Pressure Vessel Design

Wolaita Sodo University
College of engineering science

Mechanical engineering department
This is the Machine Design Project-2
Design project of scissor jack
Done by
1. ABEBAW ABEBE …………………………..ENG/R/0025/06
2. ABEBE AYELE……………………………… ENG/R/0029/06
3. ABINET BOGALE …..………………………ENG/R/0050/06
4. ABREHAM DEREJE……………………….. ENG/R/0059/06
5. ABREHAM LULE ………..………………….ENG/R/0061/06
Under the guidance of Mr. sisay,
M.E, Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering
Instructor Mr. SISAY
Submission date
Machine design project pressure vessel design (2008 E.C)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Wolaita Soda University (WSU)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3 year Page 2
ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION OF PRTESSURE VESSELS
1.1 Over view of pressure vessel
A Pressure vessel is defined as a container which is carry, store or receive fluids.
And also the inside and outside pressure is different. The inside pressure is usually higher than the
outside. The fluid inside the vessel may undergo a change in state as in the case of steam boiler or
may combine with other reagent as in the case of chemical reactor. Pressure vessel often has a
combination of high pressure together with high temperature and in some cases flammable fluids
or highly radioactive material. Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such
that no leakage can occur. In addition vessel has to be design carefully to cope with the operating
temperature and pressure.
1.2 Industrial application of pressure vessel

Pressure vessel are used in a number of industries for example ,the power generation
industry for fossil and nuclear power ,the petrochemical industry for storing and processing crude
petroleum h oil in service station ,and the chemical industry. Their use has expanded throughout the
world. Pressure vessel and tank are in fact essential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and
nuclear industry. It is the class of equipment that the reaction, separation and storage of raw material
occur.in same word pressurized equipment is the required to a wide range of industrial plant for
storage and manufacturing purpose.
Pressure vessels are usually spherical or cylindrical with dome end. The cylindrical
vessels are generally prepared because of the present simple manufacturing problem and make better
use of the available space boiler, heat exchanger, chemical reactors and so on. Spherical vessels have
the advantages of requiring thinner walls for a given pressure and diameter than the equivalent
cylinder. Therefore they are used for large gas or liquids container buildings for nuclear plant and so
on…
In the design of pressure vessel safety is primary consideration, especially for nuclear reactor
vessels, due the potential impact of a possible accident .in generally however, the design is a
compromise between consideration of economics and safety. The possible risks of a given failure and
its consequent are balanced against the effort required for its prevention, the resulting design should
achieve on adequate standard of safety at minimum cost.
1.3 Types of pressure vessel
1.3.1 Open vessels
Open vessels are commonly used as surge tanks between operation , as votes for batch
operations where materials be mixed and blended as setting tanks decorators, chemical reactors,
reservoirs and so on. Obviously, this type vessel is cheaper than covered or closed vessel of the same
capacity on construction.
1.3.2 Closed vessels
Combustibles fluids emitting toxic or obnoxious fumes and gases must be stored in closed
vessels. Dangerous chemicals such as acids or caustic are less hazardous if stored in closed vessels.
1.3.3 Cylindrical vessels with flat bottoms and conical (domed) roofs domed.
The most economical design for closed vessel operating at atmospheric pressure is the vertical
cylinder tank with a conical roof and a flat bottom resting directly on the bearing soil of a foundation
composed of sounds grovel or crushed rock.
[1]

1.3.4 Cylindrical vessels with formed ends

Closed cylindrical vessel with formed heads on both ends used where the vapors pressure of the
stored liquid may dictate a stronger design.
1.3.5 Spherical and modified spherical vessels
Storage container for large volume under moderate pressure are usually fabricated in the shape
of sphere vessel vary greatly for a given mass the spherical types of tank is more economical for large
volume, low pressure storage operation.
1.3.6 Vertical and horizontal vessels
In general, functional requirement determine whether the vessel shall be vertical or horizontal.
Heat exchange and storage vessels are horizontal or vertical. If the vessel to be installed outdoor, wind
loads etc. horizontal vessels is more economical however floor space, ground area and maintenance
requirement should be considered.
1.4 Component of pressure vessel
The pressure vessel considered here is a single unit when fabricated; However for the
convenience of design. It is divided in the following parts.
1.4.1 Shell
The shell is primary components that contain the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded
together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis most pressure vessels shells are
cylindrical, spherical or conical.
Fig. 1.2.shell
1.4.2 Head
All pressure vessels shells must be closed at the ends by head (or another shell section).Heads are
typical curved rather than flat curved configuration are stronger and allow the heads to be thinner,
lighter and less expensive the flat head. Heads also is used inside vessels to permit different design
condition.
Fig. 1.2.head
Heads are usually categorized by their shapes. Ellipsoidal, hemispherical, Teri spherical,
conical, tori conical and flat are commonly type of heads. All pressure vessel shell must be closed at
the end by heads. The ends of cylindrical vessel are closed by head various shapes. This are:-
 Flanged plates head
[1]
 Hemispherical head

 Ellipsoidal head
 Tori spherical head
 Conical head
 Tori conical head
 Flanges heads
Formed flanged heads are made with a short straight cylindrical section, called a flange or
skirt. This ensures that the weld line is away from the point of discontinuity between the head and the
cylindrical section of the vessel.
 Hemispherical heads
The cylindrical section and hemispherical head of a vessel the thickness of the head
need only be half that of the cylinder. However, as the dilation of the two parts would then be
different, discontinuity stresses would be set up at the head and cylinder junction. For no difference in
dilation between the two parts (equal diametrical strain) it can be shown that for steels (Poisson’s ratio
D 0.3) the ratio of the hemispherical head thickness to cylinder thickness should be 7/17. However,
the stress in the head would then be greater than that in the cylindrical section; and the optimum
thickness ratio is normally taken as 0.6.
 Ellipsoidal heads
Most standard ellipsoidal heads are manufactured with a major and minor axis ratio of
2:1. for this ratio, the following equation can be used to calculate the minimum thickness
Required
 Spherical heads
There are two junctions in a tori spherical end closure: that between the cylindrical
section and the head, and that at the junction of the crown and the knuckle radii. The bending and
shear stresses caused by the differential dilation that will occur at these points must be taken into
account in the design of the heads. One approach taken is to use the basic equation for a hemisphere
and to introduce a stress concentration, or shape, factor to allow for the increased stress due to the
discontinuity.
 Conical heads
Conical sections (reducers) are used to make a gradual reduction in diameter from one
cylindrical section to another of smaller diameter. Conical ends are used to facilitate the smooth flow
and removal of solids from process equipment; such as, hoppers, spray-dryers and crystallizer’s. A
formed section would normally be used for the transition between a cylindrical section and conical
section; except for vessels operating at low pressures, or under hydrostatic pressure only. The
transition section would be made thicker than the conical or cylindrical section and formed with a
knuckle radius to reduce the stress concentration at the transition
Tori conical heads
A tori conical head is a blend of conical and tori spherical heads. Accordingly, the
thickness in the cone region is calculated using conical head equations and that in the head.
1.4.3 Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure vessel. The
nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary.
[1]

Fig 1.3 Nozzles
1.4.4 Supports
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size and orientation of the pressure
vessel. In all cases, the pressure vessel support must be adequate for The applied weight, wind, and
earthquake loads calculated base loads are used to design of anchorage and foundation for the
pressure vessels.
1.4.4 Typical kinds of supports are as follow:
A, Skirt
Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts. A support skirt is
acylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or to the bottom
head (for cylindrical vessels). Skirts for spherical vessels are welded to the vessel near the mid-plane
of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility so that radial thermal
expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction with the skirt.
B) Leg
Small vertical drums are typically sup-ported on legs that are welded to the lower portion of
the shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1. The number of
legs needed depends on the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are also typically used
for spherical pressurized storage vessels the support legs for small vertical drums and spherical
pressurized Storage vessels may be made from structural steel columns or pipe sections, whichever
provides a more efficient design. Cross bracing between the legs, as shown in is typically used to help
absorb wind or earth-quake loads.
C) Saddle
Horizontal drums are typically sup-ported at two locations by saddle supports. A saddle
support spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the
shell at the support points. The width of the saddle, among other design details, is determined by the
specific size and design conditions of the pressure vessel. One saddle support is normally fixed or
anchored to its foundation the other support is normally free to permit unrestrained longitudinal
thermal expansion of the drum.
`
Fig1.4 saddle support
d) Lug

[1]
Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessel shell may also be used to support Vertical
pressure vessels. The use of lugs is typically limited to vessels of small to medium diameter (1 to 10
ft.) and moderate height-to-diameter ratios in the range Of 2:1 to 5:1. Lug supports are often used for
vessels of this size that are located above grade within structural steel. The lugs are typically bolted to
horizontal structural members to provide stability against overturning loads; however, the bolt holes
are often slotted to permit free radial thermal expansion of the drum.
1.5 lugs
1.4.5 Flanges
1.6 flanges
-Types of flanges
1.4.5.1 Welding- neck flanges
A sectional view of a welding - neck flange is shown. Welding neck flanges differ from
other flanges in that, they have a long, tapered hub, between the flange ring and the welded joint. This
hub provides a more gradual transition from the flange ring thickness for the pipe –wall thickness,
thereby decreasing the discontinuity stresses and consequently increasing the strength of the flange.
These flanges are recommended for the handling of costly, flammable or explosive fluids, where
failure leakage of the flange joint might disastrous consequences.
1.4.5.2 Slip-on flanges
The slip-on types of flanges are widely used because of its greater ease of aligned in
welding assembly and because of its low initial cost. The strength of this flange as calculated from
internal pressure considerations is approximately 2/3rd that of a corresponding welding- neck type of
flange. The use of this type of flange should be ' limited to moderate services, where pressure
fluctuations, temperature fluctuations, vibrations and shock are not expected to be severing. The
fatigue life of this flange is approximately l/3rd that of welding - neck flange.

[1]
1.4.5.3 Lap joint flanges
Lap joint flanges are usually used with a lap-joint stab. These flanges have about the same
ability to withstand pressure without leakages as the slip in flange, which is less than that of the
welding neck flanges. In addition, these flanges have the disadvantages of having only about 10% of
the fatigue life of welding neck flanges. For these reasons, these flanges should not be used for
connections where, severe bending stresses exist. The principal advantage of these flanges is that the
bold holes are easily aligned and this simplifies the erection of vessels of large diameter and usually
stiff piping. Theses flanges are also useful in cases where, frequent dismantling for cleaning or
inspection is required, or where it is necessary to rotate the pipe by swiveling the flange.
1.4.5.4 Screwed flanges
Screwed flanges can be fastened to the openings by screwing. It can be connected instantly
without welding. The only disadvantage is that possibility of leakage.
1.4.5.5 Blind flanges
They are used extensively to blank off pressure vessel openings and hand holes, block off
pipes and valves. In this application, a valve followed by blind flange is frequently used at the end of
line to permit addition of line while it is 'on stream'.
1.4.6 Manhole
A manhole cover is removable plate forming the lid over the opening of a man hole, to
prevent anyone or anything from falling in and to keep out un author raised persons and material.
Manhole covers are often made out of cast iron, concert or combination of the two. This makes them
inexpensive, strong and heavy usually weighing more than 50kg.The weight helps to keep them in
place when traffic passes over them and makes it difficult for unauthorized people not having suitable
tools to remove them. Manhole covers may also be constructed from glass-rain forced plastic or other
composite material. A manhole cover sits on metal base with a smaller insert rim w/c fits the cover.
The manufacturing presses of metal manhole covers consist of six steps.
1. Design of simulation
2. Patterns
3. Moulding
4. Melting
5. Finishing
6. Quality control
1.5 objectives of the design
The objectives of our design used to solve society problem by dip observation and
critical thinking. Because as we know many urban and ruler area of Ethiopia shortage of water. So to
solve this problem, we should be these pressure vessels and we need to distribute the pressure vessels
for society in low cost. Then the society solves the shortage of water by using this vessel. And also
solve different problem. The purpose of this project is to study the implementation and practices of
pressure vessel designs. The objectives of this project are:
 To identify the pressure vessel.
 To fabricate the pressure vessel as per the reference standards.
 We provide liquid storage thank solution.
 To solve scarcity of water problem.
1.6 scope of design

The scope of our design is to modify the pressure vessels in different aspects. We want
to use simple material to change in to the cost became low.
1.7 purpose of the design of the pressure vessel

The purpose of this design is manufacture or produce the designed pressure vessels to
solve the problem which is related to the Scarcity of the p he design of pressure vessel.
[1, 4, 7]

CHAPTER TWO
GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURES
2.1 Material specification for pressure vessels
The mechanical design of a pressure vessel can proceed only after the materials have
been specified. But, it is have the end user to specify the appropriate materials for each application
considering varies material selection factor in conjunction with ASME code requirements. Typical
materials used: steel, aluminum, other metal, carbon fibers and polymers.
 The main factor that influence material selection are:
 Strength
 Corrosion resistance
 Resistance to hydrogen attack
 Fracture toughness
 Fabric ability
 Cost
 Availability
 Strength
Strength is the ability of a material to resist the externally applied forces without breaking
or yielding. The internal resistance offered by a part to an externally applied force is called stress.
Strength determines how thick a component must be to withstand the imposed loads. The overall
strength of a material is determined by its yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, creep and rupture
strengths. These strength properties depend on the chemical composition of the material. Creep
resistance (a measure of material strength at elevated temperature) is increased by the addition of
alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum, and/or nickel to carbon steel. Therefore, alloy
materials are often used in elevated temperature applications.
Tensile Design Stress @ Tempreture°C.in( N/ )
strength
Material (N/ ) 0°-50° 100° 150° 200° 250° 300° 350° 400° 450° 500°
low alloy steel 550 240 240 240 240 240 235 230 220 190 170
(Ni, Cr, Mo, V)
Stainless steel 510 165 145 130 115 110 105 100 100 95 90
18Cr/8Ni,unstabilished
Stainless steel 540 165 150 140 135 130 130 125 120 120 115
18Cr/8Ni,Ti,stabilished
(321)
Stainless steel 520 175 150 135 120 115 110 105 105 100 95
18Cr/8Ni
(316)
Table 2.1 Design stress pressure
[1, 4, 7]

 Corrosion resistance:
Corrosion is the deterioration of metals by chemical action. A material’s resistance to
corrosion is probably the most important factor that influences its selection for a specific application.
The most common method that is used to address corrosion in pressure vessels is to specify a
corrosion allowance. A corrosion allowance is supplemental metal thickness that is added to the
minimum thickness this is required to resist the applied loads. This added thickness compensates for
thinning (i.e., corrosion) that will take place during service. The corrosion resistance of carbon steel
could be increased through the addition of alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum, or
nickel. Alloy materials, rather than carbon steel, are often used in applications where increased
corrosion resistance is required in order to minimize the necessary corrosion allowance.
 Resistance to hydrogen attack;
At temperature from approximately 300 F to 400F, monatomic hydrogen diffuses into voids
that are normally present in steel. In these voids, the monatomic hydrogen forms molecular hydrogen,
which cannot diffuse out of the steel. If this hydrogen diffusion continues, pressure, can build to high
level within the steel, and the steel cast crack.
At elevated temperatures, over all approximately 600F, monatomic hydrogen not only
causes cracks to form but also attacks the steel. Hydrogen attack differs from corrosion in the damage
occurs throughout the thickness of the component rather than just at its surface and occurs without
any metal loss. In addition, once hydrogen attack has occurred, the metal cannot be repaired and must
be replaced. Thus, it is not practical to provide a corrosion allowance to allow for hydrogen attack at
the specified design conditions.
Hydrogen attack is a potential design factor at hydrogen partial pressures above
approximately 100psia.Material selection for these hydrogen service applications is based on API
941, steels for hydrogen service at elevated temperatures and pressures in petroleum refineries and
petrochemical plants. API 941 contains a family of design curves (the nelson curves) that are used to
select appropriate material based on hydrogen partial pressure and design temperature.
 Fracture toughness
Fracture toughness refers to the ability of a material to with stand conditions that could
cause a brittle fracture. The fracture toughness of a material can be determined by the magnitude of
the impact energy that is required to fracture a specimen using chirpy V-notch test. Generally
speaking, the fracture toughness of a material decreases as the temperature decreases (i.e., it behaves
more like glass).The fracture toughness at a given temperature varies with different steel and with
different manufacturing and fabrication processes. Material selection must confirm that the material
has adequate fracture toughness at the lowest expected metal temperature. It is especially important
for material selection to eliminate the risk of brittle fracture since a brittle fracture is catastrophic in
nature. It occurs without warning the first time the necessary combination of critical size defect, low
enough temperature, and high enough stress occurs.
 Fabric ability
• Ease of construction
• Any required special fabrication practices
• Material must be weld able
 Cost
The important materials generally accepted for construction of pressure vessels are indicated here.
Metals used are generally divided into three groups as.
1. Low cost -Cast iron, Cast carbon and low alloy steel, wrought carbon and low alloy
steel.
2. Medium cost - High alloy steel (12%chromium and above), Aluminum, Nickel, Copper.

[1, 4]
3. High cost - platinum, Tantalum, Zirconium, Titanium silver.
I selected stainless steel (Type 321) material for our design.
Stainless steel
The stainless steels are the most frequently used corrosion resistant materials in the construction of
pressure vessel. To impart corrosion resistance the chromium content must be above 12 per cent, and
the higher the chromium content, the more resistant is the alloy to corrosion in oxidizing conditions.
Nickel is added to improve the corrosion resistance in non-oxidizing environments
Types
A wide range of stainless steels is available, with compositions tailored to give the properties
required for specific applications. They can be divided into three broad classes according to their
microstructure:
1. Ferritin: 13 20 per cent Cr, < 0.1 per cent C, with no nickel
2. Austenitic: 18 20 per cent Cr, > 7 per cent Ni
3. Martensitic: 12 10 per cent Cr, 0.2 to 0.4 per cent C, up to 2 per cent Ni
Type 304 (the so-called 18/8 stainless steels): the most generally used stainless steel. It
contains the minimum Cr and Ni that give a stable austenitic structure. The carbon content is low
enough for heat treatment not to be normally needed with thin sections to prevent weld decay
(see Section 7.4.4).
Type 304L: low carbon version of type 304 _< 0.03 per cent C) used for thicker welded
sections, where carbide precipitation would occur with type 304.
Type 321: a stabilized version of 304,stabilised with titanium to prevent carbide
precipitation during welding. It has a slightly higher strength than 304L, and is more suitable for
high-temperature use.
Typical design stress values for some common material are shown in Table 2.1.The standard
and code should be consulted for the values to be used for detailed vessels design.
2.2 Welding type and joint efficiency selection
A welded joint is a permanent joint which is obtained by the fusion of the edges of the two parts
to be joined together, with or without the application of pressure and a filler material. The heat
required for the fusion of the material may be obtained by burning of gas (in case of gas welding) or
by an electric arc (in case of electric arc welding). The latter method is extensively used because of
greater speed of welding.
2.2.1 Welding type
The welding type may be broadly classified into the following two groups:
1. Welding processes that use heat alone e.g. fusion welding.
2. Welding processes that use a combination of heat and pressure e.g. forge welding.
2.2.1.1 Fusion Welding
In case of fusion welding, the parts to be jointed are held in position while the molten metal is
supplied to the joint. The molten metal may come from the parts themselves (i.e. parent metal) or
filler metals which normally have the composition of the parent metal.. Thus, when the molten metal
solidifies or fuses, the joint is formed.
The fusion welding, according to the method of heat generated, may be classified as:
A. Thermite welding,
B. Gas welding, and
C. Electric arc welding.

[1, 2, 4]
A) Thermite Welding
In thermite welding, a mixture of iron oxide and aluminum called thermite is ignited and
the iron oxide is reduced to molten iron. The molten iron is poured into a mold made around the
joint and fuses with the parts to be welded. A major advantage of the thermite welding is that all
parts of weld section are molten at the same time and the weld cools almost uniformly. This
results in a minimum problem with residual stresses. It is fundamentally a melting and casting
process. The thermite welding is often used in joining iron and steel parts that are too large to be
manufactured in one piece, such as rails, truck frames, locomotive frames, other large sections
used on steam and rail roads, for stern frames, rudder frames etc. In steel mills, thermite electric
welding is employed to replace broken gear teeth, to weld new necks on rolls and pinions, a to
repair broken shears.
B) Gas Welding
A gas welding is made by applying the flame of an oxy-acetylene or hydrogen gas from a
welding torch upon the surfaces of the prepared joint. The intense heat at the white cone of the flame
heats up the local surfaces to fusion point while the operator manipulates welding rod to supply the
metal for the weld. A flux is being used to remove the slag. Since the heating rate in gas welding is
slow, therefore it can be used on thinner materials.
C) Electric Arc Welding

In electric arc welding, the work is prepared in the same manner as for gas welding. In this
case the filler metal is supplied by metal welding electrode. The operator, with his eyes and face
protected, strikes an arc by touching the work of base metal with the electrode. The base metal in the
path of the arc stream is melted, forming a pool of molten metal, which seems to be forced out of the
pool by the blast from the arc. A small depression is formed in the base metal and the molten metal is
deposited around the edge of this depression, which is called the arc crater. The slag is brushed off
after the joint has cooled. The arc welding does not require the metal to be preheated and since the
temperature of the arc is quite high, therefore the fusion of the metal is almost instantaneous.
There are two kinds of arc welding depending upon the type of electrode.
1. Un-shielded arc welding, and
2. Shielded arc welding.
When a large electrode or filler rod is used for welding, it is then said to be un-shielded arc welding.
This decreases the strength of weld metal and lowers its ductility and resistance to corrosion. In
shielded arc welding, the welding rods coated with solid material are used. The resulting projection of
coating focuses a concentrated arc stream, which protects the globules of metal from the air and
prevents the absorption of large amounts of harmful oxygen and nitrogen.
2.2.1.1 Forge Welding
In forge welding, the parts to be jointed are first heated to a proper temperature in a furnace
or forge and then hammered. This method of welding is rarely used now-a-days. An electric-
resistance welding is an example of forge welding. In this case, the parts to be joined are pressed
together and an electric current is passed from one part to the other until the metal is heated to the
fusion temperature of the joint. The principle of applying heat and pressure, either sequentially or
simultaneously, is widely used in the processes known as *spot, seam, projection, upset and flash
welding.
2.3 Types of Welded Joints
Following two types of welded joints are important from the subject point of view:
1. Lap joint or fillet joint, and
2. Butt joint.

[ 2]
2.3.1 Lap Joint
The lap joint or the fillet joint is obtained by overlapping the plates and then welding the edges of the
plates. The cross-section of the fillet is approximately triangular. The fillet joints may be
1. Single transverse fillet,
2. Double transverse fillet, and
3. Parallel fillet joints.
A single transverse fillet joint has the disadvantage that the edge of the plate which is not welded can
buckle or warp out of shape
2.3.2 Butt Joint
The butt joint is obtained by placing the plates edge to edge. In butt welds, the plate edges do
not require beveling if the thickness of plate is less than 5 mm. On the other hand, if the plate
thickness is 5 mm to 12.5 mm, the edges should be beveled to V or U-groove on both sides.
In a particular case the choice of a type from the numerous alternatives depend on:
1. The circumstances of welding.
2. The requirements of the code.
3. The aspect of economy.
 The circumstance of welding
In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In a small
diameter vessel (under 18-24 inches) from the inside, no manual welding can be applied. Using
backing strip it must remain in plate. In larger diameter vessels if a man way is not used, the last
(closing) joint can be welded from outside only. The type of welding may be determined also by the
equipment of the manufacturer.
 The requirement of welding
Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service, material and
location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of vessels are
also restricted by the Code. The Code-regulations are tabulated on the following pages under the
titles:
 The economy of welding
If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy must be the
deciding factor. Some consideration concerning the economy of welding: V-edge preparation, which
can be made by torch cutting, is always more economical than the use of J or U preparation. Double V
preparation requires only half the deposited weld metal required for single V preparation..
Lower quality welding makes necessary the use of thicker plate for the vessel. Whether using stronger
welding and thinner plate or the opposite is more economical, depends on the size of vessel, welding
equipment, etc. this must be decided in each particular case.
TYPES OF WELDED JOINT

Joint efficiency, E. when the joint
a b c
Type fully Radio- Spot-examined Not-examined
graphed
Butt joint by
double weld 1.00 0.85 0.7
Butt joint by
Single weld 0.9 0.8 0.65
Table 2.2 Type of weld joint

Depending on the above diagram I select Category a (type 1) and butt joint for the shell and
head. And its radiographic examination (full), so the joint efficiency is (E=1).

[1, 7]
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN ANALAYSIS
3.1 Design of shell
In this sub topic I am going to design of the load of different type, stress on the
shell and the materials which are more suitable for this shell to resist the given parameters and also
calculate length, diameter and volume of the shell. For cylindrical shell thickness required to resist
internal pressure can be determined from the formula.
 Determine the length and diameter of pressure vessels shell by using length to diameter
ratio.
But K is constant number which is depends on the internal pressure of vessel.
Pin(psi) MPa
3 0---250 0.001---1.202
4 250-----500 1.202---3.45
5 500< 3.45<
Table 3.1 length to diameter ratio

Then by using the above table we can get values of L and D by inserting in the equation of shell
volume and head volume.
Vs ……………...shell volume (Cylindrical shell)
V h= ………head volume (Hemispherical head)

V total=Vs+2Vh ……equation (2.3)
Where; L=length of shell
Din=Inner diameter of
shell
V t =total of vessels
When we calculate the value because k=3
So, L=3D su0bstitute on the above equation;
V t =V s +2Vh = + but L=3D
V t=0.5
( )
0.5 = + = =
0.5 =
Din=0.53m or Din=53omm
L=3D=3(0.559m) L=1.59m or L=1590mm
 To Calculate shell thickness of pressure vessels

[1, 7]
For cylindrical shell thickness required to resist internal pressure can be determined from the formula.
Where S = allowable stress (Design stress)

E = joint factor
P=internal pressure
R=internal radius of shell
t=thickness of shell
Pin R
t
SE  0.6 Pin
0.4 N / mm 2  265mm
t

130N / mm 2  0.6 0.4 N / mm 2 
111.2
t mm
130.24
t =0.8mm
For stainless steel and low alloy steel corrosion allowance is 2mm should be used
Therefore,
t  0.8mm  2mm  2.8mm
t=2.8mm
 To calculate the volume of the shell
Vs
( )( )
Vs = = = 0.35
V s = 0.35
 Calculate the stress. on the shell using lame’s equation
Thus the wall of a cylindrical shell subjected to an internal pressure has to withstand tensile
Stresses of the following two types:
(a) Circumferential or hoop stress, and
(b) Longitudinal stress.
These stresses are discussed, in detail, in the following articles.
 Circumferential or Hoop Stress
Consider a thin cylindrical shell subjected to an internal pressure. A tensile stress
acting in a direction tangential to the circumference is called circumferential or hoop stress. In other
words, it is a tensile stress on *longitudinal section (or on the cylindrical walls).
 Longitudinal Stress
Consider a closed thin cylindrical shell subjected to an internal pressure. Tensile stress acting in the
direction of the axis is called longitudinal stress. In other words, it is a tensile stress acting on the
*transverse or circumferential section Y-Y (or on the ends of the vessel).
 Since, if the stress is less than the maximum tensile strength of the material, then the design is
safe. Now to calculate the value of stress;
 To calculate Circumferential or Hoop stress
σt1 P = internal pressure,
D = Internal diameter of the cylindrical shell,
t = Thickness of the cylindrical shell, and
σt1 =Hoop stress for the material of the Cylindrical shell.

[1, 2 , 3 , 7]
( )(
σt1 = ( )
σt1
 To calculate Longitudinal stress
σt2
( )(
σt1 = ( )
σt1
 Both longitudinal and circumferential stresses are less than the allowable stress of material, so
our design is safe.
3.2 Design of head
All pressure vessel shell must be closed at the end by heads. The ends of cylindrical
vessel are closed by head various shapes. This are:-
 Flanged plates head
 Hemispherical head
 Ellipsoidal head
 Tori spherical head
 Conical head
 Tori conical head
 Flanges heads
Formed flanged heads are made with a short straight cylindrical section, called a flange or
skirt. This ensures that the weld line is away from the point of discontinuity between the head and the
cylindrical section of the vessel.
 Hemispherical heads
The cylindrical section and hemispherical head of a vessel the thickness of the head
need only be half that of the cylinder. However, as the dilation of the two parts would then be
different, discontinuity stresses would be set up at the head and cylinder junction. For no difference in
dilation between the two parts (equal diametrical strain) it can be shown that for steels (Poisson’s ratio
D 0.3) the ratio of the hemispherical head thickness to cylinder thickness should be 7/17. However,
the stress in the head would then be greater than that in the cylindrical section; and the optimum
thickness ratio is normally taken as 0.6.
 Ellipsoidal heads
Most standard ellipsoidal heads are manufactured with a major and minor axis ratio of
2:1. for this ratio, the following equation can be used to calculate the minimum thickness
Required
 Tori spherical heads

There are two junctions in a tori spherical end closure: that between the cylindrical
section and the head, and that at the junction of the crown and the knuckle radii. The bending and
shear stresses caused by the differential dilation that will occur at these points must be taken into
account in the design of the heads. One approach taken is to use the basic equation for a hemisphere
and to introduce a stress concentration, or shape, factor to allow for the increased stress due to the
discontinuity.
 Conical heads
Conical sections (reducers) are used to make a gradual reduction in diameter from one
cylindrical section to another of smaller diameter. Conical ends are used to facilitate the smooth flow

[1 2, 3, 7]
and removal of solids from process equipment; such as, hoppers, spray-dryers and crystallizer’s. A
formed section would normally be used for the transition between a cylindrical section and conical
section; except for vessels operating at low pressures, or under hydrostatic pressure only. The
transition section would be made thicker than the conical or cylindrical section and formed with a
knuckle radius to reduce the stress concentration at the transition
Tori conical heads

A tori conical head is a blend of conical and tori spherical heads. Accordingly, the
thickness in the cone region is calculated using conical head equations and that in the head.
 But my design head is hemispherical head. A material that select for this design is stainless
steel (18Cr8Ni, Type 321). Most standard ellipsoidal are manufactured with a major and minor
axis ratio of 2:1 the following equation can be calculated required thickness.
Figure 3.1 hemispherical head
 To calculate thickness of head

Pin R
t
2SE  0.2 Pin
0.4 N / mm 2  278mm
t

2(130N / mm 2 )  0.2 0.4 N / mm 2 
111.2
t mm  0.43mm
258
t=0.43mm
For stainless steel and low alloy steel corrosion allowance is 2mm should be used
Therefore,
t  0.43mm  2mm  2.85mm
t=2.43mm
 To calculate hemispherical head volume
Where; D=Internal diameter
( )
V= = V=0.
 v=0.075 is for one head but for both bottom and top head the volume is twice of the
individual head that means. vh=2vind
Total of head is vh=2(0.075 vh = 0.15

[1, 2]
3.3 Design of head to shell transitions
Heads to shells attachment by butt welded joints of plates of unequal thickness.Joining plates
of unequal thicknesses with butt weld. The thicker plate shall be tapered if the difference in thickness
is thickness is more than 1/8 or one –fourth of the thinner-plate. The length of the tapered transition
shall be minimum 3 times the offset between the adjacent surfaces. The weld may be partly or entirely
in the tapered section or adjacent to it. The shell plate center line may be on either side of the head
plate center line.
3.4 Gaskets Design
Gaskets are used to make a leak-tight joint between two surfaces. It is impractical to
machine flanges to the degree of surface finish that would be required to make a satisfactory seal
under pressure without a gasket. Gaskets are made from “semi-plastic” materials; which will deform
and flow under load to fill the surface irregularities between the flange faces, yet retain
sufficient elasticity to take up the changes in the flange alignment that occur under load.
Gasket Min.Design sketch Minimum

Gaske Material factor(m) seating Gasket
stres,y(N/ ) width(mm)
Spiral,wound 10
metal,asbestos carbon 2.5 20
filled
10
stainless 3.0 31
Table 3.2 Gasket material selection

3.5 Selection of flange based on the temperature and pressure rating
For selecting the standard dimension and material for the flange by applying the America National
Standard ANSI B16.5-1981 of temperature and pressure rating. The given temperature is 250°c
(482°F) and pressure is 0.4MPa (58PSi).
Class 150lb
Hydrostatic test/design
Pressure MPa(PSi)
3.103(450)
Temperature °C (°F) 260(500)
Maximum allowable non-shock

MPa(Psi)
Pressure, MPa(PSi) 1.172 (170)
Table 3.3 selection of standard flange
We know that the flange is class 150lb and the material is stainless steel SA 105 . I select
Welding-neck flanges, because have a long tapered hub between the flange ring and the welded joint.
This gradual transition of the section reduces the discontinuity stresses between the flange and branch,
and increases the strength of the flange assembly. Welding-neck flanges are suitable for extreme
service conditions; where the flange is likely to be subjected to temperature, shear and vibration loads.
They will normally be specified for the connections and nozzles on process vessels and process
equipment.

[2, 3]
There are 7 flange that I used for my pressure vessel their value is shown blow
 Two longitudinal pipe with D=150mm.
 One lateral pipe with D=150 mm .
 Safety valve D=25mm(1in)
 One sample opening D=25mm(1in)
 One bottom discharge D=40mm.
 Temperature gage D=25mm(1in)
Fig 3.2 welding neck flange
Nominal Diameter of Length Diameter Diameter of Outside Thickness boltin

pipe size, the bore, through of the hub the diameter of the g
mm(in) mm(in) the hub at hub at flange flange
[A] [C] the the [H] [J]
point of base
welding [G]
[E]
25 26.67 55.56 33.53 49.2 107.9 14.28 M10
(1) (1.05) (2.1875) (1.32) (1.9374) (4.25) (0.5625)
40 52.578 63.5 60.45 77.78 152.5 19.06 M12

(1.6) (2.07) (2.5) (2.38) (3.06) (6) (0.75)
150 154.2 88.9 168.4 192.08 279.48 25 M16
(6) (6.07) (3.5) (6.63) (7.56) (11) (1)
Table 3.4 150lb standard dimension

3.6 Flange design
3.6.1 Material for flanges
Flanges are used to connecting pipes and instruments to vessels which are subjected to the
load like momentum, longitudinal stress, radial stress and so on.by considering these stress I select a
material which are able to resist this load is preferred for flange design ,carbon manganese is a
material having the property to resist these loads.

Fig 3.3 Force acting on internal flange

The total moment Mop acting on the flange is given by:
Mop = Hd hd + Ht ht +Hg hg
Where Hg= gasket reaction (pressure force), = G(2b)mPi
Ht= pressure force on the flange face = H - Hd,
H= total pressure force = (π/4) Pi,
Hd = pressure force on the area inside the flange = (π/4) Pi,
B = inside diameter of the flange,
2b = effective gasket pressure width,
b = effective gasket sealing width,
hd, hg and ht are defined in Figure
 To calculate the lode and moment
 There gasket factor , width and internal pressure for the flange are the same
m=2.50, b=10mm and Pi=1.172MPa where, m= gasket factor
( – )
hd= b=effective gasket width
Pi= internal pressure for
the flange
( ) )
For D= 25mm, hd = hd=22.51mm
( )
For D=40mm, hd = hd = 27.34mm
( )
For D=150mm, hd = hd =387.28mm
( )
hg
( )
For D= 25mm, hg= = 16.25mm
( )
For D= 40mm, hg= = 18.68mm
( )
For D= 150mm, hg= = 21.83mm
( )
ht=
( )
For D= 25mm, ht= = 37.7mm
( )
For D= 40mm, ht= = 57.57mm
( )
For D=150mm, ht= =117.87mm
 Thickness of flange (tf) given in above standard table,
For D =25mm, tf =14.28mm

[1, 3]
 For D= 40mm. tf =19.06mm
 For D=150mm, tf =25mm
 Inside diameter of a flange for each pipe(B)

B=A/2
Where , A =flange O.D., in.
For D=25mm, B= = 13.33mm
For D= 40mm, B= = 26.24mm
For D= 150mm, B= = 77.2mm
G’=B + (ht - hg)
Where, G = mean diameter at gasket load reaction, in.
For D= 25mm, G’=13.33mm + (37.7-16.25) mm=34.78mm
For D= 40mm, G’=26.24mm + (57.57-18.68)mm=65.13mm
For D=150mm, G’=77.2mm + (117.87-21.83) mm= 173.24mm
H = ( )G’2Pi
Where, H = total pressure
For D= 25mm, H = ( )(34.78mm)2*1.172MPa=64.03N
For D= 65mm, H = ( )(65.13mm)2*1.172MPa=119.9N
For D=125mm, H = ( )(173.24mm)2*1.172MPa=319.23N
Hd= ( ) B2Pi
Where, Hd=pressure force of area inside the flange
For D= 25mm, Hd = ( )(13.33mm)2*1.172MPa=24.54N
For D= 40mm, Hd = ( )(26.24mm)2*1.172MPa=48.3N
For D= 150mm, Hd = ( )(77.2mm)2*1.172MPa=142.123N
Ht =H-Hd
Where, Ht=pressure for a flange face
For 25mm, Ht = (64.03-24.54)N=39.49N
For 65mm, Ht = (119.9-48.3)N=71.6N
For 125mm, Ht = (319.23-142.123)N=177.1N
Hg=πG’ (2b)mPi
Where, Hg=gasket reaction forces (pressure forces)
For D= 25mm, Hg =π (34.78mm)(2*10mm)2.5*1.172MPa=6,402.9N
For D=40mm, Hg =π(65.13mm)(2*10mm)2.5*1.172MPa=11,990.26N
For D= 150mm, Hg =π(173.24mm)(2*10mm)2.5*1.172MPa=31,893.02N
 The total moment Mop acting on the flange is,
Mop=Hdhd + Htht + Hghg
For 25mm pipe,
Mop = (24.54N)(22.51mm)+(6,402.9N)(16.25mm)+(39.49N)(37.7mm)
=106,088.3Nmm
Mop =106.1Nm
For 40mm pipe

Mop= (48.3N)(27.34mm)+(71.6N)(57.57mm)+(11,990.26N)(18.68mm) [5]
=229,420.6Nmm
Mop =229.4Nm
For 150mm pipe
Mop= (142.123N)(387.28mm)+(177.1N)(177.87mm)+(31,893.02N)(21.83mm)
=782,754Nmm
Mop =782.7Nm
 The minimum load required bolt load under the operating condition given by
Wm1=H + Hg
Wm1, 25mm = .03N + 6,402.9N=6.5kN
Wm1,40mm =119.9N + 11,990.26N=12.1kN
Wm1,150mm = 319.23N + 31,893.02N=32.2kN
The force and the momentum must be checked under the bolting up conditions. The moment is
given by
M@m=Wm2*hg
Where Wm2 is the bolt load required to sat the gasket, given by Wm2=yπG’b
y=gasket sating pressure (stress) =20MPa.
Wm2=yπG’b
Wm2,25mm = (20MPa)(π)(34.78mm)(10mm) = 21,852.9N=21.8KN
M@m,25mm = 21.8N*16.25mm=354.25Nmm=0.35Nm
Wm2, 40mm=(20MPa)(π)(65.13mm)(10mm) =40,922.4N=40.9KN
M@m,40mm =40.9N*18.68mm) =764.012Nmm=0.76Nm
Wm2,150mm=(20MPa)(π)(173.24mm)(10mm)=108,849.9N=108.8KN
M@m,150mm=108.8N*21.83mm=2,375.1Nmm=2.4Nm
3.7 Select standard wall thickness of the nozzle
Nominal wall thickness for seamless and welded steel pipes according ANSI B36.10.The thickness of
nozzles i can’t calculate by using the thickness formula because I can take standard diameter from the
table below.
Table 3.5 nozzle standard thickness
Outside Wall
NPS(Nominal Diameter Thickness(in)
pipe size) mm(in) STD(Standard) Wall Thickness(in) XXS(double Extra
mm(in) XS(Extra strong) strong)
0.5 0.840 0.109 0.147 0.219
25( 1) 1.315 0.133 0.179 0.250
1.900 0.145 0.200 0.281

1.5
40( 2) 2.375 0.154 0.218 0.344
2.5 2.875 0.203 0.276 0.375
3 3.500 0.216 0.300 0.438

3.5 4.000 0.226 0.318 -----
4 4.5 0.237 0.337 0.531

150( 6) 6.625 0.280 0.432 0.719
Table 3.2
3.8 Design of reinforcement opening
The “equal area method” is the simplest method used for calculating the amount of
reinforcement required, and is allowed in most design codes and standards. The principle used is to
provide reinforcement local to the opening, equal in cross-sectional area to the area removed in
forming the opening. If the actual thickness of the vessel wall is greater than the minimum required to
resist the loading, the excess thickness can be taken into account when estimating the area of
reinforcement required. Similarly with a branch connection, if the wall thickness of the branch or
nozzle is greater than the minimum required, the excess material in the branch can be taken into
account. Any corrosion allowance must be deducted when determining the excess thickness available
as compensation. The standards and codes differ in the areas of the branch and shell considered to be
effective for reinforcement, and should be consulted to determine the actual area allowed and the
disposition of the various types of reinforcement. For branch connections of small diameter the
reinforcement area can usually be provided by increasing the wall thickness of the branch pipe. Some
design codes and standards do not require compensation for connections below 89 mm (3 in.)
diameter. If anything, the equal area method tends to over-estimate the compensation required and in
some instances the additional material can reduce the fatigue life of the vessel. More sophisticated
methods for determining the compensation required have been introduced into the latest editions of
the codes and standards. The equal-area method is generally used for estimating the increase in
thickness required to compensate for multiple openings.
 First calculate the reinforcement area R
A=D*t*F where tr-shell thickness=0.64(( ) )
F-correction factor=2
D-diameter of the pipe
tn- nozzle material thickness
E-joint efficiency=1
t- Shell material thickness
= (for shell 9mm or for head 6mm
A=D*t*F
A25mm=(25mm)(2.8mm)(2)=
A40mm=(40mm)(2.43mm)(2)=
A150mm=(150mm)(2.8mm)(2)=
By taking A1 as the largest of the A11 or A12 calculating the reinforcement area of the vessel
A11= (E*t-F*tr) D and but tr =0.64(( ) )
A12=2(E*t-F*tr)*(t + tn) so, tr@25 = 6.2mm, tr@40=17.2mm,& tr@150=21.2mm
A11,25mm= (1*2.8mm-2*6.2mm) 25mm=240
A12,25mm=2(1*2.8mm-2*6.2mm) (2.8mm+3.33mm) =117.7
A11,40mm = (1*2.34mm-2*17.2mm) 40mm=
A12,40mm =2(1*2.34mm-2*17.2mm) (2.34mm+13.5mm) =1015.6
A11,150mm = (1*2.8mm-2*21.2mm) 150mm=5940
A12,150mm =2(1*2.8mm-2*21.2mm) (2.8mm+7mm) =776.16
There for A1 (reinforcement in shell) will be the largest value of (A11 or A12)

[1, 7]
A1,25mm=240
A1,40mm=
A1,150mm=5940
By taking A2 as the smaller of A11 or A22 and calculate the available nozzle wall.
A21= (tn-tr)5t and A22=2(tn-tr)(2.5tn-te) , te =0 (no pad)
A21,25mm = (3.33mm-6.2mm)5*2.8mm=
A22,25mm = 2(3.33mm-6.2mm)(2.5*3.33mm-0)=
A21,40mm = (13.5mm-17.2mm)5*2.34mm=
A22, 40mm = 2(13.5mm-17.2m)(2.5*13.5mm-0)=
A21,150mm = (7mm-21.2mm)5*2.8mm=
A22,150mm = 2(7mm-21.2mm)(2.5*7mm-0)=
A2 will be A2,25mm=
A2,40mm=
A2, 125mm=
A total=A1+A2
A25mm, total = (240+47.8) =287.8
A40mm, total = (1248+249.75) =1397.75
A150mm, total = (5940+497) =6437
Nominal Dia.(mm) A total,( ) A,( )

25 287.8 140
40 1397.75 194.4
150 6437 840
3.9 Design of vessels to combined loading.

Pressure vessels are subjected to other loads in addition to pressure and must be designed to
withstand the worst combination of loading without failure It is not practical to give an explicit
relationship for the vessel thickness to resist combined loads. A trial thickness must be assumed
(based on that calculated for pressure alone) and the resultant stress from all loads determined to
ensure that the maximum allowable stress intensity is not exceeded at any point.
Therefore, radial stresses are ignored (very small) so we consider the following primary
membrane stresses
(a)Hoop Stresses and
(b)Longitudinal Stresses
The main sources of load to consider are:
(a) Hoop stress
σt1 P = internal pressure,
D = Internal diameter of the cylindrical shell,
t = Thickness of the cylindrical shell, and
σt1 = Circumferential or hoop stress for the material of
the
Cylindrical shell.
( )(
σt1 = ( )
σt1 c

[2, 3]
(b) Longitudinal stress
σt2
( )(
σt1 = ( )
σt1
3.10 Design of manhole or inspection

All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal corrosion,
erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, hand hole, or other
inspection openings for examination and cleaning. To resist the load subjected(applied) on the man
hole it must be design from a material having enough strength to resist the applied load, having
stainless steel is a material which satisfy all this, so it selected
3.10.1 Dimension for man hole
The dimension of man hole must allow to get in to the vessel who wants to clean its internal
part.so I take the diameter of manhole as 15cm=150mm, i.e. di=150mm
 To calculate the thickness of manhole wall will be;
Where p=internal pressure
di=selected inside diameter of manhole
do=outside diameter of manhole
S=stress of material
( )( )
= =0.23mm
( )
When corrosion allowance is added (2mm)
t=0.23mm+2mm=2.23mm
Therefore thickness of wall of manhole, t=2.23mm
do=di+2t = 500mm+2(2.19mm) = 504.46mm
3. 11 Design of bolts
Use the following formula important to find the size and number of bolt.
Let D = internal diameter of cylinder
P = pressure in the cylinder
dc = core diameter of the bolt
 tb  Permissible tensile stress of the bolt
n = number of bolt
Here we know that the upward face acting on the cylinder cover is:

F D   .......... .......... .......... .......... .1
4
This force is resisted by n number of bolt and the resisting force offered by n number of bolts is
 2
FR  dc   tb  n.......... .......... .......... ....2
4
From equation (1) the upward force acting on cylinder cover is


F  8062  49.5  F  25243230.87 N
4
From equation (2) the resisting force by the bolt

FR   dc2   tb  n
4

[2, 3, 7]
Here select the material for the bolt low alloy steel. So,
 tb  550N / mm and the core diameter is
2
from the table by taking standard M60 size.
Designation pitch mm nominal pitch core diameter

depth of stress
Diameter nut $ diameter bolt nut bolt mm area
Bolt (d=D) mm mm mm
mm mm2
M 60 5.5 60 56.428 53.177 54.046 3.374

2360
From the table dc  53.177mm


FR   53.1772  550  n
4
FR  1220899.77  n Since F  FR
F 25243230.87
n    10.67  12 bolts
1220899.77 1220899.77
3.12Design of nut
If the bolt and nut are made up of similar material then the effective height of the nut made equal to
the nominal diameter of the bolt. Since the bolt diameter is 60mm. so the effective height of the nut is
also 60mm.
3.13 Design of support

3.13.1 Material for bottom legs.
They are constructed from concrete or fabricated from steel plate. For my design I selected low
alloy steel. The contact angle should not be less than 120°,and will not normally be greater than
150°,wear plates are often welded to the shell wall to reinforce the wall over the area of contact with
the saddle.
3.13.2 Total weight of the pressure vessel (dead weight)
The major sources of dead weight loads are:
1. The vessel shell.
2. The vessel fittings: man ways, nozzles.
3. Internal fittings: plates (plus the fluid on the plates); heating and cooling coils.
4. External fittings: ladders, platforms, piping.
5. Auxiliary equipment which is not self-supported; condensers, agitators.
6. Insulation.
7. The weight of liquid to fill the vessel.
For preliminary calculations the approximate weight of a cylindrical vessel with domed ends,
and uniform wall thickness, can be estimated from the following equation of steel vessels:

WS  240CV Dm HV  0.8Dm t [2, 3]
Where WS = total weight of the shell, such as cylindrical.

CV=a fact for the weight of nozzles, man ways, internal
support;
=1.08 - for vessels with only a few internal fittings,
=1.15 - For or similar vessels, with several midways,
Hv =the length of the vertical cylindrical shell.
t= Wall thickness, mm
Dm = Mean diameter of vessel

Dm  Di  t 103 m 
Dm  0.53m  0.000028m
 0.530028m
Thus WS  2401.15  0.53m1.58m  0.8  0.53m0.0028m
 WS  0.82N
 To find the weight of fluid which score the maximum weight?
WF  m f g
 vf  f g
Where v f  the volume of paraffin oil in the vessel
f 
The maximum density of paraffin oil
WF  Weight of fluid
  f  800kg / m3
The density of paraffin oil from the table we see
WF  0.4m  kg / m  9.81m / s 2
3 3
Thus,
 WF  3139.2 N
To find the total weight of the system will be
W  WS  WF
 0.82N  3139.2 N
W  3140.02N
I choose round bar as support that is skirt support is preferable to vertical position. The three
skirt support is welded at 120°c the cylindrical part of the shell.
Therefore weight each support carries of load.
Wtotal 3940.02N
Let Weach  P  P  985.005N
4 4
The material selection for skirt support is low alloy steel
The length of weld part (x) is subject to pure shear and the bar weld at two part
p  2  0.707  S  allo  x Where S  weld thickness

 allo  allowable shear stress
p  weight of each load, (985.002)

[1, 2, 3]
y
Where  allo  n  factor of safty, n  3.2
3n
 t  550Mpa
y 550Mpa
 allo  
3 n 3  3.2
 99.23Mpa
Take S=10mm
p  2  0.707  S   allo  x
1313.34 N
x
2  0.707  10mm  99.23Mpa
x  0.94mm
Adding in 10.2mm starting and stopping welding
x  10.2mm  0.94mm
 x  11.14mm
 To find the diameter of support leg.
The diameter of a support is determined by buckling consideration
Where pe  bulckingload eulerianload 
E  elastic mod ules of stainlesssteel
N  length fromthe ground(take  2mm)
I  2nd moment of inertia
Pe = n*p = (3.2)(985.002) = 3152.016Nmm
Pe= , I= But I =
Then the diameter of support is.

( )( )( )
=( ) (
=0.1655 =D =0.59mm
)( )
Diameter of bottom leg support is, D =0.59mm
The vessel diameter is 0.53 = 0.6in standard table approximately.
Vessel Maximum Dimension
diameter weight(KN) V Y C E J G t2 T1 Bolt
(mm)
0.6 35 0.48 0.15 0.55 0.24 0.190 0.095 6 5 20
0.8 50 0.58 0.15 0.70 0.29 0.225 0.095 8 5 20
0.9 65 0.63 0.15 0.81 0.34 0.275 0.095 10 6 20

1.0 90 0.68 0.15 0.91 0.39 0.310 0.095 11 8 20
1.2 180 0.78 0.20 1.09 0.45 0.360 0.14 12 10 24
Table 3.6 standard diameter of vessels

[1, 3, 7]
3.13.3 Seismic force (earth quak)e is:
FL = ChWo where Ch = seismic factor depending on selected
zone
Wo = maximum weight of the vessel give in
the
above (35KN)
FL=ChWo= (0.53mm)(35KN) = 18.55KNmm or 18550Nmm
3.13.4 Wind load where:
FL=AF*CF*G*Qz where AF=project area of vessels
CF=shape factor
G=guest factor
Qz=wind pressure
( )( )
AF=
Qz=0.0256*kz* *I where KZ=0.85 from table
I=1.25 importance factor
v=basic wind speed 70-100Mpa
v=100Mpa=160.9kg/h
Qz=0.0256*kz* *I
Qz=0.0256*0.85* (160.9) (160.9) *1.25 =704
FL=AF*CF*G*Qz
= 0.22*0.55*0.095*704 = 8.09N
FL=8.09N

[6]
3.14 Method of fabrication and acceptable welding type.
Process equipment is fabricated by a number of well-established methods such
as fusion welding, casting, forging, machining, brazing and soldering and sheet metal
forming. Each method has certain advantages for particular types of equipment. However,
fusion welding is the most important method. The size, shape, service and material properties
of the equipment all may influence the selection of the fabrication method. Gray iron casting
have been widely used for the mass production of small pipe fittings and are used to a
considerable extent for large items such as cast iron pipe, heat exchanger shells and
evaporator bodies because of the superior corrosion resistance of cast iron as compared with
steel. Large diameter vessels cannot be easily cast, and the strength of gray iron is not reliable
for pressure vessels service. Cast steel may be used in small diameter thick walled vessels.
Furthermore, because of its higher strength and greater reliability as compared with cast iron;
it is more suitable for high-pressure service where metal porosity is not a problem. The vessel
diameter is still limiting because of a problem in casting. Alloy cast steel vessels can be used
for high-temperature and high-pressure installation. Forging is a method of shaping metal that
is commonly used for certain vessel parts such as closures, flanges and fittings. Vessels with
wall thickness are greater than 10cm more often forged. Other special methods of shaping
metal such as pressing, spinning and rolling of plates are used for forming closures for vessel
shells. Riveting was widely used prior to the improvement of modern welding Techniques,
for many different kinds of vessels, such as storage tanks, boilers and a verity of pressure
vessels. It is still used for fabrication of non-ferrous vessels such as copper and aluminum.
However,welding techniques have become so advanced, that even these materials are often
welded today. Machining is the only method other than cold forming that can be used to
exact secure tolerances. Close tolerances are required for the mating parts of the equipment.
Flange faces,bushings, and bearing surfaces are usually machined in order to provide
satisfactory alignment.Laboratory and pilot plant equipment for very high-pressure service is
sometimes machined for solid stock, pierced ingots and forgings.

CHAPTER 4
DETAILED DRAWING
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the design of pressure vessel is initialized with the specification
requirements in terms of standard technical specifications along with numerous requirements that lay
hidden from the market. The design of a pressure vessel is more of a selection procedure, selection of
its components to be more precise rather designing each and every component. Regarding storage of
fluid for a pressure vessel system should be preferred due to its simplicity, bettersensitivity, higher
reliability, low maintenance, compactness for the same capacity. The storage of fluid at high pressure
in the pressure vessel is at the heart of its performance and is the first step towards the Design. The
pressure vessel components are merely selected, but the selection is very critical, a slight change in
selection will lead to a different pressure vessel altogether from what is aimed to be designed. It is
observed that all the pressure vessel components are selected on basis of available ASME standards
and the manufactures also follow the ASME standards while manufacturing the components. So that
leaves the designer free from designing the components. This aspect of Design greatly reduces the
Development Time for a new pressure vessel. It also allows the designer the freedom to play with
multiple prototypes for the pressure vessel before finalizing the decision. The pressure vessel
Selection Procedure afterdetermining the inputs is a simplified process and can be automated to

shorten the design cycle. The following additional conclusions are Selection of pressure vessel
components should be according to standards rather than customizing the design.
• As abiding by the standards lead to:
• A universal approach
• Less time consumption.
• Easy replacement
• So less overall cost

REFARANCES
1,-Coulson and Richardson’s, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Volume 6
2, -TEXTBOOK OF MASIHN DESIGN
3, PREESURE VESSL HANDBOOK, 11th Edition
4, MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, 7th Edition, By William D.callister Jr.
5, www.
6, BASIC MANUFACTURING PROCESSES, By rajender singh
7. GUIDE BOOK FOR THE DESIGN OF PRESERVESSEL, 2nd Edition.
8, PRESSURE VESSELS HAND BOOK, 10th Edition

Appendix A

Appendix B
F

VDSDF

Appendix D

Appendix E


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Wolaita Sodo University

College of engineering science

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1.2 Industrial application of pressure vessel

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1.3.4 Cylindrical vessels with formed ends

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Fig 1.3 Nozzles

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1.6 scope of design

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1.7 purpose of the design of the pressure vessel

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I selected stainless steel (Type 321) material for our design.

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C) Electric Arc Welding

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TYPES OF WELDED JOINT

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Table 3.1 length to diameter ratio

V h= ………head volume (Hemispherical head)

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Where S = allowable stress (Design stress)

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 Tori spherical heads

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Tori conical heads

Figure 3.1 hemispherical head

 To calculate thickness of head

Where; D=Internal diameter

Total of head is vh=2(0.075 vh = 0.15

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Gasket Min.Design sketch Minimum

Table 3.2 Gasket material selection

Maximum allowable non-shock

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Fig 3.2 welding neck flange

Nominal Diameter of Length Diameter Diameter of Outside Thickness boltin

40 52.578 63.5 60.45 77.78 152.5 19.06 M12

Table 3.4 150lb standard dimension

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Fig 3.3 Force acting on internal flange

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 Inside diameter of a flange for each pipe(B)

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3.7 Select standard wall thickness of the nozzle

Table 3.5 nozzle standard thickness

0.5 0.840 0.109 0.147 0.219

25( 1) 1.315 0.133 0.179 0.250

1.900 0.145 0.200 0.281

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4 4.5 0.237 0.337 0.531

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Nominal Dia.(mm) A total,( ) A,( )

3.9 Design of vessels to combined loading.

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