BPED 101 prefinal
Facility of expression – makes the
Chapter 8: Expression
A. LANGUAGE
• Vehicle of expression that consists of
words
• Means we use in transporting ideas
from person to person
• At times, less than perfect as a medium
of expression, and the imperfection is
great or small according to the linguistic
proficiency of each individual.
• Speaker’s vocabulary must as much as
possible be that used for ordinary
conversation.
• Avoid literary words. Ex: cease instead
of stop
• Use more commonly used words
• Explain technical or unfamiliar terms
• Avoid slang words in formal occasions.
• Avoid pet words.
B. STYLE
• Manner of using words
• Involves the use of simple words but so
arranged that they possess power and
beauty
3 Qualities of a Good Style
1.
speech flow and which requires a working
command of the language
2. Clarity – makes the speech easy to
comprehend and which exacts the use of
simple and readily understandable words;
and
3. Rigor – gives life to the speech and which
necessitates the use of colorful words.
Color in Speech
A speaker’s ideas must draw attention.
His words must have vigor.
His delivery must be enthusiastic.
Language must be alive.
Speaker should exert effort to achieve
variety in language.
1. Connotative Words
• Words that suggest qualities or attributes.
• Use them on occasion.
• Cheat, liar, dog, home
2. Words as Sounds
• Useful words are with sound images.
• The sound reinforces sense.
• Clanking, crash, bang, purr, murmur,
hush
3. Alliteration
• Repetition of the initial sound of words.
• Sounds good to the ear.
• Sad and solemn sea, perils of progress,
bullets or ballots, with might and main,
clash between cash and conscience
4. Parallel Constructions
• Expressions that are similar in content
and function should be similar in form
• Facilitate the listener’s digestion of the
thoughts and the rhythm is good to
hear
• Like father, like son; easy come, easy
go;
• I came, I saw, I conquered.
5. Antithetic Sentences
• Sentences that contain contrasted parts
• Patrick Henry’s “Give me liberty or give
me death”
• John Kennedy’s “Ask not what your
country can do for you; ask what you
can do for your country.”
• Not a counsellor of deceit, but a
champion of justice
6. Imagery
• Use words that relate to experience and
arouse sense imagery
• Visual – “Black were her eyes…”
• Auditory – “Loud from its rocky
caverns…”
• Gustatory – “…rich with foods and
fruits…”
• Olfactory – “…filled the air with its
odor…”
• Tactual – “…to kiss the hand…”
• Kinaesthetic – “…fluttering and dancing
in the breeze…”
Figures of Speech
• Various rhetorical devices that are
employed in expressions that deviate
from the ordinary or literal mode of
speech for the sake of beauty or
effectiveness of style.
• They inject vigor and color into our
language
1. Simile
• Direct comparison of two things of
unlike nature, introduced by like, as, or
any other comparative term.
• Juan fought like a tiger in the fight.
• His will is firm as iron.
2. Metaphor
• Implied comparison of two essentially
dissimilar things.
• Juan was a tiger in the fight.
• He has an iron will.
3. Personification
• Endowment of an inanimate object or
abstract ideas with human qualities or
attributes
• The breeze whispered softly through the
trees.
• The angry waves rose above our boat.
4. Metonymy
• Use of a thing for another associated
with it.
• The power of the pulpit
• The majesty of the bar.
• LEND ME YOUR EAR.
5. Synecdoche
• Use of a more comprehensive for a less
comprehensive term or vice versa
• Two heads are better than one.
• He hired three hands for his farm.
• We listened to that great mind.
6. Apostrophe
• Direct address to a person who is
present, absent, or dead or to a
personified thing or idea.
• Oh God!
• Oh noble Rizal! We need thee at this
hour.
• Oh Peace! Where art thou?
7. Hyperbole
• Deliberate exaggeration or
overstatement made for effect
• He was bored to death.
• We saw the waves rising and kissing the
skies.
• He was swifter than lightning.
8. Litotes
• Deliberate understatement in which an
affirmative is expressed by the negation
of its opposite.
• Not a few people attended her wedding
party.
• He is a writer of no mean ability.
• She was not seldom cited for her works
of charity.
9. Irony
• Saying the opposite of what is meant in
derisive tone.
• How thoughtful you are to remind me of
my failure!
• If you do not study your lessons, you
will receive a wonderful present from
me.
The Question of a Good Title
• Title of the speech is something that
need not be defined but it must be
emphasized that it is not the topic of
the speech. It normally suggests the
topic. • “My address this evening is a discussion
• To attract attention, arouse interest, of youth and student power in our
and give an insight into what is to national life.”
come.
2. Significance of the Occasion
Qualities of a Good Title
• “…knowing as I do that this ceremony
1. Brevity we are holding tonight is not just
• Worded in the shortest possible another ritual: it is an important ritual of
manner. change, a ritual that serves as high
point in the lives of these fine young
2. Provocativeness men and women, who, by tonight’s
Must be imaginatively phrased exercises, we acknowledge to be
May use figures of speech graduating into a new age – the age of
Must be simple responsibility.”
Avoid elaborateness
3. Humorous Anecdote
3. Pertinence • Telling a funny story related to the
• Naturally be relevant to the subject of speech where the audience can get
the speech. some lessons.
• Should embody the theme of the
speech
4. Illustration
I. INTRODUCTION • Telling example situations
• Beginning of the speech
• Objective is to gain the attention of the 5. Quotation
audience • “The great use of life – William James
once said – is to spend it for something
Ways of Starting a Speech that will outlast it. Through this gem of
thought, readily can we perceive the life
1. Reference to the Subject of the man we revere today – Dr. Jose P.
Rizal.”
6. Startling Statement
• “I am here to learn from you and not
you from me. In spite of the fact that I
have been invited to speak before you
today, I am not a cooperatives expert.
My honeymoon with cooperatives began
quite recently.”
7. Complimentary Reference
• “It is always a delight for me to address
young people. Maturity and old age
have a way of dulling the sharp blade of
idealism and principle. Youth is the true,
though sometimes impulsive, custodian
of a country’s ethic. They, rather than
their elders, are apt to perceive more
clearly the issues of the day.”
8. Personal Reference
• “…..but I could not ignore the
opportunity of paying a tribute, however
modest, to a former chief, mentor and
friend, the memory of my association
with whom is one of my most cherished
treasures.”
II. BODY
• Main part of the speech; its substance
• Language is developed from the various
points marked out in the speech outline
III. CONCLUSION
• End part of the speech
• More apt to be remembered than what
you have said in the body of the speech
• Lingers in your listeners’ minds long
after you have finished the speech
• Should be definite; should indicate to
your listeners that you are at a close;
should wind up your thoughts
Techniques in Conclusion
1. Summary
• “My theme, therefore, may be
expounded thusly: It is not science
alone that will solve the problems
confronting society; nor literature and
the humanities alone nor the authority
of law alone…”
2. Appeal
• “In this task, we need you – you who
believe with us that the secret of
success in any endeavor is work – hard
work……but we can hasten the
attainment of our goals through a spirit
of unity, and willingness to do our best.”
3. Inducement
• “The basic blueprint of our economic
recovery is here. It is for you to accept.
It is for you even to reject……..we are
on our way in a great crusade… to
reach the haven of economic security
which all the world is seeking today.”
4. Quotation
• “For in the words of the poet:
Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime
And departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time.”
5. Illustration
• “In short, there are so many things that
we can do and we should do during and
after elections to participate actively in
running our government…..”
6. Personal Intention
• “My countrymen: we have reached a
turning point in our history. The choice
is yours. Shall we venture into this
brave new world, bright with
possibilities, or retreat to the safety of
our familiar but sterile past? I am for
crossing the frontier. Thank you.”
7. Prayer
• “…may Divine Providence again
produce for our guidance and salvation
men of the mettle and caliber of Jose
Abad Santos.”
Application
• Write a speech using one of the
techniques in starting and ending a
speech. Technique in introduction must
not be the same in the conclusion. Limit
your speech to 3 paragraphs only – one
for each part (intro, body, conclusion).
• Include some forms of proof, support
and humor. Add color in your speech by
using figurative language.
Topics and its Purpose
• Patronize Your Own Products (to
actuate)
• The Virtues of Saving (to actuate)
• The Unemployment Problem (to
convince)
• The Garbage Problem (to convince)
• The Responsibilities of a College
Student (to actuate)
• The Value of a College Education (to
impress)
Income Taxation (to inform)
My Fellow Students (to entertain)
Our professors (to entertain)
The Dangers of Smoking (to convince)
The Power of Love (to impress)
Alcoholism and Its Effects (to convince)

SOURCES:

Madrunio, Marilu M. (2018),

Purposive Communication:
Using English in Multilingual
Contexts

Thank you CMCian.