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PIPESIM 2011.1 Fundamentals H PDF
PIPESIM 2011.1 Fundamentals H PDF
Workflow/Solutions Training
Version 2011.1
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Table of Contents
Learning Objectives
After completing this training, you will know how to:
What to Expect
In each module within this training material, you will encounter the
following:
Course Conventions
Content in this manual uses the following conventions.
1. Click File menu > Save. (The Save Asset Model File dialog
box opens.)
OR
Icons
Throughout this manual, you will find icons in the margin
representing various kinds of information. These icons serve as
at-a-glance reminders of their associated text. See below for
descriptions of what each icon means.
Workflow Diagram
Figure 1 illustrates the workflow of the PIPESIM application.
Summary
In this introduction, we:
NOTES
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1 Introduction
You can also hide the toolbars from view using the Menu bar.
NOTE: Icons in the Network toolbar and the Net Viewer bar
are not highlighted in the Single Branch model. Similarly,
icons in the Single Branch toolbar are not highlighted in
the network model.
Output Files
The PIPESIM output file is an ACSII format file, generated by
either a Single Branch or a Network model. This is a very large file
divided into many sections. You can customize the output report
by selecting Setup > Define output (Figure 7).
Lesson 4 Plots
• ECLIPSE
• PORES
• VIP
• COMP4
• MoReS (Shell’s in-house reservoir
simulator).
Well These can be created in the network solver to
Performance produce faster solution times. A curve is
Curves created that represents the performance of the
well under specified conditions. The network
solver will then use this curve instead of
modeling the well directly.
Gas Lift Rate Determines the gas lift injection rate possible
vs. Casing based on the casing head pressure for a well.
Head Press.
Artificial Lift This analyzes the effects of artificial lift of a
Performance production well using either gas lift or an
electrical submersible pump (ESP). The
performance curves allow for sensitivities on
various parameters, including wellhead
pressure, water cut, tubing, and flowline
diameters.
Review Questions
• What is the basic premise of steady-state flow modeling?
• What single branch operations are available?
Summary
In the module, you gained an understanding of PIPESIM toolbars,
file system and engines, and operations. You also learned about:
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
The pressure change per distance L for single phase flow is given
by Bernoulli’s equation:
dp dp dp dp
dL total = dL frictional + dL elevational + dL accelerational
The accelerational term is normally negligible except for low
pressure and high velocity gas flow, although PIPESIM will always
calculate this term.
dp f v 2
dL total = 2 gd (frictional) - g sin (elevational)
where:
In this exercise, using the data in the table and assuming the flow
is isothermal, you perform a hand calculation to determine the
delivery pressure of the pipeline using single-phase flow theory.
Pipeline Data
Diameter d 3 in (= 0.25 ft)
Length L 20,025 ft
Elevation Change Z 1,000 ft
Horizontal X 20,000 ft
Distance
Ambient Tamb 60 degF
Temperature
Inclination Angle q 2.866 º (=.05002 radians)
Roughness e 0.0015 in
Relative /d 0.0005 in
Roughness
Fluid Data
Water viscosity w 1.2 cp (= 8.06e-4 lb/ft-s)
Qw
v
d
2
4 = _____________ ft/s
2. Calculate the Reynold’s number.
vd
Re
= ______________
f = __________________________
fv 2
4. Evaluate the frictional pressure term, 2 gd :
dp
dL friction = __________ psf/ft
divide this by 144 to get_______ psi/ft
dp dp dp
7. dL total = dL frictional + dL elevational
dp
dL total = ________ psi/ft
Multiply by the given length of pipe, L, to get the total
pressure drop
Pout = Pin -
dptotal = __________ psia.
In this exercise, you use PIPESIM to build the water pipeline you
hand calculated in . You will define parameters for each
component in the model, perform operations, view and analyze
the results, and compare PIPESIM results to your hand
calculations.
Getting Started
To start the application:
3. Click Flowline .
4. Link Source_1 to the End Node S1 by clicking and dragging
from Source_1 to the End Node S1.
NOTE: The red outlines on Source_1 and Flowline_1
indicate that essential input data are missing.
8. Click the Heat Transfer tab and fill in the form for an
adiabatic process, as no heat was gained or lost between the
system and its environment.
9. Click OK to exit the user form and accept the overall heat
transfer coefficient (U value) defaults.
1. Select Setup > Black Oil to open the Black Oil Fluid menu.
2. Fill in the Black Oil user form and click OK when you are
finished.
5. Click OK.
∆Pfrictional (psi)
∆Pelevational (psi)
∆Ptotal (psi)
Outlet Pressure (psia)
• Node number
• Horizontal distance (cumulative)
• Elevation (absolute)
• Superficial liquid velocity
• Superficial gas velocity
• Liquid mass flow rate
• Gas mass flow rate
• Liquid viscosity
• Gas viscosity
• Reynolds number
• No-slip Liquid Holdup Fraction
• Slip Liquid Holdup Fraction
• Liquid Water cut
• Fluid Enthalpy
• Erosion Velocity ratio
• Erosion rate (if applicable)
• Corrosion rate (if applicable)
• Hydrate temperature sub-cooling (if applicable)
• Liquid Loading Velocity Ratio (If Applicable).
TIP: The values of the Reynolds number indicate that the
flow regime is turbulent (NRE > 2000) and are consistent
with the results of the hand calculations.
• viscosity decreases
• Reynolds number increases
• corresponding friction factor decreases
• frictional pressure gradient is lower.
In other words,
vd dp
Re
T ↑ » ↓ » ↑ » f ↓ » dL friction ↓
4. Click the Data tab in the Plot window to see all the data for
each temperature in a tabular format.
5. Open the output file (*.out). The output file can be opened in
one of two ways.
Click the Output File button from within the Operations
(Pressure/Temperature Profiles) dialog:
OR
By default, the output file contains the information for the first
case only. (T = 20 degF).
11. Open the output file and observe that additional segments
have been inserted.
1. Select Setup > Black Oil and modify the user form, as
shown in the figure. This represents 100% gas
a. Change Water Cut to WGR.
b. Change GOR to OGR.
c. Set values for WGR and OGR as 0.
d. Rename the fluid as gas.
2. Under the Setup > Define Output menu, uncheck the box
labeled Segment Data in Primary Output.
3. Select Operations > Pressure/Temperature Profile and
modify the Pressure/Temperature profile operation.
pM
g
zRT
where:
g = gas density
p = pressure
M = Molecular Weight
z = gas compressibility factor
R = ideal gas constant
T = Temperature
vd dp
Re
T ↑ » g ↓ » ↓ » f ↑ » dL friction ↑
Also, because
dp fv 2
dL friction = 2gd ,
• Inlet pressure
• Outlet pressure
• Flow rate.
Two of these variables must be specified and the third is
calculated. Some operations allow you to specify all three
variables, in which case a matching variable, such as pump speed
or choke setting, must be set as a calculated variable.
6. Observe the output files (*.out). The iteration routine for this
operation can be seen in the output file, as shown below.
NOTE: To view this report, you must check Iteration Progress
Log under Setup/Define Output).
The lower density and viscosity of the gas phase causes it to flow
at a higher velocity relative to the liquid phase, a characteristic
known as slippage. Consequently, the associated frictional
pressure losses result from shear stresses encountered at the
gas/liquid interface as well as along the pipe wall. Additionally, the
highly compressible gas phase expands as the pressure
decreases along the flow path.
2. Click on the flowline to highlight the object and drag the tip
connected to the source to the first Report icon.
4. Repeat the previous step for the second Report Tool icon.
10. Select Setup > Black Oil and specify the fluid properties.
11. From the Setup > Flow Correlations menu, select Beggs
and Brill Revised (Taitel-Dukler map) for the horizontal flow
correlation and Hagedorn and Brown for the vertical flow
correlation.
NOTE: Observe that the Swap angle is set to 45º. This is the
angle that corresponds to the switch between use of
the vertical and horizontal flow correlation. In this
example, the pipeline inclination angle is about 3º,
which means that only the horizontal flow correlation
is used.
16. From the Reports menu, open the output file. The following
display can be seen in the primary output section of the
output file.
17. Scroll down to view the Auxiliary output. The liquid holdup
values are shown in the figure.
NOTE: You also can view the flow regime map in PsPlot by
selecting Reports > Flow Regime Map.
Review Questions
• Which types of pressure drop contributions are reported by
PIPESIM in output file (by default)?
• What is the default single-phase flow correlation in PIPESIM?
• How do you describe a Black Oil fluid model for water or dry
gas?
• Did you get any difference in pressure drop between hand
calculation and PIPESIM reported results? If yes, why?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
NOTES
You will also analyze the behavior of the well with increased water
cut and find an opportunity to inject gas at a later stage when the
well is unable to flow naturally.
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Nodal Analysis
Psep
PR Inflow
Outflow
Pwf
Pwf PR Psep
17
Flow rate
Getting Started
Before beginning an oil well performance analysis:
Deviation Data
Measured Depth (ft) True Vertical Depth (ft)
0 0
1,000 1,000
2,500 2,450
5,000 4,850
7,500 7,200
9,000 8,550
Geothermal Gradient
Measured Depth (ft) Ambient Temp. (degF)
0 50
9,000 200
Tubing Data
Bottom MD (ft) Internal Diameter (inches)
8,600 3.958
9,000 6.184
13. From the Setup > Flow Correlation menu, ensure that the
Hagedorn-Brown correlation is selected for vertical flow and
the Beggs-Brill Revised correlation is selected for horizontal
flow.
NOTE: Select the correlation that is best suited for the fluid
and operating conditions of interest. There is no
universal rule for selecting a multiphase flow
correlation that is good for all operating scenarios.
N.A. Point
Results
Results
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
Multi-Point Calibration
In multi-point calibration, black oil correlations are tuned so that
the correlation honors all data points (Figure 24).
NOTE: This is not a best fit method, as all points are fitted
exactly. Any outlying data should be smoothed before
entering it into PIPESIM.
1. From Setup > Black Oil, click the Viscosity Data tab.
2. Enter the following calibration data.
a. Under Dead Oil Viscosity, select User’s 2 Data points as
the correlation.
b. Enter the following measurements:
c. For Live Oil Viscosity, ensure that the Chew and Connally
correlation is selected.
d. For the Emulsion Viscosity Method, select the Brinkman
1952 correlation.
e. For the Undersaturated Oil Viscosity, select the Bergman-
Sutton correlation.
3. Click the Advanced Calibration Data tab and click Single-
Point Calibration.
4. Enter the measured data to calibrate the PVT model.
Property Correlation
Saturated gas Lasater
OFVF at / below bubblepoint Standing
Live oil viscosity Chew and Connally
Gas Z Standing
10. Now that the fluid model is calibrated, re-run the Pressure-
Temperature Profile.
11. Determine the flowing bottomhole pressure, flowing wellhead
temperature, and production rate for the given wellhead
pressure.
12. Compare your answers to the uncalibrated model results in
Lesson 8, Exercise 3: Performing a Pressure/Temperature
Profile.
13. Inspect the plot and summary output to determine answers.
Results
If free gas is produced, the produced GOR will be higher than the
solution GOR and, therefore, the calculated bubblepoint based on
the specified produced GOR will be higher than that defined by
the solution GOR calibration point.
Lesson 3 Pressure/Temperature
Matching
An FGS is available for this well. In this exercise, you use the
measured data to select the most appropriate vertical flow
correlation.
Results
6. Run the model and review the PsPlot for calculated Liquid PI.
NOTE: IMPORTANT: Update the PI for the completion with
the matched value.
Results
Matched PI STB/d/psi
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
After you define the well and fluids descriptions and match them to
generate an accurate model for the well, several simulation
operations can be performed to evaluate a variety of operating
scenarios.
Results
The basic principle behind gas lift injection in oil wells is to lower
the density of the produced fluid in the tubing. This results in a
reduction of the elevational component of the pressure gradient
above the point of injection and a lower bottomhole pressure.
Lowering the bottomhole pressure increases reservoir drawdown
and, thus, production rate.
In this exercise, you examine how this well responds to gas lift by
introducing a Gas Lift Injection point at 8,000 feet MD in the tubing
equipment. Use the values listed in the table for this exercise.
• Determine how the well responds to gas lift when the water
cut is 10% and 60%.
• Determine the liquid production rates as a function of the gas
lift rate and water cut.
Gas Lift Data
Wellhead Pressure (psia) 300
Injection Gas SG 0.6
Injection Gas Surface Temp (degF) 100
Results
Gas Lift Rate Liq. Prod. Rate (stb/d) Liq. Prod. Rate (stb/d) @
(mmscf/d) @ 10% Wcut 60% Wcut
1
2
4
6
10
3. Modify the upper tubing string to extend only to the top of the
upper perforations.
a. Modify the Deviation survey such that it will extend to only
7,200 feet TVD.
6. Select the Fluid model tab within the completion dialog and
enter the following:
a. Use a locally-defined fluid model with an OGR of 0 STB/
mmscfd and a WGR of 0 (all gas).
b. Specify a gas gravity of 0.67.
c. Leave all other properties and correlations at their default
settings.
NOTE: The fluid data used for a well/source is defined by a
default, local data set or an override value [for water
cut and/or GOR/GLR/OGR/LGR]. If there are
multiple fluids present in the system with different
intrinsic properties, define the main fluid as the
default and all others as local fluids.
Results
Question
Comparing the results of gas lift injection versus perforating the
upper zone, roughly how much gas lift injection would result in the
same liquid rate achievable through perforating the upper zone?
An FCV can restrict the completion flow rate through the system;
however, they are available only for vertical completions. The
purpose of an FCV is to provide a restriction to fluid flow, thereby
reducing the productivity (or injectivity) of a given completion.
They are useful in a model containing multiple completions.
As shown in Figure 28, the Flow Control Valve dialog uses radio
buttons to present a choice between a Generic valve and a
Specific valve.
You must choose a specific valve from the list of available valves
provided in the PIPESIM database. Many of the specific valves
are multi-position devices, as they allow you to select the effective
choke area from a range of pre-installed fixed chokes.
A formation integrity test indicates you should not flow more than
2 mmscfd of gas from the upper formation. To make sure, install
the FCV in the upper completion.
6. Run the model and view the output file for Bean Size.
Required Bean Size: _______________
Review Questions
• What is the effect on tubing performance curve of increasing
the water cut?
• What is the difference between a standard choke and an
FCV?
• What is the difference between a generic valve and a specific
valve?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
One of the simplest Equations of State for this purpose is the ideal
gas law, PV=nRT, which is roughly accurate for gases at low
pressures and high temperatures.
NOTE: The Black Oil model uses this equation along with a
compressibility factor (z) to account for non-ideal
behavior.
3-Parameter Peng-Robinson
Advanced Peng-Robinson
Benedict-Webb-Rubin-Starling (BWRS)
Association (CPA).
DBR Flash Peng-Robinson (with/without Volume Shift)
Viscosity
Compositional fluid models also use Viscosity models based on
corresponding state theory. Available Viscosity models include:
• Pederson (default)
• Lohrenz-Bray-Clark (LBC)
• Aasberg-Petersen.
Comparative testing has shown the Pedersen method to be the
most widely applicable and accurate for oil and gas viscosity
predictions (Figure 29). Multiflash uses the Pedersen method as
the default viscosity model, though an option is available to
choose the LBC model for backward compatibility.
The choice you make of the Equation of State has a large effect
on the viscosities predicted by these methods. The LBC method is
more sensitive to the Equation of State effects than the Pedersen
method.
Emulsion Viscosities
An emulsion is a mixture of two immiscible liquid phases. One
phase (the dispersed phase) is carried as droplets in the other
(the continuous phase). In oil/water systems at low water cuts, oil
is usually the continuous phase.
Flashing Options
Flash calculations are an integral part of all reservoir and process
engineering calculations. They are required whenever it is
desirable to know the amounts (in moles) of hydrocarbon liquid
and gas coexisting in a reservoir or a vessel at a given pressure
and temperature.
Components
Methane Butane
Ethane Isopentane
Propane Pentane
Isobutane Hexane
9. Under the Component Selection tab, you will notice all the
components predefined in Step 5. Add the mole fraction to
these components.
Composition (%)
Methane 78 Isopentane 0.8
Ethane 8 Pentane 0.5
Propane 3.5 Hexane 0.5
Isobutane 1.2 C7+ 6.0
Butane 1.5
f. Copy and paste (Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V) the water and the
normalized hydrocarbon composition back into the
compositional editor main screen.
Water can be carried along with the gas in the vapor
phase or entrained in the gas in droplet form. There exists
at any temperature and pressure a maximum amount of
water vapor that a gas is able to hold. A gas is completely
saturated when it contains the maximum amount of water
vapor for the given pressure and temperature conditions.
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
Based on the analysis for flow data obtained from a large number
of gas wells, Rawlins and Schellhardt (1936) presented a
relationship between the gas flow rate and pressure drawdown
that can be expressed as:
Deliverability testing has been used for more than sixty years by
the petroleum industry to characterize and determine the flow
potential of gas wells.
S
c
h
lu
m
b
e
rg
e
r
P
ri
v
a
te
2. Edit the reservoir and tubing data according to the data in the
table.
Reservoir Data
Static Pres 4,600 psia
Reservoir Temp. 280 degF
Gas PI 1 x 10-6 mmscf/d/psi2
Tubing Data
Mid perf TVD 11,000 feet
Mid perf MD 11,000 feet
Ambient temp 30 degF
EOT MD 10,950 feet
Tubing ID 3.476 inches
Casing ID 8.681 inches
Results
Po = 800 psia
QG
Pwf
BHT
WHT
1. Double-click Completion.
2. Choose Back Pressure Equation from the drop-down menu.
3. Click Calculate/Graph and enter the test data listed in the
table.
Results
Pwf
Tbh (degF)
Twh (degF)
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
API 14 E
The API 14 E model comes from the American Petroleum
Institute, Recommended Practice, number 14 E. This is a solids-
free model that calculates only an erosion velocity (no erosion
rate). The erosion velocity Ve is calculated with the formula
where
Salama
The Salama model was published in Journal of Energy Resources
Technology, Vol 122, June 2000, An Alternative to API 14 E
Erosional Velocity Limits for Sand Laden Fluids, by Mamdouh M.
Salama.
4. Record the results below for the selected tubing size; specify
this tubing size in the tubing object in subsequent exercises
and procedures.
Results
Po = 800 psia
QG
Pwf
BHT
WHT
Well-head, Selected Tubing
Max. Erosional velocity ratio
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
The critical pressure ratio is about 0.55 for natural gas, and a
similar constant is used for oil flow.
In this exercise, you add a horizontal flow line and a choke to the
model. You use the gas rate calculated in the previous exercise to
determine the choke bean size that results in a manifold (end of
flowline) pressure of 710 psia.
Rate of Undulation 10
Horizontal Distance 300 feet
Elevation Difference 0 feet
Flow-line ID 6 inches
Pipe Roughness 0.001 inches
Wall thickness 0.5 inches
Ambient Temp 60 degF
Results
Po = 710 psia
Choke size
Pressure losses across system
P Reservoir
P Tubing
P Choke
P Flow-line
In this exercise, you use System analysis to calculate the gas rate
as a function of reservoir pressure.
Results
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
where
The NODAL analysis plot will report the Liquid Loading Gas Rate
when the X-axis is configured to display gas rate. For every point
on the outflow curve, the value of Liquid Loading Velocity Ratio is
calculated and the critical gas rate is calculated at a point where
liquid loading velocity ratio is equal to 1.
Question
What actions can be taken to prevent liquid loading?
Review Questions
• What is an Equation of State?
• Why are flashing options used?
• What is the function of deliverability testing?
• What are erosion models important?
• Describe the effect of sonic flow.
• What does the Turner Droplet model predict and why is it
important?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
IPR Methods
The following IPR methods are available in PIPESIM for designing
horizontal wells.
OR
Geothermal Survey
Ambient Temp. U Value
MD (degF) (Btu/hr/ft2)
0 50 2
9500 200 2
Tubing Configuration
Bottom MD ID Pipe Roughness
(ft) (in) (in)
9500 2.992 0.001
Completion Data
Static Pressure 4,600 psia
Temperature 200 degF
Completion Model Distributed PI
IPR Model Type Distributed PI
Distributed PI 1.00E-9 mmscf/d/psi2/ft
Wellbore Data
Length 10,000 feet
ID 2.992 inches
Tambient (degF) 200 degF
Component Mol %
Methane 0.846
Ethane 0.087
Propane 0.038
Isobutane 0.013
Butane 0.016
Results
Po = 200 psia
QG
Bhp
Review Questions
• What are the advantages of a horizontal well over a vertical
well?
• What are the basic completion models in PIPESIM for
horizontal wells?
• Explain the shape of the horizontal well length versus
production rate curve
Summary
In this module, you learned how to:
NOTES
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Component Moles
Carbon Dioxide 3
Methane 72
Ethane 6
Propane 3
Isobutane 1
Butane 1
Isopentane 1
Pentane 0.5
Hexane 0.5
2. Specify each object using the data provided in the tables that
follow.
NOTE: To enter the detailed heat transfer data in the flowline
and riser, select the Heat Transfer tab and click
Calculate U value. Ensure that your Riser Elevation
survey matches the figure.
Manifold Data
Temperature 176 degF
Pressure 1,500 psia
You will now determine the required ID for the subsea tieback,
such that the separator pressure for the maximum expected rate
is no less than 400 psia.
The riser must be the same ID as the tieback, and you must not
exceed the erosional velocity.
Results
Property Value
Pipeline and Riser ID
Max. erosional velocity ratio for selected ID
Min. Separator pressure for selected ID
Max. separator pressure for selected ID
Lesson 2 Hydrates
Figure 37 shows a typical gas hydrate curve that is very useful for
subsea pipeline design and operations. On the left side of the
curve is the hydrate formation region. When pressure and
temperature are in this region, water and gas start to form hydrate.
Thermal insulation
Heat transfer between the fluid and surroundings occurs,
depending upon the temperature gradient. There are two options
for modeling the heat transfer in PIPESIM: Input U value and
Calculate U value.
Chemical Inhibitors
Thermodynamic inhibitors can be used to shift the hydrate curve
towards the left, thereby lowering the hydrate formation
temperature. Examples of inhibitors include methanol and
ethylene glycol.
Results
Property Value
Req. Insulation thickness
Assume the flowline and riser have been insulated but they are
under-insulated with only 0.25 inch of insulation. In this exercise,
you determine the required injection volume of methanol to ensure
that hydrates do not form.
There are two menu options you can use for determining the
methanol requirement: System Analysis and Pressure
Temperature Profile.
Results
Property Value
Req. Methanol Injection Volume (bbl/d): Method 1
Req. Methanol Injection Volume (bbl/d): Method 2
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
where
Results
For offshore platforms, you must balance the high cost of added
weight to the platform with the potential of a large slug
overwhelming the liquids handling capacity and shutting down the
entire system.
• Hydrodynamic slugging
• Pigging
• Ramp-up.
Hydrodynamic Slugging
Most multiphase production systems will experience
hydrodynamic slugging. It is not common practice to design
systems simply to avoid hydrodynamic slugging, such as
specifying a larger pipe ID. Because hydrodynamic slugs grow as
they progress through the pipe, long pipelines can produce very
large hydrodynamic slugs.
The slug output from PIPESIM yields the length and frequency for
the selected slug size correlation:
Alternatively, you can insert the Report tool and check Slugging
values and Sphere-generated Liquid Volume values, as shown in
Figure 40.
Pigging
In multiphase flow in horizontal and upwards inclined pipe, the gas
travels faster than the liquid due to lower density and lower
viscosity. This is called slippage. Multiphase flow correlations
predict the slip-ratio which depends on many factors, such as fluid
properties, pipe diameter and flow regime.
In steady-state flow, the gas travels faster, so it will slip past the
liquid and occupy less pipe volume. This gives rise to a higher
liquid volume fraction than if the gas traveled at the same velocity,
resulting in liquid holdup, as illustrated in Figure 41.
PIPESIM considers that the pig travels at the mean fluid velocity
and, thus, the volume of liquid that collects ahead of the pig is a
function the degree of slip between the gas and liquid phases
(such as magnitude of liquid holdup). PIPESIM reports this
volume as the sphere generated liquid volume (SGLV). The slip
ratio (SR) is also reported, which is the average speed of the fluid
divided by the speed of the liquid.
Ramp-up
When the flow rate into a pipeline increases, the overall liquid
holdup typically decreases because the gas can more efficiently
sweep out the liquid phase. When a sudden rate increase (ramp-
up) occurs, the liquid volume in the pipeline is accelerated
resulting in a surge.
For more details, see Cunliffe's method entry in the PIPESIM help
system.
In this exercise, you screen for severe slugging and determine the
required size of the slug catcher based on the largest of the
following criteria, multiplied by a safety factor of 1.2.
5. Inspect the output file and observe the flow regimes along
the profile for each case.
6. Based on the results in the table below, select a slug catcher
size that will be able to handle the largest slug volume for all
conditions.
Results
Review Questions
• What types of slugs are reported by PIPESIM?
• How do you report SGVL at particular location in the system?
• Why should the SGVL not be greater than the total liquid
holdup?
• Can PIPESIM be used for transient analysis?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
NOTES
The PVT file contains tables of all fluid phases and transport
properties required for thermo-hydraulic calculations. This file also
contains detailed water chemistry information that enables
PIPESIM to determine the occurrence, type, location, and severity
of scale formation (Figure 44).
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Moving from the left side of the plot to the right (from low to high
temperature at a constant pressure):
To predict scale:
Overall
Review Questions
• What types of scaling analysis results are available in
PIPESIM?
• What are pre- and post-scale indexes?
• What can you do to counter scale issues?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Boundary Conditions
To solve the network model, you must enter the correct number of
boundary conditions. Boundary nodes are those that have only
one connecting branch, such as a production well, injection well,
source or sink.
Solution Criteria
A network has converged when the pressure balance and mass
balance at each node are within the specified tolerance. The
calculated pressure at each branch entering and leaving a node is
averaged, and the tolerance of each pressure is calculated from
the equation:
If all Ptol values are within the specified network tolerance, that
node has passed the pressure convergence test. This is repeated
for each node.
The total mass flow rate into and the total mass flow rate out of a
node are averaged. The tolerance is calculated from the equation:
Using the engineering data available at the end of this case study,
build a model of a network.
Node Pressure
Well_1 2,900 psia
Well_2 2,900 psia
Well_3 3,100 psia
Sink_1 800 psia
4. Click Run .
5. When the network has solved, you should see the message:
Gas_network – Finished OK.
When this message displays, click OK.
7. Hold down the Shift key and select the flow route from
Well_3, branch B3 and branch B5.
Data for Looped Gathering Lines (B1, B2, B3, and B4)
Rate of undulations 10/1000
Horizontal distance 30,000 feet
Elevation difference 0 feet
Inner diameter 6 inch
Wall thickness 0.5 inch
Roughness 0.001 inch
Ambient temperature 60 degF
Overall heat transfer coefficient 0.2 Btu/hr/ft2/degF
Boundary Conditions
Node Pressure Temperature
Well_1 2,900 psia 130 degF
Well_2 2,900 psia 130 degF
Well_3 3,100 psia 140 degF
Sink_1 800 psia (calculated variable)
Review Questions
• How do you change tolerance in PIPESIM Network model?
• What are the rules for pressure and flow rates in PIPESIM
Net?
• Where do you see corrosion rate in the PIPESIM output?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Flowline Data
Injection Well 1
Reservoir Res
Pressure Temp MD/TVD Injection PI
Zone (psia) (degF) (ft) (stb/d/psi) FCV
Zone 1_1 4,400 210 7,800 2 No FCV
Zone 1_2 4,600 220 7,900 3 Maximum Liquid =
1,500 STB/d
Zone 1_3 4,800 235 8,200 5 Equivalent Choke
Area = 0.25 in2
Injection Well 2
Reservoir Res
Pressure Temp MD/TVD Injection PI
Zone (psia) (degF) (ft) (stb/d/psi) FCV
Zone 2_1 4,500 220 7,900 4 No FCV
Zone 2_2 4,800 250 8,500 5 Maximum Liquid =
1,000 STB/d
Zone 2_3 5,000 270 8,800 4 FCV Closed
Node Pressure
Producer 4000 psia
Injector_1 4800 psia
Injector_2 5000 psia
11. Plot the pressure profiles for the entire network by selecting
all objects in the network and click Profile Plot.
Review Questions
• Which crossflow scenario occurs in your model?
• What is the effect of installing FCV in your model.
• Remove the FCVs from completions and compare the
results. Which crossflow scenarios now occur?
• What other way can a water fluid model be defined?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
NOTES
NOTES
Gas Lift Rate Liq. Prod. Rate (stb/d) @ Liq. Prod. Rate (stb/d) @
(mmscf/d) 10% Wcut 60% Wcut
1 7,356 4,337
2 7,584 5,874
4 7,808 6,913
6 7,619 7,044
10 6,796 6,644
Question (Optional)
• Equivalent gas lift injection rate = 3.28
Po = 800 psia
QG 18.22 mmscfd
Po = 800 psia
QG 15.39 mmscfd
Po = 710 psia
QG 24.42 mmscfd
Lesson 2: Hydrates
Exercise 1: Selecting Tieback Insulation Thickness
Req. Insulation thickness = 1 in
NOTES
NOTES