Index

Index terms Links

A
Absolute probability judgment, human reliability analysis 374
Accident sequence evaluation program, human reliability analysis 370
Age. See Time-in-service interval
Aggregate risk
calculations 423 434
defined 404
Aggregate risk index 435
Aircraft impact
external events analysis 383 386
external events data 473
Algorithm fault tree construction 311
Applications examples
complex/risk CPQRA 577
intermediate/frequency CPQRA 575
simple/consequence CPQRA 573
Approximation methods for fault trees 671
(See also Fault tree analysis)
applications 672
description 672
reliability parameters 672
reliability parameters selection 677
repairable or nonrepairable models 677
discussed 686
sample problems 679
technology 671
Atmospheric stability, dispersion models 112
Automatic fault tree synthesis 312
Average individual risk 417 432 604
Average rate of death 423 434 603

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Index terms Links
B
Baker's method (overpressure from ruptured sphere), physical explosion 198
Baker-Strehlow method, TNO multi-energy model 169 176
Blast effects, BLEVE and fireball 205
Blast fragments, BLEVE and fireball 213
Blast wave parameters, vapor cloud explosion (VCE) 174
BLEVE and fireball 204
application 204
computer codes 217
description 204
blast effects 205
equations 207
fragments 205
input requirements 211
logic diagram 210
output 211
radiation 207
simplifications 211
technique 204
theory 211
error identification 215
event tree analysis 327 329
example problems 211
BLEVE blast fragments 213 216
BLEVE thermal flux 211
future developments 640
philosophy 204
purpose 204
resources required 217
strengths and weaknesses 215
thermal flux from, thermal effects 271 273
utility 216
Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions. See BLEVE and fireball
Boiling pool vaporization, flash and evaporation models 106
Boolean algebra, minimal cut set analysis 663
Brasie and Simpson method, TNT equivalency model 165
Britter and McQuaid model, dense gas dispersion 150

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Index terms Links
C
Case studies. See Chlorine rail tank car loading facility case study; Distillation
column case study
Cause-consequence analysis 560
Chemical data 468
sources of 469
types of 468
Chemical process quantitative risk analysis. See CPQRA
Chemical reactivity hazards data, chemical data sources 469
Chemical scoring, screening techniques 31
Chlorine rail tank car loading facility case study 580
description 580
incident consequence estimation 587
discharge rate calculations 587
dispersion calculations 591
toxicity calculations 590
incident frequency estimation 593
incident identification, enumeration, and selection 583
overview 580
risk estimation 596
individual 596
single number measures and indices 602
societal 599
Combustion in vessel, overpressure from, confined explosions 222
Common cause failure analysis 331
applications 340
CCF coupling 336
computer codes 368
defined 335
description 341
defenses, against coupling identification 347
fault tree incorporation 350
framework overview 341
group components identification 344
model parameter estimation 355
model selection 353
Paula and Daggett method 359

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Index terms Links
Common cause failure analysis (Continued)
quantification approaches 349
error identification 368
overview 331
philosophy 334
purpose 334
resources required 368
sample problem 359
strengths and weaknesses 367
utility 368
Complementary plant-modeling techniques 330
common cause failure analysis 331
(See also Common cause failure analysis)
external events analysis 379
(See also External events analysis)
human reliability analysis 368
(See also Human reliability analysis)
Complexity, CPQRA study cube 16
Complex/risk CPQRA example 577
Component techniques, CPQRA 7 9
Compressed gas, physical explosion 194
Concentration fluctuation, dispersion plumes, future developments 637
Confidence limits, determination of, equipment reliability data 506
Confined explosions 217
applications 217
computer codes 224
description 218
input requirements 220
logic diagram 220 221
output 221
simplifications 222
technique 218
theory 220
error identification 223
example problem 222
philosophy 217
purpose 217

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Index terms Links
Confined explosions (Continued)
resources required 224
strengths and weaknesses 223
utility 224
Consequence analysis 57
chlorine rail tank car loading facility case study 587
(See also Chlorine rail tank car loading facility case study)
distillation column case study 612
(See also Distillation column case study)
effect models 244
(See also Effect models)
estimation of consequence, CPQRA component techniques 11 13
evasive actions 277
(See also Evasive actions)
explosions and fires 153
(See also Explosions and fires)
future developments 639
impact analysis and, risk calculations 426
modeling systems 283
overviews 57
reduction of consequence, CPQRA component techniques 13
source models 59
dense gas dispersion 141
(See also Dense gas dispersion)
discharge rate models 60
(See also Discharge rate models)
dispersion models See Dispersion models
flash and evaporation models 95
(See also Flash and evaporation models)
uncertainties 57
Constant failure rate models, equipment reliability data 480
Containment loss, causes of 649
Conversion factors 721
Cost-benefit studies, future developments 646
CPQRA. (See also Consequence analysis)
applications 29
existing facilities 32

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Index terms Links
CPQRA (Continued)
new projects 32
screening techniques 30
applications examples
complex/risk 577
intermediate/frequency 575
simple/consequence 573
component techniques 7 9
consequence analysis 57
current practices 36
definitions 5
incident list management 19
enumeration 20
incident selection 24
tracking 29
limitations 33
overview xxi 1
project management 38
(See also Project management)
risk analysis 2
risk assessment 2
risk management 3
scope of studies 15
goals 18 20
study cube 15
study results maintenance 50
uses of results 38
CPQRA case studies. See Chlorine rail tank car loading facility case study;
Distillation column case study
CPQRA data base. See Data base creation
CPQRA Report outline 659

D
Data base creation 457
(See also Historical incident data)
chemical data 468
sources of 469

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Index terms Links
Data base creation (Continued)
types of 468
combination procedures, generic and plant-specific data 717
data reduction techniques 709
environmental data 469
external events 473
geographic 472
meteorological 471
population 469
topographical 473
equipment reliability data 475
(See also Equipment reliability data)
historical incident data 459
sources of 459
types of 459
human reliability data 515
overview 457
process and plant data 464
ignition sources 464
plant layout and system description 464
Decision making, risk uncertainty and 448
Deflagration
confined explosions 218
defined 153
Demand-related failures, equipment reliability data 503
Dense gas dispersion 141
applications 142
computer codes 153
description 143
input requirements 148
logic diagram 146 149
output 149
simplifications 150
techniques 143
theory 146
error identification 152
example problem 150

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Index terms Links
Dense gas dispersion (Continued)
philosophy 141
purpose 141
resources required 153
strengths and weaknesses 152
utility 153
Detonation
confined explosions 219
defined 153
Discharge rate models 60
applications 62
computer codes 94
description 62
equations 65
fire exposure 80
gas discharges 71
liquid discharges 67 69
technique 62
two-phase discharge 76
error identification 94
example problems 81
gas discharge due to external fire 93
gas discharge through hole 87
gas discharge through piping 88
liquid discharge through hole 81
liquid discharge through piping 85
liquid trajectory from hole 83
two-phase flashing flow through piping 91
philosophy 61
purpose 60
resources required 94
strengths and weaknesses 93
Dispersion models 111
atmospheric stability 112
future developments 636
neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models 119
(See also Neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models)

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Index terms Links
Dispersion models (Continued)
overview 111
release elevation 117
release geometry 117
release momentum and buoyancy 118
terrain effects 117
wind speed 115
Dispersion plumes, future developments 637
Distillation column case study 605
conclusions 632
description 606
incident consequence estimation 612
incident frequency estimation 619
incident identification, enumeration, and selection 609
overview 605
risk estimation 625
individual 625
societal 631
Domino effects 525
Dose-response functions, effect models 244 248
Dust explosion, confined explosions 219

E
Earthquake. See Seismic events
Economic loss index, risk indices calculation 424
Effect models 244
dose-response functions 244
example problem 248
explosion effects 274
(See also Explosion effects)
probit functions 246
thermal effects 267
(See also Thermal effects)
toxic gas effects 250
(See also Toxic gas effects)

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Index terms Links
Electronic systems, future developments 642
(See also Programmable electronic systems; Reliability analysis of programmable
electronic systems)
Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels (EEGL), toxic gas effects 252
Enumeration, incident list management 20
Environmental data 469
external events 473
geographic 472
meteorological 471
population 469
topographical 473
Equipment reliability data 475
collection and processing of 499 501
CPQRA data set preparation 508
data requirements and accuracy 499
factors influencing 490
discussed 491
equipment age 495
failure modes, causes and severity 492
listed 490
failure rate adjustment factors 497
future developments 644
generally 475
sample problem 513
terminology 475
constant failure rate models 480
equipment failure rates 476
equipment reliability 476
failure rate models 480
nonconstant failure rate models 482
probability of failure rate 478
time-in-service interval 479
time-related, errors in assuming constant rates of 705
types and sources of 485
generic data 486 488
judgmental data 490
plant-specific data 485

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Equipment reliability data (Continued)
predicted data 487 490
Equivalent social cost 423 435 604
Evacuation failure estimation, evasive actions 282
Evaporating pool, flash and evaporation models 106
Kawamura and McKay Direct Evaporation Model 107
Evaporation, flash and evaporation models 99
Evasive actions 277
benefits of 281
computer codes 283
description 279
input requirements 280
output 280
simplifications 280
technique 279
theory 280
error identification 283
example problem 282
purpose 277
resources required 283
strengths and weaknesses 282
technology 278
utility 283
Event probability and failure frequency analysis 297
complementary plant-modeling techniques 330
(See also Complementary plant-modeling techniques)
frequency modeling techniques 304
(See also Frequency modeling techniques)
incident frequency from historical record 297
(See also Historical incident data)
Event tree analysis 322
applications 322
computer codes 330
description 322
input requirements 327
output 327
simplifications 327

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Index terms Links
Event tree analysis (Continued)
technique 322
theory 327
error identification 328 330
purpose 322
resources required 330
sample problem 327 329
strengths and weaknesses 328
technology 322
utility 330
Existing facilities, CPQRA applications 32
Expert judgment/opinion, human reliability 374 518
Explosion, defined 154
Explosion effects 274
applications 274
computer codes 277
description 274
input requirements 276
output 276
simplifications 276
technique 274
theory 275
error identification 277
example problem 276
philosophy 274
purpose 274
resources required 277
strengths and weaknesses 277
utility 277
Explosions and fires 153
BLEVE and fireball 204
(See also BLEVE and fireball)
confined explosions 217
(See also Confined explosions)
definitions 153
flash fires 180
jet fires 237

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Explosions and fires (Continued)
(See also Jet fires)
logic diagrams (explosions) 154
physical explosion 181
(See also Physical explosion)
pool fires 224
(See also Pool fires)
vapor cloud explosion (VCE) 157
(See also Vapor cloud explosion (VCE))
Exposure models, future developments 641
Exposure periods, estimation of, equipment reliability data 503
External events analysis 379
applications 380
description
input requirements 384
output 384
simplifications 384
technique 380
theory 384
environmental data 473
error identification 386
listing of events 381
purpose 379
resources required 387
sample problem 385
strengths and weaknesses 386
technology 380
utility 387

F
Facility screening, screening techniques 32
Factory Mutual Research Corporation method, TNT equivalency model 165
Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) 561
Failure mode trends, equipment reliability data 505
Failure rates 505
(See also Equipment reliability data calculation of, equipment reliability data)
CPQRA data set preparation 508

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Index terms Links
Failure rates (Continued)
equipment reliability data 476
frequency rates contrasted, equipment reliability data 478
future developments 644
models of, equipment reliability data 480
probability, equipment reliability data 478
Fanning friction factor, discharge rate models 67
Fatal accident rate 424 433 604
Fault tree analysis 304
(See also Approximation methods for fault trees)
applications 305
common cause failure analysis and 350
computer codes 321
definitions 306
description 305
algorithm fault tree construction 311
automatic fault tree synthesis 312
input requirements 314
manual fault tree construction 309
output 315
qualitative and quantitative analysis 313
simplifications 315
technique 305
theory 314
error identification 320
purpose 304
resources required 321
sample problem 315
strengths and weaknesses 320
technology 305
utility 320
Field experiments, future developments 638
Fire, gas discharge due to external, discharge rate models 93
(See also Explosions and fires; Jet fires; Pool fires)
Fireball. See BLEVE and fireball
Fire exposure, discharge rate models 80
Fixed concentration-time relationship, toxic gas effects 262

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Index terms Links
Flame height, pool fires 228
Flame tilt and drag, pool fires 229
Flammable limits, defined 154
Flash and evaporation models 95
applications 96
computer codes 111
description 97
evaporation 99
flashing 97
input requirements 104
logic diagram 104
output 105
pool spread 102
theory 104
example problems 105
boiling pool vaporization 106
evaporating pool 106
evaporating pool (Kawamura and McKay Direct Evaporation Model) 107
isenthalpic flash fraction 105
pool spread 110 111
philosophy 96
purpose 95
resources required 110
Flash fires, explosions and fires 180
Flashing, flash and evaporation models 97
Flashpoint temperature, defined 154
Flooding
external events analysis 380
external events data 473
F-N curve
individual risk contours and 438
risk importance 451
risk uncertainty 443 445 447
societal risk calculations 433
Fragment range, physical explosion 201 203
Fragments, BLEVE and fireball 205 213 216
Fragment velocity, from vessel rupture, physical explosion 199

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Frequency analysis
estimation, CPQRA component techniques 13
future developments 642
risk calculations 428
Frequency-frequency AND gate pairing, fault tree analysis 319
Frequency modeling techniques 304
event tree analysis 322
(See also Event tree analysis)
fault tree analysis 304
(See also Fault tree analysis)
Frequency reduction, CPQRA component techniques 13
Future developments 635
consequence models 639
CPQRA, reliability analysis, and cost-benefits study integration 646
frequency models 642
hazard identification 636
hazard mitigation 645
human exposure models 641
overview 635
pool and jet fires 640
source and dispersion models 636
toxic hazards 640
uncertainty management 645

G
Gas discharge
discharge rate models 71
due to external fire, discharge rate models 93
through hole, discharge rate models 87
through piping, discharge rate models 88
Generic data
equipment reliability data 486 488
plant-specific data and, combination procedures 717
Geographic data, environmental data 472
Geometric view factor, pool fires 231
GO methodology 559

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H
Hazard identification
CPQRA component techniques 9
fault tree analysis 308 316
future developments 636
Hazard mitigation, future developments 645
Hazard warning structure 550
Health & Safety Executive method, TNT equivalency model 165
Historical incident data 297
(See also Data base creation)
applications 298
computer codes 303
description 298
input requirements 301
output 301
simplifications 301
technique 298
theory 301
error identification 303
purpose 297
resources 303
sample problem 301
sources of 459
strengths and weaknesses 303
technology 298
types of 459
utility 303
Hole
gas discharge through, discharge rate models 87
liquid discharge through, discharge rate models 81
liquid trajectory from, discharge rate models 83
Hole size, discharge rate models 64
Human error
assessment and reduction technique 376
rate prediction 370
Human exposure models, future developments 641

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Human reliability analysis 368
applications 369
computer codes 379
description 369
input requirements 376
logic diagram 376
output 377
simplifications 377
technique 369
error identification 379
future developments 642
purpose 368
resources required 379
sample problem 377
technology 368
utility 379
Human reliability data
data base creation 515
expert opinion 518

I
IFAL (Instantaneous Fractional Annual Loss) analysis 550
Ignition sources, process and plant data 464
Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) concentrations, toxic gas effects 252
Impact analysis. See Consequence analysis
Incident enumeration, CPQRA component techniques 9
Incident frequency from historical record. See Historical incident data
Incident list management 19
enumeration 20
incident selection 24
tracking 29
Incident number, CPQRA study cube 17
Incident selection
CPQRA component techniques 9 11
incident list management 24
Individual hazard index, risk indices calculation 424

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Individual risk calculations 408
average individual risk 417
case study
chlorine rail tank car loading facility 596
distillation column 625
contours and profiles (transects) 409
general approach 410
importance of 452
minimum individual risk 417
profiles (transects) 418
sample problems 429
simplified approaches 412
Individual risk measures
defined 396
presentation formats 402
use of 397
Industrial hygiene and toxicity data, chemical data sources 469
Industrial Risk Insurers method, TNT equivalency model 165
Influence diagram approach, human reliability analysis 374
Injury risk measures, use of 399
Instantaneous Fractional Annual Loss (IFAL) analysis 550
Intermediate/frequency CPQRA example 575
Inventory studies, screening techniques 31
Isenthalpic flash fraction, flash and evaporation models 105
Isopleths
plume release with 135
puff release with 137

J
Jet fires 237
applications 237
computer codes 243
description 237
example problem 240 243
input requirements 240
logic diagram 238
simplifications 240

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Jet fires (Continued)
technique 237
theory 240
error identification 243
future developments 640
purpose 237
resources required 243
strengths and weaknesses 242
Judgmental data, equipment reliability data 490

L
Leak duration, discharge rate models 65
Likelihood, defined 298
Likelihood estimation, CPQRA component techniques 11
Liquid discharge
discharge rate models 67 69
through hole, discharge rate models 81
through piping, discharge rate models 85
Liquid trajectory, from hole, discharge rate models 83
Logic diagram
BLEVE and fireball 210
confined explosions 220 221
dense gas dispersion 146 149
domino effects 527
explosions 154
TNT equivalency model 171 173
flash and evaporation models 104
human reliability analysis 376
jet fires 238
neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models 126
physical explosion 193 194
pool fires 226 227
reliability analysis of programmable electronic systems 539
unavailability analysis 533
Loss-of-containment, causes of 649

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M
Maintenance personnel performance simulation, human reliability analysis 374
Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT) analysis 550
Manual fault tree construction, fault tree analysis 309
Markov processes 551
example 556
generally 551
model development 554
SIS system application 553
Maximum individual risk 431 602
Meteorological data, environmental data 471
Minimal cut set analysis 661
Boolean algebra 663
description 662
overview 661
sample problem 665
Minimum individual risk 417
Model construction, CPQRA component techniques 11
Model evaluation, future developments 638
Modeling systems, consequence analysis 283
Monte Carlo techniques 559
Moody friction factor, discharge rate models 67
Mortality index, risk indices calculation 424
MORT analysis 550
Moving puff, toxic gas effects 262
Multiple failure/error analysis (MFEA) 561

N
Neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models 119
applications 119
computer codes 140
description 120
input requirements 126
logic diagram 126
output 126
plume model 124

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Neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models (Continued)
puff model 123
simplifications 128
theory 126
error identification 138
example problems 128
plume releases 128
plume release with isopleths 135
puff release 131
puff release with isopleths 137
philosophy 119
purpose 119
resources required 140
strengths and weaknesses 138
utility 140
New projects, CPQRA applications 32
Nonconstant failure rate models, equipment reliability data 482

O
Operator action tree, human reliability analysis 375
Overpressure, from combustion in vessel, confined explosions 222
Overpressure from ruptured sphere
Baker's method, physical explosion 198
Prugh's method, physical explosion 196

P
Paired comparisons, human reliability analysis 374
Pasquill-Gifford model. See Neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models
Paula and Daggett method, common cause failure analysis 359
PERD guidelines, equipment reliability data 487 488 501
503
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL), toxic gas effects 254
Physical explosion 181
computer codes 203
description 182
applications 193
input requirements 193

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Physical explosion (Continued)
logic diagram 193 194
output 194
projectiles 186
simplifications 194
technique 182
theory 193
error identification 202
example problems 194
compressed gas 194
fragment range in air 201 203
fragment velocity from vessel rupture 199
overpressure from ruptured sphere (Baker's method) 198
overpressure from ruptured sphere (Prugh's method) 196
philosophy 181
purpose 181
resources required 203
strengths and weaknesses 202
utility 203
Piping
gas discharge through, discharge rate models 88
liquid discharge through, discharge rate models 85
two-phase flashing flow through, discharge rate models 91
Plant layout and system description, process and plant data 464
Plant-specific data
equipment reliability data 485
generic data and, combination procedures 717
Plume model, neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models 124
Plume release
neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models 128
with isopleths 135
Point source model, pool fire radiation 234
Pool fires 224
applications 225
computer codes 237
description 225
burning rate 225

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Pool fires (Continued)
flame height 228
flame tilt and drag 229
geometric view factor 231
input requirements 233
logic diagrams 226 227
output 233
pool size 228
received thermal flux 232
simplifications 233
surface emitted power 229
technique 225
theory 233
error identification 237
example problem 233
future developments 640
philosophy 224
purpose 224
resources required 237
strengths and weaknesses 237
utility 237
Pool size, pool fires 228
Pool spread, flash and evaporation models 102 110 111
Population data, environmental data 469
Predicted data, equipment reliability data 487 490
Probability, of failure rate, equipment reliability data 478
Probability distributions 689
Probit equations and functions
effect models 246
toxic gas effects 258
Process hazard indices, screening techniques 31
Process and plant data
ignition sources 464
plant layout and system description 464
Programmable electronic systems
future developments 642
reliability analysis of 537

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Programmable electronic systems (Continued)
(See also Reliability analysis of programmable electronic systems)
Projectiles, physical explosion 186
Project management 38
project execution 50
project plan construction 44
cost control 49
quality assurance 46
resource requirement estimation 44
scheduling 45
training requirements 48
special user requirements 44
study depth 41
study goals 39
study objectives 39
Protective system, unavailability analysis of 529
Prugh's method (overpressure from ruptured sphere), physical explosion 196
Puff model, neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models 123
Puff release
with isopleths, neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models 137
neutral and positively buoyant plume and puff models 131
toxic gas effects 262

Q
Quality assurance, project plan construction 46

R
Radiant flux, from jet fire 240 243
Radiation 207
(See also Thermal effects BLEVE and fireball)
pool fires 233
Received thermal flux, pool fires 232
Release elevation, dispersion models 117
Release geometry, dispersion models 117
Release momentum and buoyancy, dispersion models 118
Release phase, discharge rate models 62
Reliability analysis, cost-benefit studies integration, future developments 646

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Reliability analysis of programmable electronic systems 537
background 537
description 538
future directions 642
sample problem 546
strengths and weaknesses 548
utility 549
Reliability block diagrams 560
Resource requirement estimation, project plan construction 44
Risk
defined 5
importance of 451
sensitivity of 450
Risk analysis, CPQRA 2
Risk assessment, CPQRA 2
Risk calculations 408
chlorine rail tank car loading facility case study 596
(See also Chlorine rail tank car loading facility case study)
computer codes 441
CPQRA component techniques 11 15
CPQRA study cube 15
distillation column case study 625
(See also Distillation column case study)
estimate utilization, CPQRA component techniques 11
general comments 425
importance of 451
individual risk 408
average individual risk 417
contours and profiles (transects) 409
general approach 410
minimum individual risk 417
profiles (transects) 418
simplified approaches 412
risk indices 423
sample problems 425
consequence and impact analysis 426
F-N curve calculation 438

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frequency analysis 428
general information 425
incident identification 426
incident outcomes 426
individual risk estimation 429
societal risk calculation 433
summary 437
societal risk 418
aggregate risk 423
general procedure 419
simplified procedure 420
Risk indices
calculation of 423
defined 396
importance of 452
presentation formats 401
use of 396
Risk management, CPQRA 3
Risk measures 395
individual 397
injury 399
overview 395
presentation formats 400
individual risk 402
risk indices 401
selection of 407
societal risk 403
risk indices 396
selection of 406
societal 399
Risk presentation formats, risk measures 400
(See also Risk measures)
Risk reduction, CPQRA component techniques 15
Risk sensitivity 450
Risk uncertainty 442
(See also Uncertainties)
case studies 449

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Risk uncertainty (Continued)
combination of 447
decision making and 448
display and interpretation of 447
evaluation and representation of 445
management of, future developments 645
propagation of 447 448
significance of 449
sources of 442

S
Safety Instrumented System (SIS), Markov processes 553
Scheduling, project plan construction 45
Screening techniques, CPQRA applications 30
Seismic events
external events analysis 380 383 385
external events data 473
Selection. See Incident selection
Sensitivity. See Risk sensitivity
Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels (SPEGL), toxic gas effects 252
Simple/consequence CPQRA example 573
Single number risk measures and indices, case study 602
SIS system, Markov processes 553
Sneak analysis 563
application 563
discussed 567
example problem 568
input requirements 567
output 567
purpose 563
resource required 568
strengths and weaknesses 568
technique 564
technology 563
theory 566
Societal risk calculations 418
aggregate risk 423

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Societal risk calculations (Continued)
case study
chlorine rail tank car loading facility 599
distillation column 631
general procedure 419
importance of 452
sample problems 433
simplified procedure 420
Societal risk measures
defined 396
presentation formats 403
use of 399
Solid plume radiation model, pool fire radiation 235
Source emission models, future developments 636
Source models
consequence analysis 59
dense gas dispersion 141
(See also Dense gas dispersion)
discharge rate models 60
(See also Discharge rate models)
dispersion models 111
(See also Dispersion models)
flash and evaporation models 95
(See also Flash and evaporation models)
future developments 636
Statistical distributions 695
Study cube, CPQRA studies 15
Study results maintenance, CPQRA 50
Success likelihood index method, human reliability analysis 374
Surface emitted power, pool fires 229
System description, CPQRA component techniques 9

T
Taxonomy data cells, equipment reliability data 503
Terrain effects, dispersion models 117
Thermal effects 267
applications 267

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Index terms Links
Thermal effects (Continued)
computer codes 273
description 267
input requirements 270
output 270
simplifications 270
technique 267
theory 270
error identification 272
example problems 271
thermal flux estimate 271
thermal flux from BLEVE fireball 271 273
philosophy 267
purpose 267
resources required 273
strengths and weaknesses 272
utility 272
Thermal flux, thermal effects 271
Thermodynamic path and endpoint, discharge rat models 63
Thermodynamic theory, flash and evaporation models 104
Threshold Limit Values-Short-Term Exposure Limits (TLV-STEL), toxic gas
effects 252 254
Time averaging, dispersion plumes, future developments 637
Time-in-service interval, equipment reliability date 479 495
Time-related failures
equipment reliability data 503
errors in assuming constant rates of 705
TNO multi-energy model, vapor cloud explosion (VCE) 165 176
TNT blast, explosion effects 276
TNT equivalency model
logic diagram 171 173
vapor cloud explosion (VCE) 159 175
Topographical data, environmental data 473
Tornado
external events analysis 380 383 385
external events data 473
Toxic Dispersion (TXDS) method, toxic gas effects 256

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Toxic endpoints, toxic gas effects 256
Toxic gas effects 250
computer codes 267
description 260
input requirements 261
output 262
simplifications 262
technique 260
theory 261
error identification 266
example problems 262
fixed concentration-time relationship 262
moving puff 262
philosophy 250
probit equations 258
purpose 250
resources required 267
strengths and weaknesses 265
utility 266
Toxic hazards, future developments 640
Tracking, incident list management 29
Training programs 653
Training requirements, project plan construction 48
Transient plume behavior, future developments 637
Transport models, future developments 637
2-K method, discharge rate models 66 68
Two-phase discharge, discharge rate models 76
Two-phase flashing flow, through piping, discharge rate models 91

U
Unavailability analysis, of protective system 529
Uncertainties 57
(See also Risk uncertainty consequence analysis)
future developments 638
management of, future developments 645
Unconfined vapor cloud explosion (UVCE), future developments 639

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V
Vapor cloud explosion (VCE) 157
applications 159
computer codes 180
description 159
Baker-Strehlow method 169
input requirements 172
logic diagram 171
output 174
simplifications 174
theory 171
TNO multi-energy model 165
TNT equivalency model 159
error identification 179
example problems 174
blast wave parameters 174
TNO and Baker-Strehlow methods 176
TNT equivalency 175
future developments 639
philosophy 157
purpose 157
resources required 179
strengths and weaknesses 179
Velocity, of fragments, from vessel rupture 199
Vessel, combustion in, overpressure from 222
Vessel rupture, fragment velocity from 199

W
Winds
dispersion models 115
external events analysis 380 383 385
puff release, toxic gas effects 262

Z
Zero failures, screening for, equipment reliability data 505

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