts
51. An isolated sphere 10 cm in radius is charged in air to 500 Volts. How much charge is
required?
A.) 5.563 nC C. 6.553 nC
B. 2.782 nC D. 8.227 nC
52. A capacitor with air between its plates has a capacitance of 3 ^F. What is the
capacitance when wax of dielectric constant 2.8 is between the plates?
A. 1.07 p.F d: 8.40 nF
B. 23.52 jiF D. 0.38 |aF
53. Find the capacitance of a two plate capacitor of plate area 12 sq. inch dielectric
constant of 6 and dielectric thickness of 0.01 inch.
A. 1.3 nF C. 1.2 nF
B. 1.6 nF D. 1.5 nF
56. Which of the following materials has the highest value of dielectric constant?
A. glass -+-» * 3 ceramics tt O C
B. vacuum ^ D. oil ^ x v ^ %^
57. The sparking between two electrical contacts can be reduced by inserting a ______.
A. capacitor in parallelwith contacts C. resistance in theline
B. capacitor in series with eachcontact D. inductor in parallel with contacts
58. Find the current in a conductor through which 2.5 x1021 electrons pass in 10 seconds.
'3 . 40 Amp C. 20 Amp
B. 80 Amp D. 10 Amp
59. A current of 5 milliamp charges an insulator for 3 sec. How much charge is
accumulated?
A. 0.015 Coul C. 0.0015 Coul
B. 0.15 Coul D. 1.5 Coul
60. A certain capacitor is charged at 48 Volts after which its energy is 5.76 x10 to negative
2 Joule. What is the capacitance of the capacitor?
A. 2 micro-farad C. 60 micro-farad
B. 30 micro-farad D. 50 micro-farad
61. Two capacitors 30 and 10 micro-farad are connected in series, what is the total
capacitance?
A. 40 micro-farad C. 20 micro-farad
B. 7.5 micro-farad D. 300 micro-farad
62. A 12 micro-farad capacitor charged at 500 Volts and a 6 micro-farad capacitor charged
at 250 Volts are connected in parallel. What is the potential difference in the
combination?
A. 500 Volts £ . 750 Volts
B. 450 Volts D. 417 Volts
63. A galvanometer has a resistance of 300 ohms. What is the ohmic resistance to make it
read one is to ten?
A. 100 C. 33.33
B. 10 D. 30
65. To roughly check his kWh meter an electrician hook-up a wattmeter, he switched on the
load, he counted 5 rev in 18 sec, the meter constant is 3.2. The wattmeter reads 368
Watts. What is the error of the meter?
A. 8% slower C. 8% faster % •,
B. 5% faster DJ5% slower
revprobs.5ept.2013
DC CIRCUITS SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
1. When an electron moves because of the pressure applied to it. What is the resulting
process?
A. melting C. generating
B. magnetic induction D. flow of current
3. In American wire gauge as the number gage increase the wire diameter?
A A.- increase C. does not change
B. decrease D. does change
5. Current has many applications in chemistry, which of the following is NOT one?
A. Electrolyticdiffusion C. Electroplating
B. Distillation D. Battery manufacture
6. What is the equivalent area in sq. inch for a conductor 336,400 circular mil?
A. 0.428 C. 0.678
B. 0.264 D. 0.768
7. A wire has a resistance of 0.75 ohm per ft at an area of 10“5 m2. Determine the
resistance of a 200 ft long conductor if the area is 3 x10"5m2.
A. 2.5 C. 50
B. 25 D. 12.5
8. The tungsten filament lamp has its filament wire of length 3.89 cm and 0.01 mm in
diameter. The resistivity is 5.55 x10“® ohm-meter at 20°C. What is the resistance at
20°C?
A. 15 ohms . C. 27.5 ohms
B. 20 ohms d . 60 ohms
9. A round aluminum bus bar having a cross-section of 0,185 sq. inch and a length of
2.956 ft. has a resistance of 207 micro-ohms at 20°C. What is the resistance in ohm per
circular mil foot at this temperature of the aluminum bus bar?
A, 18.56 C. 14.50
B. 16.49 D. 19.00
10. The power taken by a 500 ft resistive coil made of copper wire is 250 Watts at 110
Volts. Resistivity of copper is 10.4 ohm-cmil per ft. Calculate the cross sectional area of
the coil in circular mil?
A. 146 C; 107
B. 168 D. 175
11. Copper has a resistivity of 16 ohm-nm at zero degrees centigrade. What is its
temperature coefficient of resistance at zero degrees centigrade?
A. 3.93 x10“3 /°C C. 2.73 x10~3 l°C
B. 3.65 x10“3 /°C D.' 4.27 xIO"3 1°C
12. A copper wire has a resistance of 2.4 ohms at 20°C. Find the resistance at 75°C.
Resistance temperature coefficient at 20°C is 0.034/°C.
A. 3.78 ohms C. 6.89 ohms
B. 12.18 ohms D. 7.48 ohms
13. Calculate the voltage drop in voits of a 1000 ft AWG in gage wire connected to a 2 Amp
load (rho is 10.4 ohm-cmf, area is 10,380 cmil)
A. 2.4 C. 3
B. 2 D. 1.5
14. A dc motor 10 hp, 230 Voits has 0.85 efficiency. The allowable voltage drop of 10% of
input voltage. Find the area of wire in circular mil if the length is 150 ft and resistivity of
copper is 10.4 ohm-cmil per ft.
A. 3088 C. 5176
B. 6176 D. 2588
15. A dc motor draws 200 Amp is located 100 ft from the supply line. The wire has a
resistance of 0.01 ohm per 100 ft. What is the voltage at the motor terminals if the
supply voltage is 120 Volts?
A. 122 Volts C. 118 Volts
B. 124 Volts D> 116 Volts
16. A series loop contains the following circuit elements in order: an 8-Volt source, 2 kQ
resistor, a 3 kQ resistor, a 16-Volt source and a l kCl resistor. What is the voltage
across the 2 kQ resistor? Source voltage are additive.
A. 6 Volts C. 14 Volts
B. 8 Volts D. 4 Volts
17. Three resistance are connected in series has a total resistance of 120 ohms. If Rx = 20
ohms, and Ry is twice greater than Rz. Find Ry and Rz.
A. Ry = 50 ohms& Rz = 50 ohms C. Ry = 67 ohms & Rz =33 ohms
B. Ry = 60 ohms& Rz = 40 ohms D. Ry = 75 ohms & Rz =25 ohms
18. The resistance of a copper wire at 30°C is 50 ohms. If the temperature coefficient of
copper at 0°C is 0.00427°C~1. What is the resistance at 100°C?
A. 63.24 ohms C. 54.25 ohms
B. 72.26 ohms D. 58.15 ohms
19. The resistance of a wire is 126.48 ohms at 100°C and 100 ohms at 30°C. Determine the
temperature coefficient of copper at 0°C.
A. 0.00615 °C“1 C. 0.0256 °C'1
B. 0.00427 °C“1 D. 0.0356 °C"1
20. Three resistors are connected in series, the impressed voltage V = 240 Volts, the
resulting current i = 4 Amp, R, = 15 ohms, R2 = 1.5 R3) what is R3 in ohms?
A. 18 C. 27
B. 24 0 ^ 0 ■■ H U ’r . D. 16
Zkljo H (_ i“*> !<3 Pb )
21. How many erg per second are there in one Watt?
A. 10 exp 7 C. 10 exp 15
B. 10 exp 8 D. 10 exp 12
22. How much heat in kcal is produced by a current of 20 Amp flowing for one half hour in a
circuit having a resistance of 6 ohms?
A. 1032 C. 1016
B. 1088 D. 1066
23. A 100 Liters of water is heated from 20qC to 40°C. How many kWhr of electricity is
needed assuming no heat loss?
A. 5.6 C. 4.24
B. 2.3 D. 2.45
24. A 2.3 kWh is used to heat 100 liters of water. What is the change in temperature in
degrees farenheit?
A:' 36 C. 42
B. 80 D. 20
25. Power in Watts is required to melt 10 lbs ice in 5 minutes. (Latent heat of ice is 80
Calories per gram; 1 gram-Calorie is 4,184 Joules) What is the cost of operation if
power rate is Php 6.00/kWh?
A. 2.54 C. 3.50
B. 6.25 D. 3.05
26. Twenty four (24) dry cells are arranged in rows of six (6) in series and the four (4) rows
in parallel. The emf of each cell is 1,40 Volt, and internal resistance of each is 0.08
ohm. Determine the current to an external resistor of 3.2 Q.
N. 2.35 Amp C. 5.23 Amp
B. 5.32 Amp D. 2.53 Amp
27. A 25 ohm resistance and a 10 ohm resistance are connected in parallel. Then the two
are connected in series with a 5 ohms resistance. If the circuit is then connected across
a 50-Volt battery with internal resistance of 0.5 ohm What is the current flowing in the
25 ohm resistor?
A. 2.83 Amp C. 3.13 Amp
B. 1.13 Amp D. 3.96 Amp
28. Two resistances of 10 and 15 ohms, each connected in parallel. The two are then
connected in series with a 5-ohm resistance, if then connected across a 12 Volt battery.
What are the current and power?
A. 1.2 A, 17.28W C. 1.5 A, 20.25 W
B. 0.96 A, 11.52 W D. 1.09 A, 13.10 W
29. Two-24 Volt battery supply power to a 10 ohm load. One battery has 0.2 ohm interna!
resistance while the other has 0.4 ohm. What is the load voltage and power does this
load draws? '
A. 23.84 Volts and56.8 Watts C. 23.68 Volts and 56.1 Watts
B, 24 Volts and48.2 Watts D. 23.24 Volts and 60.8 Watts
30. A voltage source delivers 4 Amp when a load connected to it is 5 ohms and 2 Amp
when the load becomes 20 ohms. What maximum power which the source can supply?
A. 180 Watts C. 60 Watts
B. 90 Watts D. 360 Watts
31. Find the output voltage in the network below (Fig. 5).
A. 2 Volts C. 6 Volts
B. 4 Volts D. 8 Volts
Figure 5
32. Find the current flowing in the 4-ohm resistor in the network shown Fig.6.
A. -0.333 Amp C. 1.522 Amp
B. -2.33 Amp D. 1.567 Amp
80 2 Q
33. Calculate the Thevenin voltage & resistance at terminal “ab” of the circuit shown (Fig 7).
A. 33.75 Volts, 4 ohms C. 37.35 Volts, 8 ohms
B. 22.48 Volts, 10 ohms D. 28.24 Volts, 6 ohms
8Q c 6 £2 a
Figure 7
34. A coating of nickel 1mm thick is to be built on a steel cylindrical shaft 20 cm in diameter
and 30 cm in length in 2 hrs. Calculate the electrical energy used in the process if the
voltage is 10 Volts, electro-chemical equivalent of nickel is 0.304x10-3 gram per
Coulomb, specific gravity of nickel is 8.9.
A. 15.33 kWh C. 153.3 kWh
B. 13.53 kWh D. 135.3 kWh
35. A long straight conductor is carrying 100 Amp current. Determine the flux density at a
point 8 cm from the conductor. ^
A. 2.5x10"3 j£?0.25x1Q-3
B. 0.025 x10'3 D. 0.25
36. Flux of 14,000 lines has a flux density 7000 gauss, What is the area of core in sq. cm?
A. 1 C 2
B. 3 4
37. What is the magnetic field intensity in air at a point 2 cm from a long straight wire
carrying a current of 5 Amp?
A. 250 A/m C. 39.8 A/m
B. 25 A/m D. 48.5 A/m
38. A rectangular coil of 25 loops is suspended in a field of magnetic induction of 0.2 Tesla.
The plane of the coil is parallel to the direction of the field. The dimensions of the coil
are 15 cm perpendicular to the field lines and 12 cm parallel to them. What is the
current in the coils if there is a torque of 5.4 Newton-meter acting on it?
A. 30 Amp C. 40 Amp
Bj 60 Amp , D. 50 Amp
39. A solenoid has 250 turns. What is the mmf when-the current is 0.12 Amp?
A. 41.2 Gilberts C.. 37.7 Gilberts
B. 25.1 Gilb'erts D. 30.0 Gilberts
40. An iron ring electromagnet having a relative permeability of 1250 when it is excited by a
coil having 500 turns at 0.8 Amp. The mean length of iron parts is 48 cm, the cross
section of core is 10 cm2, and the air gap is 0.5 cm. What is its total reluctance?
A. 306x103 AT/Wb C> 4286x103AT/Wb
B. 3980x103AT/Wb D. 3674x103 AT/Wb
!
41. What is the heating process makes use of the currents induced by the eiectromagnetic
action in the charge to be heated, used for hardening of steel?
A. Induction heating C. Dielectric heating
B. Convection D. Infrared heating
44. The relative permeability of a certain silicon steel is 4,500. A certain magnetic loop
consist of the a silicon steel of 10 cm square, 20 cm long and an air gap of % cm. What
is the reluctance of the magnetic circuit?
A. 6,44x10^ C. £.54x10~3
B. 6.44x10'3 D. 2.54 x10“2
45. A magnetomotive force is'supplied by a current of 1 Amp through 100 turns. The
magnetic circuit consists of a steel core of 1000 permeability, 10 cm long and 4 sq. cm.
area and an air gap of one cm long. What is the field intensity at the air gap?
A. 12.25 Oersted C. 100.53 Oersted
B. 497.66 Oersted D. 124.4 Oersted
46. An emf induced by the changing of current in the neighboring coil is called:
A. speed C. seif-induced
B. mutually induced D. series
47. A south pole of 35 nit pole is placed under a south pole of 20 unit pole is 1 inch apart.
What is the force between them?
A. 700 dynes repulsion C. 108.5 dynes attraction
B. 108.5 dynes repulsion D. 700 dynes attraction
48. The flux density emanating from a pole of a generator is 20,000 gauss. A conductor one
meter long cuts the flux perpendicularly at a speed of 40 m per second. What voltage is
developed ?
A. 80 Volts C. 230 Volts
B. 800 Volts D.8 Volts
49. How much energy is stored in the magnetic field of a 50-miiiihenry coil carrying a steady
current of 3 Amp?
A. 0.225 Joule C. 0.15 Joule
B. 0.45 Joule D. 0.75 Joule
50. Three inductors !_•, =20 mH, L2=20 mH and L3=40 mH connected in parallel. Determine
the equivalent inductance.
A. 8 mH C. 24 mH
B. 12 mH D. 36 mH
51. Two coils having inductance Li = 0.5H, L2 = 0.3H. At one instant, h = 12 A and i2 = 5 A.
Find the total energy stored when the coefficient of coupling is M = - 0.45H.
A. 12.75 J C, 127.5 J
B. 1275 J D. 1.275 J
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C O R N E R E S P A N A & G. M. TOLEN T1N O S T R E E T S
SAIVIPALOC, M A N IL A
TE L. N O S 7 3 5 -7 3 -0 2 & 7 3 3 -2 1 -1 8
TE L. NOS. ( 0 3 ) 2 6 1 - 2 2 4 4 & ( 0 3 2 ) 2 6 1 - 8 4 5 2
POWERLINE ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER, INC,
DYNAMO - is a rotating machine for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, or the reverse
process, electrical energy into mechanical energy.
I - DC Motor - a continuous energy conversion device used to convert electrical energy to mechanical
energy.
1. Series wound D.C. Motor- a motor where its winding called series field winding is connected
in series with the armature.
Speed Characteristics: Variable speed
Torque Characteristics: high starting torque
Uses: elevator, crane, converyor, hoist gear drive.
*Atote: to reverse direction of rotation of this motor, interchange the brushes.
Caution: Never operate the motor if unloaded because it will K'r<ice" or 'run away■
”
VT - terminal voltage
Eb - back emf or counter emf
Vbc - brush contact voltage drop
Vs - series field winding voltage drop
h - line current or input current
Ia - armature current
- series field winding resistance
Rbc - brush contact resistance
Ra - armature resistance
R - equivalent resistance due to the power developed in the armature
Pi - power point
Pd ' - power developed in the armature
P0 - power output
- useful power
2. Shunt Wound D.C. Motor - a self excited motor where its field winding called shunt field is
connected across the armature .
Shunt
V t a -field
i
w dg.
i
3.Compound Wot*nd PC Motor - where its windings has series field and shunt field windings,
either connected long shunt or short shunt.
Speed Characteristics: variable or adjusted speeds
Torque Characteristics: high starting torque
Uses: milling machine, punching machine, elevator crane etc.
*Note: To reverse the direction of rotation of the motor interchange the brushes.
- in
sert e$ VS
field , i
Vt fie ld o C>vt
I W(}(), C
DC MOTOR FORMULAS:
1. Induced EMF
60a
PZ
Let K =
60a
E = K<£N
Where:
P- number of poles
<J>- flux per pole in weber
N- armature rotation in RPM
Z- total number of active conductor
Z= no. of slots x Conductor per slot
a- number of parallel paths
a = mP
m - winding multiplicity
2. Voltage Equations:
Series Motor:
Eb = Vt - IaRa - IaRs - Vbc
Pin
la = I, = Is = —
L Vt
Shunt M otor:
Eb = V t- IaRa - Vbc
la = IL - If
f Rf
PQNZ
- ^
Torque J
Developed, ^T = ------
Pdev = ------------
Eb-Ia o 60a
y a — - PZ
---- O • laT =K<D-Ia
2*N' 2^1' ln V 2m
60
6. Motor Efficiency, 77
Po Vt • I, - Copper Losses - Rotational Losses
^OVERALL ~ ~ r '
Pin Vt • I,
Po Po
7? 'o v e r a ll ~
Pin Po + Copper Losses + Rotational Losses
Pdev
Pdev + Copper Losses
________ Po _____
'm e c h a n ic a l ~
Po + Rotational Losses
Pdev
Pdev + Armature Copper Loss
N - speed in rpm
Vol - volume of armature core in m3 or cm
t - thickness of armature laminations
Kh - hysteresis constant
II - DC Generator - an energy conversion device used to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
1. Series Wound DC Generator - like the series wound DC motor, its field winding is connected in series
with the armature. It is used for constant current application like in
series street lighting.
Schematic Wiring Diagram Equivalent Circuit
—
Ka Ks — ,
2, Shunt Wound D.C. Generator - like the shunt wound D,C. motor its field winding also called shunt
I field winding is connected across the armature. It is used for constant
voltage application like in electric welding.
1 Schematic Wiring Diagram
------------*
3. Separately Excited Shunt Generator - its winding also called shunt field winding is connected to an
outside source ( a battery or another D.C. generator) It is used for
laboratory experiment purpose where voltage are likely to be varied.
Schematic Wiring Diagram Equivalent Circuit
o
FieU o
o
tody
o
o
4,Compound W'ound D.C. Generator - like compound wound D.C. motor. It has series field windings
and shunt field windings also either connected long shunt or short shunt.
£ shunt Sprite fi n
i
field wdg v-t
wdg i
t
si--
Short Shunt Schematic Diagram
DC GENERATOR FORMULAS:
1. Generated EMF
P$NZ
Eg =
60a
PZ
Let K =
60a
Eg = K<E>N.
Where:
P- number of poles
<E>- flux per pole in Weber
N- armature rotation in RPM
Z- total number of active conductor
Z= no. of slots x Conductor per slot
a- number of parallel paths
a,= mP
m - winding multiplicity
2 . Armature Winding:
Conduc tor Current, / = —
Coil Pitch, Ys = —~ K
P
Lap Winding, Yc = ±m
Wave Winding, Yc = <:- ^ -
P! 2
C- number of commutator bars or number of coils
3. Voltage Equation:
Series Generator
Eg = Vt + IaRa + IaRs + Vbc
Shunt Generator
Eg = Vt + IaRa + Vbc
la = IL + If
Rf
Efficiency, 7
_ P° _ Vt IL
V'o v e r a l l
Pin Vt • IL + Copper Losses + SPL
Vt *1L
Vm ax
Vt • Il '+2 •Constant Losses
Types o f Compound Generator According to direction o f flux :
a) Cumulative Compound Generator - the series field aiding the shunt field to supply power
and lighting loads.
a - 1 Under Compounded - the full load terminal voltage is less than the no load
voltage. It is used when the load is near from the generator.
a - 2 Flat Compound - the full load terminal voltage is the same as the no load voltage,
it is used when the load is at medium distance from the generator.
a —3 Over Compounded - the full load terminal voltage is greater than the no load
voltage, il is used when the load is far from the generator.
b) Differential Compound Generator - the direction of flux of the series field winding opposes
the direction of flux of the shunt field winding. It is used electric welding.
Prime Movers
1. Hydraulic turbines
2. Steam Turbine
3. Internal Combustion Engine
(L) The no-load voltages of both generators should be adjusted to the same value ( otherwise„
current will circulate through the two machines that will cause additional losses ).
(2.) The external characteristic curve of the two generators should be identical ( otherwise, the
generator will not share the load properly).
(3,) The polarity of the voltages of two generators must be “opposing” in the series circuit of the
two machines ( otherwise, large current will circulate in the armature windings of the generate
will damage the windings ).
(4.) For the case of compound generators in parallel there must be an 14Equalizer ’ connection to
make the operation stable ( otherwise, there will be “motorization”, i.e. one of the generator
will acts as a m otor).
POWERLIne r e v ie w c e n t e r Inc.
The Ultimate E l Review Center
DC MACHINES REVIEW PROBLEMS
1. Calculate the voltage induced in the armature winding of a 4-pole, lap-wound, dc
machine having 728 conductors running at 1800rpm. Flux per pole is 0.03Wb.
A: 655.2 V C. 720.4 V
B. 468.2 V D. 236.4 V
3. A 115 volt shunt m otor has an armature whose resistance is 0.22 ohm. Assuming
voltage across the brush contact is 2 volts, what armature current will flow when
counter em f is 108 volts.
A. 22.7A C. 34.6 A
B. 31.8A D. 27.2 A
4. The nameplate rating of a shunt m otor is 150 hp, 600 volts, 205 amp, 1700 rpm.
The resistance of the shunt field is 240 ohms and the total arm ature resistance is
0.15 ohm. Calculate the counter emf.
A. 569.63 volts C. 569.25 volts
B. 586.52 volts D. 630.75 volts
5. The term inal voltage of a motor is 240 volts and its armature current is 60A. The
armature resistance is 0.08 ohm. W hat is the hp developed by the motor.
A. 18.92 C. 16.25
B. 17.26 D. 26.64
6. A certain load to be driven at 1750 rpm requires a torque of 60 Ib-ft. W hat hp will
be required to drive the load?
A. 20 C. 12
B. 15 D. 16
7. A shunt m otor is running at 1200 rpm for a load which requires an armature
current of 50 ampere from 230 volt source. At no load, the arm ature current is 5
amp. If the effect of armature reaction has reduced the air-gap flux by 2% from no
load to full load, determ ine the no load speed. The armature resistance is 0.15Q
A.. 1212 rpm C. 1200 rpm
B. 1012 rpm D. 1182 rpm
8. In a motor, the armature resistance is 0.1 ohm. W hen connected across 110 volts
mains, the arm ature takes 20 amp and it speed is 1200 rpm. Determ ine its speed
when the arm ature takes 50 A from the same mains, with field increased 10: :
A. 1023 rpm C. 1171 rpm
Bi 1061 rpm D. 1251 rpm
9. A 120-V dc shunt m otor having an armature circuit resistance of 0.2 ohm and field
circuit resistance of 60 ohms, draws a line current of 40A at full load. The brush
drop is 3-V and full load speed is 1800 rpm. W hat is the speed at 125% full load?
A 1765 rpm C. 3600 rpm
B. 1863 rpm D. 720 rpm
10. A Shunt generator while running light as a m otor at 1000 rpm takes 12 ampere
from 115-V mains. The field current is 7 A and the armature resistance is 0.03
ohm. Determine the stray power loss?
A. 574W C. 942W
B. 543W D. 862W
11. A shunt m otor runs at 1100 rpm, at 230 V, and draws a line current of 40 A. The
various losses are: core loss, 200 W; friction and windage loss, 180 W; electrical
loss due to brush contact, 37 W; stray-load loss, 37 W. The armature- and field-
circuit resistances are 0.25 Q and 230 £2, resp. Solve for m otor efficiency.
A. 89.56% C. 87.89%
B. 88.43% D. 92.48%
12. A 50 hp 500 volt shunt m otor draws a line current of 4.5 amp at no load. The
shunt field resistance is 250 ohms and the armature resistance is 0.3 ohm. The
brush drop is 2 volts. The full load line current is 84 amp. W hat is the efficiency?
A. 89.45% C. 86.25%
B. 87.26% D. 76.64%
13. Calculate the efficiency of a 230 Volt shunt m otor from the following data : Input
current is 19.8 Amp, balance reading is 14 lbs, tare weight is 2 lbs., brake arm is
2 ft long & Speed is 1100 rpm.
A.' 82.4 % C. 84.2 %
B. 8 1 .4 % D. 8 6 .5 %
14. A 230 Volts, 15 hpd.c. shunt m otor has friction and iron loss of 200 W . The
armature resistance is 0.3 ohm and shuntfield resistance is 115 ohms. W hat is
the maximum efficiency of the motor?
A. 86.9% C. 88.3%
B. 87.4% D. 85.1%
15. A 120 volts shunt m otor takes 75 A armature current at full load. Arm ature
resistance is 0.2 ohms and brush contact drop is 2 V. Find the starting resistance
to limit the starting torque to 150% of rated load torque at the instant of starting.
A. 0.85 Q C. 0.82Q
B. 0.82 Q D. 0.88 Q
16.The armature of a 230 volt shunt motor has a resistance of 0.18 ohm. A
resistance is inserted in series with the armature at the instant of starting so as
not to exceed 76 amp at starting, calculate the value to which this resistance can
be reduced when the armature accelerates until Ec is 168 volts. Brush drop is 2V
A. 0.61 Q C. 0.81 Q
B. 2.82 Q D. 0.28 Q
17. The armature circuit resistance of a 25 hp, 250 volts series m otor is 0.1 ohms.
The brush drop is 3 volt and the resistance of the series field is 0.05 ohm. When
the series m otor takes 85 amperes, the speed is 600 rpm. Calculate the speed
when the current is 40 am peres? >,
A. 1260 rpm C. 1282 rpm
B. 1171 rpm D. 1246 rpm
18. A series motor, having an armature resistance of 0.1 Q and a field resistance of
0.15 Q , takes 48 A at 230-V and 720 rpm. The total core and friction losses are
650 W. neglecting stray-load and brush-contact losses, calculate torque
developed.
A. 138.8 N-m C. 130.2 N-m
B. 141.8 N-m D. 113.6 N-m
19. A series motor, having an armature resistance of 0.1 Q and a field resistance of
0.15 Q , takes 48 A at 230 V and 720 rpm. The total core and friction losses are
650 W. neglecting stray-load and brush-contact losses, calculate the motor
efficiency.
A. 88.9% C. 83.6% -
B. 85.7% D. 78.6 %
20.A 10 hp, 230 Volt, 1000 rpm series motor, having rated efficiency of 85.5 %,
armature resistance including brushes of 0.28 Q and a field resistance of 0.15 £X
W hat value of starting resistance so that the starting torque is equal to 150 % of
the rated-load torque ?
A 4.95 Q C. 5.94 Q
B. 4.52 Q D. 4.67 Q
21. A six pole dynamo, with interpoles, requires 360 inductors on its armature, with
three turns per coil and two coil sides per slot. Determ ine the num ber of
com m utator bars.
•A. 60 C. 120
B. 90 D. 160
22. A four pole generator has 500 conductors on the armature. If the generator is
running at 1200 rpm, find the average voltage generated between brushes for
wave winding. The total flux per pole is 106 lines.
A. 200 V C. 120 V
B. 100 V D. 250 V
23. Assuming a constant field excitation, calculate the no-load voltage of a separately
excited generator the arm ature voltage is 150 volts at 1800 rpm. W hat is the
voltage if the speed is increased to 2000 rpm?
A . 167 C. 133
B. 120 D. 180
24. A 10 kW 250 volts self-excited generator, when delivering rated load, has an
armature-circuit voltage drop of 5% of the terminal voltage and a shunt field
current equal to 5% of the rated load current. Calculate the resistance of the field
circuit.
A. 125 ohms C. 500 ohms
B. 250 ohms D. 62.5 ohms
26. A 2500 kW 600-V 16-pole generator has lap wound arm ature with 2360
conductors. If the pole face covers 65% of the entire circum ference, calculate the
number of pole face conductors in each pole of a com pensating winding.
A. 6 C. 5
B. 9 D. 4
27. A certain 110-volt shunt generator has an armature and brush resistance of 0.06
ohm at full load of 85 amp. The resistance of the shunt field is 45 ohms, and the
stray power losses are found to be 897 watts. Calculate the full load efficiency.
A. 85.2% C. 86.5%
B. 89.4% D. 84.9%
28. A 250 kW 230 volt compound generator is delivering 800 amp at 230 V. The
shunt field current is 12 amp. The arm ature resistance is 0.007 ohm and the
series field resistance is 0.002 ohm. The stray power at this load is 5500 watts.
The generator is connected long shunt. Determine the generator efficiency at this
load Stray load loss is 1% of output.
/ y 92% C. 95%
B. 94% D. 90%
29. A separately-excited dc generator has the following data: arm ature resistance,
0.04 Q ; field resistance, 110 Q ; total core and mechanical losses, 960 W;
voltage across the field, 230 V. the generator supplies a load at a terminal voltage
of 230 V. Calculate the maximum value of the generator efficiency.
A. 93.8% C. 93.2%
B. 92.7% D. 98.2%
30. Two shunt generators A & B running in parallel share a load o f 100 kW equally at
a terminal voltage of 230 volts. On no-load their voltage rises to 240 and 245 volts
respectively. How will they share the load when the total current is reduced to half
of its original value.
A. 20 kW & 30 kW C. 25kW each
B. 18 kW & 32 kW D. 1 5 k W & 3 5 k W
DO Machines Supplementary Problems
1. Dirt on the motor commutator may produce___
A. isolation C. lower torque
B. excessive sparking D. power loss
2. If a motor frame is found excessively hot, which of the following is the LEAST likely cause
A. very high ambient temperature C. inadequate internal ventilation
B. faulty starter D. excessive loading
4. Rapid stopping of motor by momentarily reversing its connections to the supply is ...
A. jogging C. inching
B. plugging D. sequence operation
6. The simplest way to shift load from one dc shunt generator running in parallel with
another is to ..
A. adjust their fieldrheostatC. insert resistance in their armature circuits
B. adjust speeds oftheirprime movers D. use equalizer connections
7. For both lap and wave windings, there are as many commutator bars as the number of
A. poles % C. armature conductors
B. slots D. winding elements
8. It is a DC motor that tends to over-speed when the field opened while running.
A. shunt motor C. split phase motor
B. series motor D. over-compounded motor,
9. In DC shunt motors, how is the shunt field connected in relation with the armature?
A. parallel C. parallel series
B. series - parallel D. series
12. When the load is removed, which motor will run at the highest speed?
A. series C. shunt
B. commulatively compound D. Differentially compound
16. A 240 volts dc shunt motor has an armature current of 50 ampere, armature resistance of
0.25 running at 1200 rpm. If it is run at 220 volts, what value of armature current when
driving the same load. The field is adjusted so that the speed remains at 1200 rpm.
A. 55 C. 60
B. 50 D. 57.5
17 A dc shunt motor develops 15 hp at 120 volts. The armature resistance is 0.061 ohm.
What is the armature current?
A. 95.81 Amperes C. 96.15 Amperes
B. 91.85 Amperes D. 98.15 Amperes
18. A dc shunt motor develops 15 hp at 120 V. The armature efficiency is 95%. What is the
back emf?
A. 114 volts C. 118 volts
B. 122 volts D. 117 volts
19. A 120 Volt shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.08 ohm and field resistance of
60 ohms. What current is drawn when its back emf is 114.8 volts.
A. 65 A C. 63 A
B. 67 A D. 70 A
20. A 440 volt 75 hp shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.185 ohm and a field
resistance of 350 ohms. The current drawn at full load is 135 amperes. What is the back
emf in volts?
A. 415.3 C. 394.8
. B. 398.3 D. 417.1
21. A 4 poles lap wound, dc machine has 728 active conductors running at 1800 rpm. The
flux per pole is 30 mWb, The armature current is 120 A, what is the electromagnetic
oower developed in the armature in kw?
A 72 4 C. 65.5
B 78.6 D. 62.4
22 The 3'~iature and field circuits of a 230 Volt shunt motor have resistance of 0.31 and 115
ohms 'espectively. It takes 52 Amp when operating at a certain load. What is the
ar"'a :jre power developed?
A 14.4 hp C. 7.5 hp
B 24.6 hp D. 12.4 hp
23 A 500 Volt shunt motor running at 720 rpm takes'an armature current of 50 Amp, its
effective resistance 0.40 ohm. W l^ n a resistance of 1.6 ohm is placed in series with the
armature, what is the new speed ? Assume that load torque is constant.
A. 720 rpm C. 750 rpm
B. 600 rpm D. 680 rpm
24. A dc shunt motor runs at 900 rpm from a 460V supply when taking an armature current of
25 A. Calculate the speed at which it will run from a 230V supply when taking an
armature current of 15A. The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.8 ohm. Assume flux
per pole at 230V have to decrease to 75% of its value at 460V
A. 495 C. 585
B. 485 p } 595
25. A separately-excited motor runs at 1045 rpm, with a constant field current, while taking
an armature current of 50 A at 120 V. the armature resistance is 0.1 Q . If the load on the
motor changes such that it now takes 95 A at 120 V, determine the motor speed at this
load.
A. 1004 rpm C. 1014 rpm
B. 1104 rpm D. 994 rpm
26. A 20-hp, 250-V shunt motor has an armature-circuit resistance of 0.22 Q and a field
resistance of 170 Q . At no-load and rated voltage, the speed’is 1200rpm and the
armature current is 3.0 A. at full-load and rated voltage, the line current is 55 A, and the
flux is reduced 6% (due to the effects of armature reaction) from its value at no-load.
What is the full load speed?
A. 1220 rpm C.)1200 rpm
B. 1188 rpm D. 1260 rpm
27. A shunt motor with an armature resistance of 0.15 ohm is running at 1200 rpm for a load
which requires of armature current of 50 ampere from a 230 volt source. At no load, the
armature current is 5 ampere. If the effect of armature reaction has reduced the air gap
flux 2% from no load to full load, what is the no load speed?
A. 1215 rpm C, 1,209 rpm
B. 1268 rpm D. j,2 1 2 rp m
28. The armature of a dc machine running at 1200 rpm carries 45 A in current. If the induced
armature voltage is 130 V, what is the torque developed by the armature?
A. 46.5 N-m C. 45.6 N-m
B. 4.65 N-m D. 456 N-m
29. Calculate the electromagnetic torque developed in the armature of a 4-pole, lap-wound
dc machine having 728 active conductors and running at 1800 rpm. The flux per pole is
30 mWb. The armature is designed to carry a maximum current of 100A.
A. 34.76 N-m C. 347.6 N-m
B. 3.476 N-m D. 3476 N-m
30. A 4-pole motor is lap wound with 728 conductors, and has a flux of 25 mWb per pole.
The armature takes 50 A in current; the resultant demagnetizing effect due to armature
reaction reduces the air-gap flux by 5%. Calculate the developed torque.
A. 137.6 N-m C. 144.8 N-m
B. 167.3N-m D. 176.3 N-m
31. The armature of a motor has of 400 active conductors, the flux density in the field being
3000 gauss. The axial length of the armature is 20.32 cm. The current is 30 amperes.
Determine the total force exerted in the armature.
A .> 31.5 N C. 0.07 N r - & \l ^
B. 645.9 N D. 439.2 N
32. A dc motor takes an armature current of 105 Amp at 480 volts when running at 720 rpm.
The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.2 ohm and the field resistance is 96 ohms.
What is the torque developed in the armature ?
A. 668 N-m C. 752 N-m
B. 610 N-m D. 639 N-m
33. An electric motor develops 20 metric HP at a speed of 600 rpm. What is the torque?
A: 240 N-m C. 210 N-m
B. 290 N-m D. 260 N-m
34. A 4-pole lap-wound' armature has 144 slotswith two coil sides per slot, each coilhaving
two turns. If the flux per pole is20mWb andthe armature rotates at 720rpm. What is the
induced voitage?
A. 138.24 V C. 69.12 V
B. 34.96 V D. 276.48 V
35. A d.c. shunt motor develops 7.8 hp at 120 Volt, the armature efficiency is 93%. What is
the armature effective resistance?
A. 0.1 ohm C. 0.16 ohm
B. 0 06 ohm D. 0.05 ohm
36. A certain shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.05. It draws 50 amperes at a
terminal voltage of 120! volts. Assume other miscellaneous losses of 1%. Determine the
output horsepower of the motor.
A. 8.5 hp C. 6.8 hp
B. 7.1 hp D. 7.8 hp
37. In a brake test the effective load on the branch pulley was 38.1 kg, the effective diameter
of the pulley is 63.5 cm and the speed is 12 r.p.s. The motor took 49 ampere at 220 volts.
What is the efficiency at this load?
A. 85% C. 86%
B 80% D) 83%
38. A 240 volt d.c. motor on brake test took 52 Amp when running at 1500 rpm. The spring
balance at the end of the 76 cm brake arm reads 93.5 N. What is the efficiency of the
motor at this load ?
A. 0.85 C. 0.90
B. 0.95 , D. 0.86
39. The shaft power of a shunt motor is 7.8 hp. Its armature draws 50 Amperes from 120
Volts. The field winding draws 1.2 Amp. What is the efficiency of the motor?
A. 94.7% C. 96.5%
B: 93 % D. 98.2 %
40. A 15 hp 220 volt, 1200 rpm shunt motor takes 50 Amperes. Its armature resistance is 0.1
ohm and field resistance is 220 ohms. Brush contact voltage drop is 2 volts, Friction and
windage loss is 400 watts and stray load loss of 1% of the output. Calculate the
efficiency.
A. 91.8% C. 90.4%
B. 92.4% D. 94.6%
41. A 250-V, 10-hp shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 Q and a field resistance of
250 Q . The motor takes a current of 5 A on no-land and 37.1 A on rated load. Determine
its rated-load efficiency.
A. 88.4% C. 86.5%
B. 76.4% D. 79.7%
42. A shunt m otor runs at 1100 rpm, at 230 V, and draws a line current of 40 A.The
armature- and field-circuit resistances are 0.25 Q and 230 Q , respectively.
Calculate the m otor speed if the output power is reduced by 50%
A. 1125 rpm K' , C. 1080 rpm
B. 1344 rpm J K) D. 2200 rpm
v ->& <-‘ Sfg - ? ' :
43. A 440 Volt shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.8 ohm and field resistance of
200 ohms. What is the armature power developed when giving an output of 7.46 kW at
85% efficiency.
A. 7.56 kW C. 7.46 kW
B. 8.46 kW D. 7.23 kW
44. In a 5 Hp, 230 Volt, 1500 rpm shunt motor, the resistance of the armature including
brushes is 0.175 ohm and that of the shunt field is 610 ohms. The stray power losses
when the motor delivers rated load at rated voltage is 305 watts. The efficiency at rated
load is nearest to.......
A. 98% C. 90 %
B. 89% D. 85%
45. A 10-hp, 230-V shunt motor takes a full-load line current of 40 A. the armature and field
resistances are 0.25 Q and 230 Q , respectively. The total brush-contact drop is 2 V and
the core and friction losses are 380 W. calculate the efficiency of the motor. Assume that
stray-load loss is 1% of output. **** ^ -%:
A. 78.6% C. 96.4%
B. 87.6% D. 83.5%
46. A 15 hp 220-volt shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.07 ohm. and a shunt
■resistance of 200 ohms. The overall efficiency at rated output is 89%, What is the
rotational loss?
A 688 watts C. 921 watts
B; 1,383 watts Voip i / , D. 242 watts
fh o st 3
47. A 5 Hp, 230 V shunt motor takes 18 Amperes when operating at full load. The shunt field
resistance is 115 ohms and the armature resistance is 0.25 ohm. Calculate the starter
resistance if the starting torque is limited to 1.5 times the full load torque (take a 3-V
brush drop).
A. 13.94 Q C. 9.46 Q
B. 9.2 Q D. 9.33 Q
48. A shunt motor yvith armature resistance of 0.12 Q and designed to operate at 115 V, is
taking 60 A in armature current at full-load. Determine the value of the external
resistance to be inserted inthearmature circuit so that the armature current shall not
exceed twice its full-load value at starting.
A. 0.838 ohms C. 0.808 ohms
B. 0.883 ohms D. 0.788 ohms
49 A 20 Hp, 240 V shunt motor takes 72 Amperes when operating at full load. The shunt
field resistance is 240 ohms and the armature resistance is 0.22 ohm. Calculate the
starter resistance if the starting torque is limited to 1.5 times the full load torque (take a
3-V brush drop).
A. 4Q C. 6 Q
B. 2Q D. 1.8 Q
50. A dc series motor develops 180 lbs.-ft of torque when the is current is 30 Amp. The load
increases so that the motor current rises to 50 Amp. The torque now is...
A 500 lbs.-ft C. 64.8 Ibs.-ft
B. 300 Ibs.-ft D. 108 Ibs.-ft
51. A series motor, having an armature resistance of 0.1 Q and a field resistance of 0.15 Q ,
takes 48 A at 230 V and 720 rpm. The total core and friction losses are 650 W. neglecting
stray-load and brush-contact losses, calculate output power at the shaft.
A. 11.36 HP C. 13.16 HP
B. 16.13 HP D. 113.6 HP
52. For a 4-pole, 2 -layer, dc lap-winding with 20 slots and one conductor per layer, the
number of commutator bars is.
A. 80 C. 40
B. 20 D. 160
53. A 4 pole, lap-wound dc armature, the back pitch is 17, if the winding is progressive what
is the front pitch?
A. 15 C. 17
B. 13 D. 16
55. If the armature of an eight-pole dc machine were wound with a simplex wave winding.
' How many parallel paths would there be ?
A. 16 paths C. 8 paths
B. 2 paths D. 4 paths
57. A 4 pole, 12 slot lap-wound dc armature has two coil side/slot. Assuming single turn coil,
calculate the back pitch for progressive and retrogressive winding.
A. 5 & 3 C. 7 & 5
B. 3 & 5 D. 6 & 4
58. In a 10 pole, lap wound dc armature, the number of active armature conductor per pole is
50. The number of compensating conductor per pole required is
A. 5 C. 50
B 500 D. 10
59. A 4 pole dc generator with simplex lap winding has 48 slots and four element per slot.
The flux per pole is 2.5 x 106 maxwells and it runs at 1,500 rpm. What is the output
voltage ?
A. 60 Volts C. 225 Volts
B. 360 Volts D. 120 Volts
60. A 4 pole dc generator with duplex lap winding has 48 slots and four element per slot. The
flux per pole is 2.5 x 106 maxwells and it runs at 1,500 rpm. What is the output voltage ?
A. 60 Volts C 225 Volts
B. 480 Volts D. 120 Volts
61. A separately excited generator generates 230 volts when driven at 1200 rpm, If the flux is
decrease by 10%, What is the new emf with speed remains the same.
A. 230 volts C. 207 volts
B. 256 volts D. 253 volts
62. The input current to a 220 volts, long shunt compound motor at no load is 6 amp. The
shunt field circuit resistance is 220 ohms, the armature resistance is 0.1 ohm and series
field resistance is 0.08 ohm. What is the stray power loss?
A. 1095.5W —" C. 1086.5W
B. 1097.5W D. 1189.6W
63. A 20-kW 220-volt shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.07 ohm and a shunt
resistance of 200 ohms. Determine the power developed in the armature when it delivers
its rated output.
A. 27.9 kW C. 19.2 kW
B. 20.83 kW D. 25.7 kW
64. The pulley of an old gen-set has a diameter of 20 inches. The belt exerts a pull of 353 lbs
on the pulley . the gen-set runs at 900 rpm. What is the approximate kW rating of the
gen-set ? , < y
A. 75 C. 200
B. 250 D. 35
65. A 288 volt shunt generator has constant losses of 2880 Watts. The armature circuit
resistance is 0.20 ohm and field resistance of 144 ohms. If the generator is delivering
power at maximum efficiency, then its armature current is.
A. 10 A C. 130 A
B. 120 A D. 64 A
66. A 400- kW, 600 volt, d-c shunt generator has an armature resistance of 0.03 ohm. The
field resistance is 48 ohms. The stray power loss for this machine at rated voltage and
speed is 7200 watts, What is the maximum efficiency?
A. 93.4% C. 95.3%
B. 96.3% D. 98.5%
67. A shunt generator delivers 195 Amp of terminal of voltage 250 Volts. The armature
resistance and shunt field resistances are 0.02 ohm and 50 ohms respectively. The iron
and friction losses equal to 950 watts. What is the overall efficiency?
A 94 % C. 96 %
B. 98% D. 95%
J
68. A 440 Volt long shunt generator has a full-load current of 200 Amp. Its armature
resistance, series field resistance and shunt field resistances are 0.02 ohm, 0.04 ohm
and 100 ohms respectively, the stray load losses are 2000 Watts. What is the full-load
efficiency of generator ?
A. 97% C. 98%
B. 95% D. 93%
69. A 25 kW, 500 volts long shunt compound generator delivers a full load. It has armature,
series field and shunt field resistances of 0.05fi, 0.03Q and 250Q respectively. What is
the generated voltage allowing 3 V for brush contact drop?
A. 496 V C. 503 V
B. 507 V D. 484 V
70. A long-shunt compound generator supplies 50 kW at 230 V. the total field- and armature-
circuit resistances are 46 Q and 0.03 Q , respectively. The brush-contact drop is 2 V.
Determine the percent voltage regulation. Neglect the armature reaction.
A. 3.97% . C. 2.9%
B. 3.57% D. 3.77%
71. A 100-kW, 230-V, shunt generator has Ra= 0.05 Q and Rf= 57.5 Q . If the generator
operates at rated voltage, calculate the induced voltage at half full-load. Neglect brush-
contact drop.
A. 241 V C. 252 V
B. 230 V D. 238.2V
72. A 50-kW, 250-V short-shunt-compound generator has the following data: Ra = 0.06 Q ,
R xe = 0 04 Q and R f = 125Q. Calculate the induced armature voltage at rated load and
terminal voltage. Take 2 V as the total brush-contact drop.
A 270.12V C. 272.12 V
B. 268.24 V D. 274.12 V
73. A 50-kW 460-volt shunt generator has a voltage regulation of 8.7 percent, Calculate the
no-load terminal voltage.
A. 475 C. 505
B. 500 D. 490
74. Two shunt generators A and B, with ratings of 150 kW and 100 kW respectively having
identical straight-line voltage vs. percent kW output characteristic, are connected in
parallel. The no-load and full-load voltage of 255 and 230 volts, calculate the kW
output of each when the total load shared is 200 kW.
A. 110 kW & 90 kW C. 1 2 0 k W & 8 0 k W
B. 150 kW & 50 kW D. 1 2 5 k W & 7 5 k W
75. Two shunt generators A and B, with ratings of 250 and 400 kW respectively having
equal no-load voltage of 260 volts and full-load voltage of 240 volts, calculate the load
of each when the total load shared is 600 kW.
A. 231 kW & 369 kW C. 242 kW & 358 kW
B. 238kW & 362 kW D. 234 kW & 366 kW
5. Specific Output (Efficacy) - it is the ratio of luminous flux to the power intake “W”.
lm^ 4 n x M.S.C.P
W watts
6. Principle of Photometry - the illumination (E) due to a point source decreases inversely as the square of
the distance from the source.
E^ a —I ; h
— - h -
- y -> mverse square law
r ri r2
For Horizontal surface For Vertical surface:
I cos9 - fY - / sin #
E 2 : 2
dl dl
n h . : t? \ (X u „ s
but cos 0= — n \ but sin 0 = —
d d
^ Ih . c H ,1 _ Is . ~
•- E = ——lux or fc 7 " I E - —tt lux or fc
d3 t d3
8- The space/height ratio is given by:
horizontal distance between lamps
mounting height o f lamps
2
9. The utilization factor or coefficient of utilization ( 77)
LIGHTING DESIGN
- Lighting design is a combination of applied art and applied science.
GOALS OF LIGHTING DESIGN :
1. Lighting levels should be adequate for efficient seeing of the particular task involved.
2. Lighting equipment should be unobstructive, but not necessarily invisible.
3. Lighting must have the proper quality.
4. Lighting design must be accomplished efficiently in terms of capital & energy resources.
£+ w
RCR = 5h RC room cavity ratio
ixw
t +w
CCR = 5h cc = ceiling cavity ratio
£xw
£+ w
FCR = 5h FC = floor cavity ratio
£xw
Where : hRC~ height of room cavity, hcc = height of ceiling cavity, & hFC^ height of floor cavity
FioodLighting
It means “ flooding u of large surface with the help of light from powerful projectors. Its
uses are for aesthetics, advertising and industrial/commercial lighting schemes.
1. Its Light is close to the natural light. 1. Its light is not close to natural light
2. Actual color can be judged 2. Actual color can not be judge.
3. Initial cost is low 3. Initial cost is high
4. Life is about 1000 hrs. 4. Life is about 4000 hrs.
5. Maintenance cost is more 5. Maintenance cost is low
6. Brightness is more 6. Its light is cool and pleasant
I. Light output is reduced with time 7. Light output is also reduced but very less
8. Heat radiation loss is there 8. As the temperature is less soless radiation losses
9. Less lumen output per watt 9. More lumen output per watt (40 Im/watt)
10. Lumen efficiency is poor because of colored 10. The color of light depends upon the gas
glass. in the case of colored lamp.
II. No stroboscopic effect 11. It has stroboscopic effect.
P O W E R L IN E r e v i e w C E N T E R Inc.
The Ultimate E.E. Review Center
ILLUMINATION, R .A .7 92 0& IR R REVIEW PROBLEMS
1. Polar graph representing variation in candle power of illumination.
A. Photometric distribution C. Photo sensor
B' Photometric report D. Photometric brightness
2. It is a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of
various objects faithfully in comparison with an ideal or natural light source. Also called
color accuracy.
A. spectral power C. luminous emittnace
B. color rendering index D. chromatic index
3. What do you call the interior lighting where the roof trusses or ceiling height is greater
than 7.6 m (25 ft) above floor level? r —^
A. High pressure sodium (HPS) High bay
B. High Intensity discharge (HID) D. High ballast
4. A lamp gives an average output of 628 lumens. What is the M.S.C.P.?
A. 45 tAvp r r>T C) 50
B. 48 _. D. 40
5. A 150 Watt light source has a mean spherical luminous intensity of 87.5 candelas.
Compute the luminous efficacy of the lamp.
A. 4.77 Im/w * 1 - _ *>V& y /iir C. 5.33 Im/w
B. 7.33 Im/w f “ IbQ D. 6.77 Im/w
6. A light has a candle power of 100 at a given direction at a point 10 ft distance from the
source, if the receiving plane is tilted through 30 degrees from the. perpendicular, what
is the illumination upon the surface? r *rh
A. 0.7 fc .. vv. *■ £■ 0.5 fc
B. 0.34 fc -J T ~ QD^0.866fc
7. A road is illuminated by two 500 cd lamps placed 6.1 m above the centerline of the
road and 18.3 m apart. Find the illumination produced on the surface of the road at a
point on the centerline midway between the lamps. £r ■ 2 f.
A. 2.3 lux , C. 4.6 lux - L ^ ,
B. 3.4 lux La. -boo ^ D. 6.8 lux r w ------
8. The illumination of a room is being designed. The illumination intensity required is
50 fc. The maintenance factor is 70% and coefficient of utilization is 0.6. If the room is
20 ft. by 15 ft. What is the total required lumen output of the lamp?
A. 10,500 lumens £ C. 6,300 lumens
B. 12,800 lumens w - D. 35,000 lumens 0 ^
C-Va M .f 'J *
9. A room 100 ft x 300 ft requires 80 foot-candle. It is to be illuminated by duplex
fluorescent lamp. The 2-T20 Watt lamp has an output of 3200 lumen, maintenance
factor is 0.7 and coefficient of utilization is 0.6. Calculate the number of luminaires.
k ) 1786 C. 894
B- 1144 ' j * i T d - 1228
10. A room with dimension 75 ft x 36 ft x13 ft requires 50 foot-candle, lamp lumen output
3200 maintenance factor is 0.7, coefficient of utilization is 0.46. Arranged in 4 rows and
4.bays. How many lamps in bays? iO ') / {'Cf.j
A. 8 M vi 3U C. 4/ r ® r —£T"
B- 6 * D. 10 Mo * *
x
11. The illumination in a room is being designed, the data are as follows :
Room length = 30 ft Room width = 20 ft
Coefficient of utilization (r|) 0.60 Maintenance factor (p) = 70 %
Required foot-candle = 50 Lumens per lamp = 3300
Watts per lamp = 53 MM* Supply Voltage = 220 V
Power factor = 75 %
What is the total current, of the lamps required to satisfy the requirements?
A. 21 Amperes —- r — C. 15 Amperes
B 7 Amperes D. 25 Amperes
12. A 150 candle power tamp give sufficient light to read a book at a distance of 6 feet. If
the lamp depreciates to 75 candle power, how much closer should the book be placed
to be read with same luminance in foot-candle.
A. 3.4ft x T C. 2.6ft -^ 5 , ^ ^
B. 2.2 ft : ft). 1.8 ft " 5
13. How much should a 100-Watt lamp be lowered to double the illumination on the object
which is 70 cm under it?
A, 20.5 cm 2£ ,
<4. C. 49.5 cm
B. 16.7 cm D. 2.42 cm tS <t>j s *
Gi - -j
14. The illumination on a certain object 2.5 m from the light source is 6,648 lux, using the
same light source, what is the illumination on the object at 5 m?
A. 1,226 lux p, 2 . p _ cA-2 c 1,662 lux
B. 3,324 lux &S' D. 4,700 lux
15. Two lamps of 20 cd and 40 cd are 10 m apart. At what point between them will the
illumination produced by them be equal?
A. 5.86 m from 20 cd lamp %o C. 4.14 m from 20 cd lamp
B. 4.14 m from 40 cd lamp D. at midpoint
18. A classroom 6m x 8m x 3.70m height, having 1.0m ceiling cavity and 0.75 m floor
cavity. What is the floor cavity ratio of the said classroom?
A. 1.95 _ L r <33 1.09
B. 1.46 3»Ve j ’S. D 2.84
~ 4 XM) )
19. VVhat component is necessary to ignite and lit up a preheat fluorescent luminaire?
A . Starter C. Capacitor
B. Ballast D. Tube holder
20. A choke coil (ballast) is generally used in series with the tube in the fluorescent lamp
circuit in order to _______.
A. prevent flickeringC. suppress radio interference
B. limit current to a proper valueD. improve overall power factor
21. The purpose of coating the fluorescent tube from inside with white phosphor powder is:
A. to improve its life
B. to improve the appearance
C. to change the colour of light emitted to white
£T\to increase the light radiations due to secondary emissions
22. The following lighting system are HID (High-lntensity-Discharge) general groups of
Jamp EXCEPT.
(A^ rapid-start lamp C. metal-hallide lamp
B. mercury lamp D. high-pressure sodium lamp
23. It is desired to flood-light the front of abuilding 42 m wide and 16 m high. Projectors of
30° beam spread and 1,000-Watt lamp giving 20 Im/watt are available. If thedesired
level of illumination is 75 lux and if the projectors areto be locatedat ground level 17 m
away. Estimate the number of lamps required.Assume thefollowing:coefficient of
utilization, 7 = 0.40, maintenance factor, /?= 0.77, waste light factor, co = 1.2
A. 12 ca * y (c: 10
B -i4 1 ----r.. D. 8
u*f I ' / *» ft* w. A
I*
24. _______is an establishment or a system for the production and modification of electric
energy.
A. Business establishments C. Electric plant
B. Industrial plant D. Commercial establishments
26. A Board of Electrical Engineering (BEE) will serve his term in how many years?
A) 3 C. 2
B. 5 D. 6
27. Vacancies in the Board shall be filled by th e ____ from the list of recommendees
selected by the commissioner who where chosen from the list of nominees submitted
by the integrated and accredited association for the un expired term only.
A. commissioner — rct/ 3vrsc.hr* C. board member
(B,- president D. IIEE tw m ' H
30. Sec. 4, Art. II states the powers and duties of the board. What does it mean by quasi
legislative powers?
A. evaluation C. supervisory
B. control , D. rule-making
31. How many years does a high school graduate need to qualify for RME?
A. 4 yrs. C. 2 yrs.
B. 3 yrs. D. 5 yrs.
32. The E.E. Board Chairman when the R.A 7920 and Code of Ethics was approved.
A. Paul Joseph E. Woo C. Gerardo V. Gaor
B. Rafael F. Florentino , D. Roy F. Gil
33. Associate Electrical Engineer (Asso. EE) can apply for registration as Professional
Electrical Engineer (PEE) without a degree of BSEE?
A. True C. can apply
(B, False D. can interview
34. In what rule does R.A. 184 - Old Electrical Engineering Law (1947) stated?
A. Rule 2(e) - C. Rule 2 (p)^ *-c . <7«,
B Rule 2(f) D. Rule 2 (j)
37. If a tropical storm is going to the Philippine area of responsibility within 24 hrs, what
kind of alert status to be raised in accordance to Philippine Distribution Code?
A. Blue alert C. Weather disturbance alert
B. Yellow alert D. Red alert
38. It is a distribution reliability index defined as the total duration of sustained customer
•power interruptions within a given period divided by the total number of customer
served within the same period.
A. SAIFI - C. MAIFI *■ :“ -v i
SAID I - a O a> D. DAIFI
v' “'
39. Who is the board of trustee or board member of TRANSCO?
A. President of TRANSCO C. President of DENR
B. President of DOE Department of Finance
40. What refers to end-users who do not have choice of a supplier of electricity?
A. Contestable market C. Market operator
B Captive market D. Small power UtilityGroup
3. A light source emits a total luminous flux of 1000 lumens distributed uniformly over a
quarter of a sphere. What is the luminous intensity at 2.5 m?
A. 270 cd _ 0 C. 357 cd
BA 318 cd 1 •" D: 400 cd
4. A light meter reads the illumination received from the sun as 1x105 lm/m2. If the
distance from the earth to the sun is 1.5 x1011 m, compute the luminous intensity of the
sun.
A. 2.25 x1027 cd • -j. Q* ® ) C. 2.25 x1021 cd
B. 1.5x1021cd ' D. 1.25 x1027 cd
5. A 100 watt light bulb emits a total luminous flux of 1500 lumens, distributed uniformly
over a hemisphere. What is the illuminance at a distance of 2 m?
A. 10.6 lux +_ -s 46.8 lux
B. 21.2 lux ©I 59.7 lux
X 9. 's~r
6. A 100-Watt, 110 Volts lamp is rated 11.0 Im/watt. At what distance from the lamp is the
maximum illumination 10 lux?
A) 2.96 meters t C. 11.73 meters - -0
7.00 meters r s /SV r - 1 D. 1.91 meters
Given 800 lux, what is the lux when the distance to the point is doubled?
A - 300 X\ 9< 400 c U -
B. 100 ' ' 1 ' ' - DJ 200
.D. ' * r
8. The required illuminance for a given working plane is 100 foot-candles. Find the
illuminance “E “ in lux.
A. 1496 jf , V0. V * VU* C. 1204
B, 1075 * D. 1360
t ix<- •
9. 100 footcandle at 10 ft distance from point “P”. What is the intensity?
A. 40,000 1 C. 20,000
B. 30,000 1 * s ; ; ‘ ~~77vr ' ^ 10,000
■ V | 0 ^
10. A light source has a candle power of 100 in all directions. At a 10 ft distance from the
source, what illumination in foot-candle is being received on a plane perpendicular to
the source? ’ r r.
A. 2.5 C. 2
B. 1.5 r " ,R 1
11. A 150 candela lamp at a distance of 12.37 m gives a sufficient illumination on a certain
working plain. How far a 250 candela lamp be placed to have the same illumination as
before?
A. 9.58 m £ £» C. 49.5 m
B. 15.97 m ’ D 895m
12. A lamp giving 200 candelas uniformly below the horizontal plane is suspended 3 m
above a horizontal plane. Calculate the illumination at a point 3 m from the vertical
axis.
A. 7.66 tr . XV (j£ )7 .8 6
B. 7.75 ' cp D. 7.55
13. A street lamp 7 m above the sidewalk dissipates 200 Watts and has a luminous
efficiency of 60 lumens per watt. If the the source is assumed to be isotropic find the
illuminance at a point on the sidewalk 10 m from the base of the lamp.
/M 3.68 lux C. 4.52 lux
'~B. 6.42 lux t ~ D. 5.68 lux
15. The illumination of a room is being designed from the following data:
Room length = 40 ft Room width = 24 ft
Coefficient of utilization= 0.60 Maintenance factor = 0.70
Required foot-candle =200 Lumens per lamp = 3,300
What is the number of lamps per row ? Provided the number of rows is 4.
A. 40 C. 30
. B'.- 35 D. 140
16. A 50 ft. by 20 ft office is to be illuminated with duplex fluorescent luminaires at level of
100 foot-candle. The maintenance factor and coefficient of utilization are estimated to
be 70% and 60% respectively. Each fluorescent produces 3300 lumens. Estimate the
total power if the wattage of each lamp is 53 watts
A. 1800 watts 'jSp 3800 watts
B. 2800 watts D 3500 watts
17. A 40 ft by 80 ft office is to be illuminated with duplex fluorescent luminaires at level of
60 foot-candle. The maintenance factor and coefficient of utilization are estimated to be
•75% and 65% respectively. Each fluorescent produces 3300 lumens. How any
luminaries are required per row if there are 4 rows ?
M 15 C. 30
'B . 13 D. 8
19. A room measures 4ft by 60 ft needs 80 foot-candle of illumination. Each lamp has an
output of 3300 lumens. Depreciation and maintenance factor are 0.6 and 0.7
respectively. If the lamp consumes 53 watts, power factor is 75%, what is the feeder
current. Take supply voltage of 220 volts singtephase.
A. 36 Amperes 44 Amperes
B. 22 Amperes D. 26 Amperes
20. How much should a 100-W lamp be lowered to double the illumination on the object
which is 60 cm under it ?
O fr 17.6 cm C. 42.4 cm
B. 16.7 cm D. 2.42 cm
21. Two lamps 5 cd and 20 cd are 150 cm apart. At what point between them will the same
illumination be produced by each?
A. 50 cm from20 cd lamp C. 50 cm from 5 cd lamp
B. 100 cm from 5cd lamp D. 80 cm from 20 cd lamp
26. The direct lighting scheme is most efficient but is liable to cause _
A.) monotomy C. hard shadows
B7 glare D. both b) and c)
27. Estimate the number of 1000-Watt floodlight projectors required to illuminate the upper
75 m of one face of a 96 m tower of width 13 m if approximate initial average
illumination is to be 86 lux. The projectors are mounted at ground level 51 m from the
base of the tower. Utilization factor is 0.2 and efficiency of each lamp is 18 Im/watt.
A. 22 £ £ ) 24
' B. 25 D. 21
28. It refers to choice of electrical systems, including planning and detailing of
requirements for protection, control, monitoring, coordination and interlocking of
electrical systems among others.
A. system utilization design C. power plant design
B. practice of electrical engineering . 0. Electrical system design
30. Sec.17(a), of R.A. 7920 : Examination and registration qualifications of applicants for
Registered Electrical Engineer states that an applicant is a _____of the country
A. leader C. citizen
B. professional D. known person
31. On what particular section in article IV of the RA 7920 is Foreign Reciprocity stated?
A. Sec. 39 s ® Sec. 38
B. Sec. 40 D. Sec. 37
32. According to Sec. 12 of R.A. 7920; all applications for oral examinations for PEE and
written examinations for REE and RME shall be subject to payment of fees prescribed
by the commission: Provided, th a t__% of the fees is to be treated as special fund for
programs, projects and activities of the commission and the remaining__% shall be
set aside as a trust fund for the establishment and maintenance of the center for
continuing education and research.
A. 80,20 B. 85,15 C. 90, 10 D. 95,5
33. For a person to be considered to be a member of the Board of Electrical Engineering he
must, at the time of appointment: be a natural-born Filipino citizen and a resident of the
Philippines for at least____consecutive yrs; be atleast____ yrs of age, of proven
integrity with high moral values in his personal and professional conduct; have practiced
electrical engineering for a period of not less than____yrs prior to his appointment.
A. .5,45,10 B 5, 35, 10 C. 10, 35, 5 D. 5, 45, 15
34. Under Penalty Clause: Any person who shall violate any of the provision of this Act
shall be guilty of misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction, be sentenced to a fine:
A. not more than P60,000 C. not more than P10,000
B. not more than P20,000 D not more than P50,000
35. Rule 4, Article lll:The Board of Electrical Engineering in the enforcement and
administration of Republic Act. No 7920, and in the execution and performance of its
powers, duties, functions and responsibilities set forth therein shall rely or seek the
review, approval, supervision, assistance, support and/or advice of th e ____ through
the latter’s office, divisions sections and units.
A. TESDA B. Commission C. CHED D. DECS
•V y ^ *■
36. In Philippine Distribution Code Performance Standards, Which of the following does
NOT belong?
A. Collection standards C. Reliability standards
B ' Safety standards D. System efficiency standards
37. In Philippine Distribution Code Purposes, Which of the following does NOT belong?
A. To ensure quality of electric Power
B. To specify customers services for the protection of end users
C. To specify standards for the protection of personnel in the work environment
p . To ensure distribution system will be operated by only one distribution company
38. What is SoLR from Philippine Distribution Code (PDC)?
A, Supplier of last resort C. Supplier of load resort
B. Source of load resort D. Source of line reserve
39. In Philippine Distribution Code Power Quality Standards, power quality problem exist in
any of the following EXCEPT:
A. The system frequency has deviated from nominal value of 60 Hz
B. Harmonic frequencies are present in the system
C. Voltage magnitude are outside their allowable range of variation
D. Phase voltage magnitude are equal and 120 degrees out of phase
40. What is the meaning of WESM?
A. Wholesale Electricity Spot Market C. Wholesale Energy Saving Market
B. World Energy Spot Market D. World Electricity Saving Market
P r a c tic e m a k e s p e r f e c t !
Supplprobs. Sept. 2013
P,EC 2009. ETHICSI
This Free Quality Manual is
Found only at POWERLINE
T E L . N O S . (0 3 )2 6 1 -2 2 4 -4 & (0 3 2 ) 2 6 1 -8 4 5 2
1
POWERLINE REVIEW CENTER, INO.
P.E.C. 2009, Obligation 8cContracts R eview L ectu re
SERVICE - the conductors and equipment for delivering energy from the electric supply system
to the wiring system of the premises served. Which consists o f:
FOR OVERHEAP SERVICE:
1 SERVICE DROP - the overhead service conductors from the last pole or other aerial support
and including splices if any, connecting to the service entrance conductors in a building or other
structures, And shall not be smaller than 8 mm 2 Cu or 14 mm2 A1 or Cu-clad Al.
/ Clearances of Service Drop:
a) Above roof - 2,400 mm
b) Vertical Clearances from ground :
• 3,000 mm - at electric service entrance to buildings, also at the lowest point of the drip loop.
• 3,600 mm - over residential property and driveways, and those commercial areas not subject
to truck traffic where voltage does not exceeds 300 Volts to ground.
• 4,500 mm - for those areas listed in the 3,700 mm classification where the voltage exceeds
600 Volts to ground.
• 5,500 mm - over public streets, alleys, roads parking areas subject to truck traffic
3
c) Clearance from building opening - 900 mm from windows that are designed to be opened.
d) Clearance from swimming pools-6,900 mm
in any direction from water level, (see table 6 80.1.8)
2. SERVICE ENTRANCE - the service conductors between the terminal of the service equipment and
a point usually outside the building, clear of bldg. walls, where joined by a taps or splices to the
service drop, and snail be of size adequate to carry the load intended to serve.
Note: A building or other structure served be supplied by one service only.
EXCEPTIONS: For the following:
(a) Special Conditions r
1. fire pumps (high pressure) for the building
2. Emergency electrical systems
3. Legally required stand-by systems
4. Optional stand-by systems
5. Parallel power production systems
6. Systems designed for connection to multiple sources of supply for the purpose of enhance
reliability.
(b) Special Occupancies
1. Multiple-occupancy building where there is no available space for service equipment
accessible to ail occupancies.
2. Multiple-occupancy building or group of singledetached buildings owned or
operated/managed by one (1) person or entity andwhere spaces areavailable, amain
service shall be allowed to serve the service entrance equipment of each occupant and
common loads, if any.
3. A single building or other structure sufficiently large to make two or more services
necessary.
(c) Capacity Requirements
1. Where the capacity requirements are in excess of 2000 Amp at a supply voltage of 600
Volts or less.
2. Where load requirements of a single-phase installation are greater than the serving
agency normally supplies through one service.
(d) Different Characteristics
Additional services shall be permitted for different voltages, frequencies, or phases, or for
different uses, such as for different rate schedules.
(e) Identification
Where a building or structure is supplied by more than one service, or any combination of
branch circuits, feeders, and services, a permanent plaque or directory shall be installed at
each service disconnect location denoting all other services, feeders, and branch circuits
supplying that building or structure and the area served by each (see Section 2.25.2.8)
M E T H O D S O F C O M P U T A T IO N F O R W IR IN G D E S IG N
A. Design Load Method:
• 100 VA per lighting & convenience receptacle (LO)
• 180 VA or 200 VA per convenience outlet (CO)
B. Area Method:
• 24 VA per m2 for residential excluding toilet & porches.
• 28 VA per m2 and 8 VA per m2 for office general lighting and office general purpose
receptacle outlets respectively.
• 16 VA per m2 for industrial plant.
Note: A single residence with 10 kW or more initial load requires a 100 Amp service. Lighting outlet
shall be separated from the circuit of convenient outlet except in occupancy where the total
connected load does not exceed 15 Amp.
C. For Motor Loads i
• Ampacity of conductors: Use 125 % of the FLA ( ftill-load ampere)
• Rating of branch over-current protective device :
Use: 250 % of FLA for Thermal Magnetic CB
300 % of FLA for Non-time delay fuse.
N ote: The above ratings were based on full voltage or across the line starter and can go lower to
150 % of FLA and 200 % of FLA for CB & Fuses respectively if starters were used.
HAZARDOUS LOCATION:
* Class I - Locations in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the air
sufficient to produced explosive or ignitable mixtures.
( e.g. gasoline terminals, distillery, pharmaceuticals etc.)
2. Class II ~ Locations m which are hazardous because of the presence of combustible dust.
( e.g. firecracker maker, match maker, dynamite plant etc.)
3. Class III - Locations in which are hazardous because of the presence easily ignitable fibers
and fyings. ( e.g. textile plant, paper, saw mills etc.)
GRQLNDING SYSTEM
1. System grounding - a system or circuit conductor that is intentionally grounded.
2. Equipment grounding - the conductors used to connect the non-current carrying metal parts
of equipment to the system ground conductor at the service equipment.
3. Grounding conductor - a conductor used to connect equipment to grounded circuit of a
wiring system to a grounding electrode.
RevProbs Sept.2013
P.E.C. 2 0 0 9 , CODE o f ETHICS SUPPLEMENTARY
PROBLEMS
1. Name the voltage class when the nominal voltage is 120-600 Volts.
A^LowVoltage C. High Volage
B. Medium voltage D. Extra High Voltage
2. The short circuit temperature rating of PVC insulated building wires for 30 second period
A. 200°C C. 300°C
B. 250°C (IS) 150°C
3. Common cause of failure in termination of cable is_______________.
C^y^Proper insulation & penciling C. Wrong clearance
B. Splices D. Tracking
4. Before installation of power cables the basic DC test voltage in ascending mpre
according to ICEA (Insulated Cable Engineer Association) specification for 100%
insulation level in terms of rated voltage is not above?
(fcP 5 times C. 4 times
B. 3 times D. 2 times
5. What is the normal bending radius from inner edge of conduits with relation to diameter?
X. 8-9 times C. 4-6 times
B. 6-7 times D. 3-4 times
6. The breakdown voltage of Insulation depends upon_____value.
A. RMS C. average
R.'>peak D. twice the RMS
7. Short circuit temperature of Polyethylene cable in degree centigrade is.
A. 200 C. 300
250 D. 350
8. What is the minimum distance receptacle outlet of a show window in meters?
C. 2
B. 4 D. 5
9. Receptacle outlet shall be located not more than____ mm above countertop.
A. 300 C. 250
5X50 D. 600
10. Branch circuit larger than____Amp shall supply only non lighting outlet load.
WC 50 C. 20
B. 30 D. 15
11. What is the distance from the flooring to the receptacle outlet in dwelling unit in mm?
X 1800 C. 1700
B. 3700 D. 4000
12. In dwelling units, at leastone wallreceptacle outlet shall be installed within_mm of
the outside edge of basinor bath tub.
A. 1200 mm C, 600 mm
B. 1600 mm jo. 900 mm
13. Injjwelling units, at least one receptacle outlet for hallways more than meter.
3 C. 2
B. 4 D. 5
14. The lighting load for a dwelling unit expressed in terms of volt-ampere per sq. meter
must be at least_____.
A. 16 24
B. 28 . D. 12
15. The lighting load for an office expressed in terms of volt-ampere per square meter must
be,at least_____ .
ty 28 C. 16
B. 12 D. 24
16. Wh^t is the general lighting load for industrial?
p / 16 VA/sq. m C. 6VA/sq. m
B. 28 VA/ sq. m D. 24 VA/sq. m
17. What is the branch circuit demand for a 12 kW range and a 5 kW cook top in a residence
of 230 Volt, 1-phase ?
11kW C. 13 kW
B. 17 kW D. 14.6 kW
18. The ampacity of a #10 AWG (5.5 sq.mm) TW copper conductor when there are not more
than three (3) conductors in the raceway and the ambient temperature is 97°F (36°C)
would be: (use correction factor for given the conductor of 0.82 at 36°C)
A 22 Amp C. 30 Amp
.JK 25 Amp D. 27 Amp
19. In rigid metal conduit wiring, conduits shall be supported at least every______.
A. 2000 mm C. 2500 mm
Br 3000 mm D. 3500 mm
20. One of the following raceways NOT suitable for installation in wet locations? ,
A. rigid non-metallic conduit - C. rigid metal conduit
B. intermediate metal conduit Q/flexible metallic conduit
21 Feeder supply several motor load shall have an ampacity equal to the sum of the full
load/6urrent rating of all the motors plus____% of the highest rated current in the group.
t y 25 C. 100
o. 80 D. 125
22. A 3<|> motor draws 50 Amperes at full-load. What shall be the maximum inverse time
circuit breaker that may be used for short circuit protection ?
A. 50 Amp C. 100 Amp
£ /1 25 Amp D. 75 Amp
23. Branch circuit conductor to one or more units of a data processing system shall have an
ampacity of___ % of the total connected load.
A. 80% C. 200%
jj/l2 5 % D. 100%
24. Equipment for hazardous locations shall be approved for the following property, EXCEPT
JC durability C. combustibility
B. ignitability D. explosibility
25. What is the minimum ampacity of supply feeder for a window type air conditioning unit
with 8 Amp rated load current with other load supplied?
A. 15 Amp C. 12 Amp
B^20Amp D. 10 Amp
26. Ferroresonance is destructive phenomenon associated with
A'" distribution transformer C. capacitor
B. distribution line D. transmission line
27. Its primary function is to provide ground source.
y t f zig-zag transformer C. sectionalizer
B. surge arrester D. tertiary transformer
28. A concrete encased electrode consisting at least_____mm zinc galvanized coated steel
reinforced or other electrically conductive or rods not less than_____mm diameter.
A. 5,000 mm, 13mm dia. C. 5,000 mm, 12 mm dia.
B /6 ,000 mm, 13mm dia. D. 6,000 mm, 12 mm dia.
29. A single electrode consisting of a _______which does not have a resistance to ground
of 25 Q or less shall be augmented by one additional electrode.
I. rod II. pipe III. plate
A. I only ^C . I, fl or
B. Ill only D. II only
30. Self contained device that automatically opens an electric circuit, on severe overload
without getting damage is:
A. fuse molded circuit breaker
B. disconnect switch D. cut-out
31. It is use to disconnect the system at same time protect the system
Ar'Safety switch C. Magnetic contactor
B. Magnetic starter D. Magnet wire
2. For circuits above 1 kVolt, what is the minimum conductor between surge arrester and the
line and to the grounding connection?
A. 3.5 sq. mm 14 sq. mm
B. 8.0 sq. mm u. 5.5 sq. mm
!3. Name the throw away protection device.
A. Manual starter CTFuse ^
B. Circuit breaker / D. Magnetic contactor
'4. Advantage of Magnetic starter over magnetic contactor.
^ Over current C. Over voltage or High voltage
B. Under voltage D. Undercurrent
5. How are multiple start push buttons arranged in a control circuit?
A. combination series-parallel C. gang
jMsarallel D. series
6. Which of the following is not accepted as if they have the same meaning?
low voltage C. over voltage
B. no voltage D. under voltage
37. What is called an electrically operated switch rated in amperes but also provide overload
Bcotection for motors ?
Qy Magnetic starter C. Safety switch
B. Magnetic contactor D. Manual starter
38. What is the most reliable and safety installation of switchgear?
A. Indoor C. Outdoor
B. OCB JD/Unit switchgear
39. Where else is the third wire in the service conductor terminated aside from S/N of the
panelboard?
A. Line 1 ground rod
B. Line 2 D. air terminal
40. Purpose of third wire in 3-wire, single phase 60 Hz, 240-Volt service for residential.
A. mechanical support grounding
B. 110-Volt D. harmonic drain
41. Communication cables and wires shall have a voltage rating not less than:
A. /400 Volts C. 600 Volts
B / 300 Volts D. 250 Volts
42. Code of Ethics is Resolution No.___ series of>995.
A. 18 (CJ22
B. 23 LI 19
43. Which of the following establishes ethical behavky: among professionals?
A. legal contracts ( jj ) Hippocratic oath
B. taxation regulations D. rules of play sports
44. Sec.7, Article III, R.A. 7920: An Electrical Engineer shall not a____ , vilify, or destroy the
' good name and reputation of others.
A. modify C. compete
B. divulge malign
45. An obligation may be extinguished or settled by the following EXCEPT:
A by the lost of the thingdue C. by condonation or remission of debt
B( by consumation or termination D. by novation or substitution
SupplProbs Sept.2013
This Free Quality Manual is
Found Only at POWERLINE
E-MAIL:power linereviewcenter@yahoo.co m
v>o a N it * * m
(2) D E LTA {MESH} Connected System :
\
sV
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Relationships
NOTE : To analyzed De/ra-connected system using one-line equivalent circuits, It is first transforme
Into an equivalent vvye-connected load making used o f :
VOLTAG E T R IA N G L E S :
Positive phase sequence: (ref. Pab) Negative phase sequence : (ref. FAB)
AB-BC-CA , A B -C , AN-BN-CN AB-CA-BC, A -C -B , AN-CN-BN
Note : If the phase sequence i$ not given, you can give the positive phase sequence.
Alternators are designed to operate with positive sequence voltage.
a.
3
L ~ _____1
WMR] = VL1L cosl tan 6 =
( b.) For unbalanced 3cp system: Consider the first Wattmeter’s current coil in line a ,and potential coil between
fines a and c. While the second Wattmeter’s current coil in line b and potentia
coil between lines b and c. The Wattmeter readings will be :
in
A
irr
BLONDEL’S THEOREM :
States that the minimum number of wattmeters required to measure power in a polyphase
System is “ONE - LESS” than the number of wires in the system.
4
ita i
S Y M M ETR IC A L C O M PO N EN TS : ( F O R T E SC U E ’S T H E O R E M )
rms
a. a
B 2 Any unbalanced 3<p system o f vectors can be resolved into three (3) balanced system o f vectors
N a m ely:
elta (L ) A balanced set o f 3<p vectors having the same phase sequence as the original unbalanced system of
mec vectors. This balanced system o f 3cp vectors is known as “Positive Sequence System ”...
ictar (2,) A balanced set o f 3cp vectors having phase sequence which opposite to that o f the original
line
unbalanced system o f vectors. This balanced system o f 3cp vectors is known as
A.
“Negative Sequence System”,
B.
(3.) A set o f three (3) lq> vectors which are equal in magnitude and which have exactly the same 3cp
120 position with respect to any given reference axis. This system o f lcp vectors is known as
nne “Zero Sequence or Uniphase System '\
cii
A. For Positive Sequence components : For Negative Sequence components :
B
Va V b i'
v„
bal<
sist I20 I-------- > Vb|= a2 V.,
20 Vfc
/i ' b2
E
Vc, =a V„ VC2 =a2Va2
thr
VH
For Zero Sequence components :
X)nn
onr
v a()= v a() Where : a = 1 / 120” = - 0.5 + j 0.866
2. The three phase rural distribution system has a phase-to-neutral voltage is 7,967
volts, what is the iine to line voltage?
A. 13,200 volts C. 11,000 volts
B. 7,967 volts D. 13,800 volts
3. A balanced three phase wye connected source has using positive phase
sequence, Vca = 230 Vrms with 90 degrees angle. Determine Vbc.
A. 230 + j 0 V C. -115 - j199 V
B .-1 9 9 —j115V D. - j230 V
4. A balanced three phase wye connected source has using negative phase
sequence, Vab = 381 V rms with 60 degrees angle. Determine Vcn
A. 190.5 —j1 10 V C. —190.5 —j1 10 V
B. -110 + j190.5 V D. —]220 V
5. The wye connected three phase ABC voltage source has Vc= 240 Vrms with -24(
degrees angle. Find the line to line voltage Vab.
A. 208 + j120 C. 208 - j120
B. 360 + j 208 D. 360 - j208
6. Three equal resistors of 100 ohms are connected in delta across 240 Volts, 2
phase lines. What is the total power with the same resistors wye connected fror
the same supply?
A. 240W C. 1728W
B. 100W D. 57 6W
v
7. Three 100 ohm resistors are connected in wye across 480 Volts, 3-phase source
If one of the resistor is open, what is the power absorbed by the two resistors?
A) 1,152 W C. 768 W
B. 1,536 W D. 2,304 W
8. Three identical resistance connected in delta carry a line current of 300 Amp.
the same resistances are connected in wye across the same supply, what is th
line current ?
A . 150 A C. 300 A
B. 600 A D. 100 A
9. A circuit consisting of three resistors rated: 10 ohms, 15 ohms and 20 ohms are
connected in wye. What would be the resistances of the equivalent Delta
connected load ?
A. 33, 23 &15 ohm C. 70, 44.4 & 36.7 ohms
B. 30, 40 & 50 ohms D. 65, 43.3 & 32.5 ohms
11. A balanced delta connected load of 4 + y'3 ohms per phase is connected to a 3-
phase 230 V supply. What is the line current?
A^SOA C. 23 A
B. 46 A D. 33 A
12. The metering of a 3-phase inductive load indicated the following values: 4000 kW,
34.5 kV, 80% power factor. What is the kVA? _
A. 3000 C. 5000
B. 4000 D. 7000
13. A balanced wye connected load of impedance 8+j6 ohms is connected to a three
phase balanced source of 400 volts 60 Hz. Find the power per phase.
A. 4267W C. 5333 W
B. 12800W D. 3198 W
14. The phase b voltage and the phase b current of a balance 3-phase system are: V
= 220 sin(oot+210°) and 1=10 sin (ot-1800). What is the power of the system?
A )5 7 16 watts C. 1905 watts
B. 3810 watts D. 3300 watts
15. A balanced delta connected load draws 10 Amp line current and 3 kW at 220V.
The reactance of each phase of the load in ohms is.......
A. 30 C. 38.1
B. 23.5 D. 20
16. A three phase source of 230-V supplies the following three phase loads.
20 kW at 90% power factor leading
5p kW at 80% power factor lagging
10 kW at unity power factor
What is the total kVA and current?
A. 85.7 & 225 A C. 84.7 & 212.6 A
B. 94.7& 182.8 A D. 84.7 & 92.88 A
17. Three identical impedances of 15 cis 60° ohms are connected in star to a 2
phase, 3 wire, 240 V system. The lines between the supply and the load hav
impedance of 2 + y'1 ohms. Find magnitude of the line voltage at the load.
A. 220 V C. 240 V
B. 185V D. 213V
20. The power input to a 100 hp, 480 Volt, 85% efficiency and 75% power factor 3-
phase motor at full load is measured by two wattmeter connected at lines A & C.
What are the readings in kW?
A. 66.23 & 21.55 C. 87.76 & 11.7
B. 69.5 & 18.26 D. 67.89 & 30.4
21 .A three phase induction motor takes 3000 W at 80 percent power factor. Two
wattmeters are used to measure the power, Wa and Wc . Wa reading is _____ .
A. 2000 /C:)2150
B. 3000 D. 2500
22. In a balanced three phase, 208 volts circuit, the line current is 100 amperes. The
power is measured by two wattmeter method, one reads 18 kW and the other is 9
kW, What is the power factor of the load?
A. 0.8 C. 0.866
B. 0.5 D. 0.95
24. It is required to increase the power factor of a 750 kW three phase balance load
from 70% lagging to 90 %lagging. The line voltage is 6,900 volts, 60 Hz. Specify
the capacitor required to increase the power factor of this wye connected load in
micro-farad per phase.
A. 20.45 C. 22.39
B. 18.58 D. 17.22
25.A 3-phase 150 hp, 480 Volts synchronous motor with rated efficiency of 90% is
operating at rated load. It is in parallel with 3-phase balanced load of 400 kW at
0.75 p.f. lagging. In order to improve to p.f. to 0.95 lagging, the excitation of the
motor was increased. Calculate the operating power factor of the motor.
A. 0.65 C J 0.57
B. 0.38 D. 0.82
26. A 7.5 hp wound-rotor, 3-phase induction motor draws a line current of 18.4 Amp
at 230 V line when operating at rated output and efficiency of 88%. Applying
artificial neutral-Method of measuring 3-phase power using only one wattmeter,
What is the wattmeter reading ?
A. 3179 W C) 2119 W
B. 2126 D. 1590 W
29. Given the following phase currents: la=5 cis 45°p.u. Ib=3 cis(-90°)p.u. and
Ic=3cis150° p.u. Determine the positive sequence symmetrical component of
current for phase A.
A. 3.635 cis 276.8° p.u. C. 3.635 cis 156.8° p.u.
B. 3.635 cis 36.8° p.u. D. 0.748 cis 65.3° p.u.
1. In a balanced12-phase; voltage;system, the phase voltages are 100 volts, what is the line to line
voltage?
A. 120 volts C. 141 volts
B. 170volts D. 60 volts
2. In a balanced 3-phase voltagje generator, the different phase voltages are____ degrees apart.
A. 120 C. 60
B. 240 D. 30
3. In a 3-phase 4-wire system, the line voltage is 4160 volts. What is the line to neutral voltage?
A. 1390 volts C. 2400 volts
B 2080 volts D. 4160 volts
A. VbcZ9Q° C .~ V b cZ -9 0 °
a/ 3 V3
B. ~ V b c Z \2 0 ° ( D. j= VbcZ - 120°
V3 . ■ V _ A /3
5 In a balance three phase voltage, Van=120/30°, What is Vcn using ABC sequence?
A.-103.9+j60 C.-60-j109.3
B. —60— j103.9 D. 0—j120
6. The secondary of a 3-phase transformer bank is connected delta, the line to line voltage is 480V,
the midpoint of the winding between terminal A & B is grounded. What is the voltage across
terminal C & the ground?
A. 240 volts C. 720 volts
B. 277 volts D. 416 volts
7. A three phase, balanced delta connected resistive load draws 30 ampere phase current from
balance three phase supply. An open circuit fauit occurs in one of the lines. Determine the line
current.
A. 45A C. 90A
B. 60A D. 100 A
8. • Three 30 ohms resistance are connected in delta across 220 V, 3-phase supply. What is its
equivalent wye connected resistance?
A. 90 Q C. 45 Q
B. 30 Q D. 10 Q
9. Three identical capacitance, each of 150 ^F are connected in delta. The value of capacitance in
each phase of the equivalent star connected load would b e .......
A. 50nF C. 150fiF
B. 450fiF D. 100nF
10. A balance 3-phase load takes 20 amperes at 230 volts line to line. The phase A line current lags
the line voltage Vba by 50 degrees. What is the power factor of the load in percent?
A. 86.6 C. 94
B. 64.3 D. 76.6
11. Three identical resistors are connected in delta across balance, 3-phase source. If one of the
resistor is open,
A. Powerwill becomedouble C. Power will become three times
B. Power is reduce by 33% D Power will increase by 67%
12. The secondary of a transformer bank is wye-grounded, it has a balance voltage and the balanced
load. The voltage to ground is 132V and its line current is 40A. What is kVA of the load?
A. 9.1 C. 27.4
B. 19.2 D. 15.84
13. A 170 kV, 3-phase electric source delivers 200 MVA to a balanced load which has a power factor
of 90 % lagging. What is the line current ?
A. 257 A C. 402 A
B. 502 A ^ D. 679 A
14. The phase b line voltage and the phase a line current of a balanced 3-phase system are : V =
220 Z 210° Volts and I = 10 Z 30° Amp respectively. What is the power of the system ?
A. 1905 Watts C. 5716 Watts
B. 3300 Watts D. 3810 Watts
15. The phase b voltage and the phase a current of a balanced three-phase system are : V = 220 sin
(a)t + 210°) Volts and I = 10 sin (co t + 60°) Amp respectively. What is the power of the system ?
A. p C. 1905
B-/3300 D. 6600
16. The phase A line voltage and the phase C line current of a balanced three-phase system are : V =
220 sin (a t - 30°) Volts and I = 10 sin (co t + 90°) Amp respectively. What is the impedance of the
system?
A. 19.1 —J11 C. 19.1 +j11
B. 33 - j19.1^r D. .33+j19.1
17. A balanced delta connected load of 4 - j3 ohms/phase is fed by a 380 V, 3-phase system. Find
the reactive power.
A. 52 kVARS C. 69 kVARS
B 29 kVARS D. 87 kVARS /
18. A balanced three-phase wye-connected load of 150 kW takes a leading current of 100 A, when
the line is 2400 V, 60 Hz. What is the capacitance per phase?
A. 21 mF C. 205 mF
B. 21 pF D. 205 pF
19. A balanced delta connected load consisting of pure resistance of 18 ohms per phase in parallel
with a purely resistive balanced wye connected load of 12 ohm per phase. The combination is
connected to a three phase balanced supply Of 346.42 volts line to line via a three phase line of
inductive reactance j3 ohm per phase. Determine the line to line terminal voltage of the combined
load.
A. 332.6 V ' C. 277.1 V
B. 320.8 V D. 294.3 V
20. A symmetrica! three phase 240 volts supplies a balanced delta connected load of 8-j6 ohms per
phase. Using ABC sequence with Vab as the reference voltage, What is the line A current ?
A.-25+J32A C. 16.3-p8.2A
B. 24.9+j33/2A D.' 41.27+j4.97A
21. A three phase line has an impedance of 2+j4 ohms. The line feeds two balanced three phase
loads that are connected in parallel. The first load is wye-connected and has an impedance of
30+j40 and the second is delta connected load and has an impedance of 60-j45 ohms. The line is
energized at the sending end from a balanced supply of line voltage 207.85 volts. Taking phase
Va as reference determine the line current la.
A. 5 - j 8.66 A D. 5+j 8.66
B. 5 A D. 0 - j5
22 A wye connected load has a per phase impedance of 10 +j 1 ohms. It is supplied by a wye
connected balance source . The voltage Van=120/0! volts. What is the line A current?
A. 11.88+j1.19 A C. 11.88-j1.19 A
B. 13.86-j13.86 A B. -18.93+j5.07 A
23. A delta connected load has a per phase impedance of 29.8757 -j 25.0687 It is supplied with a
wye connected balance source through a 3-phase line with 4 ohm resistance. The voltage
7« sequence is given by Va=277 cis-30deg Vb=277 cis -150deg Vc=277 cis 90deg. What is the line
A current?
A 17-jO.267 .C. 6 5+j0.75
B 17+j0.267 D. 6.5-jO.75
24. The load on a 230 volt three phase generator consist of (a) three groups of incandescent lamps,
each group containing twenty 100 watt lamps and (b) a 9 hp motor operating at 82 percent P.F. at
87 percent efficiency . Find the total load current in amperes?
A. 37 C. 45
B. 25 D. 30
25 A 3-phase 480 volts supply delivers power to a wye-connected load with impedance per phase of
10+j5 and a wye connected pure resistive load of 15+jO. What is the average power of one phase?
A. 11.2 kW ' /( , C. 12 kW
B. 3.3 kW S • D. 33.8 kW
*0 r i ' O
26. Three identical impedance are connected' in delta to a 3-phase supply of 400 Volts. The line
current is 34.65 Amp and the total power taken from the supply is 14.4 kW. What is the impedance
in each phase ?
A. 1 2 + / 1 6 Q C. 16+ /1 2Q
B 20+/0Q D. 0+/20Q
27. A 25 kVA delta connected balance load is supplied from 230 volts, 3-phase source. What is the
impedance per phase?
A. 3.5 ohms C. 10.6 ohms
B. 2.3 ohms D. 6.3 ohms
29. A generator supplies 3-phase power to a balanced load. The voltage is 230 Volts, the current is 18
Amperes and the power factor is 85%. What is the power?
A. 3.6 kW C. 6.1 kW
B. 1.6 kW D. 1.4 kW
30. A three phase motor takes 10 kVA at 0.6 power factor from a source of 230 V. It is in parallel with
a balanced delta connected load having 16 ohms resistance and 12 ohms capacitive reactance in
series in each phase. Find the total volt-amperes
A. 12.8 C. 7.9
B. 17.9 D. 15.3
31. Find the total power in a delta connected load with 6+j8 ohms per phase and supplied from a
220V, 3-phase source.
A. 8712 W C. 8367 W
B. 8376 W D.X8617W
32. A delta connected load of 9+j12 ohms per phase is supplied by a 3-phase balance source of 230
volt rms through a line with an impedance of 0.06+j 0.12 Ohm. Find phase voltage at the load.
A. 288 volts C. 132 volts
B. 224 volts D. 228 volts
33. A delta connected load has a per phase impedance of 10 +j 10 ohms. It is supplied by a wye
connected balance source through a 3-phase line with 1.0 ohm resistance and 1.0 ohms inductive
reactance. The voltage sequence is given by Va=120/-30° Vb=120/-150° V c -120/90°. What is
the line A current?
A. 13.86+j13.86 A C. 5.07-j18.93 A
B. 13.86-j13.86 A D. -18.93+j5.07 A
34. A 120 volts per phase, 3-phase wye connected source delivers power to the following delta
connected load. Phase 1 :40+j0 ohms, Phase 2: 20 cis (-60°)ohms, phase 3: 15 cis45° ohms. Find
the current at line 1. (Use1-3-2 sequence)
A. 18.5+j 3.57 C.-15.2+jO
B .-2.9-j3.57 D. -2.6+j 0.8
35. A balanced 3-phase, 3 wire, 240 V, 60 Hz, ABC source supplies power to a star connected
resistance 10 Q, 15 £2 and 20 Q. What is the current through 20 ohms resistance ?
A. 11.23 Amp C. 15.93 Amp
B. 9.77 Amp /'D ^ 8.05 Amp
36. A three phase ABC source with Van= 240cis 30degrees volts supplies unbalanced wye-
connected loads: 15 ohms resistance connected across lines AN , a 12 ohms resistance
connected across lines BN and 20 ohms resistance across CN. Determine the current at line B.
A. 17.32-j10 A C. 0-j20A
B.-10.39+j6A D. 13.85+j8 A
37. Three unequal single-phase induction motor are connected between lines and the neutral of
balanced 3-phase , 202-V line to neutral. The first load takes 20 kW at 0.82 power factor, the
second takes 28 kW at 0.75 power factor and the third takes 36 kW at 0.8 power factor. What is
the current in the neutral conductor?
A. 105.5 A C. 85.6 A
B. 125.4 A D. 133.4 A
38. A balanced 3-phase, 3 wire system supplies two balance wye-connected loads. The first draws 6
•kW at 0.8 pf lagging while the other requires 12 kW at 0.833 pf leading. If the current in each line
is 8 A. Find the supply voltage in kV.
A. 1.544 C. 2.291
B. 1.682 D. 1.323
39. A balanced 3-phase source supplies three loads. Load 1 is 15 kVAat 75% pf lagging, Load 2 is
10 kW at 90% pf lagging andLoad 3 is unknown.If the generator delivers 35.52kVA at 80% p.f.
lagging, what is the unknown load?
A. 8.37kVA at 76.4% pf lagging C. 8.37kVA at 76.4% pf lagging
B. 9.3kVA at 89.4% pf lagging p>9.7kVA at 73.8% pf lagging
40. Three star-connected impedances Zi = 20 + /37.7 ohms per phase are connected in parallel with
three delta-connected impedances Z2 = 30 - y'159.3 ohms per phase. The line voltage is 398 V.
Find the line current.
A. 3.36 A C. 5.8 A
B. 7.26 A D. 4.24 A
41. A three phase induction motor takes 3000 watts at 80% power factor. Two wattmeter Wa & Wc
are used to measure the power. What is the reading of Wc?
A. 800 watts C. 950 watts
B. 850 watts D. 900 watts
42. The power input to 440 Volt 3-phase motor is measured by two wattmeter method, the readings
are 460 W and 780 W. What is the input current?
A. 1.78 A C 1.63 A
B. 0.94 A D. 2.82 A
43. A balance three phase resistive load is supplied by 230 volts 60 Hz and draws a current of 90A. If
two wattmeter is used, what will be the reading of each wattmeter.
A. 20. 7 kW C. 25.7 kW
B. 35.9 kW D. 17.93 kW
44. The ratio of the wattmeter readings in the 3-phase inductive system is 5:3 when power is
measured by these two wattmeter. What is the power factor of the load ?
AJ 0.92 C. 0.80
B. 0.50 D. 0.866
45. A three phase balanced load id connected across 220 volts three phase source. A wattmeter
reads 600 watts when its current coil is connected in line a and potential coil across line a and b.
Next, the voltage coii is connected between lines b and c, but the current coil remains at line a.
The wattmeter agam reads 600 watts. Calculate the load power factor.
A. 0.8 C. 0.806
B. 0.866 D. 0.5
46. A 4,160 V, 3-phase, 3 wire- ABC source supplies power to an industrial load that draws the
following line currents : la = 110 cis (-36.87°) Amp, lb = 166.5 cis (-168.2°) Amp. Using two
wattmeter method, what is the total power drawn by the load?
A. 882.5 kW C. 1,281 kW
1|) 828.5 kW D. 97.5 kW
47 One wattmeter method of measuring power of a balanced system, The indication of wattmeter by
T-method is _____ .
A. Pt/3 LC> Pt/2
B. Pt/CTR D. Vlcos(30+#)
48. An unbalanced wye connected loads on a 3 phase four wire system consist of Z1 = 10 + j5, Z2 =
8 + j4 and Z3 = 20 + jO. The wye connected generator supplying the unbalanced load is balancec
voltage to neutral of 120 volts. What is the wattmeter^ reading at Z2 , watts?
' A. 720 o <^>40
B. 3312 D. 1152
49. The 3-phase, 4-wire source voltage of Van =230 sin(cot+30deg.) volts supply loads .with the
following line currents: la = 4.7 sin(cot +30 deg.),lb = 6.8 sin(ot-60deg) and Ic = 3.4
sin(o)t+120deg.)
Determine the total power.
A.3113 watts C. 2786 watts
B. 2768 watts D. 2733 watts
50. A three phase system delivers 50 MVA of a balanced delta load of power factor 78%. Determin
the size of capacitor bank necessary to raise the power factor to 90%.
A. 17.3 MVAR Q, 11.4 MVAR
B. 13.5 MVAR D> 12.4 MVAR
Vy
51. A 132 kV line, three phase system delivers 70.7 MVA of a balanced delta load of power factc
70.7%. Determinethe reactance necessary to attain unity power factor.
A. 1092 ohms Cs 1142 ohms
B. 965 ohms D. ')1045 ohms
52. A balanced Y-connected load of 30+j10 ohms per phase is connected to a 3-phase 208 volts 60
Hz supply. Determine the value of each capacitor in // F which will yield to unity power factor.
A. 88.4 C. 26.5
B. 8.84 D. 2.65
53. What will be the rating of a phase advancing plant in kVA if it improves the power factor from 0.8
lagging to 0.95 lagging? The consumer load is 500 kW and the current taken by phase advancer
lead the supply voltage at power factor of 25%
A. 150 kVA C. 175 kVA
B. 200 kVA D. 250 kVA
54. Given the following sets of per unit symmetrical component of phase A currents, determine the
phase C current.
Iao=1.0 cis 75 deg, Ia1= 1.0 cis 15 deg., Ia2= 1.0 cis(-45deg)
A. 0.259 + j0.966 p.u. C. 1.932+j0.518 p.u.
B. 0.516 +j1.931 p.u. D. -1.414 + J1.414 p.u.
58. In a three phase balanced delta connected load with one line open, line A has 20 A. Assume lin<
A is the reference and the line c is open. What should be the positive sequence of line a?
A .O . ( c ) 10-j5.77 A
B. 30+j17,32A D. 10+j5.77 A
Power Plant - A station or establishment which houses the pnme-movers, electric generators and
auxiliaries, for conversion of mechanical, chemical and / or nuclear energy into electrical
energy.
/ Types o f Power Plants ( As to source o f energy )
a} makes use of heavy fuel oil light fuel oil or bunker oil for
production of energy.
d) Nudesr-steam plant - makes use of steam generated in a reactor by heat from the fission
process of nuclear fuel ( uranium. 235, Uranium-238)
e) Gas turbine plant - makes use of combustible gasses as fuel from a gas turbine engine
priniemover,
f) Geothermal Plant - makes use of generated heat from the inherent steam from the earth’s
magma fuel
ric Power Plant - an electric generating station using flowing water to drive the
prime-movers (hydraulic turbines) either impulse or reaction type.
a) Impulse type - use for high-heads and low volume, example is the 4*Pelton wheel”
b) Reaction type - use for low-heads and high volume, examples are “ Francis >& Kaplan ‘
Turbine
IXQSkl.
a} R un-of-river using pondage orsteam jlow as it occurs, more power can be generated in a
rainy season than in dry season,
b) Plant with storage e a o jc ttv - associated with a large water reservoir. This permits
regulated supply of water so that the power output is
constant throughout the year.
6. S.Qiar...Q.r Pi?.Qto- .Vtojlaj cJP[ant - chemical conversion of radiant energy of the sun to electric (dc)
energy.
1. B_5se-Loacf Plant - plant that assumed load requirements under normal conditions.
2- B raking P l? nt - plant that is normally operated to provide power only during peak load periods.
3- EggMfeting Plant - plant capable of carrying load for the time interval cither during off-peak or peak
periods and usually responds to changes in system frequency.
a) C o M j^ e r v g - portion of the installed reserve kept in operable condition and available for
service but not for immediate loading
c) ijQJL££$gF£L~ refers to units available, maintained at operating temperature and ready for
service although not in actual operation.
3} SpilinjnQ j:esejyti^- generating capacity connected ro the bus ready to take load.
cold
w ater
from
riv e r
LEGEM D circulating
pump
- w ater
• s te a m
Regenerat - The process of extracting or bleeding-off steam from the turbine to open -heater
and back to the boiler for steam production.
Thermal E fficiency ( e t )
Where: Wnet = Wt - IW p
Qa Qa Qa
IW p -sum of all pump work
H E A T R A T E (HR)
Valve house
Reservoir
: Power house
1. Connected Load ( CL) ~ it is the sum of all continuous rating of all utilization equipment in
the consumer premises connected to the supply system.
2. Maximum Demand ( or Peak Load) (MD) - it is the greatest demand of load on the power station
during a given period ( say 1 5 - 3 0 minutes)
3. Average Load (AL) - the average ofloads occurring on the power station in a given period ( say day,
month or year), sometimes called “ average demand”.
4. Demand Factor (DF) - it is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its connected Load.
df = — - < i.O
CL
5. Diversity Factor (Div F} - the ratio of the sum of individual maximum demand to the simultaneous
maximum demand on the power station .
DJv.F = — — S tM P ll ______ 2 , 0
simid tan eous MD
7. Load Factor (LF) - it is die ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period.
rp AL TER
I f - ----- -------------- Where:
MD MD x S r
Sr = service hours or operating hours
8. Capacity Factor ( CF) - it is the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that
could have been produced a during a given period.
TEP
CF ~ ----------- Where:
IC x Pr
IC ~ installed capacity or rated capacity of
the machine as an individual.
9. Name plate or Capacity rating - ability to carry load under condition specify by the manufacturer.
10. Capability Mating - maximum output of equipment obtained by test under specific operating condition
( not specified by manufacturer).
Plant Use ( or Output) Factor- it is the ratio of the energy generated to the product of plant capacity
and the number of hours for which the plant was in operation .
TEP
P U F - ------ -----
IC x Sr
i 2. Utilization Factor (VF) it is the ratio of maximum generator demand to the generator capacity
MD
UF = -----
IC
! 3. Operating Plant Factor - (OPF) it is the ratio of average load for a given period to the operating
capacity in actual service only ( for multi-set p lan t)
TFP
OPF ------ : r £ L _ Where:
OPC x Sr
OPC —operating plant capacity
14. Operating Load Factor (OLF) ~ is the ratio of the average load for a given period of the time to the
average of daily maximum demand during the same period.
( say for 30 day period),
TEP! 30(24)
OLF
M L +... 4-
+MO^
M DX+
30
15. Operating ( or Service Factor ) —it is the ratio between Capacity Factor (CF) to the use factor (PUP),
or it is the ratio of service hours (Sr) to the period hours (Pr).
CF Sr
GF = ------ -- —
PUF Pr
16. Plant Ratio (PR) - it is the per annum measure of the plant’s capacity factor, it is the ratio of Net
kWh output for the year to the name-plate capacity of the plant times hours of th>
years.
TEP per year
PR = ------- ----------—
-------
IC x Pr (or 8760)
The art of determining the per unit (or per kWh) cost of production of electrical energy.
The following Elements enters into the cost of Electric Energy to consumers :
2. Energy Elements (EE) - Sometimes called running cost, it is operating expenses to generate power/
energy which includes the following.
a) Fuels
b) Labor for operation
c) Facilities, water, oil supplies
d) Maintenance required when the plant is in operation only.
Note: EE is dependent on the voiume/Level of generated kW or kWh.
3, Customer Elements (CE) - cost to bring power to the users/ consumers which includes the following:
TYPES OF TARIFF:
Flat rate ta riff - whenjlifferent types of consumers are charged at different uniform rates.
3. Block rate tariff - also called room rates” when a block of energy is charged at a specified rate and
the succeeding blocks of energy are charged at progressively reduced rates.
- also called “two-charge rate” charge on the basis o f maximum demand of the
consumer and the energy consumed.
Total charges = ^ b x kW (of MD) + # c x kWh (consumed)
Where : P b = charge per kW of MD
f* c = charge per kWH of energy consumed.
Few er factor tariff - power factor of consumer’s load is taken into consideration
Billing kWh - [ Meter Reading ] x K
Where : K = 1.0 if p.f is from 80,1% to 85.0%
K > 1.0 if p.f, is lower than 80.1 % (k is from 1.01 to 1.09)
K < 1.0 if p.f. is higher than 85.0 % (k is from 0.95 to 0.99)
Bi
~ most economical p ,f.
100 A
Where:
A = charge per annum per kVA maximum demand
i - interest and depreciation charges
B = cost of synchronous condenser per kVAR
7 Three -P art T ariff - also called “ three-charge rate” or Doherty Rate “ total charge is split into
three.
Total charge = f a + ? b x kW (of MD) + f ' c x kWh ( consumed)
Where: f*a - fixed charge made during each billing period, includes interest, depreciation on the
cost o f secondary distribution and labor cost.
2. Which of the following power plant will take least time in starting from cold condition to
full load condition?
A. Nuclear power ( c ) Gas turbine
B. Steam turbine D. Hydro-electric
5. An effective remover of dusts, carbon particles and others from the flue gas of power
plant?
,7V; Electrostatic precipitator C. Mechanical collector
~BC Soot blower & collector D. Dust scrubber
6. What is the reason why thermal power plant decrease capacity during summer?
A. decrease water level at the lake C. taking a bath or swimming on lake
i temperature rise of the lake D. there is no rain
10. The net energy required of a certain country in yr 2000 was approximately 3 x106 GWh.
What is the equivalent value in quad? 7 i is ~ i
A; 12.42 C. 124.2 = 10^ 1
10,24 ^ D' 102,4 ;(\*t\0Vr • 2>Ht3 etfy:
\ \\iQhr • V.A'
11. In a power station, 4 x10 GWh of energy is to be produced in TyrrhalHrom coal and
half from natural gas. The energy content of coal is 900 W-yr per ton, and that of natural
gas is 0.03 W-yr per ft3. How much natural gas will be required?
A. 152.2 x109 ft3 C. 125.2 x10s ft3
12. Suppose that the consumption of energy in a certain country has a growth rate of 4%
per year, in how many years will the energy consumption be tripled?
A. 24.47 yrs „ q 27.47 yrs
B. 17.33 yrs 0 r'' '- ' ' 5 34.66 yrs
13. Natural gas reserve in a certain country is estimated at 100 x109 ft3, with an energy
content of 0.025 W-yr per ft3, if the present peak power demand ia 0.5 GW and the
power demand growth rate is 5% and all the energy is to be supplied by natural gas,
approximately how long will the reserve last?
A. 4.64 yrs t ^ ^ f + \ C. 4.46 yrs
B. 6.44 yrs I— Po u. 6.64 yrs
14. A 100 MW power plant has a heat rate of 2.88x106 Calories per kWh. it is a base load
plant and runs at full load 24 hrs a day. How many tons of coal is needed per day?
A. 250 ' C. 830
B. 625 ( D ) 960
15. One of the following methods of producing emf NOT yet in commercial use.
( A. Fuel Cell C. Magnetic
B. Thermal D. Solar
17. Out of the following, which ONE is not unconventional source of energy?
A tidal power C. nuclear power
( m geothermal power D. wind energy
18. Which of the following generating station has the minimum running cost?
A. Nuclear power - C. Diesel plant
B. Thermal plant D.) Hydro-electric plant
19. How does the output of hydraulic turbine vary with the diameter of the blade?
A n It varies directly as the square of the diameter of the blade.
B.‘ It varies directly as the two-third power of the diameter of the blade.
C. It varies directly as the diameter of the blade.
D. It varies directly as the cube of thediameter of the blade.
21. A wind generator with an efficiency of 80% has a blade diameter of 20 m. If the wind
velocity is 35 kph, how much power is obtainable from the generator?
A. 4.32 kW j ! C. 5.47 kW
t(3 54 7 kW — ____ ^ D- 43 2 kW
22. The maximum tidal head available for a proposed tidal-power station is 7m. What must
be the area of the tidal bay to generate an average of 1,200 MWatts of power?
A) 112 sq km. f Pduvj - n.s-in A W 3- c - 126 sq km.
B. 102 sq. km — —------— —— 1— --- D. 121 sq. km.
23. A power customer is applying for source listed the loads as follows:
5-15 hp motors, 3-5 hp motors, lighting loads 8 kW, miscellaneous loads 3.5 kW
The demand factor is 65% and the power factor is 80% wherein the load factor is 46%.
What is the maximum kW demand for the custorr^r?
A. 78 ( C 15 1
B. 64 D 69
24. The power customer has four circuits of 220 Volts, three-phase. The circuits have the
maximum demand as follows: Circuit-1 = 35 Amp, Circuit-2 = 46 Amp, Circuit-3 = 72
Amp, & Circuit-4 = 57 Amp. The diversity factor is 1.5, the load factor is 50%, and the
power factor is 80%. What is the approximate kW demand of the customer?
jA 15 kW C. 43 kW
( iT ) 21 kW D. 53 kW
25. A power plant has a maximum demand of 15 MW. The annual load factor and capacity
factor are 50 % and 40 % respectively. Determine the reserve capacity of the plant.
7530 kW C. 5730 kW
B.j3750kW D. 3075 kW
26. A power plant is said to have a use factor of 48.5% and a capacity factor of 42.4%. How
any hours did it operate during the year?
7,568 hrs C. 7,658 hrs
B, 1,102 hrs D. 8,000 hrs
27. An industrial plant has a peak load of 80 MW, daily load factor of 60%, daily capacity
factor of 80% and plant use factor of 75%. Calculate the daily energy consumption.
A. 1198 MWhr ('Cj 1080 MWhr
B. 1208 MWhr u. 1350 MWhr
28. Depreciation charges are high in the case of what power plant?
A. Windmill plant Diesel plant
B. Hydro-electric plant f CX) Thermal plant
29. An industrial plant has a maximum demand of 400 kVA at 78% p.f. lagging consumes
100,000 kWh per month. Calculate the monthly bill of this plant, Given the following
rates: Demand charge: P220.00/kVA maximum demand per month;
Energy charge: P2.22/kWh per month
Power factor adjustment rate:
0.6% surcharge for every percentage point lower than 85% p.f.
0.3% discount for every percentage point higher than 85% p.f.
A. P88,000.00 fo> P323,020.00
B. P222,000.00 u: P277.561.00
30. An industrial plant has a maximum demand of 750 kVA at 80% p.f. lagging. It is desired
to improve the p.f. to 95% using shunt capacitors which cost P800/kVA with annual
interest and depreciation of 10%. The demand charge is P500/kVA maximum demand.
What is the annual savings after putting capacitor?
A. P41,667.@§, C. P13,467.00
B. P12,755.@® < 0 p P38,983.00
Revprob Sept.2013
Power Plant: Supplementary Problems
I. With which of the following is enthalpy associated?
A. coal C. steam
B. electrostatic filter D. oil
6. In the list below, which one is not a type of present day nuclear power plant?
A. low pressurereactor C. boiling water
B. fusion-fissionreactor D. fast breeder reactor
JX ' Reflecting mirrors used for exploiting solar energy in a solar power plant is......
A. mantle C. ponds
B. heliostats D. diffuser
9. Of the various methods of utilizing the heat from the sun, one appears to be the most
efficient so far. Which one is this?
A self-contained collector C. direct application of lenses
B. mirror and tracking system D. flat plate collector
10. The following are the essential parts of a hydroelectric power station. EXCEPT:
A. spiral case C. surge tank
B. throttle valve D. impeller
II. A certain amount of fuel can produce 100 quads of energy. In how many days will the
fuel be totally consumed if it is used to satisfy a demand of 1014 BTU/day at a power
plant with an overall efficiency of 20%?
A. 400 C. 100
B. 2 0 0 ^ D. 300
12. To produce one kWh a power plant burns 0.9 lb of coal with a heating value of 13,000
BTU per lb. What is the heat rate of the plant?
A. 11,700 BTU/ kW-hr C. 9,500 BTU/kW-hr
B. 6,250 BTU/kW-hr D. 8,700 BTU/ kW-hr
13. In a power station, 4 x104 GWh of energy is to be produced in 1 yr, half from coal and
half from natural gas. The energy content of coal is 900 W-yr per ton, and that of natural
gas is 0.03 W-yr per ft3. How much coal will be required?
A. 5.07x106tons C. 2.53 x106 tons
B. 7.05x10®tons D. 5.23x10® tons
14. In a certain country the equivalent fuel reserve for power generation is 3 x10® MW-yrs.
The present peak power demand is 200 GW, and the expected power consumption
growth rate is 2.1%. How long will the fuel reserve last?
A. 13yrs C. 11 yrs
B. 14 yrs D. 12 yrs
15. A 100 MW power plant burns 0.4 kg coal with a heating value of 7.2 x10® cal/kg to
produce one kWh. The plant is a base load plant and runs 24 hrs at full load. How many
tons of coal are needed per day?
A. 830 C. 250
B. 960 D. 625
16. A power plant consumes 100,000 lbs of coal per hour. The heating value of the coal is
12,000 BTU per pound. The overall plant efficiency is 30%. What is the kW output of the
plant?
A. 175,000 kW C. 142,500 kW
B. 205,000 kW D. 105,500 kW
17. A diesel power station has a fuel consumption of 0.37 lb/kWh, the calorific value of fuel
being 30,000 BTU/lb. Determine the engine efficiency if the generator efficiency is 95%
neglect brake power on the engine.
A. 29% C. 36%
B. 32% D. 34%
18^stimate the average power output of a wind turbine having a blade diameter of 35 ft if
the wind velocity ranges from 10 to 30 mph?
A. 3.014 kW C. 24.11 kW
B. 81.364 kW D. 42.20 kW
19. One million cu meter of water is stored in a reservoir feeding water turbine. If the center
of mass of the water is 50 m above the turbine and losses are negligible, how much
energy (in MWh) will that volume of water produced? The density of water is 993 kg/m3.
A. 135.3 C. 136.3
B. 153.5 D. 163.6
20. A ten-year investigation of a river’s potential gave an average water flow of 25 cm per
second at the bottom and 90 cm per second at the surface. The average cross-section
at the same location is 80 m2. What is the average flow rate in cubic meter per hour ?
A. 5,760 Q ) 165,000
B.' 57,500 D. 46,500
21. A power plant gets water from a dam from a height of 122.45 meters at the rate of 1,000
cubic meters per minute. If the output of the plant is 15,000 kW, what is the efficiency?
A. 75% ' C. 80%
B. 70 % D. 65 %
24. A water pump discharges 100 gpm for a depth of 900 ft. friction loss is 4.4%.The motor
has an efficiency of 70%. If the cost of energy is P4.00 per kWh, what is the total cost of
electric energy to have one cubic meter of water?
A. P4.46 C. P1.12
B. P70.45 D. P12.25
25. A diversity factor of 4.2 gives a savings o f_____ percent in the generating equipment.
A. 80 C. 26
B. 40 D. 76
27. The power customer has four circuits of 220 Volts, three-phase. The circuits have the
maximum demand as follows:
Circuit No. 1 = 35 Amp; Circuit No. 3 = 72 Amp;
Circuit No. 2 = 46 Amp; Circuit No. 4 = 57Amp
The diversity factor is 1.5, the load factor is 50%, Determine the maximum kVA demand
on the customer?
A. 46 kVA C. 80 kVA
B. 26.5 kVA D. 53 kVA
28. Daytime capacity when only 300 MW pump storage plant and 600 MW Nuclear Plant is
operating.....
A. 500 MW C. 600 MW
B. 900 MW D. 300 MW
29. The metering of a power customer was read and gave the following data :
kW-hr = 200,000, Maximum demand = 380 kW, kVAR-hr = 180,000, billing days = 30
What is the load factor?
A. 68% C. 73%
B. 80% D. 62%
30. A generating plant rated 100 MW 90% power factor has a load factor of 65% for a
certain day. The minimum output was 40 MW. How many kWh generated for that day?
A. 2,160,000kWh C. 1,560,000 kWh
B. 960,000 kWh D. 2,400,000 kWh
31. The annual peak load on a 15 MW power plant is 10.5 MW. Two substations are
supplied by this plant. Annual energy dispatched through substation A is 27,500 MWh,
while 16,500 MWh are sent to substation B. Neglecting line losses. What is the annual
capacity factor of the plant?
A. 35.3% C. 33.5%
B. 47.8% D. 30.5%
32. A generating station has a maximum demand of 40 MW, annual load factor of 75%,
annual plant capacity factor of 65% and a plant use factor of 85%. What is the annual
energy produced?
A. 200.9x10® kWh C. 148.9x10® kWh
B. 195.6x10® kWh D. 812.3x10® kWh
33. A power plant has an annual factors as follows: Load 58.5 %, Capacity 40.9 % and
Use 45.2 %. The reserve carried over and above peak load is 8900 kW. The hours per
year not in service and installed capacity of this plant are respectively.
A. 792 hrs & 20,346kW C. 833 hrs & 39,147 kW
B. 933 hrs & 49,417 kW D. 822 hrs & 30,463 Kw
34. The annual load duration curve of a certain power station can be considered as a
straight line from 20 MW to 4 MW. To meet this load, 3 turbo-alternator units, two rated
at 10 MW each and one rated 5 MW are installed. Determine the plant use factor.
A. 80 % C. 48 %
B. 60% D. 38%
35. A power piant having three turbo-alternators rated 25 MVA, 0.9 p.f.,10 MVA, unity p.f.,
and 20 MVA, 0.85 p.f. has a maximum demand of 40 MW. What is the utilization factor
of this power plant?
A. 0.88 C. 0.81
- B. 0.90 D. 0.73
36. A generating station has the following data : Installed capacity = 300 MW, Annual load
factor = 60%, Annual Capacity factor = 50%, Annual interest & depreciation = 10 %
Annual cost of fuel, oil etc. = P90 Million, Capital Cost = P1,000 Million. What is the cost
per kWn generated?
A. P0.24 C. P0.20
B. P0.14 D. P0.10
37. A diesel plant has an overall efficiency of 30% the heating value of diesel is 18,000
BTU/lb. if diesel cost P6.00 per liter. What is the fuel cost of production in peso per
kWh. Take density of diesel to be 900 grams per liter.
A. PI.85/kWh C. P2.12/kWh
B. P1.91/kWh D. P2.45/kWh
38. A diesel generator set burns diesel with a heating value of 18,000 BTU per lb. The
diesel engine has an efficiency of 30% and the alternator has an efficiency of 95%.
Determine the fuel cost component of producing one KWh if diesel costs P2.80 per lbs.
A. P0.15 C. P2.15
B. P1.86 D. P3.28
39. Which of the following is the disadvantage of static capacitor for power factor
improvement?
A. easily damaged by high voltage C. short service life
B. cannot be repaired D. all of these
40. The type of switchgear assembly commonly selected for use in a turbine-generator
power plant is the ...
A. Vertical switchboard C. Duplex benchboard
B. Dual benchboard D. Enclosed switchboard
P r a c t i c e makes p e r f e c t I
Suppiprobs Sept.2013
This Free Quality Manual is
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POWER SYSTEM REVIEW LECTURE'
POWER SYSTEM:
Is the study concerned with generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of
electric power.
Where,: |< l± -? A + J L - n W , t
Skin Effect - the tendency o f current to move outward the surface of conductor.
Skin cffect depends upon the following factors :
a. Nature of material
h. Diameter of wire
c. Frequency
d. Shape of wire
Note: Skin effect is negligible when the supply frequency is low (less than 50 Hz) and conduc
diameter is less than 1.0 cm
% —
G M D or O cq - \J D i: D 1} • />„
Transposition - is the alternating of position of'each phase of the line at regular interval to balance the
inductance and 'he capacitance of the line.
EQLBsmdkdSsmd.ucio.c:
- it r e d u c e s the ic a e la n e e o f the lin e am i e ffe c t o f c o ;n n a . ^
A
d , d / V d
4 $
d O f
3 - stran d 4 - stran d
L I x 10 In /J- L M / m per phase
Ds"
— '— 1( ■
-0 -
2/ft:
F /111 C3n ~ Cp„ •' Cn ~ ---- 7- TVrn to neutral
In ■-- iU
C o n s id e r in g th u y ffe c t o f v a r th
-0 , -----------^
U - D -M
D/ /•
V 4 ;,1
7>a\17yA'\\V77XVv^r/7/^^X"7/rw?C
7JOL///d
f o r 3 t/j f i n e * ;
Cn ~ — F/ m to neutral
i„ D a '1
Notation:
V o U d fs *-• /:< /n a t io n : V%f “ Sending end 1i?\c voltage
VK- Receiving end line voltage
Vs = v3 VSN VSN- Sending end line to neutral voltage
is“J
r
VUN Receiving end line to Neutral voiugc
Pfs = cos 9S «*cus j0,.. - 0Vyi | <t Pf* “• cos 0„ =-- cos jfl - 0„bv j
P*
y pf? y
n Vrn
4-
z = series impedance per unit length
y =* shunt admittance per unit length
v sn - VKKcosh JzyC +I*ZC sinh JzyC
Z ,.~ z * & Y = y £
^sn ^ rn cosh ^ ( .sinn a^K
jZ
Zc ~ characteristic i m p e d a n c e - o h m s
S /
£LLIRG.ZS
in transmission lines (he effect of lighiuing discharge (i.c .external causc)or Similar interim! causc
such as switching S irgcs, insulation breakdown, arcing ground and resonance when impressed
suddenly on a part of transmission line a quantity of electrical energy which moves along the. line a!
approximately the speed of light a> a "tm \ I'Jimy wuvc’* or "hue sm ’vv " which can.»c;; high rate ot
chance of voltage.
Surge Jtnpi'ilance (Z0) : Z 0 - .1 -—------ bn; fo; lossless line, it becomes : Z.Q •• /
V G + jo )(. VC
\y ! \y «'
S v r z c InweManre LnsniimL (S.I.L.) : S.f.L. - jj/, | - | ^ Wails
; iA I
Vc Vr
Re flucuon o f Truvelliuif Jt'Vn1'/ :
Orse 2 : Line open circuited at the other cud (Z w)
fg, j) — v
Reflected current: (e;0
Reflected voltage : A' open
R e s u 1ta n t e u rre n t : / ” 0 c ir c u it
R esultant voltage ; 2E
Q Q R D m .J lQ .W m
Qcrvih'L- a luminous discharge due to ionization of air surrounding a conductor caused by high voltage
gradient exceeding a certain critical value. The phenomenon of violet j»low production of ozone
”as in an overhead lines.
/ 'actor T.f'fectinx { 'oran/t ;
1) Atmosphere
2) Conductor size
’>) Spacing between conductor
4) Line voltqgc
Disadvantages o f Corona :
■; Corona is accompanied by loss uf energy.
2) Gvonc is produced and may cause corrosion of conductor due to chemical reaction.
3 } Nomsmusoidal current cause irrteifcrence wuh communication lines.
Remedy:
1. Increase conductor size
2. Increase conductor spacim/,
Single Core
co n d u cto r
in su lation
^ _______ J
r: - cable radius ~ )] + t
t - thickness of insulation
I! - length of cables
QdPJ-titeoc e o fu n ^ o rg ro u o ^ s s h l s
2m: c
C" ...----- l'/n\
In ' ■
LI-JX 0M 3M L.TE D C A B L E S
SA G & S TR E SS A N A L Y S IS
(a)Parabolic Cable- ffor span of 300m or less) (b)Catenary Cable (for span of more than
i 300m)
DISTRtRUTiON SYSTEM
- The part of powe r system which distributes electric energy. It generally consist of
feeders, distributors. and service mains,
FAULT CALCULATION
Faults on a Power System - it is the unintentional or intentional c onnecting together of two or more
conductors which ordinarily operates with a difference of potential between them.
PER-UNIT CALCULATIONS :
MVA x 1000 V0 KV2 . 'S k ’’2
Using : IL - —---- pz-------- Amp ; Z<? = — --------—--------— = -------ohms
b 7 3 kV H' MVA x_ 1000 A VA
T ik V
Actual Value
In general: Per Unit (p.u.j Values ^ — -------—
Base Vaiue
r r/2* MVA. X 1000
,7 base . f. = ____base______
Z base isrrj ' 1 base rrt l ,
MVA, <j3kV.
base base
o/o/,
/ y kV . i:
given given MVA,
____ oase i
For change o f base : Z pu new = • •--—
10 0 % k V, MVA . I
base given j
7
[< -..... — ..... .......------------ s p a r ,, Jt .............. ..... - — .......... >•!
2. Difference in elevation :
h y,
2 ;>
h , iu! i_ **1
? .r„ 27
- ;,
cat2 .cax.f
~2T0 ’ " ~2T~ 27
h “ ~ ( x }-x,)(.u ix\)
** *
Solving fo r Xj & x : : Ih = * - r ((.Vj - X , )\
2j0
6. A 500 kV three phase transposed line is composed of one A CSR 1272 MCM,
45/7 Bittern conductor per phase with horizontal conductor configuration, 35 ft
spacing. The conductors have diameter of 1.345 in and G M R is 0.5328 in. Find
inductance per km. ~
A. 1.38 mH/km * C. 1.56m H /km V/
B. 2.54 mH/km D. 3.46 mH/km
11. A 13.2 kV, 3 miles transmission line is composed of 336,400 Cmil, 26/7 (Linnet)
acsr has GM R of 0.0244 ft and a resistance of 0.306 ohm per mile. The
conductors are spaced horizontally 3 ft apart. W hat is the series impedance?
A. 0.918 + j 1.385 C. 0.918 + j 1.538
B. 0 .9 1 8 + j 1 .8 3 5 ^ D. 0.918+j1.358
12. A double circuit 3-phase line are arranged at the vertices of a regular hexagon 20
ft on sides, Calculate the equivalent inductive reactance per mile of the parallel
line. Conductor has G M R of 0.0403 ft.
' A. 0.843 C. 0.368
' B. 0.278 D. 0.569
13. A transmission line has a triangular configuration of 4ft spacing. The conductor
336.4 M CM acsr. The outside diameter of 336.4 M C M acsr is 0.721 in. If the
length of the line is 30km, W hat is the shunt capacitive reactance per phase.
A. 7782 C. 3000
B 4833 D. 5000
14. A 500 kV three phase transposed line is composed of two AC SR 636 MCM, 24/7
Rook conductor per phase with horizontal conductor configuration, 35 ft spacing.
Bundle spacing is 18 inches. The conductors have diameter of 0.977 in and
GMR is 0.3924 in. Find capacitance per km.
A. 0.0107 //F /k m C. 0.01157 //F /k m
B. 0.0101 fi F /km D. 0.01264 /iF /k m
15. A 220 kV three phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance per phase
is 0.15 ohms per km and the inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH/km. The shunt
capacitance is negligible. Determine the voltage regulation when supplying 381
MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV.
A. 13.6% C. 12.4%
B. 15.8% D. 19.4%
16. A three phase short transmission line having a per phase impedance of 2+j4 has
an equal sending and receiving end voltage of 115 kV while supplying a load at
0.8 power factor leading. Calculate the power supplied by the line.
A. 780 M W C. 839.2 M W
B. 688.2 M W D. 670 M W
18. The per phase parameters for a 60 Hz, 200 km long transmission line are R =
2.07 Q and L = 310 mH and C = 1.4474 j^F. The transmission line supplies a 100
MW, wye connected load at 215 kV (line to line) and 0.9 power factor lagging.
Using nominal n model, determine the sending end voltage line to line.
A. 229 kV C. 236 kV
B. 242 kV D. 233 kV
19. What is the sending current in the medium line when the when supplying a load
of 75M W at 132 kV, 0.8 power factor lagging. The line has series impedance of
15+j40 ohms and shunt admittance of 3.2x10.4 mhos.
A. 435 A C. 393 A
B. 550 A D. 410 A
20. A 3-phase, 115 kV, 60 Hz 120 km medium transmission line has an impedance
of Z= 0.05+j 0.45 ohm per km and shunt admittance of j3.4x10'6 siemens per km.
W hat is the transmission line equivalent constant D?
A 0.989+j0.001224 C. 0.979+j0.001212
B. 0.999+j0.001248 D. 0.969+j0.001199
21. A three phase, 60 Hz, 500 kV transmission line is 300 km long. The line
inductance is 0.97 mH per km and its capacitance is 0.0115 micro-farad per km
per phase. T h e receiving end rated load is 800M W , 0.8 power factor lagging at
500 kV. Determine the sending end voltage. Assume a lossless line.
A. 646.48 kV C. 625.42 kV
B. 656.81 kV D. 617,53 kV
22. The ABCD constant of a three phase 345 kV transmission line are:
A =D =0.98182+j0.0012447
B=4.035+j 58.947
C=j0.00061137
The line delivers 400 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 345 kV. Determine the
sending end voltage.
A. 387.025 kV C. 367.045 kV
B. 376.087 kV D. 398.085 kV
23. If iliJ = it *1 = 33 kV (three phase) and X = 13 ohms per phase, what is the
maximum power transmitted per phase?
A. 29 M W C , 60 M W
B. 30 M W D. 28 M W
25. A 6000 volts line supplying three loads A, B & C. If the loads are located 4, 6 arid
10 km respectively away from the supply having a resistance of 0.05 ohm per km
& currents la=50A, lb=75A and lc=100A, W hat is the voltage delivered in load A
A) 5955 volts C. 5970 volts
B ' 5975 volts D. 5962 volts
26. Loads are tapped along a single phase primary distribution line as follows:
Distance from Sending end 1.0 km 2.5 km 4.0 krr
6.0 km
Load at unity power factor 20 kW 15 kW 15 kW 10 kW
Determine the equivalent length of the line, with a load at that end equal to the
total load that will give the same total moments of load. Using the equivalent lire
with an impedance of (0+/10) ohms per km, determine the sending end voltage Vs
if the line end voltage is 4,000 Volts. Vectorially, Vs = Vr + Ir Z and l=PA/ at u n r/
power factor.
A. 4,424 Volts^" C. 4,625 Volts*
B) 4,021 Volts D. 4,222 Volts
27. The capacitance per km of a 3 -w ire cable are 0.9 uF between the three
bunched conductor and the sheath, and 0.4 uF between conductor and the other
two connected to the sheath. Determine the line to ground capacitance in uF for
20 km length of cable.
A) 9 v C 6*
4A D. 7 X
28. The capacitance between any two conductors of a three conductor cable, the
third conductor is grounded is 0.6 uF/km. Calculate the line to ground
capacitance for a 25 km length of cable.
A 3 0 ju F C .6 0 //F y
B. 45 D. 1 5 / / F v
29. Calculate the maximum span between level supports for 500 M CM acsr
conductor weighs 4,122 lbs/mile if the allowable sag is 2 ft. The ultimate
strength of conductor is 24,400 lbs and safety factor is 4.0.
A 460 ft C. 300 ft *
'B>, 350 ft v D. 250 ft >
30. In a certain circuit analyses, the bases chosen are: 69 kV and 100 MVA, what is
ffjeJmpedance base?
A. 47.6 ohm s^" C. 23.8 ohms
"B. 7.5 ohm s y D. 5 ohms
31. The percent impedance of a line is 6% at 34.5 kV and 100 M VA bases. What is
the ohmic impedance?
A. 2.32 C. 3.0 Y
'B. 0.72 * D. 1.20--*
32. The impedance of a line is 5% on 115 kV and 100 M VA bases. W hat shall be at
120 kV and 10,000 kVA bases?
A. 1.2% C. 0.32%
/ B )0.46% D. 0.72%
33. At a 34.5 kV substation the available fault current is 10 p.u. W hat is the available
fault MVA if the base MVA is 50?
A. 100 r C. 50
B. 200 V ( D) 500 r
34. The available fault duty of a certain point of electrical system is 950 MVA at 230
kV, The Thevenin’s equivalent impedance is 2.63% , what is the available fault
current?
( a) 9 “l kA X C. 6 5 k A v
B. 72 kA / D. 80 kA
37. Three 13.2 kv alternators, 30 MVA with 8%X, 90 MVA with 12%X and 30 MVA
with 9% X are connected to a common busbar. Find the MVA short circuit for a
three phase fault near the busbar. Bases are 90 M VA and 13.2 kV.
A. 145.9 * C. 281.7
>1,459 x D. 3 4 5 .9 *
38. In a short circuit study, the positive, negative and zero sequence impedance are
0.25 p.u. 0.25 per and 0.05 p.u.respectively. The base MVA is 100. Determine
the fault current for a three phase fault at tJ^e<115 kV level.
A. 3000 amperes x C. j 2000 amperes.*
B. 2500 am peres t l 3500 amperes ^
39. At a certain location in an electrical system, the available fault MVA is 500 MVA.
A 15 MVA, 34.5/6.24 kV, 5% impedance, wye-wye grounded transformer is
installed at that location. Determine the short circuit MVA at the secondary side
of the transformer. fe.
A. 195 M VA y 188 MVA X.
B. 175 M VA A ' D. 150 MVA
40. A small factory is tapped at 13.8 kV line where the available fault MVA is 150, the
line from the tapping point to the 3-333 kva transformer has an impedance of 0.5
ohm. The impedance of each transformer is 4% and the secondary voltage is
230 volts, what is the approximate three phase fault current at the secondary
side of the transformer bank?
A, 55,000 Amperes C. 65,000 Amperes
B. 50,000 Amperes D. 75,000 Amperes
44. A generator having a solidly grounded neutral and rated 50 MVA, 30 kV has
X 1=25% , X2=15% and Xo=5% . W hat reactance must be placed in the generator
neutral to limit the fault current for a bolted line to ground fault to that for a bolted
3-phase fault?
A. 2.4 ohms C. 1.5 ohms
B. 1.8 ohms ~ D. 1.2 ohms
45. The positive, negative and zero sequence reactances of a 20 MVA, 13.2 kV
synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu and 0.1 pu, respectively. The
generator is solidly grounded and is not loaded. A double line to ground fault
occurs at the generator terminals, determine the fault current.
A. 4750 A C. 4500 A
B. 4250 A D. 3750 A
46. The connected electrical load of an office building is 300 kVA. The main circuit
breaker to be installed is 1,600 Amp, 2 poles, 250 Volts. The Meralco distribution
transformer is rated 20,000/230 Volts. It is to serve this load with a rated
connected load of 500 kVA, single-phase, 60 Hz, 3% impedance, 230 Volts.
W hat interrupting rating should be required for the main circuit breaker ?
A. 50,000 A Q. 150,000 A
B. 100,000 A D. 75,000 A
17. A simple power system consist of Generator of reactance j0.26 p.u., transformer
of reactance jO. 16 p.u. and a circuit breaker connected to a system of reactance
jO. 19 p.u. A three phase fault occurs between transformer and circuit breaker.
W hat is the fault current in per unit?
A. 2.38 p.u. C.)7.64 p.u.
B. 3.28 p.u. ' D. 2.88 p.u.
54. In a two port network, the hybrid parameters are given by hn=1/11, hi2=h2i=5/11
and h22= 3 /1 1. Find the yn parameter.
A . -2 rQ n
B. 5 "TT -5
55. Two bus system has: Zn= jO. 11565 pu , Zi2= Z21=j0.04580 and Z22=j0.13893 pu.
If an impedance Zb= j0.4 pu is connected between busses 1 and 2. Find the new
value of Z 22 ■
A. j0.10698 pu C. jO.05735 pu
B.'jO. 12352 pu D. j0.11565 pu
56. The per unit impedance of a short line is j0.06 pu. A per unit load on the line is
(1+j0.6)pu at a receiving end voltage of 1 Z o pu. Find the average reactive
power flow over the line.
-0.56pu C. 0.56 pu
B. -1.12 pu D. 1.12 pu
Power System Supplementary Problems
3. A transmission line cable consists of 26 strands of identical copper conductor, each 1.255
mm in diameter. The length of the cable is 10 km but because of the twist of the strands,
the actual length of each conductor is increased by 5%. If the resistivity of the copper is
1.72 x 1 0 -8 ohm-meter, what is the resistance of the cable in ohms?
A. 1.08 C. 1.13
B. 5.39 D. 5.66
4. A three phase transmission line is designed to deliver 190.5 MVA at 220 KV over a
distance of 63 km. The total transmission line loss is not to exceed 2.5% of the rated line
MVA. If the resistivity of the conductor material is 2.84x10'® ohm meter, determine the
required conductor diameter. , -% (
A. 1.56 cm C. 1.89 cm
B. 1.85 cm D. 2 . 0 cm
. A single phase distribution line is installed with two No. 8 copper conductors spaced 15
cm. The line is 4 km long and the GMR with No. 8 is 1.27x10 3 m. What is the inductance
with the line?
A. 7.6 mH C. 4.2 mH
B. 27.5 mH D. 6.1 mH
7. A 69-kV three phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 336,400 cmil, 36/7
Linnet conductor per phase with a horizontal configuration of D12=5 ft, D 23 = 5 ft and
D3 i = 1 0 ft. The conductors have a diameter of 0.721 inch, resistance of 0,306 ohm per
mile and gmr of 0.0244 ft. What is the reactance for 12 miles line.
A. 6 ohms C. 4 ohms
B. 2 ohms D. 8 ohms
10. A double circuit 3 -phase transmission line has a horizontal spacing of 6 . 0 ft and a
conductor vertical spacing of 3.0 ft. Calculate the GMD of the parallel lines.
A. 4.94 ft C. 4.76 ft
B. 9 ft D. 3.78 ft
11. A 115 kV double circuit 3-phase transmission line composed of 336.4 MCM ACSR with
GMR of 0.0244 ft has a horizontal spacing of 18 ft and a conductor vertical spacing of 9.0
ft.. Calculate the GMR of the parallel lines.
A. 0.744 ft C. 0.788 ft
B. 0.0244 ft D. 0.663 ft
12. A single phase secondary line has spacing of 12 cm and with a length of 250 meters.
The conductor is No. 8 copper with a GMR of 1.27x10'3 m and resistance of 2.36 ohm per
km. Determine the inductive reactance of the line.
A. 0.137 ohm C. 0.274 ohm
B. 0.17 ohm D. 0.086 ohm
13. A 5 km long, 3- phase 34.5 kV line has a horizontal configuration of 4 ft. spacing . The
conductor is 336.4 MCM ACSR with GMR of 0.0244 ft. What is the inductance of the line.
A. 5.33 mH C. 10.22 mH
B. 15.12 mH D. 1 2 . 0 2 mH
14. A 115 kV line has vertical configuration with 9 ft spacing. The diameter of the 336.4 MCM
ACSR is 0,721 inch. If the length of the line is 2 0 km what is the total capacitance?
A.-0.282 uf C. 2.2 uf
B. 0.187 uf D. 5.25 uf
15. A 100 km transmission line has a 1,200 ohms shunt reactance. What is the per km shunt
reactance?
A. 1200 ohms C. 120,000 ohms
B. 12 ohms D. 120 ohms
16. The capacitive reactance of a 100 km 34.5 kV line is 200,000 ohms per km, what is the
total capacitive reactance of the line?
A. 2 0 0 0 ohms C. 6750 ohms
B. 1.08 x 1 0 7 ohms D. 3.6 x 1 0 s ohms
17. The capacitive reactance of a 100 km, 23 kV line is 1 2 0 0 ohms, what is the capacitance
per km ?
A. 2 . 2 micro-farad C. 2.2x1 O'8 farad
B. 220 micro-farad D. 12 ohms
18. The inductive reactance of the line is 0.25 cis 35 deg. ohm per km. What is the total
reactance of the line at 2 0 km?
A. 0.0125 cis 35 deg. Q.J 5 cis 35 deg.
B. 0.125 cis 35 deg. D. 0.25 cis 35 deg.
19. A 5 miles three phase line has an equilateral spacing of 4 ft. The conductor has GMR of
0.01688 ft and resistance of 0.303 ohm per mile. What is the impedance?
A. 1.515+ j 3.46 C. 1.515 + j 0.002
B. 1.515 + j3.32 D. 0.505 + j 3.32
20. A 5 km long, three phase line has a horizontal configuration of 4 ft spacing. The
conductor is 336.4 MCM ACSR with GMR of 0.0244 ft and a resistance of 0.306 ohm per
mile. What is its impedance?
A. 2.22 cis 65° C. 6 . 6 6 cis 65°
B. 1.19 cis 46° D. 3.57 cis 46°
22. A single circuit, 745 kV, 60Hz 3-phase transposed transmission line is composed of four
acsr per phase, 1272,000 circular mils, 54/19, pheasant conductor has a horizontal
configuration. The distance between the centers of the bundle is 14m and the spacing
between conductor is 45 cm. The conductor has a diameter of 1.382 inches and gmr of
0.5592 inches. Find the capacitance per phase in micro-farad per km.
A. 0.0142 C. 0.0158
B. 0.0123 D. 0.0126
24. A-69 kV, 16km, 3-phase transmission line has an impedance of 0.125 +j0.4375 ohm per
km. Determine the transmission efficiency when the line delivers 70 MVA to a load at 64
kV with 80% pf lagging.
A. 98.75% C. 96.47%
B. 95.90% D. 98.2%
25. A three phase transmission line, 15 km long serves a substation rated 15 MVA at 34.5
kV, 60 Hz. The line impedance is 0 . 1 2 0 + j0.457 ohm per km, what should be the sending
end voltage so that the transformer can be fully loaded at 70.7% pf lagging at its rated
voltage?
A. 37, 2 0 0 Volts C. 35,340 Volts
B. 36,500 Volts D. 34,990 Volts
26. The voltage current and power factor at the input of a single phase transmission line are
2400 volts, 30 amp and 75 percent respectively. The entire load is connected at the line
output or line end, 7 miles from the source end. Calculate the voltage at the load end in
volts. The line resistance is 1.1 ohm per mile of wire and the reactance is 0 . 8 ohm per
mile of wire?
A 1927. 'v C. 1827
B. 1682 ^1535
I
: ~ - snge zrase 100 kVA, 14kV/2.4kV distribution transformer, is supplied through a line of
The impedance referred to secondary is 0.01 +J0.04 p.u. A load of 90 KW,
: 3 power factor lagging is connected at the low side. Find the supply voltage when the
. oltage at the load side is 2.3 kV.
A. 14.6 kV C. 14.2 kV
B. 15.2 kV D. 15.6 kV
28. A three phase transmission line has a resistance of 10 ohms and reactance of 80 ohms
per wire. The load current is 90 amperes and the power factor of the load is 80% lagging.
The sending (generator) end voltage in the line is 44,000 volts line to line. What is the
receiving end voltage?
A. 38.4 kv C. 34.3 kv
B. 42.3 kv D. 41.2 kv
29. A short 230 kv transmission line has an impedance of 5 cis 78 ohms. The sending end
power is 100 MW at 230 kv and 85% power factor. What is the voltage at the other end?
A. 225.4 kV C. 223.2 kV
B. 226.3 kV Q. 228.2 kV
30. A short 230 kV transmission line has an impedance of 5 cis 78° ohms. The sending end
power is 100 MW at 230 kV and 85% power factor. What is the percent regulation of the
line?
A. 3.6% C. 2.2%
B. 1.5% D. 0.77%
31. A 230 kV transmission line is sending 100 MW power at 230 kV and 90% power factor.
The impedance is 5 + j20 and its capacitive reactance is 2500 ohms. Determine the
receiving end voltage.
A. 221.72 kV C. 226.15 kV
B. 222.83 kV D. 224.28 kV
32. A 230 kV transmission line has an impedance of 50 cis 78 ohms and a capacity
reactance of 1200 ohms. >lt transmit the power of a base load plant. On a certain dry
season the sending end power is 100 MW at 235 kV and 95% power factor continuously
for a period of one month. If cost of generation is P1.30/kwhr, what is the cost of the line
losses for the one month period?
A. P565.000 C. P5.6 million
B. P12.2 million D. P2.2 million
33. The ABCD constants of a 60 Hz, 3-phase long transmission lines are as follows
A= D= 0.877/1.57° B = 191.62/79.1° C = 0.0012 190.4°
This supplies 100 MW load at 230 kV with 90% power factor. What is the
sending voltage ?
A. 248 kV C. 269 kV
B. 245 kV O’. 238 kV
34. What is the maximum power that can be transmitted over a three phase short
transmission line having a per phase impedance of 0.3 +j 0.4 ohm if the receiving end
voltage is 6351 volts per phase and the voltage regulation of the line is not to exceed 5%.
A. 108.9 MW C. 266.9 MW
B. 165.6 MW D. 312.3 MW
35. A three phase power of 3600 MW is to be transmitted via four identical 60 Hz
transmission lines for a distance of 300 km. From a preliminary line design, the phase
constant and the surge impedance are given by (5 =9.46x1 O'4 rad/km and Zc=343 ohms
respectively. Based on practical line loadability criteria, determine the suitable nominal
voltage level in kV for each line. Assume Vs=1 .Op.u., Vr=0.9 p.u. and power angle
S =36.87°.
A. 300 C. 500
B. 400 D. 800
36. The capacitance between any two conductor and the ground of a three phase, 3-
conductor cable is 2 uF. The cable operates at 11 kV line voltage and 50 Hz. What is the
charging current through cable capacitance?
A.57.98 A C. 6.78A
B. 5.26A D. 6.24A
37. Calculate the sag of an overhead distribution line having a span of 300 ft between level
supports. The conductor is 4/0 copper weighs 2,442 lbs/mile. The ultimate strength of
conductor is 14,050 lbs and safety factor is 5.0.
A. 0.46 ft C. 1.21 ft
B. 1.85 ft D. 1.08 ft
38. A span of 300 m between level supports is expected to have a maximum sag of 12 m
when the wind pressure is 12.2 gm/cm2 of projected area. The circular copper conductor
has an area of 1.29 cm2 and weighs 1.13 kg/m. If the conductor has a breaking strength
of 4,220 kg/cm2, What is the safety factor under these conditions ?
A. 2 C. 3
B. 4 D. 5
41. The use of strain type insulator is made where the conductor are
A. deadend C. any of the above
B. at intermediate anchor towers D. none of the above
42. In a certain circuit analyses, the bases chosen are: 34.5 kV and 100 MVA. What is the
impedance base?
A) 11.9 ohms C. 23.8 ohms
B. 7.5 ohms D. 5 ohms
44. Find the ohmic value of the impedance 3.8% + j 15.2%. The base values are 100 MVA
and 115 kV respectively.
A. 5 + j 20 C. 3.8 + j15.2
B. 0 .5 + j 2 D 0.005 + j 0 2
45. The impedance of a transmission line is 30fi. What is the per unit impedance of 115 kV
and 100 MVA bases?
A. 0.18 C. 0.03
B. 0.05 V D.J 0.22
46. A 69kV/13.8 kV, 7.5 MVA transformer has 8% impedance. What is its impedance at base
100 MVA?
A. 0.6% C. 800%
B; 8% D 106.7%
47. In a certain line, the positive and zero sequence reactance of 3% & 15% respectively,
what is negative sequence reactance?
A. 3% C. 15%
B. 18% D. 12%
48. The three phase power and line to line ratings of the electric power system as shown in
figure below:
49. A Generator rated 500 MVA, 20 kv has an impedance of 0.20 per unit. If the generator is
supplying 425 kW load at 20 kV, unity power factor and a fault occurs at the load. What
will be the per unit value of the fault current with respect to the bases, 500 MVA and 20
kV.
A. 4.0 C. 5.0
B. 2.0 D. 3.0
50. Behind a certain point in a system network the equivalent Thevenin’s impedance is 0.2
p.u. at 100 MVA base. A 115 kV/34.5 kV, 10 MVA transformer of 5% impedance is
tapped at this point. If a three phase fault should occur at the secondary of the
transformer, what is the maximum fault current?
A. 6692 amperes C^2390 amperes
B. 820 amperes 1590 amperes
53. There was a 3-phase fault at a certain point in a 13.8 kV network where the Thevenin’s
equivalent impedance is 'A ohm per phase. What is the magnitude of the fault current?
A. 27600 amperes C. 15,900 amperes
B. 7970 amperes D. 13,800 amperes
54. There was a phase to phase fault at 13.8 kV system where the Thevenin’s equivalent
impedance is 2.63% what is the magnitude of the fault current. Base MVA is 10
A. 15,900 amperes C. 7970 amperes
B. 13,800 amperes D. 27,600 amperes
55. A 5 MVA, 13.8 kV / 480 Volts, 5% impedance transformer is tapped at 13.8 kV line where
the Thevenin’s equivalent impedance is % ohm. Determine the fault current at the
primary for a three-phase fault at the secondary.
A. 10,500 amperes C. 42000 amperes
B 3300 amperes D. 6050 amperes
57. The transformer to serve a customer is rated 5MVA, 13.8 KV/480 V and its impedance is
5%. The cable connecting the breaker to the transformer has an impedance of 0.032 ohm
per phase. What is the fault current if a three phase fault occurs at the breaker?
A. 8000 amperes C. 6200 amperes
B. 5000 amperes D. 1200 amperes
58. The indoor 3-phase power center is to be served at 13.8 kV, the power center will
include a high side (primary) circuit breaker, a 1,500 kVA, 13,800/460 Volts transformer
with 4 % impedance, and a main circuit breaker. If the service point has a short circuit
capacity of 900 MVA, what is the momentary and interrupting duty at 3 cycles of the main
secondary circuit breaker?
A. 73 kA & 59 kA C. 63 kA & 49 kA
B. 83 kA & 69 kA D. 56 kA & 45 kA
59. At a certain point of a power system network the positive, negative and zero sequence
impedances are 0.25 p.u., 0.25 p.u. and 0.30 p.u. respectively. The base MVA is 100.
The voltage level at that point is 34.5 kV. Determine the short circuit current for a double
line to ground fault.
A. 5,578 Amp C. 12,551 Amp
B. 1,969 Amp D?, 5,906 Amp
60. A device which monitor and operates when certain level has been reached.
A. monitor C, relay
B. oscilloscope D, transformer
61. It is a protective relay which compares the sum of incoming currents against the sum of
the out going currents. It operates when there is unbalance.
A. Relay balance C. Differential relay
B. Current relay D. Over current relay
63. Surge arresters are needed in transmission line for the following purposes. Which is the
important?
A. Regulate the voltage
B. Prevent the lightning from striking the line
C. Protect the system from high voltage transient
D. Protect the line from short circuit current
64. Which one of the following/is not one of the classes of surge arresters?
A. Transmission class C. Station class
B. Distribution class D. Intermediate class
65. What arrester nominal rating shall be used in a 13.8 kV ungrounded system?
A. 11 kV C. 18 kV
B. 15 kV D. 21 kV
66. The distribution system is 34.5 kV ungrounded, which arrester shall be installed to protect
a distribution transformer.
A. 35 kV C. 27 kV
B. 38 kV D. 30 kV
68. What is the relay that can detect overload in the line?
A. fuses C. overcurrent relay
B. differentialrelay D. magnetic switch
69. A three phase, delta-wye connected, 15 MVA, 33/11 KV step-up transformer is protected
by CT’s. Determine the GT ratios for differential protection such that the circulating
current (through the transformer delta) does not exceed 5 A.
A. 167.88 C. 137.56
B. 157.46 D. 262.43
71. The CT ratio and PT ratio are 240 and 2000 respectively. A reactance relay is installed to
protect the line. What is the reactance of the transmission line if the reactance as seen by
the reactance relay is 1.41 ohms.
A. 12.2 ohms C. 1.41 ohms ‘5 ’.,
B. 0.17 ohms " D. 11.75ohms
72. In transmission lines, the most effective protection against lightning strikes is one of the
following. Which one is this ?
A. Lightning rods C. Lightning arresters
B. Petersen coils D .. Overhead wires
73. Which of the following does not belong to the protection of a transmission line ?
A. distance relay C. reclose relay
B. ground relay D. reverse power relay
75. Two bus system has: Z^= j0.11565 pu , Zi2= Z2-i=jQ.04580 and Z22=jO.13893 pu. If an
impedance Zb= j0.4 pu is connected between busses 1 and 2. Find the new value of Zn .
A. jO.10698 pu C. jO.05735 pu
B. jO.12352 pu D. jO.11565 pu
76. The following short circuit currents and voltages were determined experimentally for an
unknown two port network
When V2=0 V,=24 volts l^ m A l2=-0.6mA
When Vi=0 V2=40 volts 1,—lm A l2=12mA
Determine Y22 of the impedance matrix
A. 125/vS C. -25juS
B. 2 5 D. 300 ft S
77. In a two port network, the hybrid parameters are given by hn=1/11, h12=h21=5/11 and
h^=3/11. Find the y22 parameter.
AJ2 C. 11
B. 5 D .-5
3. A transmission line cable consists of 26 strands of identical copper conductor, each 1.255
mm in diameter. The length of the cable is 10 km but because of the twist of the strands,
the actual length of each conductor is increased by 5%. If the resistivity of the copper is
1.72 x 1 0 -8 ohm-meter, what is the resistance of the cable in ohms?
A. 1.08 C. 1.13
B. 5.39 D. 5.66
4. A three phase transmission line is designed to deliver 190.5 MVA at 220 KV over a
distance of 63 km. The total transmission line loss is not to exceed 2.5% of the rated line
MVA. If the resistivity of the conductor material is 2.84x10'® ohm meter, determine the
required conductor diameter. , -% (
A. 1.56 cm C. 1.89 cm
B. 1.85 cm D. 2 . 0 cm
. A single phase distribution line is installed with two No. 8 copper conductors spaced 15
cm. The line is 4 km long and the GMR with No. 8 is 1.27x10 3 m. What is the inductance
with the line?
A. 7.6 mH C. 4.2 mH
B. 27.5 mH D. 6.1 mH
7. A 69-kV three phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 336,400 cmil, 36/7
Linnet conductor per phase with a horizontal configuration of D12=5 ft, D 23 = 5 ft and
D3 i = 1 0 ft. The conductors have a diameter of 0.721 inch, resistance of 0,306 ohm per
mile and gmr of 0.0244 ft. What is the reactance for 12 miles line.
A. 6 ohms C. 4 ohms
B. 2 ohms D. 8 ohms