MHARFE M.

MICAROZ
PhD – Math
Final Exam

1. A nontrivial graph G is said to be irregular if no two vertices of G have the same

degrees. Prove that no graph is irregular.

Proof.

By contradiction, assume that there exists an irregular graph G of order n  2 . Assume

also that V (G )  {v1 , v2 , v3 ,..., vn } where deg vi  i 1 for 1  i  n. Since deg v1  0, the
vertex vi is isolated in G and since deg vi  n 1, it follows vn is adjacent to v1. This is a
contradiction. By theorem , for each integer n  2, there is no graph of order n whose
vertices have distinct degrees. Since the degrees of the vertices of the graph G, say 4,3,2,2,1,
it is possible for n-1 vertices of a graph of order n to have distinct degrees. A graph G of
order n  2 is nearly irregular if exactly two vertices of G have the same degree.

2. Let G be a graph of order n containing vertices of degree r, where r is a positive integer,

and exactly one vertex of each of the degrees, r - 1; r - 2; ... ;r – j, where 1 < j < r .
Show that there exists an r-regular graph of order 2n containing G as an induced
sub-graph.

Proof

If G is r-regular, we let H = G. Assume that G is not an r-regular graph. Suppose that G has
an order n and V (G )  {v1 , v2 , v3 ...vn }. Let G ' be another structure of G with V(G') = {v 1'
,v'2 , v3'...v'n }, where each vertex vi in G' corresponds to vi in G for 1  i  n.By constructing
a graph G1 from G and G'by summing up the edges vi vi for all the vertices two vertices v i (1
 i  n) of G for which deg vi  r. Then G is an in H  G1. If it is not the case, we perform the
procedure continuously until such r-regular graph, G k where k  r - f (G). The graph Gk is the
desired graph H.
3. Let G be a self- complementary graph of order n, where n  1(mod 4) . Prove that G
n 1
contains at least one vertex of degree 2 .
n 1
 Let u  V(G). We would like to show that deg u = 2 .
We take into consideration that in any graph of order n
deg u  V (G )  n 1.
If r is any vertex such that deg r = deg u, then
deg r  deg u  2 deg u  n 1.
n 1
This implies that deg u  2 .
 Let w  V(G). We would like to show that deg w  deg u.
then deg w  deg u  2 deg u  n 1.
n1 n 1

Which also implies that deg u  2 . Thus deg u = 2 .

n 1

Ergo, there exists u  V(G) such that deg u = 2 .