Fifth-generation jet

fighter

USAF F-22 Raptor launching an AIM-120 AMRAAM

missile
Chengdu J-20 of the Chinese People's Liberation Army

Air Force

A fifth-generation jet fighter is a jet fighter

classification used around the world that
encompasses the fighter technologies
developed during the first part of the 21st
century. As of 2020 these are the most
advanced aircraft. The exact
characteristics of fifth-generation jet
fighters are controversial and vague, with
Lockheed Martin defining them as having
all-aspect stealth even when armed, low-
probability-of-intercept radar (LPIR), high-
performance airframes, advanced avionics
features, and highly integrated computer
systems capable of networking with other
elements within the battlespace for
situation awareness.[1]

As of December 2018, the only combat-

ready fifth-generation fighters are the
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, which
entered service with the United States Air
Force in 2005; the Lockheed Martin F-35
Lightning II, which entered service in
2015;[2][3] and the Chengdu J-20, which
entered service with the People's
Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) in
September 2017.[4] The Shenyang FC-31
had flight testing of the 3.0 revised version
in 2017. The HAL AMCA, Mitsubishi X-2
Shinshin, TAI TF-X, and Pakistani Project
Azm MALE UAV are in early stages of
development. The Sukhoi Su-57 is slated
for delivery to the Russian Air Force in
2020.

Development
United States …

The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II in 2013

Previous-generation radar low observable

(LO) aircraft, also referred to as stealth
aircraft, such as the B-2 Spirit and F-117
Nighthawk were designed to be bombers
or ground attack aircraft, lacking the active
electronically scanned array (AESA)
radars, low probability of intercept (LPI)
data networks, aerial performance, and air-
to-air weapons necessary to engage other
aircraft.[5] In the early 1970s, various
American design projects identified
stealth, speed, and maneuverability as key
characteristics of a next-generation air-to-
air combat aircraft. This led to the Request
for Information for the Advanced Tactical
Fighter project in May 1981, which
resulted in the F-22.[6]

The USMC is leveraging the USAF's

experience with "fifth-generation air
warfare" in the F-22, as they develop their
own tactics for the F-35.[7]

According to Lockheed Martin in 2004, the

only fifth-generation jet fighter then in
operational service was their own F-22
Raptor.[2][8] Lockheed Martin uses "fifth
generation fighter" to describe the F-22
and F-35 fighters, with the definition
including "advanced stealth", "extreme
performance", "information fusion" and
"advanced sustainment".[2] For unknown
reasons, their definition no longer includes
supercruise capability, which has typically
been associated with the more advanced
modern fighters, but which the F-35
lacks.[9] Lockheed Martin attempted to
trademark the term "5th generation
fighters" in association with jet aircraft and
structural parts thereof,[10] and has a
trademark for a logo with the term.[11]

China …

The Shenyang FC-31 aircraft at the 2014 Zhuhai

Airshow

By the late 1990s, several Chinese fifth-

generation fighter programs, grouped
under the program codename J-XX or XXJ,
were identified by western intelligence
sources. PLAAF officials have confirmed
the existence of such a program, which
they estimate will enter service between
2017–2019.[12][13] Nevertheless, Robert
Gates has claimed that the United States
may possess as much as 20 times more
"advanced stealth fighters" than China by
2020.[14] By late 2010, two prototypes of
the Chengdu J-20 had been constructed
and were undergoing high-speed taxi
trials.[15] The J-20 made its first flight on
11 January 2011.[16] On 26 December
2015, a new J-20 with serial number 2101
was seen leaving its Chengdu Aviation
Corporation factory. It is believed to be the
first of the low rate initial production
(LRIP) aircraft.[17] 2101 conducted its
maiden flight on 18 January 2016.[18]

The J-20 officially entered service in

September 2017[19] and the PLAAF began
inducting J-20s into combat units in
February 2018.[20]

Another stealth fighter design from SAC

started to circulate on the internet in
September 2011.[21] In June 2012, photos
about a possible prototype of F-60 being
transferred on highway began to emerge
on the internet.[22] This aircraft was named
Shenyang FC-31 later, and made its
maiden flight on 31 October 2012.[23]

Russia …
A Sukhoi Su-57 prototype

In the late 1980s, the Soviet Union outlined

the need for a next-generation aircraft to
replace its fourth-generation jet fighters,
the Mikoyan MiG-29 and Sukhoi Su-27, in
front line service. To meet the
characteristics for the next-generation
aircraft, work was underway on two
aircraft projects: the twin-engined delta
canard Sukhoi Su-47 with forward-swept
wings and the Mikoyan Project 1.44.
However, due to the dissolution of the
Soviet Union and lack of funds, both
remained only as technology
demonstrators.

After 2000, the Russian Defence Ministry

initiated a new fighter competition known
as "PAK FA" (Russian: ПАК ФА, short for:
Перспективный авиационный
комплекс фронтовой авиации,
romanized: Perspektivny Aviatsionny
Kompleks Frontovoy Aviatsii,
lit. ''Prospective aeronautical complex of
front-line air forces'') to develop a next-
generation fighter for the Russian Air
Force, with Sukhoi and MiG as the main
competitors. Sukhoi came up with its
heavier, two-engine T-50 proposal (now
Sukhoi Su-57) while Mikoyan proposed a
light, single-engine Mikoyan LMFS design,
based on the former MiG-1.44 project.[24]
Sukhoi won the competition and in 2002, it
was selected to lead the development of
Russia's next-generation fighter based on
the T-50 design. Later development of the
multirole Mikoyan LMFS continued from
MiG funding.[25][26]
Russia's first fifth-generation aircraft, the
Sukhoi Su-57 will replace aging MiG-29s
and Su-27s in Russian inventory.[27][28] The
first Su-57 prototype performed its maiden
flight on 29 January 2010[29][30] and the
first production Su-57 aircraft is slated for
delivery to the Russian Air Force in
2019.[31][32] When introduced into service,
its main rivals will be the American F-22
Raptor and F-35 Lightning II.

India …
HAL AMCA, India's fifth generation stealth fighter

India is independently developing a twin-

engine fifth-generation
supermaneuverable stealth multirole
fighter, called the HAL Advanced Medium
Combat Aircraft (AMCA). It is being
developed and designed by the
Aeronautical Development Agency and will
be produced by Hindustan Aeronautics
Limited. DRDO defines AMCA as a "fifth-
generation-plus platform".[33] Unofficial
design work on the AMCA began in 2008,
while official work started in 2011 and
finished in 2014.[33][34][35] The first flight is
scheduled to occur in 2023–2024.[36] It is
a multirole combat aircraft designed for
the air superiority, ground attack, bombing,
intercepting, strike and other types of
roles. It combines supercruise, stealth,
advanced AESA radar,
supermaneuverability, and advanced
avionics to overcome and suppress
previous generation fighter aircraft along
with many ground and maritime defences.
Another project of India is the Sukhoi/HAL
Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA),
which is a fifth-generation jet fighter being
developed together by India and Russia. It
is a derivative project of the Sukhoi Su-57
being developed for the Russian Air Force.
FGFA was the earlier designation for the
Indian version, while the combined project
is now called the Perspective Multi-Role
Fighter (PMF).[37] The completed FGFA will
include a total of 43 improvements over
the Su-57, including stealth, supercruise,
advanced sensors, networking and
combat avionics.[38][39] however the
project is already four years delayed due to
multiple issues.[40][41] On 9 March 2015,
media outlets reported that the both India
and Russia agreed to reduce the aircraft
delivery time from 92 months to 36
months with the signing of the final
agreement. India is also ready to forego a
50:50 work share to prevent further delays
from absorption of a new technology; both
countries agreed to manufacture the first
batch of aircraft in Russia and for
subsequent batches to be manufactured
by HAL.[42][43][44] On 25 January 2016, it
was reported that Russia and India have
agreed to develop FGFA and lower
investment cost to $4 billion for each
nation. They will invest $1 billion in the
first year and another $500 million per year
for the following six years.[45]

In early 2018, India pulled out of the FGFA

project, which it believed did not meet its
requirements for stealth, combat avionics,
radars and sensors by that time.[46] This
news led some observers to question the
future of the whole Su-57 project.[47]

As of 2019, the AMCA is in its detailed

design phase with an expectation of the
first prototype flying in or before
2025.[48][49]

Japan …

Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin

Japan is developing a prototype of a

stealth jet fighter called the Mitsubishi X-2
Shinshin, previously referred to as the ATD-
X. At the beginning of the twenty-first
century, Japan, seeking to replace its
aging fleet of fighter aircraft, began
making overtures to the United States on
the topic of purchasing F-22 fighters for
their own forces.[50] However the U.S.
Congress had banned the exporting of the
aircraft in order to safeguard secrets of
the aircraft's technology such as its
extensive use of stealth; this rejection
necessitated Japan's development of its
own modern fighter, to be equipped with
stealth features and other advanced
systems.[51]
A mock-up of the X-2 Shinshin was
constructed and used to study the radar
cross section in France in 2009. The first
prototype rolled out in July 2014 and the
aircraft made its first flight on 22 April
2016. By July 2018, Japan had gleaned
sufficient information, and decided that it
would need to bring on international
partners to complete this project. Several
companies have responded.[52]

Turkey …
In 2011 Türk Havacılık ve Uzay Sanayii AŞ
(Turkish Aerospace Industries or TAI)
initiated a $20 million concept design
phase for a fifth-generation air-to-air
fighter, TAI TFX. During a State visit of the
President of Turkey to Sweden on 13
March 2013, TAI signed an agreement with
Sweden's Saab AB to provide design
support services to Turkey for the TAI TFX
program.[53][54][55][56] TAI has stated that
the program will cost $120 billion (with
engine development).[57] Former Prime
Minister Erdoğan has stated that Turkey
has allocated the funds for development
of the fuselage (less engine) and that it
intends to have the TAI TFX fully
operational prior to 2025.

On 8 January 2015, Prime Minister Ahmet

Davutoğlu announced that the TFX
program will be an entirely indigenous
platform with no international support
shelving any cooperation with Korea,
Sweden, Brazil or Indonesia. On 13 March
2015 the Turkish Undersecretariat for
Defence Industries (SSM) officially issued
a Request for Information from Turkish
companies which had the capacity "to
perform the indigenous design,
development and production activities of
the first Turkish Fighter Aircraft to meet
Turkish Armed Forces' next generation
fighter requirements", signalling the official
start of the program.

Pakistan …

On 7 July 2017, The Pakistan Air Force

announced its Project Azm to develop
fifth-generation fighters and MALE
UAVs.[58][59]
According to Asia Times, China is rumored
to be considering the sharing of Chengdu
J-20 technology with allies such as
Pakistan. However, very little is known
about its correlation to Azm program.[60]

Pakistan's former Chief of Air Staff Sohail

Aman has claimed that PAF has already
been developing the design for a fifth
generation aircraft for two years, since the
launch of Program Azm.[61][62]

According to the Pakistan Ministry of

Defence Production’s yearbook for 2017-
2018, the Aviation Research, Innovation
and Development (AvRID) Secretariat has
completed the first of four conceptual
design phase cycles for the Pakistan Air
Force’s (PAF) fifth-generation fighter
aircraft (FGFA) program. In an interview
conducted on May 2019 with the PAF
Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal
Mujahid Anwar Khan stated that he does
not expect the Fifth Generation Fighter to
become operational for another decade.
He also revealed the current Air Staff
Requirements of the FGFA are a "twin-
engine single-seater, boasting the likes of
super-cruise and laser weapons (directed
energy weapons)." Thus, the FGFA is not
only a clean-sheet design, but currently
slated as a medium-to-heavyweight, high-
performance jet. This design configuration
indicates that the PAF intends to produce
a platform capable of heavier payloads
and range than the JF-17. In other words, a
platform optimized for offensive counter-
air (OCA), maritime, and deep-strike
platforms, i.e., a direct successor of both
the F-16A/B Block-15s and the Mirage
III/Mirage 5.[63]
On July 2019, One of the Pakistan Air
Force's C-130B, participating in RIAT 2019
Tail Art displayed a possible depiction of a
fifth generation jet fighter, but not
confirmed to be that of Azm. However it
showed PAF's interest in the program.[63]

Common design elements

Giovanni de Briganti has defined the
defining elements of a fifth-generation
fighter to be:[64]

Stealth
 High maneuverability – which tends to
include short-field capabilities.
Advanced avionics
Networked data fusion from sensors
and avionics
Multirole capabilities

In order to minimize their radar cross-

section (RCS), all fifth-generation fighters
use chines instead of standard leading
edge extensions and lack canards, though
the Sukhoi T-50 has engine intake
extensions that seem to function
somewhat like canards and the Chengdu
J-20 designers have chosen the agility
enhancements of canards in spite of their
poor stealth characteristics.[65] They all
have twin canted vertical tails (similar to a
V-tail) also to minimize side RCS. Most
fifth-generation fighters with
supermaneuverability achieve it through
thrust vectoring.

They all have internal weapon bays in

order to avoid high RCS weapon pylons,
but they all have external hardpoints on
their wings for use on non-stealthy
missions, such as the external fuel tanks
the F-22 carries when deploying to a new
theater.

All fifth-generation fighters have a high

percentage of composite materials, in
order to reduce RCS and weight.

Software defined aircraft …

All revealed fifth-generation fighters use

commercial off-the-shelf main processors
to directly control all sensors to form a
consolidated view of the battlespace with
both onboard and networked sensors,
while previous-generation jet fighters used
federated systems where each sensor or
pod would present its own readings for the
pilot to combine in their own mind a view
of the battlespace.[66][67][68] The F-22A was
physically delivered without synthetic
aperture radar (SAR) or situation
awareness infra-red search and track. It
will gain SAR later through software
upgrades.[69] However any flaw in these
huge software systems can knock out
supposedly unrelated aircraft systems and
the complexity of a software defined
aircraft can lead to a software crisis with
additional costs and delays.[70][71] By the
end of 2013 the biggest concern with the
F-35 program was software, especially the
software required to do data fusion across
the many sensors.[72]

Sukhoi calls their expert system for sensor

fusion the artificial intelligence of the Su-
57.[73] Flight tests of their integrated
modular avionics started in 2017 on a fiber
optic networked multicore processor
system.[74]

An automatic software response to an

overheat condition apparently has
contributed to at least one fatal crash of
an F-22.[75]

The F-35 uses Software-defined radio

systems, where common middleware
controls Field-programmable gate
arrays.[69] Col. Arthur Tomassetti has said
that the F-35 is a "software intensive
airplane and software is easy to upgrade,
as opposed to hardware."[76]

In order to ease the addition of new

software features, the F-35 has adopted a
kernel and app separation of security
responsibilities.[77]
Steve O'Bryan of Lockheed Martin has said
that the F-35 may gain the ability to
operate UAVs through a future software
upgrade.[78] The USN is already planning to
place its Unmanned Carrier-Launched
Airborne Surveillance and Strike system
under the control of a manned aircraft, to
act as a flying missile magazine.[79]

Situational awareness …

The combination of stealthy airframes,

stealthy sensors, and stealthy
communications is designed to allow fifth-
generation fighters to engage other
aircraft before those targets are aware of
their presence.[80] Lt. Col. Gene McFalls of
the USAF has said that sensor fusion will
feed into inventory databases to precisely
identify aircraft at a distance.[81]

Sensor fusion and automatic target

tracking are projected to give the fifth-
generation jet fighter pilot a view of the
battlespace superior to that of legacy
AWACS (Airborne Warning and Control
System) aircraft that may be forced back
from the front lines by increasing threats.
Therefore, tactical control could be shifted
forwards to the pilots in the fighters.[82]
Michael Wynne, former Secretary of the
United States Air Force, has suggested
elimination of the Boeing E-3 Sentry and
Boeing E-8 Joint STARS in favor of more F-
35s, simply because so much effort is
being made by the Russians and Chinese
to target these platforms that are built to
commercial airliner standards.[83]

However, the more powerful sensors, such

as AESA radar which is able to operate in
multiple modes at the same time, may
present too much information for the
single pilot in the F-22, F-35 and Su-57 to
adequately use. The Sukhoi/HAL FGFA
offered a return to the two-seat
configuration common in fourth
generation strike fighters, but this was
rejected over cost concerns.[84]

There is ongoing research to apply track-

before-detect across sensor fusion in the
core CPU to allow fifth-generation fighters
to engage targets that no single sensor
has by itself detected.[85] Probability
theory is used to determine "what data to
believe, when to believe and how much to
believe".[86]

These sensors produce too much data for

the onboard computers to fully process so
sensor fusion is achieved by comparing
what is observed against preloaded threat
libraries that contain known enemy
capabilities for a given region.[87] Items
that do not match known threats are not
even displayed.[88]

Limits of stealth …
Even committed fifth-generation fighter
users such as the Israelis concede that
advances in sensors and computing will
overcome a pure stealth configuration
within a decade. This is why the Israelis
insisted that the F-35 have defined
interfaces so that the electronic warfare
systems could be constantly improved to
match the threat.[89] All known fifth-
generation designs have extensive
electronic warfare systems, partly in
response to an incident where the limited
EW systems on an F-117 may have led to
its loss in combat.[90] Stealth is now seen
as "part of the overall electronic warfare
issue", in that a stealthy platform is easier
to hide with the assistance of jamming.[91]

Chinese state media has claimed that their

UHF JY-26 radar has tracked an F-22 on
deployment to South Korea.[92]

Combat cloud …

Gilmary M. Hostage III has suggested that

fifth-generation jet fighters will operate
together in a "combat cloud" along with
future unmanned combat aircraft,[93] and
Michael Manazir has suggested that this
might come as quickly as loading a
UCLASS with AMRAAMs to be launched at
the command of an F-35.[94]

Critics and alternative

definitions
The definition of the term fifth-generation
fighter from Lockheed Martin has been
criticized by companies whose products
do not conform to these particular
specifications, such as Boeing and
Eurofighter, and by other commentators
such as Bill Sweetman:[95] "it is misleading
to portray the F-22 and F-35 as a linear
evolution in fighter design. Rather, they are
a closely related pair of outliers, relying on
a higher level of stealth as a key element
of survivability – as the Lockheed YF-12
and Mikoyan MIG-25, in the 1960s, relied
on speed and altitude."[96]

The United States Navy and Boeing have

placed the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
in a "next generation" fighter category
along with the F-22 and F-35,[97] as the
Super Hornet has a "fifth-generation" AESA
radar, modest radar cross-section (RCS)
reductions and sensor fusion.[98][99] A
senior USAF pilot has complained about
fifth-generation claims for the Super
Hornet: "The whole point to fifth
generation is the synergy of stealth, fusion
and complete situational awareness. The
point about fifth-generation aircraft is that
they can do their mission anywhere – even
in sophisticated integrated air defense
[IADS] environments. If you fly into heavy
IADS with a great radar and sensor fusion,
but no stealth, you will have complete
situational awareness of the guy that kills
you."[100] Michael “Ponch” Garcia of
Raytheon has said that the addition of
their AESA radars to the Super Hornet
provides "90 percent of your fifth-
generation capability at half the cost."[101]
And a top Boeing official has called their
newest 4.5 generation fighters "stealth
killers".[102]

In response to the use of the "fifth

generation" term, Eurofighter has made a
fifth-generation checklist placing different
weights on the various capabilities, and
arguing that the application of the label to
strike aircraft such as Lockheed-Martin's F-
35 is ill-advised, and even inconsistent
with the aircraft's specifications.
Meanwhile, Eurofighter adds "net-enabled
operations" as a noteworthy requirement
and de-emphasizes full-scope low
observability as only one factor in
survivability.[103] In the same article
Eurofighter GmbH appear to acknowledge
the remarkable performance of Lockheed
Martin's F-22 aircraft, while demonstrating
that labels as simple as "fifth generation"
may easily be devised to serve the
interests of the writer.
Richard A. Bitzinger of the S. Rajaratnam
School of International Studies, a former
consultant for the American RAND
Corporation think tank, suggests that
Western Europe's "failure" to develop a
fifth-generation jet fighter may reduce
these former leaders in the market to also-
ran status as the world's attention shifts to
the competition between the United States
and Asian powers.[104] Canadians Alex
Wilner and Marco Wyss of the Center for
Security Studies claim that Europe's failure
to "keep up" with the F-35 may make the
European jet fighter manufacturers close
up shop.[105] However, Europe may return
with a trans-national 'sixth-generation'
UCAV, assuming that the political
entanglements can be evaded.[106] The
European Defence Agency has warned
that the European $60 billion industry
could collapse by 2020.[107]

The Russian Defense Ministry defines fifth-

generation as including "stealth
technology, supersonic cruising speed,
highly-integrated avionics, electronics and
fire-control systems".[108]
Fifth-generation fighters in
service or with flying
prototypes

General data …
 Wing
Primary First Number Service Average Length Wingspan
Aircraft Status area
Builder flight built date cost USD m m
sq. m

F-22 1997 195 in service 2005 150 M 18.87 13.56 78.04 1

 U.S.

94.3 M
F-35A 2006 197 in service 2016[109] (LRIP lot 15.67 10.70 42.70 1
 U.S.
10)[110]

122.4 M
F-35B 2008 75 in service 2015[111] (LRIP lot 15.61 10.70 42.70 1
 U.S.
10)[110]

121.2 M
F-35C 2010 28 in service 2018 (LRIP lot 15.67 13.10 62.10 1
 U.S.
10)[110]

110 M
J-20 2011 >36[112][17] in service 2017 20.36 13.47 73.00 1
 China (LRIP)[113]

FC-31 2012 >3 in testing 2019 70 M 17.3 11.5 40.0

 China

in
Su-57 2010 10[114][115] 2019 54 M 19.80 14.00 78.80 1
 Russia production

Performance …
 Total
Max Cruise Total
Primary Ferry Ceiling thrust Thrust/ Thrus
Aircraft Speed speed Engines dry
Builder range m with weight vectoring
km/h km/h thrust
afterburner

F-22 2,414 1,963 3,220 20,000 2 232 kN 312 kN 1.08 2D

 U.S.

F-35A 2,220 18,288 1 125 kN 191 kN 0.87 non

 U.S.

F-35B 1,670 18,288 1 125 kN 191 kN 0.90 STOV

 U.S.

F-35C 2,520 18,288 1 125 kN 191 kN 0.75 non

 U.S.

J-20 3,120 >6,000 20,000 2 210 kN 360 kN 0.95 3D

 China

FC-31 2,200 2 158 kN 190 kN non

 China

Su-57 2,440 1,700 3,500 20,000 2 186 kN 294 kN 1.02 3D

 Russia

Armament and avionics …

 Radar
Front Rear
Primary Internal External L-Band detection
Aircraft X-Band X-Band IRST
Builder hardpoints hardpoints radar range 1
radar radar
m² target

Missile
F-22  U.S. 8 4 Yes – – 240 km
warning

Full
F-35A  U.S. 4 7 Yes – – 150 km
(DAS)

Full
F-35B  U.S. 4 7 Yes – – 150 km
(DAS)

Full
F-35C  U.S. 4 7 Yes – – 150 km
(DAS)

Full
J-20 8 4 Yes Unknown Unknown >240 km
 China (DAS)

Full
FC-31 6 4 Yes Unknown Unknown Unknown
 China (DAS)

Forward
Su-57 6 6 Yes Yes Yes
 Russia arc

Related development
Technology Demonstrators

 U.S. – YF-22 – 1990 (2 built)

 U.S. – YF-23 – 1990 (2 built)
 U.S. – X-36 – 1997 (2 scale models
built)
 Russia – Mikoyan Project 1.44 – 1998
(1 built)
 Russia – Su-47 – 1997 (1 built)
 U.S. – X-35 – 2000 (2 built)
 U.S. – X-32 – 2001 (1 built)
 Japan – Mitsubishi X-2 – 2016 (1
built)
5G Design and Development

 India – HAL AMCA – 2025

 South Korea/  Indonesia – KF-X/IF-X
– 2025
 Turkey – TAI TF-X – 2025

 Pakistan – Project Azm – 2030[63]

Proposed 5G fighters

 Sweden – Saab 2020

 Russia – Mikoyan LMFS
See also
Air superiority fighter
Fighter aircraft
Sixth-generation jet fighter
The T-50 fighter jet - on Russian News
Agency TASS Official Infographic(in
English)
"Т-50 (ПАК ФА): секреты
новейшего истребителя пятого
поколения - YouTube" [T-50 (PAK
FA): Secrets of the newest fifth
generation fighter] (in Russian).
Russian News Agency TASS. 10
 July 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017. -
on Russian News Agency TASS
Official YouTube Channel(in
Russian)

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