Professional Documents
Culture Documents
History as a discipline
Prehistory
Periodization
Pre-Colonial Philippines
William Henry Scott
- Barangay
- BALANGHAI
- Water Vessel (50 people)
- A Barangay has 30-100 families back then
- Not Homogeneous
- No central Government
A. Politics
○ Political Structure
■ Ruler rules over the Subject
● Ruler: Chieftain
a. Represents the Executive
b. Head of the Legislative
c. Head of the Judiciary
d. Commander-in-Chief
e. Datu, Sultan, Rajah
● Subjects
a. Does everything to assist the chief
b. Pay taxes/tribute (usually crops
c. Does Menial Tasks
■ Exempted from this role are the relatives of the
chief (Noble Blood/Nobility)
○ Legal System
■ Types of Laws
● Customary
● Written
a. Promulgation (the process of making it known)
■ Creation of Laws
● Chief + Council of Elders (Usually relatives of chief)
● Gather in the Chief’s House
● Umalohokan (Public Announcers)
a. Has a bell that reminds the public of the new laws created
b. Not included in the creation of laws
■ Judicial Process
● Chief (judge) + Council of Elders (Jury)
● Public Trial or Trial by Ordeal are used for the Determination of
Guilt
a. Trial by ordeal
■ Wisdom of the gods
■ Divine intervention
■ Bultong
● Wrestling
■ Alaw
● Combat
■ Babaylans and Catalona communicates with the
gods
b. Public Trial
■ Punishment
● Retributive
■ Depends on the gravity of the crime
○ Barangay Relations
■ Peaceful
● Reasons:
a. Friendly Relations
b. Economic
c. Alliance Building
● Blood Compact (Sanduguan)
a. Blood brothers
● Intermarriage
■ Hostile
● Warring Traditions
a. Crime
b. Simple Offences
c. Economic Need (Resources)
■ Resources (Not only Economic products like crops)
■ Manpower -> Alipin
■ Visayas
● Islas Del Pintados
○ Pintados (War record)
d. Mainland Luzon - Land Combat
e. Mountain Communities
■ Headhunting Tradition (Ifugao)
● Religious Purposes
f. Visayas and Mindanao
■ Through boats
■ Pangangayaw
● Pillaging and Raiding
● COastal Barangays
B. Society
○ Social Structure
■ Basic 3 Class System
■ Fluid/Not fixed
● Nobility
a. Noble blood
b. Chiefs + Relatives
c. Maginoo (Luzon, tagalog)
■ “Lakan” and “Gat” are noble titles
d. Tumao (Visayas)
● Freemen
a. Commoners
b. Freemen and Dependents who obtained Freedom
c. Maharlika (Tagalog)
d. Visayas (Timawa)
● Dependents
a. Act of paying debt through service
■ Debt-payment
■ Inheritance
■ War-Captivity
■ Purchase
■ Sentence to a crime
b. Alipin (Tagalog)
■ Types:
● Namamahay
○ Have their own house
● Saguiguilid
○ Cannot marry who they want
○ Lives with the master
● *Bulisik/Bulislis (Vile/Embarrassment)
○ Alipin ng Alipin
c. Uripon/Uripones (Visayas)
■ Types:
● Ayuey
○ Serves 3 days every 4 days
● Tumaranpoc:
○ Serves 1 day every 4 days
● Tumataban:
○ Serves 5 times a month/only when
needed
○ Role of the women
■ Customary law
● Men and women are equal when it comes to social status
■ Rights:
● Name their offspring
● Own/Inherit property
a. Included in the line of succession
● Engage in trade
● Can Ascend as chief in the absence of a male heir
■ Panay Region (Visayas)
● Binukot (Veiling/Seclusion)
a. 3-4 years old infant child
b. Prepare the woman for marriage
c. Groom to become the princess
d. Most beautiful (whiter skin)
e. Financial/Economic Background
■ Maintain Lifestyle
f. Marries 13 or 14 years old
g. Marries suitor with highest dowry
h. Skin not to be touched
i. Not to walk for distances
j. Nobody must see her
■ Punishable by death
k. No more binukots after the current one is married
l. Why is there a binukot?
■ Political
● Alliance Building
■ Cultural/Religious
● Cultural Vessel
● Vesse; of Knowledge
C. Economy
○ Barangay
■ Mainland/Riverine Barangay
● Irrigation -> Agriculture
● Hunting/Gathering
● Horticulture
● Animal Domestication
■ Mountain Communities
● Hunting and Gathering
● Mining
● Horticulture
● Kaingin - Irrigation Ditches
■ Coastal Barangays
● Fishing
● Animal Domestication
○ Surplus
■ Trade (Barter)
● With Neighboring Barangays (Local Trade)
● With Communities in Asia
a. East Asia (China, Japan)
b. South Asia (India)
■ Iron Age (Indianization of the Philippines)
c. South East Asia
■ Siam - Thailand
■ Java and Sumatra - Indonesia
■ Borneo - Singapore
■ Old Malaysia and Cambodia
D. Culture
○ Family Relations
■ Customary Law
● Marry someone within your rank
■ Concept:
● Asawa (Husband/wife)
a. Legitimate Inheriting (offspring)
■ Inheritance of Social Class
● Inherit the social rank of father (eldest)
○ Marriage Customs
■ Courtship (1st Stage)
● Service Period (Household Chores)
a. Last for days/months
b. Prove/Convince parent of your worthiness
● Courtship Process
a. Barred from Communication with Bride to be
■ Disgrace if disobeyed (not honoring process)
■ Settlement of Dowry (2nd Stage)
● Pamumulungan and Pamamalae
a. Parents talk about Dowry
● Dowry
a. Bigay Kaya
b. Crops/Land/Dependents
c. Panghimuyat (effort)
d. Himaraw (Reimbursement, Cost Material)
e. Bigay Suso (Presence of Wet Nurse)
f. Sambon Bribe
■ Marriage Rites (3rd Stage)
● Varies among classes
a. Presences of Priests/ Priestesses
■ Nobility (/)
■ Freeman (/)
■ Dependent (x)
b. Rice Ceremonies
■ Nobility (/)
■ Freeman (x)
■ Dependent (x)
● Tie Hair of Groom and Bride (Marriage Bond)
● Rice/kanin (ball)
a. Throw out the window (husband) which means he will
serve for the house
b. Throw outside the door (wife) which means she will work
for the house
E. Religion
○ Animism and Supernatural
■ Animism
● Worship nature
● Gods, Goddesses and Spirits(Guardians)
● Representation of the natural and everyday phenomena
■ Examples of gods and goddesses:
● Bathalang maykapal (creator god)
● Idiyanale (Goddess of Good Harvest, Labor* and Good deeds*)
● Dumangan (God of Good Harvest)
● Lalahon (Goddess of fire, volcanoes and harvest)
● Maguayen (Goddess of Water)
● Sidapa (God of Death)
● Mandarangan (God of War)
● Agni (God of Fires)
● Balangaw (God of Rainbows)
● Diyan Masalanta (Goddess of Nature)
■ Gods, Goddesses and Spirits
● Represented by Idols carved from stone/gold
● Altars
● Offerings
a. Food/wine (local)
b. Done to appease the gods
● Ceremonies to appease
a. Led by priests and priestesses
● Idols are called anitos (tagalog)/diwata (visayas
■ Priests/Priestesses
● Talks to spirits/elementals/Gods/Goddesses
■ Ceremonies
● Paganito (Conduct Ceremonies,seance*)
● Bacalag (cebu)
a. Inaugurate a new warship
● Pasyam -> Tibawan*
a. 9th day celebration
b. Go to the afterlife
■ The Supernatural
● Pangatauhan (Fortune tellers)
● Mangkukulam (Tagalog)/Mangbabarang (Visayas)
● Albularyo
● Anting-Anting/Agimat
● Gayuma
■ Folk Catholicism*
● Combined animism and catholicism
■ Supernatural (creatures)
● Guardians of Nature
● Hostile to humans
● Aswang <->Asura (India)
a. Shapeshifters
● Example:
a. Tiyanak
b. Ekek
c. Tikbalang
d. Kapre
e. Manananggal
f. Tiktik (dila*)
g. Wakwak (Pakpak*)
■ Bird that preys on humans at night
F. Other Cultural Practices
○ Modes of Clothing
■ Tropical
● Minimal
○ Notion of Standards of beauty
■ Visayas and Mindanao
● Chewing Betel Fruit
a. Nga Nga (red discolorations)
■ FIled Teeth
● Practical - it strengthens teeth
■ Shaped Skull
● Elongated head/forehead
a. Baby (cloth with bamboo shoots to help shape skull)
■ Men (Barangays in Visayas)
● Penis Pin
a. Tugbook and Sakra
■ Tugbok
● Pin
● Made of Gold (100-230 g)
■ Sakra
● Lock (Pakaw)
b. Used to show Social Status
c. Used for pleasure during sex
■ Some men do a practice called “professional
devirgination”
Muslim Philippines
I. Origins of Islam in the Philippines
A. Arabian and Persian Muslims
1. Largely Traders
2. Participate with trade - China
3. Arabian
a) Old Malaysia
(1) Malacca and Jahore
(2) Sulu and Mindanao in the Phlippine
(a) Teacher, Missionaries, Traders
II. Sultanate of Sulu
A. 1290: Tuan Masha’ika
1. Established the 1st Muslim Community
B. 1380: Mudum (Arab Scholars) from Malaysia
1. Mudum
a) With Traders
2. Preached Islamic Doctrines
3. Establishment of 1st Mosque
C. 1390: Rajah Baguinda from Menang, Indonesia
1. Became a Local Ruler of Sulu
D. 1450: Abu Bakr from Palembang, Indonesia
1. Married Paramisuli (Daughter of Rajah Baguinda)
2. Established 1st sultanate of sulu
3. 1st sultan
III. Sultanate of MIndanao
A. 1515: Serif Kabungsuan (Sharif Kabungsuwan???*) from Jahore, Malaysia
1. Inter-Married with nobilities
2. 1st Sultanate of Mindanao
IV. Some Islamized Communities in Luzon
A. Kingdom of Tondo - Indianized Kingdom (10th Century)
1. Lakandula
B. Kingdom of Manila - Largely Animistic
1. Rajah Sulayman and Rajah Matanda
Colonialism
- Practice of Domination
- Establishment, Maintenance and Exploitation of a country
- Exploitation
- For Profit and Trade
- Process
- Political Policies <-> Social Transformation <-> Economic Policies
-> Profit
I. Historical Context
A. Age of Navigation
1. Middle Ages (Medieval Period)
a) 5th - 15th Century
b) Dark Ages
c) Fall of Rome (Greco-Roman)
d) Church Domination
2. Period of the Early Modern
a) 14th - 17th Century
b) Large Cultural Movement
(1) Renaissance (Rebirth)
(a) Greco-Roman
c) Science
(1) Age of Navigation (1415 -1620)
(2) Scientific Revolution (1543-1632)
d) Religion
(1) Age of Reformation (1542 - 1603)
3. Modern Period (17th Century - 18th Century)
a) Age of Enlightenment (Mid 18th Century)
b) Age of Revolution (1776)
c) French Revolution (1789)
d) Latin American/War of Independence of 1810
e) Industrial Revolution (Late 18th Century)
B. Motivations for Navigation
1. Wealthy Merchants’ influence over their Government (Politics)
2. Resources
a) Gold
b) Spices
(1) Examples:
(a) Cloves
(b) Mace
(c) Nutmeg
c) Spices (Spice Islands)
(1) Moluccas Islands
(a) Indonesia
3. Spirit of Adventurism among Europeans
a) Fame and Glory (Navigators)
4. Scientific Innovations
a) Ship Building
b) Navigation
c) Astrolabe*
5. Religious Zeal
a) “Crusading Mentality”
C. Spanish Navigators
1. Spain Vs. Portugal
a) Spain
(1) King John II
(a) Chrisopher Columbus asked permission from King
John II to travel
(i) Christopher Columbus
(a) Italian
(b) Took the Western Route to Asia
(i) The normal route before was
the eastern route
b) Portugal
(1) King Henry the Navigator
(a) Established a School for Navigators at Sagres,
Portugal
2. Portugal
a) King John II
(1) Eastern Route
3. Spain
a) King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I
4. 1492
a) Christopher Reached the Carribean Islands
5. Demarcation line to divide the world into 2 for Spain and Portugal
a) Created by a Pope to avoid Conflict
b) 1st one was created back in 1493
(1) Pope Alexander VI
(2) Rejected by the Portugese
(a) They thought that Spain had too much territory
(3) Rejected by King John II
c) The second one was created in 1494
(1) Treaty of Tordesillas (Place in Spain)
(2) Moved the line a little bit to the left (it excludes Brazil
because it belonged to Portugal)
(3) 1500*
(a) The Portugese Colonized Brazil*
(4) The east was supposed to belong to the portugese and the
west to the spanish
6. 1529
a) Treaty of Zaragoza
b) Divide Spice Islands into 2
(1) Western Side belonged to Portugal and the Eastern side
belonged to Spain
7. 1512
a) Spain reached Asia
8. 1511
a) Portugal reached South East Asia
9. 1529
a) Spain reached the Philippine Islands
10. The Spanish gave the ownership to their half of the Spice Islands to the
Portugese for 300,000 Ducats of Gold
- 1st expedition
- Ferdinand Magellan (1518 from Spain – 1521)
- 1st to circumnavigate the globe
- Emperor Charles V
- King Charles the first of Spain
- Mar Pacifico
- “Calm Sea”
- Las Ladrones
- Visayas Islands – Homonhon (Eastern Visayas), Limasawa (Cebu)
- Raja Humabon
- Sanduguan
- Converted to Christianity (Don Carlos)
- Mactan (Lapu-Lapu/Kalipulako)
- Sebastian Del Cano
- 1st person to circumnavigate the world
- 5th Expedition: Ruy De Villalobos (1542 from Mexico -1544, arrived ph 1543)
- Emperor Charles
- Saranggani
- Leyte and Other neighbouring Islands
- Islas Las Phelipinas
- Prince Philip of Spain
- 6th Expedition: Miguel Lopez de Legaspi + Fr. Andres Urdaneta, OSA (1564 from
Mexico -1565 arrival in ph)
- King Philip II of Spain
- Bohol
- Sanduguan (Rajah Si Katunan and Si Gala)
- Cebu (Rajah Tupas)
- Established 1st colonial town: San Miguel/Santisimo Nobre De Jesus
- Panay (1569)
- Advanced Fleet to Luzon (Manila) 1570
- Martin de Goiti
- Urdaneta Passage (Pacific)
- 1571
- Legazpi Arrived in Manila
- 1st governor general
- Manila became capital of ph
- 1572
- Legazpi had a stroke
Spanish Policies
I. Politics
A. Political Institutions
1. King of Spain [patronato real (royal patron of the church)]
a) Council of the Indies (est. 1524 by Emperor Charles V, H.Q
Madrid)
(1) 5-10 councillors appointed by king (relatives)
(2) Administers over all colonies (the americas and
asia-pacific)
(a) Legislates laws for all colonies
(3) Court of last resort
b) Vice Royalties (comparable to profinces) (headed by vice roy)
(viceroyalty of new mexico)
(1) Rio de la plata
(2) New granada
(3) Peru
(4) New Mexico (1535 in mexico nueva españa)
(a) Executive: enforces the law for colonies
(b) Appoint governor generals
(5) Gov. Generals (colonial gov.)
(a) Rep of king in a colony
(b) Enforcer of laws
(c) Captain of the army and navy
(d) President of the real audencia (royal court)
(e) Supporter of the church
(f) Vice-real patron of the church
(g) 2 types (provincial level)
(i) Alkalde mayor
(a) Alkaldiya
(b) Pacified
(c) Executive and Judicial
(d) Tribute collector
(e) Inspector of encomiendas
(f) Privilege of convercio (business)
(i) Abolished in 1844
(g) Cabildo (city town)
(i) Convenes at the
ayuntamiento (town hall)
native elite elective
(ii) Gobernadorcillo
(pueblo/munisipio) town
(iii) Regidores (councillors
(iv) Aguacil mayor (police chief)
(v) Escribando (secretary)
(vi) Judicial and executive
(vii) Tribute collector
(ii) Corregidor (alkalde)
(a) Corregimientos
(b) Unpacified
(c) Same with alkalde mayor But more
military tasks
(h) Gobernadorcillo
(i) Barangay
(a) Cabeza De Barangay
(i) Executive
(ii) Judicial
(iii) Tribute collector
(iv) Labor conscripter
(v) Native elite (elective)
(i) Presidencia
(i) Head: juez de residencia
(j) Visita
(i) Head: visitador-general
(ii) More feared by people
(iii) Unannounced visits
(a) Unknown reason
B. Religious influence
1. Strongest at the pueblo level (town)
2. Friars
a) Religious orders (spanish)
(1) OSA (1565)
(2) OFM (1578)
(3) SJ (1581)
(4) OP (1581)
(5) OARC (1606)
(6) Convert natives in different provinces
b) Monastic vows
(1) Dedicate to a specific saint
3. Monks
a) Cloyster devotion
(1) Stay in the convent
(2) Order of Saint Benedict (1895)
4. Diocesan priests
a) Native priests
b) Mestizos
c) Task: Spanish heads
5. Synod of Manila 1582
a) Gathering of Friars and Priests
b) Headed/Convened by Father Domingo de Salazar O.P.
(1) DOminican
(2) 1st Bishop of Manila
II. Social Transformations
A. Non Physical Transformation
1. Social Classes/Structure (pyramid/hierarchy)
a) Spanish Blood
(1) Peninsulares (Born in Spain)
(2) Insulares
(a) Filipino
(i) FIlipino before meant they are born in the
Philippines but have spanish blood
(b) “Insular” meaning Island
(3) Spanish Mestizos
(4) Principalia/Principales (Native Elite)
(5) Chinese Mestizos
(6) Chinese (converted)
(7) Indios
(8) Infiel/Infieles (Unconverted)
B. Physical
1. Est. Pueblos
a) Reduccion
(1) Reduce and Settle
(a) Native Communities
(2) Est. Plaza Complex
(a) Church
(i) Symbolism: Religion is the Center of
Everyone’s life
(ii) Christianization
(b) Important Economic structures surround church
(c) Urban Planning
(d) Grid Systems
(e) Ain: Efficient Tax Collection
C. Education
1. Emperor Charles V’s decree (July 17, 1550)
a) Teaching of Spanish Language to Natives
(1) To eliminate Native culture and to hispanize the natives
(2) Not fully implemented in the Philippine colony (up to
Principalia only)
(a) Wanted to maintain the Language Barrier
(i) Sign of Exclusivity
2. Education Decree of 1863
a) Compulsory
b) Publicly supported system
(1) Primary School
c) Wasn’t fully implemented
(1) Lack of funding
3. Examples of Schools back then
a) Santa Potentiana (1587)
(1) Oldest School in Manila
(2) Franciscans
(3) Gone
b) Jesuit’s Order
(1) San Ildefonso
(a) (University of San Carlos)
(b) Oldest Jesuit School
(2) Kolehiyo de Imakulada Konsepsiyon
(a) Ateneo
c) Constantines
(1) The Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Thomas, The
Catholic University of the Philippines*
(a) UST
(2) San Juan De Letran
4. Church as Education
a) Their aim is to hispanicize the natives through education
D. Other Cultural Transformation
1. Clothing and Housing
a) Housing
(1) Azotea
(a) Terrace
2. Music and Literature
a) Music
(1) Senakulo
(2) Pasyon
(3) Moro - Moro
(a) Propaganda Against Moros/Muslim
(4) Santakrusan
b) Literature
(1) Awit
(2) Corrido
3. Changing of Names
a) 1849
b) Narciso Claveria y Zaldua*
c) Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos
d) For taxation
e) For Hispanization
f) Names include:
(1) Saints
(2) Geographical names
(3) Animals
(4) Plants
III. Economy
A. Taxation
1. Direct
a) Tribute (Buwis)
(1) Cash/Kind (Crops, livestock, etc.)
(a) 8 reales - 15 reales (Mid 19th Century)
(i) 15 Reales (Mid 19th Century)
(a) 10 Reales (Tribute)
(b) 1 Real (Town Community Chest)
(c) 4 Reales (Church)
(i) 3 Reales (Sanctorum Tax, for
the structure of the church)
(ii) 1 real (Tithes)
b) Tax
(1) Every year Collected
(2) 16-60 years old
(a) Taxable
(3) Exceptions: Elite (Spanish) and Native Elite
(4) 1884
(a) Cedula Personal
(i) Residence Tax
(ii) ID/Personal Identity Paper
(iii) Paid Annually
(iv) 18 and up
(a) No exceptions
c) Military Taxes
(1) Donativo de Zamboanga
(a) Rice or ½ Real
(b) Fund Military Campaign in the south
(2) Vinta - For Bulacan and Pampanga
(3) Falua - Camarines Sur, Cebu, Misamis
2. Indirect
a) Bandala Systen
(1) From “Mandala” which means stacks of rice
(2) Annual Enforced selling of goods
(a) Agricultural Produce (Rice, etc.)
(3) Colonial Government
(a) Bandala
(i) Central Luzon
(a) Pampanga (1610)
(i) 70,000 pesos
(b) 1660
(i) 200,000 pesos
(ii) Abolished in 1782
b) Polo y Servicio
(1) Contributing Labor for the Colonial Government
(2) Polo
(a) “Pulong” - to gather
(i) Laborers -> Polista/s
(b) Male (Natives and Chinese Mestizos)
(i) Hard Labor
(a) Construction and repair of
Infrastructure
(b) Construction of Galleons and
Shipyards
(ii) 16 - 60 years old
(a) 40 days of service a year
(iii) Falta
(a) “Falla” - absence
(i) Pay 1 ½ reales per day of
absence
(iv) 1860
(a) From 40 days to only 24 days
(v) 1884
(a) From 24 days to only 15 days
(3) Servicio
(a) Prestacion Personal
(b) Domestic Work
(c) Female
(d) Handpicked by Friars and Colonial Officials