Different ways of presenting the subject
battle. suggest action, life, and movement.
1. Realism - the artists portrays the subject as
ease.
Example: Courbet, The Meeting (Bonjour Monsieur
Courbet), 1854, oil on canvas.
2. Abstraction - there is no subject but only his
feelings and ideas. You cannot figure out the
subject/object.
Example: Figura by Arturo Luz
3. Distortion - usually done to dramatize the
shape of a figure or to create an emotional effect.
Measurement is not proportioned.
Example: Caricature
THE ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS
What is Element ?
It’s a particular part of something.
–Merriam-Webster
Dictionary
a part or aspect of something abstract, especially
one that is essential or characteristic.What
happens to the medium after the techniques are
applied.
THE ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS
1. LINE 2. COLOR 3. TEXTURE
4. PERSPECTIVE 5. SPACE 6.
FORM 7. VOLUME
CLASSIFICATION OF LINES
1. STRAIGHT LINE- A straight line is the basic
framework of many forms, but it lacks softness
and flexibility.
a. HORIZONTAL- are lines repose and
serenity.
Horizontal lines are found in reclining persons, in
landscape, calm bodies of water and in the
distant meeting of the earth and sky which is
called horizon.
Horizontals in artwork usually indicate calmness
and rest.
b. VERTICAL- are lines that denote action.
They suggest poise, balance, force, aspiration,
exaltation, and dynamism.
Vertical lines also tend to express as well as
arouse emotions.
Vertical shows strength, balance, and stability.
c.DIAGONAL- Diagonal look as if they are either
rising or falling and have both positive and
negative implications.
On the positive, diagonals indicate movement or
action as many be seen in the posture of a
runner or a horse in full run.
On the adverse side, diagonals may be seen
from the posture of athletes when victory is
lost or the posture of soldiers when defeated in
Almost every object in action assumes a
diagonal line
d. ZIGZAG- These are completed from a
mixture of diagonal lines. The diagonals from
angles and change direction suddenly. Zigzags
indicate chaos, conflict, and confusion as can
be perceived in pictures of war and pictures of
most anime characters.
2. CURVED LINE-
 More technically, the are curvilinear; they are
organic and natural and adjust direction
regularly. When we illustrate wiggly lines, we
are putting together a series of curves that
may form spirals and circles.
 The outlines of the human body particularly ,
the female form, are curved lines. A curved
line that goes around itself forms a spiral
oftentimes seen in seashells.
 When curved lines continuously move in
opposite directions, they form wavy lines that
show graceful movements.
 It suggest subtleness, direction, instability,
movement, flexibility, joyousness, and grace.
 The restrained curved lines exemplified in the
woman’s body and the bamboo stem where
according to Philippine legend, man and
woman sprang by Carlos “Botong” Francisco.
CROOKED OR JAGGED
3 Classifications of Crooked or Jagged Lines:
 Lines which follow or repeat one another
 Lines which contrast with one another
 Transitional lines which modify or soften the
effect of others.
Repetition - it occurs when two or more lines are
drawn within a corner.
Transitional Lines - modify the sharpness of
vertical and horizontal lines giving a harmonizing
effect.
In painting, there should be an organic unity
of lines to produce balance and symmetry,
proportion of lengths and widths, and rhythm.
2. COLOR- (Hue) - gives meaning, value,
intensity and saturation to an object. It has series
of wave lengths which strikes our retina.
EXAMPLE OF COLOR AND ITS MEANING
1. Black – Symbolizes despair, gloom, death,
mourning and pain.
2. Blue- Symbolizes calmness and peace. Color of
the sky and of deep and still water. Coolest
and the most tranquil of the colors. It arouses
the feelings of peace and quietness.
3. Green- Symbolizes growth, life freshness and
hope, Color for vegetation.
4. Orange – Symbolizes deliciousness,
Cheerfulness and sweetness.
5. Pink- symbolizes Love
6. Red – Symbolizes bravery, war, passion,
energy and warmth. Color of fire and blood and
most exciting of the colors. It stands for
passion and energy.
7. Violet- Symbolizes, mourning, penance, royalty
and power. Also Represents shadows and
mysteries
8. White- symbolizes simplicity, clarity, purity and
peace.
9. Yellow – Symbolizes life, joy, sunshine, warmth,
splendor and hospitality. Color of light. It
suggests cheerfulness, magnificence, life and
splendor
10. It serves to balance the warm colors like
red and orange
11. Yellow-green- symbolizes jealousy and
hatred.
12. Brown- Symbolizes humility and
confidence.
a. VALUE- Refers to the lightness or darkness of
a color. It is a quality which depends on the
amount of light and dark in color. They give the
expression of depth and solidity and lend form to
paintings
TINTS - are values above the normal
SHADES - are values below the normal
Pink is a tint of red, Maroon is a shade of red
Sky blue is a tint, Navy blue is a shade
The value of a hue can be changed
We raise hue by adding more light so that it
reflects more light and lower it by reducing the
light it can reflect.
b. INTENSITY-Refers to the brightness or
darkness
It gives color strength
Differences in intensity may be described as full
intensity, two-thirds intensity, and two-thirds
neutral. Two colors may be both blue but one is
more intense than the other.
When it is dulled, it is said to be partly neutralized
The more black or white is added, the weaker the
intensity becomes.
PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS
BLACK - Is associated with death and gloom
WHITE - Stands for purity and innocence
BLUE - Deemed the color of heaven
RED - Is associated with blood, signifies anger,
provokes fear, and impels people to action
ORANGE - Helps a person be assertive
GREEN - Color of nature, promotes the feeling of
well-being
- It implies happy and restful association and
natural abundance
MEANINGS OF COLORS CONVEYED BY THE
ROSE
The rose is a flower worthy of mention for
the varied psychological and emotional
connotations each of its color takes. It is the
universal flora of love.
A. WHITE ROSES- If you are harboring a secret
affection for a special girl (or guy), it would be
more appropriate to send white roses. White
roses denotes secrecy and several other
meanings such as innocence, purity,
reverence, and humility.
B. PINK ROSES
a. DEEP PINK- Convey gratitude and
appreciation
Most appropriate for those who would like to
say
“thank you”
b. LIGHT PINK- Expresses sympathy, Also stand
for grace and gentility.
C. RED ROSES- For saying “I love you” Also mean
courage and fortitude.
D. YELLOW ROSES- Represent joy and freedom
If you combine red and yellow together, they
stand for jovial and happy feelings.
E. CORAL/ORANGE ROSES- Speak of enthusiasm
and desire
3. TEXTURE- During the 19th to 20th centuries,
a high premium was placed on very smooth
surfaces and forms. A group of painters including
Cezzane, Picasso, and others emphasized texture
by purposely making portions of the paintings
rough.
Texture is being used by sculptors,
architecture, paintings, and any other forms of
art.
is an element that deals more directly with the
sense of touch. Also, it is best appreciated when
an object is touched with our hands.
It is the perceived surface quality of a work
of art. It is an element of two-dimensional and
three-dimensional designs and is distinguished by
its perceived visual and physical properties.
4. PERSPECTIVE- from the Latin: “perspicere”
means to see through, deals with the effect of
distance upon the appearance of objects, by
means of which the EYE judges spatial
relationships. It is important in painting because
volume is to be presented on a two dimensional
surface.
TWO KINDS OF PERSPECTIVE
1. Linear Perspective -is the representation of an
appearance of distance by means of
converging lines
2. Linear Perspective -is the representation of an
appearance of distance by means of
converging lines.
5. SPACE- refers to distances or areas around,
between or within components of a piece. Space
can be positive (white or light) or negative (black
or dark), open or closed, shallow or deep and two
dimensional or three-dimensional. Sometimes
space isn't actually within a piece, but the illusion
of it.
6. FORM- applies to the overall design of a work
of art. It describes the structure or shape of an
object.
directs the movement of the eyes.
Since form consists of size and volume, it signifies
visual weight. Applies to the overall design of a
work of art.
Form consists of size and volume.
Includes height, width and depth.
Form generally refers to sculpture, 3D design and
architecture but may also relate to the illusion of
3D on a 2D surface
Good architecture allows outward forms to be
governed by what goes on inside them.
7. VOLUME- Refers to the amount of space
occupied in three dimensions.
We perceive volume in two ways: by
contour lines, outlines, or shapes of objects, and
by surface lights and shadows.
Volume is the primary concern of architects
because a building always encloses a space.
The viewer, therefore, may obtain not one
but many different impressions from a single
work.
The sculptor is also concerned with the
volume.
In painting, volume is an illusion because the
surface of the canvas is flat.
PRINCIPLE OF DESIGN- refers to the visual
strategies used by the artist, in conjunction with
the visual elements of art – for expressive
purposes.
1. BALANCE. It is one of the principle of design;
it is classified into three: symmetrical,
asymmetrical, and radial.
A. Symmetrical: Also known as formal balance,
as two equal parts of the pictorial plane of an
artwork placed like mirror image of each other.
The similarity is so precise that each half is seen
one and the same.
B. Asymmetrical: also known as informal
balance, where elements on either side of a
composition do not reflect one another or when
several smaller items on one side are balanced by
a large item on the other side, or smaller items
are placed further away from the center of the
screen than the larger items.
C.Radial Symmetry: balance where all elements
radiate out from a center point in a circular
fashion to all four quadrants of the shape’s
constraining place.
2. HARMONY. In the principle of design, this can
be described as sameness, the belonging of one
thing with another.
3. PROPORTION. This is the size relationship of
forms and shapes. Good proportion causes a
sense of unity and harmony.
4. DOMINANCE/ EMPHASIS.
This happens when the artist creates an area of
the composition that is visually dominant and
commands the viewer’s attention. This is often
achieved by contrast.
5. VARIETY. This is a principle of design that
refers to a way of combining visual elements to
achieve intricate and complex relationships. It is a
technique used by artists who wish to increase
the visual interest of their work.
6. MOVEMENT. This is the result of using the
elements of art such that they move the viewer’s
eye around and within the image.
A sense of movement can be created by
diagonal or curvy lines, either real or implied, by
edges, by the illusion of space, by repetition, by
energetic mark- making.
7. RHYTHM. In the principle of design, this is a
continuance, a flow, or a feeling of movement
achieved by the repetition of regulated visual
information.
HISTORY OF PAINTING
It is originated in France and was
introduced in the Philippines by the Spaniards
during 17th century. The oldest known paintings
are at the Grotte Chauvet in France, claimed by
some historians to be about 32,000 years old.
They are engraved and painted using red ochre
and black pigment and show horses, rhinoceros,
lions, buffalo, mammoth or humans often hunting.
However the earliest evidence of painting
has been discovered in two rock-shelters in
Arnhem Land, in northern Australia. In the lowest
layer of material at these sites there are used
pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old.
Archaeologists have also found a fragment of rock
painting preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in
the Kimberley region of North-Western Australia,
that is dated 40 000 years old. [1]There are
examples of cave paintings all over the world—in
France, Spain, Portugal, China, Australia, India
etc.
DEFINITION OF PAINTING
The practice of applying paint, pigment,
color or other medium to a surface (support
base).
In art, the term describes both the act and
the result, which is called a painting.
Example: canvass, paper, wood, rock.
DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES
TECHNIQUES - Ability which artist fulfill his
work of art and manipulates ideas.
1. Realism - introduced by a French man named
Gustave Courbet in 19th century. Adopted to
describe things represent figures and exactly how
they look like in real life.
Example: sunset, sunrise, and nature by Gustave
Courbet
2. Surealism - invented from the word super
naturalism. It is used to emphasize the
unconscious creative activity of the mind.
Example: Our small dream - Painting, 100x100x3
cm ©2017 by Agata Buczek
Deja Vu - Painting ©2002 by Ramaz Razmadze -
Magic art fantasy mystical
3. Cubism - initiated by Cezanne, the father of
cubism. It shows the flatness of the picture and
rejects traditional perspectives.
Example:
Demoiselles d’ Avignon in 1907 by Pablo Picasso
Georges Braque - Still Life with a Violin
4. Expressionism - tries to express subjective
feelings and emotions of the artists. It is how the
artist feels about the subject.
Example: The Scream by Edvard Munch in 1892
German Expressionism Wassily Kandinsky
5. Impressionism - the artist depicts what
stimulates the eye. What we see is important in
an impressionist. When they create an art they
are more concerned with the effects of lights that
would get the attention of the audience.
Example:Soleil Levant by Claude Monet in 1872
6. Symbolism - the visible sign of something
invisible such as ideas or quality. Something that
you can create in the mind such as ideas that can
be depicted through painting.
Example:"The death of the gravedigger“ by
Carlos Schwabe
Symbolism of Marc Chagall
7. Pointillism - a style of painting in which the
artists use small distinct dots of color forming a
figure and it has an item of “luminosity” and
create the impression of a wide selection of other
colors and blending.
Example:La Parade de Cirqu by Seurat (1889)
Couple in the street, 1887, Musée d'Orsay,
canvas, 38.5 x 33.0 cm
8. Futurism - an art movement that originated in
Italy in the early 20th century. Machine and
motions is the main subject of this technique
which try to show movement and speed. Rejected
the traditional perspectives and attempted to
glorify a new life.
Example: The City Rises by Umberto Boccioni
(1910)
Lancers Artist: Gino Severini Style: Futurism
Genre
9. Minimalism - the form is reduced to outmost
simplicity geometrical shape which emphasizes
space.
Example:The reconstruction of German Pavillion
in Barcelona Spain, Fragile Balance by Alexandra
Van Lierde
10. Fauvism - the painter try to paint picture by
using bright and extreme colors in order to
assume positive characters.
Example: The portrait of Madame Matisse (The
green line) by Henry Matisse in 1905
André Derain, 1906, Charing Cross Bridge,
London, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC
11. Dadaism - a post-World War I cultural
movement in visual art as well as literature
(mainly poetry), theatre and graphic design. It
shows a movement that shock and provokes the
viewers.
Example:
Hitler in Hell by George Grosz
Hanover Dada - Kurt Schwitters
12. Constructivism - derived from the word
“construction.” Construction of abstract pictures
such as metal and wire.
Example:Model of the Monument to the Third
International
by Tatlin Tower
FILIPINO PAINTERS : THE FEW CREAM OF
THE CROP
1. Damian Domingo- “The First Great Filipino
Painter” AKA Damian Gabor Domingo “Father of
Filipino Painting”
1st Filipino to paint his face, 1st self-portrait in
the Philippines
Academia de Dibujo y Pintura
Date of Birth: 1796
Birthplace: Tondo, Manila, Philippines
Year of Death: 1834
Art Work: LA SAGRADA FAMILIAOIL ON COPPER
SHEET
Measurements: 48.26(length) x 35 (width) cm
Where it was made: Manila, Philippines
Time Period: 19th Century; 1820’s to 1830’s
Owner: Heirs of Luis Ongpin
Museum: Ayala Miuseum
2. Juan Luna “Ilocano Filipino Painter”
Political activist of the Philippine Revolution
during the late 19th century,
 1st recognized Philippine artistsHis 1st
tutor Don Lorenzo Guerero was so impressed with
his early works, Don Lorenzo persuaded his
parents to send him to Spain to advance his skills
Date of Birth: October 23,1857
Birthplace: Badoc, Ilocos Norte, Philippines
Year of Death: December 7, 1899
Art Work: SPOLIARIUM Oil-on-Canvas:
Measurements: 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters:
Where it was made: Rome
Time Period: 19th Century , 1884
Award: 1st prize, gold medal at Exposicion de
Bellas Artes of Oil Paintings in Madrid
Location: National Museum
Other works: Death of Cleopatra,
(Silver medal, 1881 Museo del Prado in Madrid),
Parisian Life (Silver medal, 1889, GSIS Museum)
Battle of Lepanto, Blood Compact (1886,
Malacañang Palace)
Una Bulakenya (1895) (Malacañang Palace)
3. FELIX RESURRECCION HIDALGO
NATIONAL ARTIST OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR
PAINTING
  He studied in the University of Santo
Tomas where his artistry was encouraged by Fr.
Sabater.
He was simultaneously enrolled at the Escuela de
Dibujo y Pintura. When Juan Luna won the gold
medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition, a Filipino
painter shared with him the limelight by securing
the second place.
His remains were brought to Manila, where
he now lies entombed in the Hidalgo family
mausoleum at the Cementerio del Norte.
Date of Birth: February 21, 1855
Birthplace: Binondo, Manila
Year of Death: March 1913
Art Work: LAS VIRGENES CRISTIANAS EXPUESTAS
AL POPULACHO OIL-ON-CANVAS
Measurements: 115 cm x 157 cm/Time Period:
1884 /
Award: Silver MedalistLocation: Metropolitan
Museum of Manila
OTHER WORKS OF FELIX HIDALGO:
a. Flora de Filipinas (Plants of the Philippines) -
awarded second place for best cover design for
de Luxe edition.
b. La Siesta (Nap in the afternoon) –
c. a piece which was favorably reviewed in La
iIlustracion Espanola y Americana in1881.
d. La Barca de Aqueronte (The Boat of Charon) -
received a gold medal in the international
exposition in Madrid and was bought for 7500
pesetas by the Spanish government.
4. FERNANDO AMORSOLO Y CUETO -
NATIONAL ARTIST OF THE PHILIPPINES FOR
PAINTING
Excellent sketch artist as well as peerless
master of light and color. Signature technique.
Backlight his object, gently shading them with
nuanced color tones & haloing them with
incandescent golden glow.
Most of his paintings portrayed the Filipino
culture, tradition, and customs like Filipino fiestas.
Became popular because of his illuminated
landscapes and his historical paintings on which
you can see the real reflection of a Filipino soul.
Date of Birth: May 30, 1892
Birthplace: Calle Herran in Paco, Manila
Year of Death: April 26, 1972
Art Work: Rice Planting Oil-on-
Canvas/Measurements: 24 x 34 meters/Where it
was made: Philippines/Time Period: 1922 /Sold
That we Maybe One
by: Geringer Art, /a Honolulu based company
which specializes in the art of Fernando
Amorsolo
OTHER WORKS OF FERNANDO AMORSOLO:
The Bombing of the Intendecia (1942),Bataan
Afternoon Meal of the Workers (1939), PRINCESS
URDUJA
5. CARLOS V. FRANCISCO AKA BOTONG
FRANCISCO- 2nd Filipino to receive the title of
National Artist in Painting in 1973
One of the first Filipino modernist
Francisco's art is a prime example of linear
painting where lines and contours appear like cut
outs.
He single-handedly brought back the art of mural
painting in the Philippines
Date of Birth: November 4, 1912
Birthplace: Angono, Rizal
Year of Death: March 31, 1969
OTHER WORKS OF CARLOS V. FRANCISCO
Harana, Katipunan
6. Jose Tanig Joya- National Artist in Visual Arts
in 2003
A painter and multimedia artist
Known as an Abstract Expressionist
He was the president of the Art Association of the
Philippines from 1962 to 1965 and dean of the
U.P. College of Fine Arts from 1970 to 1978.
Date of Birth: June 3, 1931 Birthplace:
Manila, Philippines
Year of Death: March 31, 1996
OTHER WORKS OF JOSE JOYA:
Granadean Arabesque1958 –, his landmark
painting
Barter of Panay, Christ Stripped of His Clothes-
1954
Dimensions of Fear-1965 . Vista Beyond Vision-
1981
Torogan -1985 . Playground of the Mind-1998
7. Benedicto Reyes Cabrera- (Abril 10, 1942) o 1. Pre-production or subject development-
mas kilala bilang Bencab, ay isang pintor at This ends when the planning ends, and the
Pambansang Alagad ng Sining sa Sining Biswal na content starts being produced.
kilala hindi lamang dito sa Pilipinas ngunit maging
sa ibang bansa. Makikita sa kanyang mga obra 2. Production or medium manipulation- This
ang masining niyang pagsasalarawan ng mga is a method of joining diverse material inputs and
panlipunang isyu, lalong-lalo na ang tungkol sa unimportant inputs (plans, know-how) to make
mga Pilipino, nasaan man silang panig ng mundo. something for consumption (the output). It is the
Example: Three Women act of creating output, a good or service that has
8. Cesar Torrente Legaspi (1917-1994), ay significance and contributes to the utility of
pinarangalan bilang isang Pambansang Alagad ng individuals.
Sining noong 1990, at siya ang itinuturing na
nagpasimula ng neo-realism sa Pilipinas at 3. Post production (completion) or
nagpaunlad ng cubism sa bansa. exhibition- Once an artwork is finished, it will be
Example: Combancheros displayed, circulated, and performed for the
9. Hernando R. Ocampo- (28 Abril 1911 - 28 audience and public to see or watch.
Disyembre 1978) ay isa sa mga naunang
modernong pintor sa Pilipinas. Kinilala siyang
Pambansang Alagad ng Sining noong 1991.
Tanyag siya sa kanyang mga gawang abstrak.
Example: Mother and Child
10. Joey Velasco- Joey showed early signs of his
passion for entrepreneurship. He took up law at
the Ateneo de Manila but had to leave to be in
fellowship with his working class parents and
decided to set up businesses instead.
Back in 2005, the country was surprised with a
painting of Jesus Christ in his immaculate white
robe breaking bread with twelve grimy street
children. Hapag ng Pag-asa, made quite a stir in
the artistic circle, social media, and local
parishes. It even replaced Leonardo Da Vinci’s
The Last Supper in Filipino families’ dining rooms.
What made it more interesting is that the search
for the maker of this modern artwork led to a
humble man in crutches suffering from kidney
disease.
Joey Velasco, husband to Queeny and
father to four kids, began painting when he had
an operation and saw in a dream an image of the
Madonna. With a strong will to remember the
image, he got his art materials and painted it—
the first of his series of paintings that changed his
life, his family's, as well as of the people who
have seen his works.
Although Joey didn’t have formal artistic training,
he was able to paint on canvasses powerful
images of various people representing the many
aspects of society as well as Christ in the modern
times.
March 18, 1967 Died: July 20, 2010
Art Work: Hapag ng Pag-asa 2005
OTHER WORKS: Gusto ko maging Bayani,That we
may Live,
That we Maybe One, Hilumin Mo, Cast All Your
Cares Upon Me,
Hapag Ng Pag-Ibig

THREE STAGES IN ART MAKING