Which conditions are considerable to setup a substation?

Or what are
the basic requirements to setup a substation?
The continuity of electric energy supply system is solely depending on substation.
So, enough care should be taken when designing and set upping a substation in a suitable
place.
Some points are as follows, · the substation must have the chance of easy operation and
maintenance.
· The place must be proper for setup a substation.
It must be setup near the center of the load.
· The substation must have enough safety apparatus or safety setup.
There must be enough chance for running the maintenance and clearing process.
Also there should be setup for fire protection.
· The system must be reliable.
When designing protected gears and other instruments must be included.
The construction process also maintained properly for reliable operation.
· The capital cost must be as low as possible.

What are the equipment’s necessary for substation?

Substation equipment consists of high- and low-voltage racks and busses for the power flow,
circuit breakers for the T&D level, metering equipment, and the 'control house,' where the
relaying, measurement, and control equipment are located.
Elements of a substation[edit]
Substations generally have switching, protection and control equipment, and transformers. In a large
substation, circuit breakers are used to interrupt any short circuits or overload currents that may
occur on the network. Smaller distribution stations may use recloser circuit breakers or fuses for
protection of distribution circuits. Substations themselves do not usually have generators, although
a power plant may have a substation nearby. Other devices such as capacitors, voltage regulators,
and reactors may also be located at a substation.
Substations may be on the surface in fenced enclosures, underground, or located in special-purpose
buildings. High-rise buildings may have several indoor substations. Indoor substations are usually
found in urban areas to reduce the noise from the transformers, for reasons of appearance, or to
protect switchgear from extreme climate or pollution conditions.
A grounding (earthing) system must be designed. The total ground potential rise, and the gradients
in potential during a fault (called touch and step potentials),[6] must be calculated to protect passers-
by during a short-circuit in the transmission system. Earth faults at a substation can cause a ground
potential rise. Currents flowing in the Earth's surface during a fault can cause metal objects to have a
significantly different voltage than the ground under a person's feet; this touch potential presents a
hazard of electrocution. Where a substation has a metallic fence, it must be properly grounded to
protect people from this hazard.
The main issues facing a power engineer are reliability and cost. A good design attempts to strike a
balance between these two, to achieve reliability without excessive cost. The design should also
allow expansion of the station, when required.[7]
Write five power station names in Bangladesh which use natural gas?

Gas turbines[edit]

Power station Max. Capacity (MW) Turbines Fuel type Refs

Meghnaghat 450 2+1 natural gas [11]

Ashuganj 146 2+1 natural gas [9]

Haripur 360 1+1 natural gas

Mymensingh 210 4+1 natural gas

Siddhirganj 240 natural gas

Gas engines[edit]

Power station Max. Capacity (MW) Engines Fuel type Refs

Baraka Power Ltd. 51 16 natural gas [12]

Dhaka 7 2 natural gas

Gazipur 53 6 natural gas

Gopalganj 100 16 natural gas

 Power station Max. Capacity (MW) Engines Fuel type Refs

Maona 35 4 natural gas

Raozan 240 6 natural gas

Ghorashal Regent 108 34 natural gas

Baghabari, Sirajgonj 50 MW natural gas

What are possible causes of short circuit in garments industry?

An electrical short circuit is the most common cause of accidental fires in domestic,
commercial and industrial buildings. Several recent fires in garment factories in
Bangladesh drew the attention of the international media.

Foreign garment buyers are becoming increasingly critical about the safety of garment
workers in Bangladesh. Many of us are not aware that most accidental fires in buildings
can be prevented if a few precautions are taken when wiring a building for electricity.

Let us start with a simple example to explain as to how short circuits occur and how they
cause fires. To light a normal filament bulb, we connect it to two electric wires at two
different voltages.

When we switch on, a current passes through the filament of th e bulb, which is heated to
a point where it emits light. The filament has a resistance, which restricts the flow of
current through the wires.

If we now connect another similar filament bulb in parallel with the first bulb, the current
passing through the wires will be double.
Similarly, if we continue to connect more bulbs in parallel, a heavy current will flow
through the wires. At this point, an excessive current will pass through the wires. This is
an electrical short-circuit, an abnormal connection of two wires at different voltages of an
electric circuit resulting in excessive current. At one point the wires may produce
sufficient heat to catch fire.

Had there been a fuse or a circuit breaker in the system to disconnect the bulbs from the
main line when the current exceeded a certain safe limit, the flow of current would have
automatically stopped and there would have been no short circuit or fire.

The fuse or the circuit breaker is a protective device to isolate a load from the circuit
when the current exceeds a safe limit.

A short circuit could even be cause by a single bulb for any number of other reasons.

The lessons come down to these important points. First, an electric circuit must have a
protective system. Second, the load at any point of the circuit must never exceed a safe
limit. Third, the wires, the switches, protective devices etc must be of good quality.
Fourth, there should be no loose contacts in the circuit. Fifth, no live wires, switches,
sockets etc with poor insulation should come in contact with any conducting material
connected to the ground. Sixth, all metal parts of buildings should be earthed. Seventh,
all buildings must be fitted with lightning arresters.

We should always remember that electrical wiring is the job of a profess ional. It is,
therefore, important to employ an electrical engineer or a professional/certified
electrician to design, lay, test, modify, extend or repair electrical distribution systems in
any house, office or factory.

Care should be taken in procurement of cables, switches, circuit breakers, sockets,

conduits and other electrical items so that they adhere to the highest safety standards.

No sub-standard material should be used in electrical circuits. Applicable codes of

electrical wiring must always be followed. Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC-
1993) adequately covers all aspects of electrical wiring of buildings.

Under no circumstances, should a novice or apprentice electrician be allowed to fiddle

with the electrical distribution systems of a building.
 Special care should be taken when laying electrical lines in areas where combustible
gases/materials are used, stored or manufactured.

All electrical connections must be made very carefully to eliminate the existence of loose
contacts in the circuit.

Leakage of current can also cause accidental fires. Poor insulation or damp walls usually
causes current to leak. Dampness of walls and conduits should be checked regularly. If
any dampness is detected, the main switch should be switched off and the cause s of
dampness removed.

All houses, offices and factories should be equipped with fire detectors, firefighting
devices and fire exits. If there are frequent trips of circuit breakers, heating of cables,
smoke, or any smell of burning cables in any building, the main switch must immediately
be shut off, and should not be put on unless the whole circuit has been checked by a
professional electrician and the causes of the fault or faults have been removed.

Electrical wiring including the protective devices, switches and sockets should be
checked at regular intervals. Routine insulation tests, continuity and conductivity tests,
cross-sectional area-check of cables is helpful in detecting faults in the electrical wiring.

We should remember that precautions cost very little but negligence can cost a fortune.
The probability of fires caused by electrical short circuits in buildings can be
significantly reduced if the simple instructions mentioned above are strictly followed.

5 Ways to Prevent Short Circuits

1. Check Outlets before Use. Behind every outlet is a box with attached wires. ...
2. Check Appliances before Use. ...
3. Reduce Electrical Usage During Storms. ...
4. Perform Basic Circuit Breaker Maintenance. ...
5. Schedule an Electrical Inspection at Least Once a Year.
 Write down properties of insulators?
Properties of insulators
 It has large resistance and specific resistance.
 Large di-electric strength.
 High Mechanical strength.
 Resisting high temperature.
 May not get change in nature due to temperature.
 It should not absorb water.
 Can be made to any shape.
 Cannot get fire simply.

Define electrical diversity factor?

Definition of diversity factor. Electrical engineering. : The ratio of the sum of the maximum
power demands of the subdivisions of any electric power system to the maximum demand of the
whole system measured at the point of supply.

Define plant use factor?

Plant Use Factor. It is the ratio of kWh generated to the product of the plant capacity and the
number of hours for which the plant was in operation.

Dc series motor has high resistance torque justify?

For any dc motor,torque is directly proportional to the flux and armature current. In case of
series motor the flux produced is directly proportional to the armature current. Hence
torque is directly proportional to the square of armature current.

So as current during starting is 1.5 times the rated so starting torque is higher for series
motor.
 List the step involved in PCM for signal signal processing?
Basic Elements of PCM
 Low Pass Filter. This filter eliminates the high frequency components present in the
input analog signal which is greater than the highest frequency of the message signal,
to avoid aliasing of the message signal.
 Sampler. ...
 Quantizer. ...
 Encoder. ...
 Regenerative Repeater. ...
 Decoder. ...
 Reconstruction Filter.
Show the block diagram of optical fiber communication?

Slip Speed in an Induction Motor

Definition: The slip in an induction motor is the difference between the main flux speed and
their rotor speed. The symbol S represents the slip. It is expressed by the percentage of
synchronous speed. Mathematically, it is written as
What are the effective of variation of stator voltage and frequency on the
operation of three phase induction motor?
1. In the 3-phase induction motor the synchronous speed or the speed of rotation of
flux depends directly on the supply frequency. So if you are changing the supply
frequency you are changing the speed of rotation of the flux wave.
2. The speed of rotation of the rotor (the shaft) is (1-s) * synchronous speed, where s
- is the slip (it should be small in order to the induction motor operates efficiently).
3. The slip s depends on the amplitude of the rotating flux wave - the higher the flux,
the smaller the slip is for a given torque. So you need to have the flux is at its full
(rated) level regardless of the speed of rotation of the rotor. And the flux depends
directly on the supply voltage and inversely on the supply frequency. If you
decreased the supply frequency only at full supply voltage the flux were above its
rated value. As result the iron of the magnetic circuit of the motor would be
saturated and the motor overheated.
4. So you need to use so called V/f=const control strategy (up to base frequency 50
or 60Hz): voltage varies in direct proportion to the frequency, the flux wave will
have a constant amplitude.

What is the effect of variation of stator voltage and frequency of 3-phase induction
motor? In the 3-phase induction motor the synchronous speed or the speed of rotation
of flux depends directly on the supply frequency. So if you are changing the
supply frequency you are changing the speed of rotation of the flux wave. Mar 14, 2017

Why it is not safe to connect a stationary alternator to a live bus bar?

A stationary alternator is never connected to live bus-bars, because it will result in short circuit
in the stator winding (since there is no generated emf yet). ... Similar frequency: The frequency
of generated voltage must be equal to the frequency of the bus-bar voltage

What are the condition of synchronization of an alternator to a bus bar?

For proper synchronization of alternator, the following conditions must be fulfilled: The
terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be equal to that of bus bars voltage. The speed
of the incoming alternator must be such that its frequency is equal to that of bus bars.
 Draw the circuit diagram of an adder using op-amp?

Draw the circuit diagram of a differentiator using op-amp?

Draw the circuit diagram of an integrator using op-amp?

 Mention the characteristics of an ideal op amp?
An ideal op-amp is usually considered to have the following characteristics:
 Infinite open-loop gain G = vout / v. ...
 Infinite input impedance Rin, and so zero input current.
 Zero input offset voltage.
 Infinite output voltage range.
 Infinite bandwidth with zero phase shift and infinite slew rate.
 Zero output impedance R.
Define FDM?
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) is a networking technique in which multiple data signals
are combined for simultaneous transmission via a shared communication medium. FDM uses a
carrier signal at a discrete frequency for each data stream and then combines many modulated
signals.

Define TDM?
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a communications process that transmits two or more
streaming digital signals over a common channel. In TDM, incoming signals are divided into
equal fixed-length time slots.

Explain basic block diagram of communication system in

detail.
The elements of basic communication system are as follows

 Information or input signal

 Input Transducer
 Transmitter
 Communication channel or medium
 Noise
 Receiver
 Output Transducer
 Elaborator :
laser: "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation".
pabx: A private automatic branch exchange (PABX)
SNR: Signal-to-noise ratio
QPSK: Quadrature phase-shift keying (DPSK).

Contents

 1Introduction
o 1.1Definitions
 2Applications
 3Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK)
o 3.1Implementation
o 3.2Bit error rate
 4Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)
o 4.1Implementation
 5Probability of error
o 5.1Variants
 5.1.1Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
 5.1.2π/4-QPSK
 5.1.3SOQPSK
 5.1.4DPQPSK
 6Higher-order PSK
o 6.1Bit error rate
 7Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK)
o 7.1Differential encoding
o 7.2Demodulation
o 7.3Example: Differentially encoded BPSK
 8Mutual information with additive white Gaussian noise
 9See also
 10Notes
 11References