World Literature B.
Imagery
Midterm Examination
educāre
Reviewer
POETRY
• a patterned form of verbal or written
expression of ideas in concentrated,
imaginative, and rhythmical terms that
often contain the elements of sense,
sound, and structure.
• regarded as the oldest literary form.
• has implied meaning/s which is/are
evoked in the carefully selected words.
• is often considered the most difficult and
most sophisticated of all literary genres.
• One of its distinct characteristics is that
it is briefly written but it suggests many
connotations.
• As compared to other literary forms, it is
more musical.
Human Brain
• Left Brain: Logic and Reality
• Right Brain: Creativity and Emotions
SENSE OF POEM
• is revealed through the meaning of words,
images and symbols.
A. Denotation and Connotation
1. Denotation is the dictionary meaning
of a word.
2. Connotation is the suggested or
implied meanings associated with a
word beyond its dictionary definition.
Other Examples:
1. dog - suggests shamelessness
2. dove - suggests peace of gentility
3. home - suggests family, comfort, and
security
4. politician - suggest negative connotation of
insincerity
5. pushy - suggests that someone is loud-
mouthed and irritating
6. Mom and Dad - when used instead of
“mother and father” suggest loving parents
1. She recognized the lovely aroma of her
mother's cooking.
2. Vegetables are inexpensive.
3. I stopped for brunch at a diner situated in
the bay area.
4. In a stealthy, and quiet way, Bob entered
into his lawyer's chambers.
5. Sara forgot her sweater at home and is cold
during her walk.
• use of sensory details or descriptions
that appeal to one or more of the five
senses; otherwise known as senses
of the mind.
• using words to create a picture in the
reader’s mind.
.
C. Figurative Language
• language used for descriptive effect
in order to convey ideas or emotions
which are not literally true but
express some truth beyond the literal
level.
Figures of Speech
• is a kind of figurative language that
uses words, phrases, and sentences
in a non-literal definition but rather
gives meanings in abstractions.
Types of Figure of Speech
1. Allusion is a reference in a work of
literature to a character, a place, or a
situation from history, literature, Bible,
mythology, scientific event, character or
place.
• Examples:
• I violated the Noah rule: predicting
rain doesn’t count; building arks
does.
• The girl’s love of sweets was her
Achilles heel.
2. Apostrophe is an address to an inanimate
object, an idea, or a person who is
absent/long dead.
• Example:
• Where, O death thy victory?
• Then come, sweet death, and rid me
of this grief.
3. Metonymy is the use of one word to stand
for a related term or replacement of word
that relates to the thing or person to be
named for the name itself.
• Example:
• We have always remained loyal to
the crown.
• The pen is mightier than the sword.
4. Synecdoche is the naming of parts to
suggest the whole.
• Example:
• Respect is due for snowy hair.
• Life they lived is beyond compare.
5. Simile is a comparison between two usually
unrelated things using the word “like” or
“as.”
• is achieved through repetition.
6. Metaphor is an implied comparison
between two usually unrelated things.
7. Onomatopoeia is the use of words that
spell out sounds; words that sound like
what they mean.
8. Personification is giving human
characteristics to inanimate objects, ideas,
or animals.
9. Hyperbole is an exaggeration for the sake
of emphasis.
10. Litotes is a deliberate sarcasm used to
affirm by negating its opposite.
• Example:
• The ice cream was not too bad.
• They are not the happiest couple
around.
• Karlo is not an ordinary boy.
11. Antithesis is a disparity of words or ideas,
presentation of natural opposites in a
balanced or parallel construction.
• Example:
• Love is an ideal thing, marriage a
real thing.
• It was the best of times, it was the
worst of times.
• Many are called, but few are chosen.
• Man proposes, God disposes
12. Irony is a contrast or discrepancy between
appearance and reality; opposite of what
you mean.
• Examples:
• A pilot has a fear of heights.
• The police station was robbed
13. Oxymoron is putting together two opposite
ideas in one phrase or statement.
• Examples:
• I am busy doing nothing.
• Modern dancing is so old fashioned
14. Paradox is a phrase or statement that
seems to be impossible or contradictory but
is nevertheless true, literally or figuratively.
• Examples:
• This is the beginning of the end.
• Deep down, he’s really shallow.
• This shows the absolute necessity of
what has no use.
SOUND OF A POEM
1. Tone Color
A. Repetition of Single Sounds
1. Alliteration is the repetition of similar
and accented sounds at the beginning of
words.
• To the lay-person, these are called
“tongue-twisters.”
• Example: How much dew would a
dewdrop drop if a dewdrop did drop
dew?
2. Assonance is the repetition of similar
accented vowel sounds.
• Example: Thou still unravished bride
of quietness, thou foster child of
silence and slow time.
3. Consonance is the repetition of similar
consonant sound typically within or at the
end of words.
• Example: “Out of this house”- said
rider to reader
• “Yours never will”- said farer to
fearer
• “They’re looking for you”- said hearer
to horror
4. Rhyme is the repetition of the same
stressed vowel sounds and any
succeeding sounds in two or more
words.
• Internal Rhyme is the rhyme within
the line.
• Terminal Rhyme is the rhyme found
at the end of the line, also called
“end” or “tail” rhyme.
5. Rhyme Scheme is the pattern of rhyme
form that ends a stanza or a poem. It is
designated by the assignment of a
different letter of the alphabet to each
new rhyme.
• Example:
• Bid me to weep, and I will weep A
• While I have eyes to see B
• And having none, yet I will keep A
• A heart to weep for thee B
• Bid me to weep, and I will weep A
• While I have eyes to see B
• And having none, yet I will keep A
• A heart to weep for thee B
B. Repetition of Words
• Example: My dreams are dreams of
thee, fair maid.
C. Repetition of Sentence or Phrase
• Example:
• I dream that one day our voices will
be heard
• I dream that one day our hope
becomes worth
2. Rhythm
• the pattern of beats created by the
arrangement of stressed and unstressed
syllables, which gives musical quality and
adds emphasis to certain words and thus
helps convey the meaning of the poem.
• The effect is derived from the sounds
employed, the varying pitches, stresses,
volumes, and durations.
• When reading a poem out loud, you may
notice a sort of “sing-song” quality to it, just
like in nursery rhymes. This is
accomplished by the use of rhythm.
• Rhythm is broken into seven types:
U: unstressed syllable
/: stressed syllable
1. Most-used:
a. Iambic: U /
b. Anapestic: U U /
c. Trochaic: / U
d. Dactylic: / U U
2. Less Common:
a. Monosyllabic
b. Spondaic
c. Accentual
A. Meter
• the regular recurrence of stressed
and unstressed syllables that give a
line of poetry a more or less
predictable rhythm.
• Its unit of measure is termed as
“foot” which usually contains an
accented syllable and one or two
unaccented syllables.
• Foot is the basic unit of meter
consisting of a group of two or three
syllables.
• Scansion is the process of
determining the prevailing foot in a
line of poetry, identifying the types
and sequence of different feet.
• It is also the process of measuring
verse; that is, marking accented and
unaccented syllables, dividing the
lines into feet, identifying the metrical
pattern and noting significant
variations from the pattern.
• Each set of syllables is one foot, and
each line is measured by how many
feet are in it. The length of the line of
poetry is then labeled according to
how many feet are in it.
Types of Poetry
1. Narrative Poem is a poem that tells a story.
2. Lyric Poem is descriptive or expository in
nature where the poet is concerned mainly with
presenting a scene in words, conveying
sensory richness of his subject of the revelation
of ideas or emotions.
• ODE – expresses appreciation towards
something or someone
• SONNET – has 14 lines
• HAIKU – originated from Japan, 5-7-5
syllables per line, it has 3 lines, common
theme is about nature
• PSALMS – worship / reverence to God
• BALLAD – song-like poem that tells a
story about adventure or romance
• PASTORAL – celebration of a simple
life of shepherds or farmers
3. Dramatic Poem is a poem where a story is
told through the verse dialogue of the
characters and a narrator.
TERMS TO REMEMBER:
PERSONA (VOICE) – it is the one talking in
the poem
THEME (INSIGHT) – there is something about
life in genera that is presented
MOOD – general atmosphere or the feelings
evoked on the reader
TONE – general attitude of the writer
RHYME / RHYTHM – measurements, rhyming
of words
DICTION – choice of words
EPIGRAM – it is a rhyming poem but it talks
about satires (satirical)
1. ON GIVING – Khalil Gibran 3. THE LAST TO LEAVE – Leon
Kinds of Givers / Giving: Gellert
• Giving yourself that you truly give
A LAST TO LEAVE
• Those who give for recognition makes
by Leon Gellert
their gifts unwholesome vales valley
• Those who have little but give it all rills stream
• Those who give with joy, and that joy is wistful longing for someone
their reward minstrels entertainers
• Those who give with pain and pain is valiant courage
vales valley
their baptism
rills stream
• Those who give and know not pain in
giving, nor do they seek joy, nor give
with mindfulness of virtue 4. ODE TO MY SOCKS – Pablo
Neruda (Neftali Ricardo Reyes
Basoalto)
ON GIVING
by Kahlil Gibran Person who gave the socks: MARA MORI
WORD MEANING Moral: “Beauty is twice beauty, what is
prudent discipline
good is doubly good”
unquenchable not satisfied
bounty a reward
baptism a Christian sacrament ODE TO MY SOCKS
myrtle a shrub by Pablo Neruda
aught anything decrepit old
perish to destroy remorse guilt
rend to remove from place ode a poem used to express
unabashed not destroyed appreciation
coffer chest twilight dusk
yonder far distance decrepit old
prudent discipline remorse guilt
unquenchable not satisfied

ESSAY
2. A PSALM OF LIFE – Henry - French word ESSAI
Wadsworth Longfellow - French infinitive essayer “to try or test” or
“to attempt”
A PSALM OF LIFE
by H. W. Longfellow - a prose composition of moderate length
mournful grieving devoted to a single topic from a limited point
slumber sleep of view.
earnest important
fleeting flowing - explains a provisional exploration or
muffle control appraisal of a subject and likewise gives
bivouac camp details, point of view, or anything that can
strife conflict be said on a topic.
sublime grand
- its PURPOSE is to explain or elucidate a
forlorn miserable
thought, a theory, an inkling, or a
mournful grieving
standpoint.
- serves as an ideal means for
transforming human conditions as
evoked in its content.
- Because of its flexibility and brevity, it
brings an attempt for reformation as
exemplified by the personal expression of
thoughts and experiences of the writer.
ELEMENTS OF ESSAY
1. IDEA (theme)
- general proposition of thesis that the
essay argues about its topic whether it
is spelled out fully at the start or
revealed gradually.
- should be true but arguable, limited in
scope, and with available evidence.
2. MOTIVE (purpose)
- reason or purpose for writing an essay.
- to inform or instruct, to entertain, to
persuade, to expose, to inspire
- suggested at the start of the essay and
echoed throughout
- establishes why one has thought of the
topic that needed taking up
- why the reader should care
3. STRUCTURE (organization)
- arrangement of ideas, sequence of sub-
topics through which the ideas are
developed.
- convinces the reader
- explores the topic
- forms the shape of the ideas
- sequence of sub-topics and sections
through which ideas are unfolded and
developed
- takes place by the complimentary
activities of convincing the reader and
exploring the topic
4. EVIDENCE (support)
- facts or details used to support,
demonstrate, and prove the main idea
and sub ideas.
- should be ample, concrete, and
explicitly connected to the idea.
5. EXPLANATIONS
- bits of background information, summary,
context to orient the reader/s who are not
familiar with the text being discussed.
- precise locating of comment, telling who is
speaking, in what context
- includes essential plot information, precise
locating of scene or comment, setting up a
quotation, telling who's speaking, in what
context, and what the reader should be
listening for in it
6. COHERENCE
- smooth flow of argument by using
transitional words to show how the next
sentence or paragraph follows from the
preceding one.
- sustaining momentum, echoing key words
or resonant phrases quoted or stated earlier
7. IMPLICATION
- the general significance of the essay or
insight that can be obtained from the essay.
- places speculation on the general
significance of the particular analysis of a
particular txt
- one suggests of argumentation raised about
the author's work or generally about works
of its kind, or about the way fiction or
criticism works
8. PRESENCE
- writer’s style pointing out the sensation of
life in writing
- not surrendering control to easy ideas or
stock phrases
- a mind invested in and focused on a subject
- freely directing and developing the essay
- not surrendering control to easy ideas,
sentiments or stock phrases
GENERAL TYPES OF ESSAY
1. STRICT OR IMPERSONAL
- deals with serious topics that are
authoritative and scholarly in treatment.
- characterized as something detached,
objective, and straightforward.
2. CASUAL OR FAMILIAR
- deals with light and ordinary topics in a
language that is bubbling,
conversational, often humorous
- appeals more to the emotion than the
intellect.
- sensitivity first then the mind
- author's personality as the main source
as revealed in the style and treatment
of the subject
BASIC PARTS OF ESSAY
1. INTRODUCTION
- relates to the main idea/thesis.
2. MAIN BODY
- presents the discussion and illustration of
the main ideas raised.
3. CONCLUSION
- presents the generalization or insight of the
essay.
MAJOR PATTERNS OF ESSAY
1. INDUCTIVE PATTERN
- presents ideas from specific points leading
to a general principle or thesis
2. DEDUCTIVE PATTERN
- develops ideas from general hypothesis to
a particular or specified proof that lead to a
definite ending or conclusion

1. THOUGHTS (Excerpts from

Pensees) – Blaise Pascal
*read selection*

2. THE ANALECTS (Lun Yu or

Sayings) – Confucius
*read selection*

3. FRIENDSHIP – Ralph Waldo

Emerson
Two Elements of Friendship
1. TRUTH
2. TENDERNESS

FRIENDSHIP
by Ralph Waldo Emerson
WORD MEANING
daintily pleasurable
folly Lack of judgment
sallies outburst
trances daydreaming
embellish decorate
lucre money
perfumed the rich
frivolous foolish
reiterated repeated
drudgery Dull work (menial)

“Without struggle there is no

progress.”

_____________, LPT 2022