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Group conflicts are one of the most significant problems experienced in the twenty-first
century. Most of the overwhelming conflict issues virtually experienced across the globe and at
regional levels are based are organized from one approach of group-based differences.
Remarkably, it is not ethnicity and religion alone which explain the sources of prejudice on
Muslims living in united states but also other factors like historical differences and culture which
religion, identity, or culture by the government or the society. This term also reflects a clarifying
social frame whereby there is a stable, familiar environment and conditions that are experienced
by the group. These groups experience social marginalization. The structure set by the
governments does not favor the Othered groups. Lack of religious homogeneity in America,
different races, ethnicity, and diverse culture has differentiated the minority group, making them
vulnerable to oppression by the dominating groups. Othering occurs both at the group and
individual levels. The government has assumed some of the communities by treating them not to
be part of America.
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Since its historical foundation, the United States has strangled to identify itself based on
ethnic structure and found it challenging to classify who belong to America and who are the
outcasts in America. The country has a composition of diverse ethnic groups Muslims are among
the most popular groups in America that experience social mistreatment and oppression by the
American federal policies. Islam and other minority populations face high levels of racialized
unleashed the “Othered” perception which targeted the Muslims after the Post-Cold War Era
(Husain & Altaf 145). Huntington’s clash of civilianization created the need for using cultural
discrimination based on hostility. Association of Islam with acts of terror has made followers
living in the US exposed to a biased society. Many Muslims in America are targeted by the
perspective that the group is a terrorist Brotherhood organization (Nelson and Dorothea 290).
The terrorism perception towards Muslims is not only experienced in America but also in
many other non-Islamic states in the world. The religious antagonism associated with Islam
makes them to be Othered in economic and social dimensions. Both conscious and unconscious
discrimination are harmful to the shaping of the community goals. Some of the federal policies
are common ways that have institutionalized mechanisms that cause groups inequalities. These
policies are designed to limit the access of the discriminated groups to the public resources.
These policies segregate the minority groups to lower class schools, poor living enviroments and
and control of socialization, for example, the segregation rules by Jim Crow (Berrey& Stephen
18). This approach focuses on the beliefs and practices of the middle class and upper class affect
According to Statham & Paul (180) the administration of President Donald Trump
approaches Muslim identity from a historical dimension, and often target the immigrants. Due to
unique clothing etiquette, Muslim women are mostly subjected to racism in American societies.
Islam is therefore seen as an alien religion in America with this consciousness been evident in
the speeches made by many political leaders. The social work practitioners have also
demonstrated biasness based on the ethnicity of the Muslim groups and other closely related
groups like the Arabs and Asians. Providing of social education has a pivotal role in avoiding
microaggressions against the “foreign” students. The religious microaggressions against Muslims
has affects them from dimensions of social-coexistence, education access and the freedom to
levels. Various researches have proved that some of the population in America is not aware of its
unconscious bias against the group (Tope and Daniel 60). Unconscious bias is a situation people
have a social stereotype on a certain group of people in the community without acknowledging.
The general perspective of the communities towards the Muslims causes children born in those
The increase in the number of terrorist attacks occurring across Europe, have caused
conscious biasness against the Muslims. According to Statham & Paul (190) in Britain, Muslims
face extreme prejudice while other states are favoring restrictions against the Muslims groups.
The governments have done littlr effort to bridge the gap between the dominant community and
the Muslims. Attacks against the minority groups have been promoted by the media and the
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distortion community perception towards minority groups altered (Husain & Altaf 138). There is
no doubt that people have a negative image against Muslims, and often fear them.
As concerns about extremism continue to rise, so little has been done on helping of the
discriminated groups to create a social consensus. The recent researches by Saleem and Muniba
(380), three-quarter of the Muslims urge that no little support has been offered by the
government to assist in extremism Adapting to societies through “Othering” has not been an
easy thing. Rejection though treatment as “others” within the groups has been significant
activism agenda in the US in seek of equality in government programs. The Muslims have been
focused in challenges of their struggle to in access quality education of their children, struggle in
language learning, lack of cultural materials to help them develop and poor perception of the
According to Husain, and Howard (140), there is no definite resolution to Othering, but
the discriminated communities can adopt various mechanisms which will make them not
discriminated. Assimilation is a mechanism whereby the Othered group or individual erases the
features that cause difference or defines them as an Othered group such as their religion or
culture and adopts practices within the American culture. Most Muslims have adopted
assimilation as a way of clearing their ethnic differences. However, assimilation can never be an
excellent solution to the problem of Othering. Rather than seeking to reduce the gap of
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marginalization, it finds a way of eradicating all the differences that cause the group
marginalization.
I believe that inclusion and belongingness are the only viable resolutions to the challenge
ethnicity is a hard goal to achieve. However, belongingness encompasses the willingness of the
members in the community to tolerate other’s differences.The sense of belongingness not only
improves the educational development of young populations but also widens the quality of life
experienced by all members in the community.Integration of the sense of belongingness into the
communities’ institutionalization should be more expressive. The American disabilities act is one
of the most successful steps achieved in the creation of social justice in the community (Tope
and Daniel, 160). This Act prohibits mistreatment of people with disabilities and requires equal
treatment and opportunities given to them just like other members in the community.
According to Nelson and Dorothea (68), they argue that theories of the democratic
political system may create a chance for the exploitation of the minority groups in the
community. The voting procedure can be done in favor of majority groups and underrate the
needs of the minority groups. The system should, therefore, be modified to create representation
positions for minority groups in society. Moreover, multiculturalism provides a solution to the
issue of Othering and provides an environment for the tolerance of individual values and
diversities.
significant influence on both Othering and inclusion. Institutionalizing and structuring of social
differences can promote belonging and help in recognizing and accommodating each other’s
differences. This research aimed to establish ways through which Muslims in America are seen
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as outsiders to the dominant American social values. This essay acknowledges that though
terrorism is associated with Islam, not all Muslims are terrorists and should be given an equal
Works cited
Berrey, Stephen A. The Jim Crow Routine: Everyday Performances of Race, Civil Rights, and
Husain, Altaf, and Stephenie Howard. "Religious Microaggressions: A Case Study of Muslim
152.
Nelson, Dorothea, and Gale Parchoma. "Toward Theorizing Spatial-Cultural ‘Othering ’In
Statham, Paul, and Jean Tillie. "Muslims in Their European Societies of Settlement: A
Tope, Daniel, et al. "Religion, Race, and Othering Barack Obama." Social Currents 4.1, 2017,
51-70.