Section 2

Pakistani Movement (1905 – 1947)

7 marks
Q: Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905?
Q: Why was there a Simla deputation in 1906?
Q: Why was Simla deputation important for the Muslims of India?
Q: Why was Muslim League formed in 1906?
Q: Why did Congress oppose the Morley Minto reforms?
Q: Why was partition of Bengal reversed in 1911?
Q: Why was Lucknow Pact drawn up between the Congress and the Muslim League in
1916?
Q: Why did Indians oppose the Mont – Ford reforms?
Q: Why was the Khilafat movement started?
Q: Why did the Khilafat movement fail?
Q: Why was the Khilafat movement important for the Muslims of India?
Q: Why did the British government send the Simon Commission to India in 1927?
Q: Why was Nehru report of 1928 opposed by the Muslim League?
Q: Why did Jinnah produce his 14 points in 1929?
Q: Why was Allama Iqbal important for the Pakistani Movement?
Q: Why were 3 Round Table Conferences held between 1930 – 1932?
Q: Why was the 2nd Round Table Conference unsuccessful?
Q: Why was the 3rd Round Table Conference unsuccessful?
Q: Why were the Round Table Conferences important for the Muslims of India?
Q: Why was Chaudry Rehmat Ali important to the Pakistan movement?
Q: Why was the Government of India Act opposed by the Indians?
Q: Why was the Government of India Act important for the Indians?
Q: Why was the Muslim League unsuccessful in the elections of 1937?
Q: Why was the Congress rule (1937 – 1939) so hated by the Muslims of India?
Q: Why was the Day of Deliverance observed by the Muslim League in 1939?
Q: Why was the Lahore / Pakistan Resolution of 1940 passed?
Q: Why was the Cripps mission of 1942 unsuccessful / opposed?
Q: Why was the Quit India Movement launched in 1942?
Q: Why was the Quit India Movement of 1942 unsuccessful?
Q: Why were Gandhi – Jinnah talks of 1944 unsuccessful?
Q: Why was the Simla Conference of 1945 important in the creation of Pakistan?
Q: Why was the Muslim League so successful in the elections of 1945 – 1946?
Q: Why was the Cabinent Mission of 1946 unsuccessful?
Q: Why was the Direct Action Day observed by the Muslim League in 1946?
Q: Why was the 3rd June Plan of 1947 important in the formation of Pakistan?
Q: Why was Jinnah important for the Pakistani Movement?

Q: Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905?

There were some anti – British activities going on in the subcontinent. For example, leaders like Tilakaf
Poona were making impassioned speeches and were also writing provocative articles. There were also
some secret societies as well which were working for Indian freedom. Such activities worried the
British about their rule in the subcontinent and therefore they decided to clamp them down. One way in
which they did so was the partition of Bengal.

Bengal was the largest province of the subcontinent and therefore it was difficult for the British to
govern it effectively as a single unit. So they partitioned it to improve their administrative efficiency.

Not only was it the largest province area – wise, but also had a huge population which was 10 times more
than Britain's population at that time. Therefore it was tough for the British to look after such number of
people and so partitioned Bengal for the welfare of its people.

One of the reason was that British wanted to win the support of the Muslims. Muslims were facing
oppressive rules by the British as they were blamed for the War of Independence. However, by 1905 the
British changed their view fo the Muslims and considered them as an important community of India. So
they partitioned Bengal in such a way that the Muslims were given a separate Muslim province where
they could live out of Hindu oppression which led to the support of Muslims towards the British.

Hindus were becoming stronger in Bengal day by day with the help of Congress and they were asking for
greater concessions from the British. This was seen by the British as a threat to their rule and therefore
partitioned Bengal to weaken Hindu unity.

Q: Why was the partition of Bengal reversed in 1911?

The Hindus started the Sawadeshi movement in which they boycotted British goods which negatively
effected the British economy. Therefore, they reversed their partition to reverse their trade.

Hindus started large scale protests against the partition which was not in their favour. This effected the
law and order situation of the country and therefore the British reversed the partition to restore peace.

The Hindus, in their protest, even attempted to assassinate one of the British officials, such as the
assassination attempt on the future Viceroy Lord Minto. Thus the British reversed the partition to
remove the life – threat aroused by the Hindus.

Congress supported the Hindus in their mission to reverse the partition of Bengal. This gave the Hindus
a lot of power to oppose the British rule as it was the largest and most influential part of the
subcontinent. Thus the partition was reversed to remove this strong opposition of the Hindus.

There was a change of governemnt in Britain in 1910 who sent a new Viceroy, Lord Harding, to India who
studied the political situation of the subcontinent and realized that the decision of the previous
government regarding partition was ineffective. Therefore the British reversed the partition to
improve their administration in the subcontinent.

King George V, who was the most important British official, was going to visit India in 1911. The Hindus
threatened to assassinate him if their demand regarding partition was not reversed. So the British were
forced to reverse the partition to make the visit of King George V a safe and successful.

Q: “Reasons for partition of Bengal were more important than those of its reversal.” Do
you agree / disagree? Explain your answer. [14]
L3 – Reasons for partition of Bengal
L4 – Reasons for reversal of partition

Q: Why was there a Simla Deputation in 1906?

The Hindus started large scale protests against the partition of Bengal as it divided them into two parts.
The Muslims feared that, by this large scale protests, the Hindus would encourage the British to reverse
the partition. The Muslims were in favour of the partition as it removed the Hindu rule oppressed upon
them. Thus in 1906 the Muslims went to the Viceroy, Lord Minto, to get assurance that the partition was
permanent by forming the Simla Deputation.
Congress was a party that mainly consisted of Hindus. This worked mainly in favour of Hindu interests.
This worried the Muslims as they could not politically convey their demand to the British and thus they
created the Simla Deputation to put forward their demands to the British.

Hindus were trying to convince the British to make Hindi as India's official language. This worried the
Muslims as Urdu, which was the official language, held a lot of cultural importance for them. Thus Simla
Deputation was formed to protect their language.

Some extremist Hindu groups like Arya Samaj carried out militant activities and were trying to forcibly
convert non – Hindus to Hinduism. This was seen by the Muslims as a threat to their religion. Therefore,
they met the Viceroy to protect their religious rights by forming Simla Deputation.

The British elected the Liberal Government of Hindus. This increased the number of electorate seats of
the Hindus. The Muslims feared that the Hindus, due to their high population, would win almost every
decision. Thus they formed Simla Deputation to win the Muslims separate electorate seats in the
council and to protect themselves politically.

Q: What was the Simla Deputation? [4]

• 1906
• 35 members, Muslim delegation under Agha Khan
• Met Viceroy Lord Minto
• They demanded:-
─ Separate electorates
─ Weightage of seats for Muslims
• John Morley, Secretary of State for Indian affairs, thought that these demand were
undemocratic.
 • However, Viceroy Lord Minto accepted.

Q: Why was Simla Deputation important for the Muslims of India?

The acceptance of separate electorate seats in Simla Deputation by the British was happily in favour of
the Muslims. This showed that the British were not just ready to work with the Muslims, but were also
prepared to make concessions with them. Thus, Simla Deputation improved British – Muslim relations
as the British accepted their demands.

The acceptance of seperate electorate seats by the British In Simla Deputation showed that the Hindus
and Muslims were quite different. This increased the rivalry between the two parties and the gap
between them also increased. This strengthened the Two – Nation Theory of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and
thus showed importance in forming a separate nation for the Muslims.

The success of Simla Deputation encouraged Muslims to have their own political platform to protect
their political rights. The British were now considerate towards them and thus was a high time for them
to meet their demands. Thus, Muslim League was immediately formed to have a more organized way to
represent their demand to the British. This platform also later established the Pakistani Movement.

Q: Why was Muslim League formed in 1906?

The Hindus started large scale protests against the British on the partition of Bengal. This worried the
Muslims as they were in favour of the partition. Thus, Muslim League was formed to oppose the
opposition of the Hindus to reverse the partition of Bengal.

Congress was a party that consisted mainly of Hindus. This worried the Muslims as they feared that the
Hindus would win almost every political demand set forward by them due to their high population and
the amount of electorate seats they had. Thus, Muslim League was formed to increase the political
importance set forward by the Muslims as well.
Hindus wanted that Hindi should be made the official language in place of Urdu. This worried the
Muslims as this would effect their cultural rights negatively as Urdu was well known by the Muslims.
Thus, Muslim League was formed to protect the cultural rights of the Muslims.

Some extremist Hindu groups like Arya Samaj carried out militant activities and were forcibly trying to
convert non – Hindus to Hinduism. This was seen by Muslims as a threat to their religion. Therefore
Muslim League was formed to protect the religion of India Muslims by such groups.

The success of Simla Deputation encouraged the Muslims to make their own political platform to
protect their political rights. The British were now being considerate towards them and thus was a high
time for them to fulfill their demands. Thus, Muslim League was immediately formed to have a more
organized way of representing their ideas to the British.

Sir Feroz Shah Mehta, who was the president of Congress in 1906, refused to accept Muslims as a
significant group of India. This annoyed the Muslim leaders and they concluded that they must have a
party of their own not only to protect their rights, but also the image of Indian Muslims and hence is why
Muslim League was formed.

The British gave Muslims concessions in partition of Bengal and Simla Deputation. Therefore, Muslims
believed that that the British had now forgotten their past rivalry towards the Muslim community and
so in return they should also convey positive feelings towards the British government and therefore
formed Muslim League to declare loyalty towards the British and to remove misconceptions between
the Muslims and the British.

Q: Was the attitude of Congress the most important factor why Muslim League was
formed in 1906? Explain your answer. [14]
Answer above.
Q: Why did Congress oppose the Morley Minto reforms in 1909?

The Muslims demand of separate electorates was passed by the British. This annoyed Congress as they
thought that this was undemocratic and therefore they opposed the reforms.

Secondly, Muslims were also given extra seats in the council, which further annoyed Congress as they
believed that it was a concession too far for Muslim minority, hence they opposed the reforms.

Although the number of elected Indians was increased in the council in these reforms, but their role was
just advisory and they could not make or amend laws. This angered Congress because it was working for
self – rule. Therefore, it condemned the reforms.

Q: How successful were British – Muslim relations between 1905 – 1911? Explain your
answer. [14]

Bengal's partition was reversed in 1911. The Muslims felt betrayed by the British as they thought that the
partition was final. Thus, this contributed to the failure of the British – Muslim relations as Muslims felt
betrayed.

Bengal was partitioned in 1905. This was in favour of the Muslims as this meant that they would be
separated from the Hindus and thus would be freed of their oppression. Thus, this succeeded in
improving British – Muslim relations as they British helped to improve the status of Muslims in Bengal.

British agreed to award Muslims separate electorate seats in the government, which was the act of Simla
Deputation. This showed that the British were ready to make concessions with the Muslims which
contributed to improve British – Muslim relations.

In Morley Minto reforms, the British accepted the Muslim demand of separate electorate seats. This
meant that the British were ready to protect the political rights of the Muslims which contributed to
improve British – Muslim relations.

In Morley Minto reforms, the British also accepted the demand of Muslims for more weight-age in the
council which contributed to improve British – Muslim relations as the British recognized the Muslims
as an important group in India.

Muslim League was formed in 1906 in which it declared that it would be loyal to the British government.
This delighted the British and as a result, British welcomed the party which further improved the
relationship between the two communities.

The Hindus started the Sawadeshi movement in opposition to the partition of Bengal. In this, Hindus
boycotted British goods. The Muslims did not participate in this as they did not want to hurt the British
economy which further contributed to improve British – Muslim relations.
Q: Was partition of Bengal the most important event between 1905 – 1911 which effected
Hindu – Muslim relations? Explain your answer. [14]

Bengal was partitioned in 1905. This was in favour of the Muslims as this gave them a separate province.
However, Hindus considered this as their 'divide and rule' policy and thought that British were trying to
disunite them. Hence, due to their different views, their relations weakened.

Moreover, Sawadeshi movement increased the rivalry between the Hindus and Muslims which further
strengthened Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's Two Nation Theory and thus weakened Hindus – Muslim
relations.

Hindus considered Muslims of being Pro – British on opposing Sawadeshi movement and thought that
they did not want Hindus to prosper. As the Muslims were siding with the British in opposition to the
movement, this further weakened their relations as the Muslims did not support the Hindus.

Hindus started to make assassination attempts on the Viceroy in opposition to the partition. This
further weakened Hindu – Muslim relations as the Muslims were in favour of the partition as it gave
them separation from Hindu oppression until Bengal's partition was reversed in 1911.

With the formation of the Muslim League, partly the reason for its formation was to show loyalty
towards the British. On the other hand, Congress thought it was to oppose Congress's objective of self –
rule. Thus, due to their different views and objectives, Hindu – Muslim relations weakened.

Congress opposed Morley Minto reforms in 1909. In this, they opposed Muslims being given extra seats
in the council which further weakened Hindu – Muslim relations as without these extra seats, Muslims
would not be able to win any vote in the council.

Hindus wanted Hindi to be the official language as opposed to Urdu. This did not favour the Muslims as
Urdu was very important for their culture which further weakened Hindu – Muslim relations.

Before the formation of Simla Deputation, British elected the Liberal Government of Hindus. This gave
the Hindus more seats in the council which would be of great disadvantage to the Muslims as the Hindus
were 4 times greater in amount than them and therefore would win every election. Hence, this
weakened Hindu – Muslim relations as upon this, Muslims did not gain any fair rights which the Hindus
claimed.

Q: Why did British – Muslim relations weaken between 1911 – 1914?

The British reversed the partition of Bengal in 1911. This annoyed the Muslims as they felt betrayed and
thought that the partition was final which further weakened their relations.

In 1912 – 1913, the Balkon wars broke between the Balkon states and the largest Muslim Empire, Turkey.
The British supported the Balkons as opposed to the Muslim (Turkish) empire which further weakened
British – Muslim relations as the Muslims thought that the British had no interest in protecting their
rights.

After the reversal of partition of Bengal, Muslim League revisited the Morley Minto reforms and
criticized the British as they did not give the Indians any genuine say in India and thus weakened British –
Muslim relations.

In 1913 ,Muslim League changed its aim from 'loyalty' towards the British to 'self – rule', which weakened
British – Muslim relations as instead of supporting the British rule, they opposed it.
Q: Why did Hindu – Muslim relations improve between 1911 – 1914?

In 1913, Muslims League changed its aim from 'loyalty' towards the British to 'self – rule'. This pleased
Congress as both the platforms were working on the same aim and thus improved Hindu – Muslim
relations as both of them were now on the same page.

After the reversal of the partition of Bengal in 1911, Muslims revisited Morley Minto reforms and
criticized the British as they did not give any genuine say to the Indians in India. This helped to improve
Hindu – Muslim relations as Congress had already rejected the reforms for the same reaon.

Q: Why were there mixed views in India about supporting the British in World War 1?

There were some Indians who believed that the attack on Britain was an indirect attack on India as it was
a part of the British empire. Thus, due to some of their Pro – British attitude, they supported the British
in this war.

Some other Indians who believed that if they supported the British in this war, as a reward they would be
given greater concessions as the British were fighting for the 'self – rule' of other nations and hence
supported the British.

There were some other Indians who believed that the British would not so easily give them self – rule,
and thought that the British had to be pressurized to attain this. They considered the World War as an
opportunity to attain self – rule and thus started anti – British activities in view of exploiting the British
in self – rule.

Since the British were fighting this war against the largest Muslim Empire (Turkey), some Indian –
Muslims were reluctant to support the British as they did not want to fight their own Muslim brothers.
Q: Why was the Lucknow Pact signed between Congress and Muslim League in 1916?

During the first World War, the British started a policy of repression against the Indians. This annoyed
Congress and Muslim League which joined hands and signed the Lucknow Pact in order to pressurize
the British to give Indians their due rights.

Jinnah, who was a member of both Congress and Muslim League, believed in Hindu – Muslim unity. He
persuaded both of the parties to work together. Thus, it was partially due to his persuasion why
Lucknow Pact was signed for the betterment of both the parties.

Since the British were busy fighting the first World War against Germany and its allies, they did not want
political unrest in India. So they intentionally leagued out some of the future reforms which gave elected
Indians more seats in the council. Such proposal was acceptable to Congress and Muslim League. So they
signed the Lucknow Pact which brought them closer, in order to gain even more concessions from the
British.

Muslim League had changed its aim from 'loyalty' towards the British to 'self – rule' in 1913. Congress was
also working to achieve the same objective (in the policy of self – rule). Thus, both the parties signed the
Lucknow Pact in order to achieve this common objective which also brought them closer.

Q: Why was Lucknow Pact important for Hindu – Muslim relations?

Congress had accepted, for the first time, the proposal for separate electorate seats for the Muslims
through Lucknow Pact. This helped to improve Hindu – Muslim relations as this meant that Congress
was ready to work with the Muslims and would also grant them concessions.

In Lucknow Pact, Congress also agreed to award extra seats to the Muslims, as they were given one –
third seats in the council. This helped to improve Hindu – Muslim relations as this showed that Congress
considered the Muslims as a significant community amongst them.

In Lucknow Pact, it was stated that now law effecting a community would be passed unless 75% of the
council members agreed upon it. This protected the rights of the minority groups in India which helped
to improve Hindu – Muslim relations as Muslims themselves were only one – fourth of the total
population of India which also meant that the rights of the Muslims would be protected.

Q: Why was Lucknow Pact an important political development?

In the Lucknow Pact, Congress agreed to the Muslim demand of separate electorate and weight-age of
seats in the council, which helped to improve Hindu – Muslim relations as it meant that the Hindus were
not only ready work with the Muslims, but were also prepared to give them concessions.

Since Congress had accepted the demand of separate electorate seats for the Muslims in the council, it
showed that Congress had accepted Muslims as a separate community to that of Hindus. This
strengthened Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's Two – Nation Theory which later became the bases of the
Pakistani Movement.
In Lucknow Pact, both Congress and Muslim League pressurized the British to grant them self – rule. For
example, they put forward the demand of provincial autonomy. This motivated the common Indians to
strive for the 'self – rule' policy as they now knew that this could be achieved with the help of the two
parties and so started working under the guidance of these political parties and eventually achieved it in
1947 by ousting the British. So, it can be said that Lucknow Pact was the first step towards future
independence.

Q: Why did Indians oppose the Mont – Ford reforms of 1919?

Mont – Ford reforms established a council of Princely States in which princes could debate different
issues. Since it did not give any real authority to the princes to make laws, the princes did not take it
seriously and opposed it as they considered it as merely a 'talking shop'.

The Viceroy was still very powerful, who could make any law which he considered as 'safe' for India. This
annoyed the Indians as they thought that they were given a very minute role in governing their own
country and thus opposed the Mont – Ford reforms.

In Mont – Ford reforms, a system of diarchy was introduced at provincial level where Indians could
make laws from the transferred subjects e.g. forests and education. However, such laws could be
amended or reserved by the British which angered the Indians who felt that such a concession was just
an 'eye – watch' and the British were stilll in tight control of the political situation even at provincial
level, therefore they opposed these reforms.

Although the voting rights were extended, but still only 2% of the total Indians could vote due to high
property qualification. This annoyed the Indians and thus opposed the reforms as they felt that most of
them had been deprived of their basic democratic right of choosing their own representative.

There were many Indians who supported the British during the first World War and expected that they
would be awarded greater concessions for their loyalty. However, the new structure was not up to their
expectation and so opposed it.

Both Congress and Muslim League were working for self – rule and had put forward their joint demand
of this through Lucknow Pact. They expected the British to accept this demand. However, this was not
the case and were thus forced to oppose the Mont – Ford reforms.

Q: Were the Morley Minto reforms of 1909 the most important political development
between 1909 – 1919? Explain your answer. [14]
• Lucknow Pact
 • Reversal of partition of Bengal
• Mont – Ford reforms
• Muslim League changed its aim in 1913
• Rowlett Act
• Amridsar tragedy

In Morley Minto Reforms, Muslims were given extra seats (weight-age) which helped the Muslims to
increase their representation in the council. Therefore, not only did the British recognize Muslims as an
important community but also increased their political say.

Morley Minto Reforms also gave Muslims separate electorate seats in the council and therefore now
they could have separate representation in the elections and the threat that they might lose elections to
Hindu majority was removed.

Also, as Muslim demands of weight-age and separate electorates was accepted, the gap between Hindus
and Muslims increased because Hindus considered such concessions too far for a minority like Muslims.
This gave strength to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's Two – Nation theory which led to the formation of the
Pakistani movement later on.

In Mont Ford reforms, the British increased Indian members in different councils. Although their role
was just advisory, they still got a chance to negotiate with the British government at a higher level and
thus they could put their demands easily such as self – rule.
You ag
Also, in Mont Ford reforms, diarchy was introduced at provincial level in which transferred subjects
were given to Indians like education for law making. This meant that the British government, for the firs
time, gave Indians a chance to govern their local area which was a step to greater autonomy in future.

In Mont Ford reforms, the voting rights were extended to more Indians who therefore could now
practise their basic democratic right by choosing representatives of their choice.

The reversal of partition of Bengal made the Muslim League realize that the British government
betrayed them and could not be trusted. This is why it changed its aim from 'loyalty' towards the British
to 'self – rule' which was an important decision for future independence.

+ 3 points of the political development of the Lucknow Pact

Q: “The opposition of Indians for the Mont – Ford reforms of 1919 was justified.” Do you
agree / disagree? Give reasons for your answer. [14]

L3 – Opposition
L4 – Importance
Q: Why did Hindu – Muslim relations improve between 1917 – 1919?

When the anti – Indian Rowlett act was introduced by the British, it was strongly opposed by the Hindus
and Muslims as Jinnah resigned from the imperial council and Gandhi started strikes against it. So Hindu
– Muslim relations improved as both the communities condemned the law.

In 1919, a crowd of 20,000 unarmed Indians gathered in Jalliawalla Bagh Park to oppose the Rowlett Act.
However, the British commander, General Dyer, opened fire on them due to which hundreds of Indians
were killed. This angered both Hindus and Muslims alike and jointly condemned this brutal act of the
British which helped to improve Hindu – Muslim relations.

When the British introduced Mont – Ford reforms in 1919, both Congress and Muslim League opposed it
as it was not up to their expectation of self – rule. So as these parties unitedly opposed these reforms, it
helped to improve Hindu – Muslim relations as they had a common aim.

Q: Why did British – Muslim relations worsen between 1917 – 1919?

When the anti – Indian Rowlett Act was introduced by the British, it was strongly opposed by the
Indians as they considered these as inhuman laws which contributed to worsening British – Muslim
relations as Jinnah himself showed his opposition by resigning from the Imperial Council.
In 1919, a crowd of 20,000 unarmed Indians including Muslims gathered in Jilliawalla Bagh Park to
oppose the Rowlett Act. However, the British commander, General Dyed, opened fire on the Indians
including Muslims, losing their lives and many being injured due to this tragedy which led to British –
Muslim relations worsening as the British showed their betrayal in this act.

When the British introduced the Mont – Ford reforms in 1919, Congress and Muslim League opposed it
as it was not up to their expectations of attaining self – rule. As Muslim League opposed these reforms, it
contributed to British – Muslim relations worsening as British did not provide them with their required
concessions.
 Khilafat Movement – Syllabus
• Reasons for formation
• Reasons for failure
• Advantages / Disadvantages

7 marks
Q: Why was the Khilafat movement started?
Q: Why did the Khilafat movement fail?
Q: Why was the Khilafat movement important for the Muslims of India.

14 marks
Q: Was protection of the holy places the most important reason for the formation of the
Khilafat movement? Explain your answer.
Q: “Hijrat movement was the main reason for the failure of the Khilafat movement.” Do
you agree / disagree? Give reasons.
Q: How important / successful was the Khilafat movement? Explain your answer.
Q: Why was the Khilafat movement started?
+
Q: Was protection of the holy places the most important reason for the formation of the
Khilafat movement? Explain your answer.

The British captured Turkey in the First World War, which was the largest Muslim empire containing
many holy places of Muslims such as Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. This worried the Indian Muslims as
they thought that the British may destroy them and thus started the Khilafat movement in order to
safeguard these holy places.

The British decided to overthrow the Sultan of Turkey, who was a figure of immense religious
importance for the Muslims. This caused outrage amongst the Indians which led to them starting the
Khilafat movement in order to protect their Khalifa and his caliphate.

Muslims and Hindus had been working together in order to achieve self – rule since the Lucknow Pact of
1916. On hearing that the Muslims had decided to start the Khilafat movement, Hindus decided to join
them as they saw this as an opportunity to oust the British. Thus, it can be said that the Khilafat
movement also contained the objective of achieving self – rule.

Many Indian Muslims deserted the British army as they were not interested in fighting against their own
Muslim brothers in Turkey. This meant that they did not favour the British policy regarding Turkey.
This same hatred later took form of their opposition towards the British as Khilafat movement.

Many Indian Muslim leaders like Maulvi Fazl – ul – Haq believed that the decline of the Turkish empire
would have an adverse effect on the importance of Indian Muslim community and the British may start
treating them with disrespect. Therefore, they encouraged the Indian Muslims to launch Khilafat
movement in order to protect their image and prestige in the subcontinent.
The British, in order to win the First World War against Turkey, asked Muslims to support them in this
war. The British promised that if they won the war, they would not harm the Turkish empire so the
Muslims supported them. However, after winning the war, they forgot their promise and decided to
punish Turkey. Therefore, the Muslims launched Khilafat movement in order to remind the British of
their promise as they were outraged on this act.

The British punished Germany and its ally, Austria, through various treaties. Such treaties worried the
Muslims of India upon which they launched the Khilafat Movement in order to protect Turkey as they
felt that it may be punished in the same way as Germany and Austria.

On top of that, the British prime minister, Lloyd George, clearly stated that Turkey would
also be punished just as its allies were. Upon this, the Indian Muslims started the Khilafat movement to
oppose the plans of the British as they were outraged by such a statement.

Q: Why did the Khilafat Movement fail?

Hindus joined the Khilafat movement as they saw this as an opportunity to achieve their objective of self
– rule and were welcomed by the Muslims to join them. However, them joining it weakened the
movement as the Hindus were mainly interested in protecting their own ends I.e to achieve self – rule
and put side the other objectives such as to protect the rights of the Muslims of Turkey.

A delegation of India Muslim members, under Molana Muhammad Ali Johar, went to England to
persuade the British government to protect the Turkish people's rights. However, the British prime
minister, Lloyd George, refused this demand and stated that Turkey would be punished just like the rest
of the countries (Germany and Austria). Therefore, this caused deep disappointment amongst the
Muslims which further contributed to the failure of the Khilafat movement.
In 1921, when the Indians started anti – British activities, the British reacted harshly by introducing a
policy of repression on them through which about 30,000 followers of the Khilafat movement were
imprisoned. Therefore, the Khilafat movement failed due to the lack of support of these major
followers.

In 1920, some Muslim leaders like Molana Abul Kalam encouraged the Muslims in the Khilafat
movement to migrate to Afghanistan as a strategy to pressurize the British to reverse its policies it put on
the Turkish movement. They had India declared as dar – ul – harb (enemy territory). However, once the
18.000 emigrants arrived to Afghanistan, it refused to allow the Muslims to enter. They then went back
finding that their possessions in the hands of others. Thus, due to these emigrants trying to recover their
possessions rather than supporting the Khilafat movement, led to its failure due to it further losing
supporters.

In 1921, both the Ali Brothers, the main leaders of the Khilafat movement, were imprisoned on the bases
of being accused of treachery / 'sedition'. This led to the failure of the Khilafat movement as it was now
lacking these main leaders to guide them politically.

In 1922 , twenty – one British policemen were burnt alive by the protestors of non – cooperation
movement at Chaura Chauri. Gandhi, considering his movement to be considered too violent, called it
off which weakened Khilafat movement as it lost Hindu support.

In 1924, the Turkish nationalist leader, Kamal Attaturk, not only exiled the caliph but also abolished the
system of caliphate in Turkey. This led to the immediate failure of the Khilafat movement as there was no
further reason to continue it.

In 1921, a group of so called 'deep' religious Muslims (Moplah's) started an uprising in which they killed
thousands of Hindus and many Hindu temples. The Moplah's were strong supporters of the Khilafat
movement. This led to the Hindus thinking that the Muslims had no respect for their rights and religion
and also as the Moplah's were busy in their uprising, the movement lost many of its supporters which
further weakened it.
Q: “Khilafat movement achieved nothing.” Do you agree / disagree? Explain your answer.
[14]

Both Hindus and Muslims opposed the British in non – cooperation movement which meant that they
were not ready to accept British rule anymore. Since the Khilafat movement instigated an urge of self –
rule among the Indians, therefore it is known as the first step towards future independence.

Muslims learned how to organize a movement through the experience of the Khilafat movement. They
came to know how to unite and then pressurize the British to achieve their aim. They realized that they
had made certain mistake e.g. relying upon Hindus which proved to be disastrous for them. Therefore,
they learned from these mistakes and did not repeat them in future and so made the Pakistani Movement
a successful one by working independently and confidently.

Hindus withdrew their support after the Chaura – Chauri incident due to severe violence. However,
Muslims took it as an act of betrayal and therefore the gulf between the two sides widened which
strengthened the Two Nation Theory of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and paved way for the formation of
Pakistan. This is the reason that the Khilafat movement is also known as the fore-runner of the Pakistani
Movement.

It deteriorated British – Muslim relations as large scale protests were organized against the British.
They were forced to start a policy of repression against the Indians especially Muslims to restore peace.
Therefore, now it became difficult for Muslims to convince their rulers to accept their political demands
due to the hatred they felt for each other.

Many Muslims migrated to Afghanistan on the call of their religious leaders who declared India as
'enemy territory'. However, the Afghan government forced them to return. When they came back, they
were in a miserable condition as their jobs and possessions were in the hands of others. Therefore, the
Khilafat movement gave these people nothing but a financial crisis and made them jobless and penniless.

Many Muslims pulled out their children from government schools during the non – cooperation
movement. This worsened the educational conditions of Muslims and increased illiteracy among them.
So, they Khilafat movement proved to be a hurdle for their future independence.

The Khilafat movement was started to protect the Turkish caliph and his caliphate system. Therefore,
the Khilafat movement could not achieve its main objective and the many sacrifices of Indian Muslims
went in vain.

Q: Why was the Hijrat Movement started?

Some Muslim scholars like Molana Abdul Bari declared India as enemy territory, where Islam could not
be practiced due to the suppression faced from the British. So many Muslis decided to go to Afghanistan,
which was a Muslim country, by launching the Hijrat movement.

Secondly, the leaders of Khilafat movement were well aware that the British had to be pressurized to
bend to their wills on the objective of Khilafat movement. As the British were ignoring their objective to
remove the oppression on the Turkish caliph, the leaders of the Khilafat movement encouraged
Muslims to launch Hjirat movement to hurt the prestige of the British internationally as they would be
seen as oppressors and due to this they may bend to the will of the Muslims.

Thirdly, some Muslim leaders like Molana Abul Kalam, leaders of the Hijrat movement, leader of the
Hijrat movement, told Muslims that the Afghan government would welcome them as emigrants and
they would be given fertile fields. So, the poor Muslims especially were inclined to start Hijrat
movement through which their economic status may be improved.

Q: Why was the Hijrat Movement unsuccessful?

When leaders of the Hijrat movement declared India as enemy territory, they told the Muslims to
migrate to Afghanistan. However, the Afghan government did not welcome them, forcing them to
return which led to the failure of the Hijrat movement.

This was a highly unorganized movement as there was no leader accompanying the Muslims on the
movement, nor was the Afghan government consulted about this movement and lacked any sort of
backup plan which led to its failures as this movement was based purely on religious centiments.

The Muslim League did not support the Hijrat movement as Jinnah believed that the politics of Muslims
should be contained in India only. This led to the failure of the movement as the main Muslim political
party opposed it and as there was disunity among the Muslims.

Q: Was Nehru report of 1928 the most important event during 1920's which effected
Hindu – Muslim relations? Explain your answer. [14]
Hindus and Muslims worked together in Khilafat movement in order to achieve their common objective
of self – rule which led to the improvement of Hindu – Muslim relations as both the parties opposed the
British rule together.

However, after the Chaura Chauri incident of 1922, Gandhi called off the non – cooperation movement
due to severe violence. This deteriorated Hindu – Muslim relations as the Muslims felt betrayed as they
had lost the support of the Hindus in the movement.

During the early 1920's, some extremist Hindu groups like Arya Samaj had started to carry out militant
activities to forcibly convert Muslims to Hinduism. This worsened Hindu – Muslim relations as Muslims
felt religiously threatened by the Hindus.

When Congress won the elections of 1923 in which it won a large number of seats in the council, refused
to grant the Muslims their demand for full provincial autonomy. This led to the worsening of Hindu –
Muslim relations as this meant that Hindus would not consider the grant the demands of even the
Muslim majority areas like Punjab and Bengal and were not willing to protect their rights.

The Simon Commission was setup by the British in order to study India's situation and to introduce new
reforms which was opposed by both Congress and Muslim League as it did not contain any Indian
member which led to them taking this as an insult. Therefore, as they jointly opposed the Simon
Commission, Hindu – Muslim relations improved.

In 1928, Indians organized an All – Party Conference to oppose the Simon Commission. This conference
decided to choose Moti Lad to draft a constitution for the Indians. This suggestion was acceptable to
both the Congress and Muslims League unitedly which led to the improvement of Hindu – Muslim
relations.

Nehru report stated that there should be a strong center with limited provincial autonomy which was
opposed by the Muslim League as it wanted full provincial autonomy. It worsened Hindu – Muslim
relations as this meant that the Hindus were least bothered to protect Muslim interests even in Muslim
majority areas like Punjab and Bengal.

Nehru report also suggested that Muslims should be given seats according to their population instead of
giving them extra seats. This worsened Hindu – Muslim relations as this was against Jinnah's demand in
Delhi's proposal and it also meant that Hindus were not accepting the Muslims as a significant
community in India.

Nehru report also demanded that Hindi should be made the official language instead of Urdu. This was
opposed by the Muslim League as Urdu was too important for the culture of the Muslims of India.
Therefore, this worsened Hindu – Muslim relations as Muslims felt that Hindus were trying to dominate
over them culturally.

Jinnah tried to amend the Nehru report by floating some proposals e.g. one – third seats for Muslims in
the central assembly. However, the Hindus not only rejected his amendments but also made fun of him
which weakened Hindu – Muslim relations as Jinnah was very disappointed that he himself stated that it
was 'the parting of the ways'.

Jinnah gave his 14 points in 1929 to protect Muslim rights, which was rejected by Congress. On the other
hand, Muslim League rejected the Nehru report which weakened Hindu – Muslim relations as both the
parties were now in a political deadlock.

Q: Why was the Simon Commission of 1927 sent to India by the British government?

The Mont – Ford reforms of 1919 stated that new reforms would be introduced after 10 years by the
British. Therefore, they sent the Simon Commission to study the political situation of India and to
suggest new reforms to the British for approval.

The British Conservative government feared that it would lose the upcoming elections to the Pro –
Indian Labour Party. This party was too sympathetic towards the demands of the Indians and would
thus grant too many concessions to them. Therefore, they purposefully brought the date of the
Commission forward to give Indians limited concessions.

There was growth of communism in India during the 1920's in which Hindu – Muslim riots were common
which disturbed the law and order of India. Therefore, the British sent the Simon Commission to
negotiate between the two major parties to bring about peace between them.

Q: Why did Jinnah introduce his 14 points in 1929?

Nehru report of 1928 was anti – Muslim which refused many demands of Muslim League e.g. increase in
weight-age of seats in the council. This angered Jinnah which led to him introducing his 14 points to
counter the opposition faced by Nehru report.

Jinnah tried to amend the Nehru report by giving some proposals e.g. one – third seats for the Muslims in
the council. However, his proposal was rejected by the Hindus. Upon this, Jinnah was forced to
introduce his 14 points to protect the rights of Muslims due to the rejection of the Hindus.

The Nehru report suggested that their should be a strong center which annoyed the Muslim League as it
was against Muslim interests. Therefore Jinnah gave his 14 points to achieve full provincial autonomy so
that Muslim rights could be protected in Muslim majority areas like Punjab and Bengal.

Q: Why was Allama Iqbal important for the Pakistani movement?

Allama Iqbal, in his Allahabad address, was the first Muslim leader who gave his suggestion for a
separate homeland for the Muslims in light of the Two – Nation Theory of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan.
Therefore, he was important for the Pakistani Movement as he gave strength to it.
Allama Iqbal's idea of separate Muslim homeland was a source of inspiration for the common Muslims,
who were uncertain for their future in united India as they feared Hindu domination. Therefore, his
views gave them clear – cut goal to work for such as independence thus motivating them towards the
Pakistani Movement.

Allama Iqbal also inspired future leaders like Chaudri Rehmat Ali and Jinnah's Lahore Resolution which
was the main base of the Pakistani movement which was the first step towards the formation of
Pakistan.

Iqbal's poetry awoke Muslims from their slumber and made them aware of their rights. His poetry
kindled a sense of nationhood which led them to try to strive to protect their interests and start the
Pakistani movement.

Q: Why were the Round Table Conferences held between 1930 – 1932?

The Simon Commission report rejected Muslim demand of weight-age and separation of Sindh from
Bombay which annoyed Muslims and so they criticized the report. Therefore, the British decided to
arrange the Round Table Conferences to discuss the recommendation of the Simon Commission report.

Nehru report was anti – Muslim and therefore Muslim League rejected it. On the other hand, Congress
rejected Jinnah's 14 points, which created a complete deadlock between the two main political parties
of India regarding the new constitution. Therefore, British arranged the Round Table Conferences to
resolve this crisis.

The previous reforms e.g. Morley – Minto reforms of 1909 and Mont – Ford reforms of 1919 were
opposed by the Indians because they were introduced by the British without consulting them. The
British did not want such a criticism for the new constitution. Therefore, they arranged the Round Table
Conferences to make a unanimously accepted constitution by negotiating with the Indians.
Q: Why was the 1st Round Table Conference unsuccessful? Explain one reason.

In the 1st Round Table Conference, Congress was absent because it was not given assurance by the
British that the decisions of the conference would be implemented. Since it was the main political party
of India, its absence meant that no substantial decision could be made regarding Indians which led to the
failure of the 1st Round Table Conference.

Q: Why were the Round Table Conferences important for the Muslims of India?

In the 1st Round Table Conference, the British agreed that Indians would be given provincial autonomy
in the new constitution. This delighted the Muslim League as it was one of the main demands of Jinnah's
14 points which meant that now the Muslims could protect their interests in Muslim majority areas like
Punjab and Bengal by amking independent laws for themselves.

In the 2nd Round Table Conference, the British decided / agreed that N.W.F.P and Sindh would be made
provinces with their own governors. This increased the political strength of Muslims as both of them
were the Muslim majority areas. They were the areas which were included in Pakistan at the time of
independence in 1947. Therefore, it can be said that the Round Table Conferences helped to design the
map of Pakistan.

Gandhi took a hard line in the 2nd Round Table Conference and refused to accept the rights of minorities
including Muslims. This annoyed the Muslims as they felt that Hindus were not interested to give them
their due rights which strengthened the Two – Nation Theory of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan which led to the
formation fo the Pakistani Movement.

Q: Why was the 1st Round Table Conference unsuccessful?

Gandhi took a hard line and refused to accept the rights of minorities. On the other hand, the
representatives of minorities insisted that their rights must be considered first. This created a complete
deadlock among the Indians resulting in the failure of this conference.

There was a change of government in Britain and the Pro – Indian Labour Party was replaced by a
collation government which was less interested to give Indians their rights. So the Round Table
Conference failed due to the lack of interest by the organizers.

Gandhi wanted that the recommendation of the Nehru report should be included in the new
constitution which was opposed by the Muslim League as Nehru report was anti – Muslim whereas the
Muslim League wanted that Jinnah's 14 points should be a part of the constitution which was rejected by
Congress as these points were against their demand in Nehru report. Therefore, the Round Table
Conference failed due to such a non- cooperation attitude of the two main political parties of India.

Q: Why was the 3rd Round Table Conference unsuccessful?

The British government changed the Viceroy and Lord Irwin was replaced by Lord Willington, who was
less prepared to make concessions to Indians. His negative attitude towards the Indians made them
reluctant to attend the conference as they expected little from the new British government. Therefore,
hardly 46 delegates attended the conference, fulfilling the formality, resulting in its failure due to no side
willing to negotiate.

Congress not only rejected the Communal Award but also boycotted the 3rd Round Table Conference.
Since it was the main political party in India, no main decision could be made in its absence so the
conference failed.
Jinnah went into voluntary exile as he was disappointed by the lack of progress in these conferences and
he was not even invited by the British to attend the 3rd Round Table Conference. As he was the main
Muslim leader, nothing substantial could be decided about the Muslims in the conference leading to its
failure.
Q: How successful were the Round Table Conferences? Explain your answer. [14]
Q: “Round Table Conferences achieved nothing.” Do you agree / disagree? Give reasons.
[14]
Q: “The Round Table Conference of 1930 achieved more than the Round Table
Conference of 1931 and 1932.” Do you agree / disagree? Explain your answer.
Q: “Round Table Conference of 1930 was the most successful of all the Round Table
Conferences.” Do you agree / disagree? Give reasons.
L3 – Successes / Failure
L4 – Failures / Successes
Q: Why were the 3 Round Table Conference held between 1930 – 1932?

The Simon Commission report rejected Muslim demand of weight-age and separation of Sindh from
Bombay which annoyed Muslims so they criticized the report. Therefore, the British considered to
arrange the first Round Table Conference to discuss the recommendations of the Simon Commission
report.

However, in the 1st Round Table Conference, Congress was absent because it was not given assurance by
the British that the decisions of the conference would be implemented. Since it was the main political
party of India, its absence meant that no substantial decision could be made regarding Indians so the
British considered a need for a second Round Table Conference to be held in order to resolve their
problems and to try to include Congress.

In the 2nd Round Table Conference, Gandhi took a hard – line and refused to accept the rights of Muslim
minorities. On the other hand, the representatives of minorities insisted that their rights must be
considered first. This created a complete deadlock among the Indians resulting in its failure. Upon this,
British held the 3rd and final Round Table Conference to try to make new reforms with the two major
political parties of India.
 Government of India Act 1935
Q: Why was the Government of India Act of 1935 important for the future of India? [7]
- Successes
Q: Why was the Government of India Act of 1935 opposed by the Indians? [7]
-Failures
Q: How successful was the Government of India Act of 1935? Explain your answer. [14] –
max marks

L3 – Successes
L4 – Failures

Q: How successful was the Government of India Act of 1935? Explain your answer. [14] –
max marks

In the Government of India Act of 1930, Parliamentary form of government was introduced where
elected Indians were given more representation in the assembly. This meant that the British were
planning to leave India as they were transferring authorities to the Indians and therefore independence
was coming closer.

Provincial autonomy was given to Indians which meant that they could govern their provinces in their
own ways. This was especially important for the Muslims as this was a key part of Jinnah's 14 points
which meant that they could govern Muslim majority areas such as Bengal and Punjab through which
they could protect their rights by making laws for themselves.

N.W.F.P and Sindh were made new provinces which increased the political say of Muslims as they were
the Muslim majority areas. These were the areas which were included in Pakistan at the time of
independence in 1947, which meant that the Government of India Act helped to design the map of
Pakistan.

The number of voters was increased from 2% in Mont – Ford reforms to 25% now. This meant that more
Indians could now exercise their basic democratic right of choosing their own representatives. They
were the voters who participated in the elections of 1945 – 46 and not only persuaded the British in a
democratic way to leave India but also convinced them to given independence to Muslims by creating
Pakistan.

Although the number of voters was increased, but still 75% of Indians could not vote due to property
qualification. This created sentment among Indians as most of them were deprived of their basic
democratic rights of electing their own representatives.

Although provincial autonomy was granted, the British Governor of the province was still in power who
could use emergency powers and had the authority to dismiss the entire Indian administrations. This
was opposed by the Indians who felt that they had been given little authority to govern / control their
local areas.

A system of diarchy was introduced at central level in which the Governor – General had special powers
in reserved subjects like foreign affairs and defence which was opposed by the Indians as they realized
that the British were in tight control of Indian administration and their demand of self – rule was not
fulfilled.
Q: Was the Government of India Act of 1935 the most important event between 1935 –
1938 which helped to develop the Pakistani movement? Explani your answer. [14]
• Nehru report of 1928 (3 points)
• Jinnah tried to amend Nehru report (1 point)
• Jinnah's 14 points (1 point )
• Salt March (1 point)
• Iqbal's Allahabad Address (3 points only)
• Round Table Conferences (3 points)
• Government of India Act (3 points)
+ many more

Q: Why was Chaudri Rehmat Ali important to the Pakistani Movement?

Chaudri Rehmat Ali, during his studies in England in 1930's, attended conferences in London to
investigate the status of Hindu and Muslims. He rejected the suggestions of the Muslim representatives
and gave his idea for a separate Muslim homeland for the Indian – Muslims. He therefore strengthened
the Two – Nation Theory of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan which later became the base of the Pakistani
Movement.
In Chaudri Rehmat Ali pamphlet, 'Now or Never', he not only inspired the Indian Muslims to strive for a
separate homeland but also gave a solid goal to them by proposing the name of this separate homeland to
be Pakistan. Therefore, he is known to be the base of the Pakistani Movement as he directed Muslims
towards partition.

He also inspired future Muslim leaders through his work which led to the base of the Lahore Resolution
to be made through his struggle. He therefore convinced the Muslim League and other Muslim leaders to
pave way for the Pakistani Movement which can be shown by the fact that the Lahore Resolution was
later renamed to Pakistan Resolution.

Q: “Allama Iqbal was more important to the Pakistani Movement than Chaudri Rehmat
Ali.” Do you agree / disagree? Explain your answer.
L3 – Allama Iqbal
L4 – Chaudri Rehmat Ali

Q: Why was the Muslim League unsuccessful in the elections of 1937?

It was the first major election being contested by the Muslim League. However, it lacked proper
planning. Due to this, ti could not convey its message effectively to the common Muslims which led to the
failure of it as it lacked to attract voters.

Secondly, it had an 'image' problem as its leaders were seen as aristocrats and landlord whereas many
Muslims at the time were mostly poor and illiterate. Therefore, the common Muslims believed that the
leaders of the Muslim League would not be able to understand their issues which led to its failure as it
lacked votes.

The aim of Congress and Muslim League was shared by both of them I.e self – rule in these elections. The
common Muslims voted for Congress in these as they believed that Congress was a larger and better
political party and that it would be more likely to achieve this aim as compared to Muslim League which
led to its failure as the common Muslims were reluctant to vote for the Muslim League.

Q: Why was the Congress Rule so hated by the Muslims of India?

Bande Matram, a nationalist Hindu song, was made unofficially the anthem by Congress. This was seen
as an insult to the Muslims as they knew that the verses of this song contained degrading remarks of the
Indian – Muslims which led to them hating the Congress rule as Muslims were forced to sing this song
before the start of any business and as it was against their religion.

Warda Scheme was introduced in which children were expected to bow before the picture of Gandhi in
their school. This caused fear in the Indian- Muslims as they thought that the Hindus were forcibly trying
to convert their religion to Hinduism which led to them extremely hating the Congress Rule.

Hindi was made the official language of India replacing Urdu, which was too important for the culture of
Muslims which eld to them hating the Congress Rule as they thought that their identity in India was now
at stake.

Muslims were forbidden to eat beef and were treated harshly by the Hindus when they slaughtered
cows as it is a holy animal in their religion. Therefore, Muslims hated the Congress rule as they felt
suffocation in such a rule.

Azaan was banned and noisy processions were arranged by Hindus outside mosques at the time of
prayers. This angered Muslims who resented the Congress Rule as they believed that Congress did not
protect their religious rights.
 Furthermore, pigs were pushed into mosques by the extremist Hindus which increased
hatred for the Congress Rule as pig is considered unclean in Islam and so Muslims felt religiously
insulted.

There were anti – Muslim riots and Muslim lives and properties were targeted by the Hindus. However,
when Muslims complained to Congress's authority, they were usually not given justice which made
them hate the Congress Rule as they felt that it was just a Hindu rule.

Wisya Mandar Scheme was introduced where students were taught about Hindu heroes and the
teaching was conducted in temples. This increased hatred for the Congress as Muslims thought that
their children were made inclined towards Hinduism.

Q: Was Bande Matram the most important reason why Muslims hated the Congress rule
of 1937 – 1939? Explain your answer.
- 7 reasons for hatred

Q: Why was the 'Day of Deliverance' observed in 1939?

Bande Matram, a nationalist Hindu song, was made unofficially the anthem by Congress. This was seen
as an insult to the Muslims as they knew that the verses of this song contained degrading remarks of the
Indian – Muslims. They were forced to sing this song before the start of any business. Therefore, the Day
of Deliverance was observed in order to criticize the rules put forward by Congress.

Warda Scheme was introduced in which children were expected to bow before the picture of Gandhi in
their school. This caused fear in the Indian- Muslims as they thought that the Hindus were forcibly trying
to convert their religion to Hinduism which led to the observance of the Day of Deliverance in order to
criticize Congress of imposing such an anti – Muslim policy.

Azaan was banned and noisy processions were arranged by the Hindus outside mosques at the time of
prayer. This angered / offended Muslims through which the Day of Deliverance was observed as
Muslims believed that Congress did not respect their religious rights.

Q: Why was Lahore Resolution of 1940 passed?

The Congress rule of 1937 – 39 was tyrannical for the Indian Muslims where their cultural rights were
suppressed. This forced the Indian Muslims to believe that their rights would not be protected in India
due to Hindu domination. Therefore the Muslim League passed the Lahore resolution to get a separate
Muslim homeland to avoid Hindu domination.

Allama Iqbal and Chaudry Rehmat Ali gave an idea of a separate Muslim homeland in the early 1930's but
Jinnah firstly was reluctant as he believed that Muslims would be better in united India. However, after
Congress rule, Jinnah came to realize that their idea was correct. Thus, he passed the Lahore Resolution
to put the ideas of the previous Muslims into action.
The Muslim were the first class citizens till 1857. However, after the British invasion, Muslim prestige
started to decline. When the British introduced democracies in India, the Muslims realized that their
prestige would not be regained due to Hindu majority. Thus, they passed the Lahore Resolution to
regain their past prestige.

Q: Why was the Cripps Mission unsuccessful?

Cripps mission stated that dominion status would be given to India after the second World War.
However, Congress wanted immediate control of the affairs. Thus, due to the rejection of Congress,
which was the largest political party of India, the Cripps Mission failed.

Secondly, Jinnah also rejected these proposals because it contained no reference to the creation of
Pakistan. As he had been working for its creation since the Lahore Resolution pf 1940 and was not ready
to accept any less than that. Thus, the Cripps mission failed as he was one of the main leaders of India.

Thirdly, the Cripps mission stated that the individual provinces would be allowed to 'opt out' by the
Future Union. This was seen by the Congress as as step towards the creation of Pakistan. Hence,
Congress rejected it as it did not want to divide mother India.

Q: Why was the Cripps mission important for the creation of Pakistan?

The Cripps mission proposed that the individual provinces would be allowed to 'opt out' of the Future
Union. This meant that the Muslim majority areas could declare their own independence which
encouraged Jinnah to continue with his Pakistani Movement as the British 'silently' accepted his
demand for Pakistan.

Secondly, Congress rejected the Cripps mission as they wanted immediate transfer of power. This
alarmed Jinnah who realized that if that happened, they would be immediately dominated by India.
Therefore, he sped up his efforts for the creation of Pakistan and consequently achieved it before the
departure of the British.

Although there was an option of 'opt out' for the individual provinces, still Jinnah rejected the Cripps
Mission as he wanted clear Pakistan. This made it clear upon the Hindus and British that Jinnah was too
determined in his arm of separate homeland and would not accept less than that which further
strengthened the Pakistani Movement.

Q: Why ws the Quit India Campaign launched?

From the Cripps Mission, Congress realized that the British were too weak in the 2nd World War.
Therefore, they decided to exploit the British. Thus, they launched the Quit India Campaign to oust the
British by pressurizing them.

Congress was aware that the Japanese, who were the rulers of the Britain in the World War, were too
close to Indian border and they could attack India at any time. So, the Indians started the Quit India
Campaign to oust the British in order to protect them from Japanese invasion.

From the Cripps Mission, Congress realized that the British were considerate towards Muslims
demand of Pakistan on the Cripps proposal included the provision of 'opt out' for the provinces. As
Congress was against any kind of partition of the subcontinent, hence they launched the Quit India
Campaign to stop the creation of Pakistan by getting control of India's administration after ousting the
British.

Q: Why was the Quit India movement unsuccessful?

When Congress started the Quit India Movement against the British, they reacted harshly and
imprisoned its main leaders like Nehru and Gandhi. This led to the failure of the movement as there was
no efficient leader to guide the movement.
The British made use of aerial bombing and machine guns. Due to this, thousands of Indians died; which
led to the failure of the movement as its support declined rapidly.

Muslim League did not support the movement as Jinnah believed that Congress was not only trying to
oust the British, but also to prevent the creation of Pakistan. Therefore, the Quit India Campaign failed
as Muslim League was the second largest political party of India that was reluctant to aid it.

Q: How was the Quit India Movement important for the creation of Pakistan?

Jinnah called this movement as 'black mail' because he believed that Congress was trying to exploit the
poor conditions of the British. In this way, he earned the support of the British not only for his party but
also for his aim of Pakistan.

The British, in reaction to the Quit India Movement, reacted towards Gandhi and Nehru by arresting
them. The British also banned Congress. This provided the Muslim League a good opportunity to spread
their message of Pakistan to the locals without any hurdles from their rivals I.e Congress. Thus, the
support of the Pakistani Movement increased as now more Muslims came to know about the aim of the
Muslim League.
Congress started the Quit India Movement to oust the British and exercise their anti – Muslim policies;
this alarmed Jinnah and he sped his effort up to create Pakistan as he was aware that after the departure
of the British, Hindus would never allow him to do so. It was due to this effort that eventually Pakistan
came into being before the withdrawal of the British.

Q: Why were the Gandhi – Jinnah talks unsuccessful?

Gandhi suggested that out of the six provinces demanded by the Muslim League for Pakistan, three were
fully Muslim majority areas, so could be directly added to Pakistan, whereas the other three (Punjab,
Bengal, Assam) were partially Muslims so they could be included in Pakistan after their communal
division. This was rejected by Jinnah and the talks failed as he believed that such a Pakistan would be
economically handicap.

Gandhi proposed to Jinnah that until the departure of the British, Congress and Muslim League should
first work for general independence and after their departure, Congress would grant them full
independence. However, Jinnah rejected this proposal as he knew that independence would still not be
given by Congress even after the departure of the British which led to the talks being a failure mainly due
to the rejection of Jinnah.

Moreover, Gandhi wanted the central government to have control over key areas such as defence and
foreign policy. However, Jinnah wanted these matters to be in the hands of the provinces as he believed
in full provincial autonomy which led to the failure of these talks due to the opposite views of these
leaders.

Gandhi refused to accept the Two – Nation Theory as he believed that all Indians are one nation,
whereas Jinnah refused to accept his view as he had been working since 1940 on the creation of Pakistan
on the bases of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's theory which led to a complete deadlock being formed due to their
opposite views resulting in the failure of these talks.

Q: Why were the Gandhi – Jinnah talks important for the creation of Pakistan?

Gandhi suggested that out of the six provinces demanded by the Muslim League for Pakistan, three were
fully Muslim majority areas, so could be directly added to Pakistan, whereas the other three (Punjab,
Bengal, Assam) were partially Muslims so they could be included in Pakistan after their communal
division. Although Jinnah rejected this, but Gandhi for the first time indirectly accepted the proposal on
Jinnah's mission for a separate Muslim homeland.

Gandhi proposed to Jinnah that until the departure of the British, Congress and Muslim League should
first work for general independence and after their departure, Congress would grant them full
independence. However, Jinnah rejected this proposal as he knew that independence would still not be
given by Congress even after the departure of the British. This shows his far – sightedness as if he had
accepted this proposal, there may have been no Pakistan in the end, so his vision secured partition.

Jinnah handled these talks intelligently and did not compromise on Muslim rights due to which his
position improved within Muslims and they gave their full support in the creation of Pakistan as they
now believed in his honesty.
Q: How successful were the Gandhi – Jinnah talks? Explain your answer. [14]
L3 – Success
L4 – Failure
Join both L3 and L4 for time saving

Q: Why was the Simla Conference unsuccessful?

Congress wanted to nominate at least 1 Muslim member in the proposed Executive Council as they felt
that they represented Muslims too. This was rejected by Jinnah as he wanted all 5 Muslim members to be
part of the council as they were the undisputed voice of Muslims. Therefore, due to this complete
deadlock between the two political parities, the conference failed.

Although there were equal number of seats in the council, Jinnah still rejected this as it contained Low
Caste and Sikh members who would take the side of the Hindus and the rights of Muslims would be
compromised. This view was rejected by Congress and the Viceroy and due to this lack of compromise
between the two parties, this conference failed.

Q: Why was the Simla Conference important for the creation of Pakistan?

Although the conference failed due to the deadlock of the distribution of Muslim seats in the council by
Congress and Muslim League, the Viceroy realized that these two communities had complete opposite
views and could not live unitedly and considered a partition to be soon be implemented which in a way
was a step towards the creation of Pakistan.
Jinnah handled these negotiations in the Simla Conference intelligently without compromising on
Muslim rights due to which his position improved within the Muslim community who gave him full
support for the creation of Pakistan which is evident from the elections of 1945 – 46.

Q: “During the Second World War (1935 – 1945) negotiations aimed at independence
achieved nothing.” Do you agree / disagree? Explain your answer. [14]
Successes and failures of :-
• Cripps Mission (1942)
• Gandhi Jinnah talks (1944)
• Simla Conference (1945)

Q: Why was the Muslim League so successful in the elections of 1945 – 46?

Muslim League learned from its defeat in the elections of 1937 and this time improved its planning and
organization due to which it campaigned more effectively and won the elections as more Muslims knew
what the league stood for.

The Congress rule of 1937 – 39 was tyrannical for the Muslims as their cultural and religious rights were
overlooked by Hindus. It is because of this Muslims considered to vote for the Muslim League rather
than Congress as they promised to protect their rights.

Muslim League contested these elections with the manifest of Pakistan and was successful as common
Muslims also wanted a separate homeland for themselves to escape Hindu domination.

Jinnah worked very hard to improve the image of Muslims in 1940's as he did not compromise on Muslim
rights which can be seen by his negotiations in Simla Conference and Gandhi – Jinnah talks, due to which
his position improved through which Muslims voted for the Muslim League in the 1945 – 46 elections due
to his leadership qualities.

Q: Why were the elections of 1945 – 46 important for the creation of Pakistan?...

Muslims voted for Muslim League to get Pakistan in these elections whereas Hindus voted for Congress
to have their united India. These opposite views made the British realize that some level of partition was
needed in order for the peaceful existence of the two communities in this region which strengthened the
Pakistani Movement.

In these elections, Muslim League won almost all the seats in the council of central and provincial
assembly. They were now in a strong position to pressurize the Hindus and the British to accept their
demand of Pakistan as this had now became a democratic one.

Q: Why was the Cabinent Mission unsuccessful?

When the Cabinent Mission came to India to negotiate between Congress and Muslim League found
that there was little to no common ground between the two parties. Congress wanted united India
while the Muslim League wanted Pakistan. Therefore, the mission failed as it was not able to bridge the
gap between the two major political parties of the subcontinent.

The Cabinent Mission proposed to form an All – Indian Commission to decide whether to have 2 states
or only one after the withdrawal of the British. This was rejected by both Congress and Muslim League.
Congress feared that the commission would agree on partition and Muslim League feared that it would
agree on united India. Therefore, the mission failed as it was not able to convince the two main political
parties of the subcontinent.

When the Cabinent Mission announced its final plan to divide India into 3 parts: Western Muslim
provinces, Hindu majority territories and Bengal and Assam, Jinnah accepted it as he could see that the
rights of Muslims could be protected. However, Nehru stated that after the departure of the British its
party would not be bound by this plan. Jinnah then dropped this plan as the feared Hindu domination
leading to the failure of the mission.

Q: Why was the Cabinent Mission important for the creation of Pakistan?

When the Cabinent mission came to India to negotiate between Congress and Muslim League, it found
that there was little to no common ground between the two political parties. Congress wanted united
India while the Muslim League wanted Pakistan. Therefore, this mission was a step towards the
creation of Pakistan as British figured that these two communities could not live together and so a
partition would be necessary.

When the Cabinent Mission announced its final plan to divide India into 3 provinces, Jinnah accepted
this idea as Muslims would be given full provincial autonomy. However, Nehru stated that after the
departure of the British, its party would not be bound by this plan. Jinnah dropped this plan as he feared
Hindu domination and sped up his efforts in the creation of Pakistan in the presence of the British. This is
further confirmed by Molana Azaad, former president of Congress, that it was the statement of Nehru
which changed the course of history. He meant to say that it was the response of Nehru to the Cabinet
mission which forced Jinnah to form Pakistan.

Q: Why was the Direct Action Day observed?...

Jinnah feared after the Cabinent Mission, the British might withdraw without partition. Since he feared
Hindu domination, he therefore asked the Indian Muslims to observe the Direct Action Day to show
their strength and feelings for Pakistan so that both Hindus and the British could be pressurized for
partition.

Q: Why was the Direct Action Day importance for the creation of Pakistan?

When Muslims observed the Direct Action Day wholeheartedly to show their strength and feelings for
Pakistan, Jinnah successfully convinced the Muslims to pressurize the British and the Hindus to accept
partition which they were forced to accept and thus strengthened the Pakistan Movement.

Although Muslims demonstrated this day peacefully, there were many Hindu – Muslim conflicts
happening in Calcutta in which about 4000 Indians were killed. On seeing this, the British realized that
these two communities could not live peacefully and therefore a partition would be necessary which
was a step towards the creation of Pakistan.

Q: Why was the 3rd June Plan important for the creation of Pakistan?...

When Jinnah negotiated with the new Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, he convinced him that a partition
was important. So in the 3rd June Plan is important as the British now officially accepted the demand of
partition.

Q: Was the Direct Action Day the most important event in 1940's which helped in the
formation of Pakistan? - max marks

Q: Was Jinnah's response to the Cripps Mission his most important contribution to the
Pakistani Movement? Explain your answer. [14]

Q: How important was Jinnah to the Pakistani movement? Explain your answer. [14]
• Jinnah vs Iqbal and / or Chaudry Rehmat Ali
• Jinnah
• Iqbal / Chaudry Rehmat Ali