Reclaimed Soil Analysis in Naga Reclamation Phase 1 – Lot B, Naga City, Cebu,

Philippines

Gonzales, Janilyn Ann J.1; Mercado, Dianne Louise2; Sanchez, Louie Ariadne3;
Tumanda, Hazel Rose E.4

University of San Jose - Recoletos, Department of Civil Engineering

Email address: janilynannjgonzales@gmail.com, louisemercado1621@gmail.com,

sanchezlewis70@gmail.com, rosehazeltumanda@gmail.com

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Soil analysis is a significant component in the construction of structures. It is

essential that the type and characteristics of the soil is examined by geotechnical
engineers. The properties and behavior of soil both impact the design and strength of
any foundation and the upheld superstructure [ CITATION CIA19 \l 1033 ]. It is by utilizing
such data that the soil settlement and bearing capacity of soil may be determined by the
design engineers (Poulos, 2004).
In the present time, land reclamation had played an essential role in the
economic growth in Southeast Asia (Cao, 2003). Being an archipelagic country, the
Philippines have been adopting this practice in various cities and municipalities. The city
of Naga in Cebu, which is the selected area of the study, through the construction of the
Naga Boardwalk & Park, had practiced land reclamation. The Naga Boardwalk & Park is
part of the 146-hectare reclamation project that aims to address the city’s need for
additional land area and attract investors in setting up businesses along the city’s
shoreline at the same time. The boardwalk is intended for public and commercial use
[ CITATION Jos17 \l 1033 ].
Consequently, the boardwalk, just as any other reclaimed area, is a landmass
formed by filling submerged areas (Philippine Reclamation Authority, 2013), soil
investigation before and after reclamation is essential. This aids in the assurance of
having a practical planning and control procedure. Subsequently, it determines an
appropriate treatment for the foundation soils (Cao, 2003).
The soil’s capacity to withstand applied loads is called bearing capacity
(Terzaghi, 1943). Bearing capacity is the power of foundation soil to hold the forces
from the superstructure without undergoing shear failure or excessive settlement
[ CITATION Pra1 \l 1033 ] . Moreover, it is essential for determining the most appropriate
form and size of foundations (The Structural Engineer, 2012). Its value was derived
from using various theories and considering some geotechnical parameters such as
relative density and angle of internal friction (J.R. Dungca, I. Concepcion Jr., M.C.M.
Limyuen, T.O. See & M.R. Vicencio, 2017).
A research conducted by Jing-Bo Su, et al. showed that the bearing capacity of a
single pile increases significantly with the consolidation of soil around the pile while the
gap width between the structures in the project decreases with increasing consolidation.
In terms of compaction, Zizhao Zhang, Guobin Tang, and Jian Zhu’s experimental
results showed both compaction frequency and thickness of the reclaimed soil were the
crucial factors affecting the compaction of the soil. Also, the interaction between them
had a dramatic impact on soil compaction.
Soil physical and chemical properties in the reclamation area were influenced by
both reclamation time and land-use types (Sun, 2011). With the increase of reclamation
time, the salt content, alkalinity, and particle size tended to decrease, while organic
matter content tended to increase. Most properties varied significantly in the initial
reclamation stages. A relatively steady state was achieved in ten years following the
reclamation for pH, about 30 years for organic matter, and 60 years for electrical
conductivity, respectively (Coles, 2014). Further, similar land uses and parent materials
produced similar inherent soil properties (Wang, 2014). Lastly, there were several
reclamation projects located in areas with significant seismic activity which from a
foundation perspective, can pose a substantial risk for partial or full liquefaction and, as
a result, reduction of soil strength otherwise known as soil bearing capacity (H.E. Ali &
J.S. Damgaard, 2013).
After reviewing the above literature, a gap was obtained. The studies were
mostly concerned about the environmental impacts of reclamation areas, and the
relationship between reclamation time and the physical and chemical properties of soil.
There have been similar studies related to soil bearing capacity and consolidation, but
none of them had published it for reference in reclaimed area.
In the present study, the researchers will be using the Triaxial Test and
Consolidation Test as methods in determining the soil bearing capacity and
consolidation settlement of areas in Cebu that undergone land reclamation several
years ago. The test will evaluate the shearing, settlement, and moisture content of the
soil. The reclaimed soil samples’ bearing capacity and settlement will serve as a
reference for building new structures in the reclamation area.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

         This study aims to evaluate the soil bearing capacity of the selected reclaimed
area in Cebu, Philippines. Specifically, this will answer the following:
1. What is the current consolidation settlement in the reclaimed area?
2. What is the current allowable soil bearing capacity of soil in the reclaimed area?
3. What is the most suitable type of foundation that would maximize the soil bearing
capacity and consolidation of soils in the selected reclaimed area?

OBJECTIVES

         This study aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. To determine the current consolidation settlement of the selected reclaimed area
in Cebu, Philippines
2. To determine the current soil bearing capacity of the chosen reclaimed area in
Cebu, Philippines.
3. To determine the most appropriate and effective type of foundation to be used
given the geotechnical parameters of the selected reclaimed area.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION

         The focus of the study is on the evaluation of consolidation settlement and soil
bearing capacity of the selected reclamation area in Cebu. It includes the determination
of the allowable soil bearing capacity of soil in the reclamation area and the settlement
of soil, which will serve as a reference in choosing the most suitable type of foundation
applicable.

 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

         The findings of this study will benefit the structural engineers and designers
considering that soil settlement and soil bearing capacity is essential in building
structures. The study can help engineers in designing foundations by providing them a
reference of the allowable soil bearing capacity and allowable settlement conditions of
soil in a reclaimed land given that the bearing capacity of the soil is the soil’s capacity to
withstand the loads applied by the structure. Also, the findings in this study will allow
future researchers to determine an appropriate foundation design given the soil’s
condition. 

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Allowable bearing capacity (or safe bearing capacity) – is the working pressure that
would ensure a margin of safety against the tendency of the structure to collapse from
shear failure. The allowable bearing capacity is usually a fraction of the ultimate net
bearing capacity.
Angle of internal friction - a measure of the ability of a unit of rock or soil to withstand
a shear stress
Consolidation Settlement – a time-dependent settlement is resulting from the gradual
reduction of volume of saturated soils because of squeezing out of the water from the
pore due to the increase in effective stress and hence pore water pressure. It is also
known as primary consolidation settlement. It is thus a time-related process involving
compression, stress transfer, and water drainage.
Factor of Safety –refers to a value that was based on the type of soil, method of
exploration, level of uncertainty in soil, the significance of structure and outcomes of
failure, and the probability of design load proceeding. It is the ratio of the ultimate net
bearing capacity to the allowable bearing capacity or the applied maximum vertical
stress. In geotechnical engineering, a factor of safety between 1.5 and 5 is used for the
calculation of the soil’s allowable bearing capacity.
Foreshore land - a string of land margining a body of water, the part of a seashore
between the low-water line usually at the seaward margin of a low tide terrace and the
upper limit of wave wash at high tide traditionally marked by a beach scarp or berm part
of the shore, which is alternately covered and uncovered by the ebb and flow of the tide
Foundation – is that part of a structure which transmits the building load directly into
the underlying soil. If the soil conditions at the site are sufficiently secure and capable of
supporting the required load, then shallow spread footing or mats can be used to
transmit the load.
Footing – is a foundation consisting of a small slab for transmitting the structure load to
the underlying soil. Footings can be individual slabs supporting single columns or may
be combined to support two or more columns. It also refers to a long strip of a concrete
slab (width B to length L ratio is small, i.e., it approaches zero) supporting a load-
bearing wall, or a mat.
Overburden pressure – is the pressure (effective stress) of the soil removed to place
the footing. Also called lithostatic pressure, confining pressure or vertical stress, is the
pressure or stress imposed on a layer of soil or rock by the weight of overlying material
Settlement - is defined as the vertical movement of the ground, generally caused by
changes in stresses within the earth
Shear strength - is a term used in soil mechanics to describe the magnitude of the
shear stress that a soil can sustain
Soil bearing capacity - is the capacity of soil to support the loads applied to the ground
Reclaimed area - a landmass formed as a result of the deliberate process of converting
foreshore land, submerged areas or bodies of water into land by filling or other means
using dredge fill and other suitable materials for specific purposes
Relative density - density index is the ratio of the difference between the void ratios of
a cohesionless soil in its loosest state and existing natural state to the difference
between its void ratio in the loosest and densest states
Ultimate bearing capacity (qu) – is the maximum pressure that the soil can support
Ultimate net bearing capacity (q ult) – is the maximum pressure that the soil can
support above its current overburden pressure
Undisturbed Soil - the undisturbed soil sample is taken out for testing the properties in
the laboratory, without disturbing its structure, texture, density, natural water content,
and stress condition. It is said to be an undisturbed soil sample; this soil sample gives
the original behavior of soil
Water Table – permanently saturated with water, refers to the upper level of an
underground surface in which the soil or rocks. It separates the groundwater zone that
lies below it from the capillary fringe, or zone of aeration, that lies above it.
2.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Shown below are the processes involved in the implementation of the study.

Triaxial Test Evaluation of Numerical Determination of

Soil Samples
Consolidation Bearing Value of Soil most appropriate
from
Test Capacity and Bearing type of
reclamation
Consolidation Capacity and foundation in the
area
Settlement Settlement reclaimed area

Figure 1. The Conceptual Framework

Three (3) soil samples from three (3) different points in Naga Reclamation Phase 1 –
Lot B were gathered. Through soil testing such as triaxial test and consolidation test, the
soil properties in the reclaimed area were identified and the bearing capacity and
consolidation of soil were evaluated. Finally, after gathering all the necessary data, the
most appropriate type of foundation for the reclamation area was recommended.

Review of Related Literature

Soil Reclamation
Soil reclamation is one of the fundamental steps of infrastructure development
benefiting many small and land-scarce countries (Katsumi, 2015). Also, for land
reclamation, all types of earth materials can be used (M.W. Bo, V. Choa & K.S. Wong,
2005). Land reclamation requires removal and transportation from borrow areas. The
method of extraction and transport is dependent upon the type of materials and the
nature of the source that requires site investigation.

Soil Exploration
Soil examination must be conducted to decide the bearing limit or bearing
capacity of the soil, its settlement rate, and the situation of the water table. Probably the
most natural strategies for soil examination are burrowing trial pits, and visual
investigations, at that point for ensuring research facility testing, tests with least
minimum influences and disturbances are gathered. Drilling ought to be conducted to
get undisturbed samples from which settlement rate and bearing limit might be obtained
according to a study conducted by M. Kyakula, et al. Post-improvement of soil
examination is done after soil reclamation to evaluate the soil for advancement. Boring,
soil sampling, field vane shear test, cone penetration tests (CPT and CPTU),
Dilatometer test (DMT), Self-boring Pressure meter test (SBPT), BAT, Cone pressure
meter test (CPMT), and seismic cone tests were completed in the post-improvement
stage (M.W. Bo, V. Choa & K.S. Wong, 2005).

Soil Sampling
In the study of Majidzadeh, Bayomy, and Khedr five (5) soil samples were
collected in four (4) testing sites. This sampling method considers the variance of the
soil’s parameters on permanent deformation and dynamic modulus (1978). Zigzag
method for soil sampling was used by Min Jang, 5-10 soil samples were collected with
5-10m intervals. The zigzag method verifies the homogeneity of soil’s parameters
[ CITATION Min09 \l 1033 ]. In zigzag method, the increase of subsamples can increase the
probability of obtaining precise data on the soil samples [ CITATION Mic01 \l 1033 ].This
method is designed to obtain soil samples in the entire test site and it also gives
consistent soil data [ CITATION Way87 \l 1033 ]

Bearing Capacity Test

Laboratory and field tests were directed to decide the bearing capacity of the soil.
As indicated by Das (2009), the Triaxial shear test is one of the most reliable techniques
accessible for deciding the shear strength parameters. It is utilized broadly for research
and conventional testing. The Triaxial shear test is the most flexible of all the shear test
testing strategies for getting shear strength of the soil, however it is somewhat
complicated. Essential parameters got from the test may incorporate the angle of
shearing resistance ϕ΄, cohesion c΄, and undrained shear strength c u. Different
parameters, for example, the shear stiffness G, compression index Cc, and permeability
k, may likewise be resolved (Rees, 2013). The parameters are required for the design of
slopes, computation of bearing capacity of any soil strata, and estimation of union
parameters. On any soil where seepage conditions can be controlled, and pore water
pressure estimations can be made precisely, this test can be performed (iricen.gov.in,
2016). There are three primary triaxial tests performed in the research facility, to be
specific, Unconsolidated Undrained test (UU), Consolidated Undrained test (CU), and
Consolidated Drained test (CD). Among the three triaxial tests, the consolidated
undrained (CU) test is the most well-known triaxial test procedure. It enables strength
parameters to be resolved dependent on the effective stresses (i.e., ϕ΄ and c΄) while
allowing a quicker pace of shearing compared with the CD test (B.M. Das and N.
Sivakugan, 2017). According to Rees (2013), the CU test will be achieved by recording
the excess pore pressure change inside the specimen as shearing takes place.

In view of Terzaghi's bearing capacity theory, the column load P is opposed by

the shear stresses at the corners of three areas below the footing and the overburden
pressure, q(=ɣD) over the footing. The main term in the condition is identified with the
cohesion of the soil. The second is identified with the depth of the footing and
overburden pressure. Lastly, the third term is identified with the width of the footing and
the length of the shear pressure zone. According to Terzaghi (1943), the bearing
capacity factors, Nc, Nq, and Nɣ, are values that are based on the angle of internal
friction (Ø). For the most part, a factor of safety, Fs, of around at least three, is applied
to an ultimate soil-bearing capacity to obtain the allowable bearing capacity (Das, 2009).
Additionally, a foundation might be characterized as shallow if the depth Df is not
exactly or equivalent to its width B, as referenced by Terzaghi. He additionally expected
that the weight of the soil over the base of the footing could be replaced by a uniform
surcharge, q=ɣDf for the computation of the ultimate soil-bearing capacity (B.M. Das
and K. Sobhan, 2014).

Satisfactory learning of the soil bearing capacity just as the geology and the
structures of the subsurface would help design the most ideal way in constructing
infrastructures that minimize occurrence of building failure (O. Adewoyin, E.O. Joshua,
M.L. Akinyemi and O. Maxwell, 2017). Urban communities that are close to waterways,
for example, Manila, Navotas, and Marikina, have low bearing capacities. In this
manner, the utilization of shallow foundations on these territories is recommended.
Since the soil is not fit for carrying heavy loads, utilizing shallow foundations for high-
rise structures and other enormous structures ought to be avoided. Otherwise,
according to J.R. Dungca et al. (2017), a deep foundation is advised if these parameters
are not met.

Consolidation Test
One dimensional consolidation test can predict the soil consolidation rate and
degree of consolidation[CITATION HLe14 \l 1033 ] . ASTM D2435M – 11 states that this test
is used in estimating the magnitude and rate of differential and total settlement of a
structure or earthfill[CITATION Placeholder2 \l 1033 ]. In the study of C. Kayadelen (2007), it
shows that this test allows to achieve the optimum settlement of the soil specimen. With
the increase of applied vertical stress on the soil specimen the pore size decreases,
void ratio and water content decreases.
Reclaimed Area
Reclaimed land areas mostly incorporate characteristics of having weak soil of
soft to medium consistency. In the study of M.S. Islam, M. Ahmed, M. M. Uddin & M.
Khanum (2016), in a reclaimed area in Dhaka City, Bangladesh, the bearing capacity
was found to vary between 304kPa to 310kPa. On the other hand, theoretical bearing
capacity calculation by various renowned methods like Terzaghi and Meyerhof yields
260 kPa and 297 kPa, respectively [CITATION MAh \l 13321 ].

3.0 METHODOLOGY

 3.1 Research Design

         To define the purpose of the study, since soil samples are collected subject to
multiple-sample-testing, laboratory tests, and sample analysis, the Quantitative
research method was utilized.

3.2 Research Environment

Considered as one of the oldest settlements in the province of Cebu, Naga

became a municipality on June 12, 1892. Naga has recently gained its new status from
1st class municipality into a component city in the First District of Cebu. Originally, Naga
City was 63% timberland. Currently, Naga City has a total population of 115, 750. With
the growing economic development of the city, the demand for additional land area also
increased. This demand led Naga City to adopt the practice of land reclamation. This
reclamation project started in 1946 and is still on-going. The average height of the
reclaimed land is 2 meters. The filling materials used for the reclamation were
composed of limestone, durite, morocks, and boulders.

Figure
2. Naga City, Cebu Vicinity Map

The Naga Reclamation Phase 1 – Lot B is part of the reclamation project

offshore of Naga City bounded entirely by water. It spans an area of 67,628 sq.m. from
the mainland of Naga City. This part of the reclamation was finished last 2018 and is
currently utilized for government facilities and commercial establishments. The City Hall
of Naga is located within the said reclamation area, as well as their playground, soccer
field, and other facilities.
 Figure 3. Updated site development plan of City of Naga Reclamation, Phase 1

3.3 Research Methodology

In this study Zigzag method will be used in soil sampling to cover the
entire test site and verify the homogeneity of the soil’s parameters. To consider
the variance of the soil in the testing pits, five (5) soil samples will be collected
from three (3) different test pits with 5m interval in the reclamation area, a total of
fifteen (15) soil samples will be collected.

3.3.1 Data Gathering Procedure

Soil Sampling
The soil sampling comprised mainly of exploring three (3) test pits at a
depth of 1.5m. Soil sample was obtained by an undisturbed sample by pushing a
thin-walled steel tube into the pit’s side or bottom. Using a knife, the sampling
tube was dug out of the ground. The two ends of the sampling tube should be
closed tightly by using fragments of cloth, plastic sheet, or pieces of tire inner
tube and string to seal the ends. Undisturbed samples were placed inside a
plastic bag.
3.3.2 Soil Testing Procedure 

  This study used the triaxial shear test and consolidation test.

Triaxial Test 

Triaxial test based on ASTM D 4767 – 95 - Standard Test Method for

Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive Soils is needed
to extract the geotechnical parameters required to compute for the soil bearing
capacity of the soil sample.
A soil sample of 40mm in diameter and 80 mm in thickness were
subjected to Consolidated-Undrained (CU) Triaxial Test. The parameters
determined in CU-Test were the cohesion (c), drained angle of friction (∅ ¿ , and
pore water pressure parameter ( Á ¿.
The values of c (cohesion) and ∅ (angle of friction) are determined from
the failure envelope equation s=c+ σ ' tan ∅ and collected σ ' 1and σ ' 3 (effective
major and minor principal stresses at failure) which were obtained from the
tested specimens.
The values of cohesion and angle of internal friction are two of the
parameters needed in the calculation of the soil bearing capacity of the soil
samples.

  Consolidation Test

Standard Test Methods for One - Dimensional Consolidation Test using

incremental loading based on ASTM D2435/D2435M-11 - to identify the
consolidation settlement of the reclaimed soil, was utilized.
A soil sample of 64mm in diameter and 20 mm in thickness were
subjected to Consolidation Test. The parameters obtained from one-dimensional
consolidation test were the void ratio-pressure curve (e vs. log p), the
preconsolidation pressure (pc), and the coefficient of consolidation (cv).

The height of solids (Hs) of the specimen in the mold is computed

using the equation,

Ws
Hs=
( π4 D ) G ρ ,
2
s w

where Ws is the dry mass of soil specimen, D is the diameter of the specimen, G s
is the specific gravity of soil solids and ρw is the density of water.

At the end of consolidation due to a given loading (p), the height of the
voids (Hv) were determined by, H v =H t(f )−H s . Then the final void ratio at the end
Hv
of consolidation for each loading, p is given by, e= .
Hs
 cv t
The coefficient of consolidation (cv) is calculated as T v = , where Tv is
H2
the time factor t90 which is equivalent to 0.848 and H is the maximum length of
the drainage path (since the specimen is drained at top and bottom) which is
H t (ave) 0.848 H 2t (ave)
equivalent to .Thus, c v = . Also, to calculate the coefficient of
2 4 t 90
0.197 H 2t (ave)
consolidation (cv) from t50, c v = .
4 t 50

To slope of the linear portion of the e vs. log p is known as the

compression index, Cc and is calculated as

e1 −e2
C c=
p .
log 1
p2

The magnitude of the compression index, Cc varies from soil to soil. There
are many correlations for Cc have been proposed and some of these correlations
were based on Rendon-Herrero (1980).

3.4 Data Analysis

A quantitative approach of research was used to analyze the data

gathered from multiple sample testing and laboratory tests. The researchers
transform what is collected or observed into statistical data, as this type of
research is a systematic approach to investigations of the same characteristics
(Babbie, 2010). The main advantage of quantitative data analysis is its design to
provide summaries of data that support generalizations about the phenomenon
under study while at the same time, ensures the validity and reliability of the data
gathered. 

3.4.1 Terzaghi’s Soil Bearing Capacity

Terzaghi’s ultimate soil bearing capacity formula was utilized to determine
the soil bearing capacity of the reclaimed area,

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑐’𝑁𝑐 +(𝛾𝐷𝑓)𝑁𝑞 +0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾

where qult is the ultimate soil bearing capacity, c’ is the cohesion of soil, γ is the
effective unit weight, B is the width of foundation, Df is the depth of foundation
below ground surface, and Nc, Nγ, and Nq are the Terzaghi’s bearing capacity
factors that are nondimensional and are only functions of the soil friction angle,
∅' .
 The variation of Nc, Nγ, and Nq with ∅ ' are given in Table 16.1, p. 573 of
Fundamentals of Geotechnical Engineering, 5th edition by Braja M, Das.

A factor of safety of 3.0 was divided into the ultimate soil bearing capacity
to determine the allowable bearing capacity of the soil.

𝑞all = 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 / FS

3.4.2 One- Dimensional Primary Consolidation

To calculate the probable settlement caused by primary consolidation from

one-dimensional consolidation, primary consolidation settlement for normally
consolidated clays was utilized,

Cc H σ 'o + ∆ σ '
S p=
1+e o
log
( σ 'o )
Where CC is the compression index. H is the thickness of sublayer, e o is the initial
void ratio, σ 'o is the initial effective overburden pressure and ∆ σ ' is the increase of
vertical pressure.

3.5 Statistical Treatment

To compare the data of the five (5) soil samples located at three (3)
different locations in the reclaimed area, the researchers used One (1) Way
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) in determining the consolidation settlement and
allowable soil bearing capacity in the reclaimed area. 

One (1) - Way ANOVA hypothesis on soil consolidation settlement of the

reclaimed area:

 Null: the consolidation settlement in three different locations in the

reclaimed area have the same numerical values
 Alternative: the consolidation settlement in three different places in the
reclaimed area have varying numerical values

One (1) - Way ANOVA hypothesis on soil bearing capacity of the reclaimed
area:

 Null: the allowable soil bearing capacity in three different locations in the
reclaimed area have the same numerical values
 Alternative: the allowable soil bearing capacity in three different places in
the reclaimed area have varying numerical values
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 APPENDIX A

The Preliminary data for Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test is tabulated

in Table 1.

Beginning of Test Soil 1 Soil 2 Soil 3

1. Moist Unit Weight of Specimen (beginning
of test)
2. Moisture Content (beginning of test)
3. Initial length of specimen, Lo
4. Initial diameter of specimen, Do
π 2
5. Initial area of the specimen, Ao = D o
4
6. Initial volume of the specimen, Vo=AoLo
After Consolidation of Saturated Specimen
7. Cell Consolidation pressure, σ 3
8. Net drainage from the specimen during
consolidation, ∆ V
9. Volume of specimen after consolidation,
V o −∆ V =V c
10. Length of the specimen after
1 /3
Vc
( )
consolidation, Lc = Lo
Vo
11. Area of the specimen after consolidation,
V 2 /3
( )
Ac = A o c
Vo

Table 1. Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test, Preliminary Data

 Axial Stress-Strain Calculation for Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test is
in Table 2.

Proving ring calibration factor:

Soil 1
Specimen Vertical Proving Pisto Correct Deviat Excess ∆L
Á=
deformati strain. ring dial n ed ory pore water ∆σ
on = ∆L reading Load, Area, stress, pressure,
ε=
∆ L ( cm ) Lc (No. of P Ac P ∆u
A= ∆ σ=
small (N) 1−ε A (kN/m2)
divisions) (cm2)
(8)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Soil 2
Specimen Vertical Proving Pisto Correct Deviat Excess ∆L
Á=
deformati strain. ring dial n ed ory pore water ∆σ
on = ∆L reading Load, Area, stress, pressure,
ε=
∆ L ( cm ) Lc (No. of P Ac P ∆u
A= ∆ σ=
small (N) 1−ε A (kN/m2)
divisions) (cm2)
(8)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Soil 3
 Specimen Vertical Proving Pisto Correct Deviat Excess ∆L
Á=
deformati strain. ring dial n ed ory pore water ∆σ
on = ∆L reading Load, Area, stress, pressure,
ε=
∆ L ( cm ) Lc (No. of P Ac P ∆u
A= ∆ σ=
small (N) 1−ε A (kN/m2)
divisions) (cm2)
(8)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Table 2. Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Test,

Axial Stress-Strain Calculation

The calculation for consolidation test void ratio-pressure and coefficient of

consolidation is shown in Table 3.

Soil 1

Description of soil:
Location:
Specimen diameter (in.):
Initial specimen height, Ht(i) ( in.):
Height of solids, Hs (in.):
Moisture content (%), Beginning of test:
Moisture content (%), End of test:
Weight of dry soil specimen (g):
Gs =
Pressure, p Final Change Final Height Final Average Fitting cv from x
(ton/ft2) dial in specimen of void height during time 103
(1) readi specimen height, void, ratio, consolidation, (sec) (in.2/sec)
ng height, Ht(f) (in.) Hv (in.) e Ht(ave) (in.) t90 t50 t90 t50
(in.) ∆ H (¿ .) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
(2) (3)
Soil 2

Description of soil:
Location:
Specimen diameter (in.):
Initial specimen height, Ht(i) ( in.):
Height of solids, Hs (in.):
Moisture content (%), Beginning of test:
Moisture content (%), End of test:
Weight of dry soil specimen (g):
Gs =
Pressure, p Final Change Final Height Final Average Fitting cv from x
(ton/ft2) dial in specimen of void height during time 103
(1) readi specimen height, void, ratio, consolidation, (sec) (in.2/sec)
ng height, Ht(f) (in.) Hv (in.) e Ht(ave) (in.) t90 t50 t90 t50
(in.) ∆ H (¿ .) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
(2) (3)
Soil 3

Description of soil:
Location:
Specimen diameter (in.):
Initial specimen height, Ht(i) ( in.):
Height of solids, Hs (in.):
Moisture content (%), Beginning of test:
Moisture content (%), End of test:
Weight of dry soil specimen (g):
Gs =
Pressure, p Final Change Final Height Final Average Fitting cv from x
(ton/ft2) dial in specimen of void height during time 103
(1) readi specimen height, void, ratio, consolidation, (sec) (in.2/sec)
ng height, Ht(f) (in.) Hv (in.) e Ht(ave) (in.) t90 t50 t90 t50
(in.) ∆ H (¿ .) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
(2) (3)

Table 3. Consolidation test, void ratio-pressure and coefficient of

consolidation calculation
 The Consolidation test of time versus vertical dial readings shows the
results of a pressure increase from p to p + ∆p.

Soil 1
Description of soil:
Location:
Pressure on specimen: Pressure on specimen:
Time after √t Vertical dial Time after √t Vertical dial
load (min.) 0.5 reading load (min.) 0.5 reading
application, t (in.) application, (in.)
(min.) t
(min.)
Soil 2
Description of soil:
Location:
Pressure on specimen: Pressure on specimen:
Time after √t Vertical dial Time after √t Vertical dial
load (min.)0.5 reading load (min.)0.5 reading
application, t (in.) application, (in.)
(min.) t
(min.)
Soil 3
Description of soil:
Location:
Pressure on specimen: Pressure on specimen:
Time after √t Vertical dial Time after √t Vertical dial
load (min.)0.5 reading load (min.)0.5 reading
application, t (in.) application, (in.)
(min.) t
(min.)

Table 4. Consolidation test, time vs. vertical dial reading

APPENDIX B

Correlation Region of applicability

C c =0.007(¿−7) Remolded clay
C c =0.009(¿−10) Undisturbed clays
C c =0.01 w N Chicago clays
C c =1.15(e o−0.27) All clays
C c =0.30(eo −0.27) Inorganic cohesive soil:silt, silty clay, clay
C c =0.0115 w N Organic soils, peats, organic silt, and clay
C c =0.0046(¿−9) Brazilian clays
C c =0.75(e o −0.5) Soils with low plasticity
C c =0.208 e o+ 0.0083 Chicago clays
C c =0.156 e o +0.0107 All clays
Note: LL = liquid limit
eo = in situ void ratio

Table 5. Correlations for Compression index, C c (Based on Rendon-

Herrero, 1980).