Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
• Intro to Manufacturing System
• Types of Production System
• Manufacturing Strategy
• Productivity
Kuliah ke-1:
Sabtu, 7 Feb 2009S
Kamis, 12 Feb 2009D
I. Introduction to
Manufacturing System-Approaches
z Manufacturing:
z Made by hand: manus (hand), factus (make)
Product Materials
Design Selection Manufacturing Marketing
(Value added)
Manufactured Products
Market
(Design)
Market
Specification
Manufacturing processes
Concept Design
Manufacturing system
Detail Design
(Manufacturing)
Manufacturing a Product
©2008 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist.
No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. For the exclusive use of adopters of the book
Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Third Edition, by Mikell P. Groover
Manufacturing System
FLOW LINE
CELLS
V
O
JOB
L
SHOP
U BATCH
M PRODUCTION
E
VARIETY
III. Manufacturing Strategy-
Approaches
Approaches:
• Time Based Strategies
• Volume/Variety Relationship Trade-offs
• Quality & Time Strategies
• Dealing with Trade-offs: Cost vs Quality,
and Flexibility vs Delivery.
Examples of Strategies
• Low cost
• Scale-based strategies
• Specialization
• Flexible operations
• High quality
• Service
Manufacturing Strategy
Lead time
Engineer-to-Order Mass
High Customization
Product Variety
Make-to-Order
Assemble-to-Order
Make-to-Stock
Low High
Product Volume
Quality and Time Strategies
• Quality-based strategies
- Strategy that focuses
on quality in all phases
of an organization
- Quality at the source
• Time-based strategies
Strategy that focuses on
reduction of time needed
to accomplish tasks
Time-based Strategies
Planning
Designing
Processing
Changeover
On time!
Delivery
Time-based strategies focus on reducing the time required to
accomplish various activities, such as:
For
Forexample,
example,ififwe
wereduce
reducecosts
costsby
byreducing
reducingproduct
product
quality
qualityinspections,
inspections,we
wemight
mightreduce
reduceproduct
productquality.
quality.
For
Forexample,
example,ififwe
we Cost
improve
improvecustomer
customerservice
service
problem
problemsolving
solvingby bycross-
cross- Flexibility Delivery
training
trainingpersonnel
personnelto todeal
deal
with
withaawider-range
wider-rangeof of
problems, Quality
problems,they
theymay
may
become
becomeless
lessefficient
efficientatat
dealing
dealingwith
withcommonly
commonly
occurring
occurringproblems.
problems.
The Need for Trade-offs
Location DELIVERY
Pizza Hut’s five-minute guarantee at lunchtime Speed
Layout Federal Express’s “absolutely, positively on time” Dependability Differentiation
(Better)
Response
Human Resource QUALITY (Faster)
Motorola’s automotive products ignition systems Conformance Cost
Supply Chain Motorola’s pagers Performance leadership
(Cheaper)
Inventory
IBM’s after-sale service on mainframe computers AFTER-SALE SERVICE
Scheduling
Fidelity Security’s broad line of mutual funds BROAD PRODUCT LINE
Maintenance
Customer Expectations
• Productivity
z A measure of the effective use of resources,
usually expressed as the ratio of output to
input
• Productivity ratios are used for
z Planning workforce requirements
z Scheduling equipment
z Financial analysis
Measures of Productivity
Productivity Growth =
Current Period Productivity – Previous Period Productivity
Previous Period Productivity
Example
MFP = Output
Labor + Materials + Overhead
$
MFP = (7040 units)*($1.10)
$1000 + $520 + $2000
MFP = 2.20
Productivity Example - An automobile manufacturer has presented the
following data for the past three years in its annual report. As a potential
investor, you are interested in calculating yearly productivity and year to year
productivity gains as one of several factors in your investment analysis.
$ Sales $49,000 $41,000 $38,000 Total Cost Productivity 1.26 1.24 1.19
(billions$)
Year-to-year Improvement 1.6% 4.2%
Cost of $39,000 $33,000 $32,000
Sales Which is the best measurement?
(billions)
Interpreting Productivity Measures