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Mechanics L1 With Solution
Mechanics L1 With Solution
Introduction
Outlines
1. Brief Revision
2. Uncertainty and Significant Figures
3. Units and Dimensional Analysis
4. Trigonometry
5. Coordinate Systems
Classical Oscillation
Mechanics and waves
Physics Quantum
Optics
Mechanics
Electromagnetism Thermodynamics
Theories and Experiments
Physical Numerical
quantity value
Unit of
measurement
Physical quantities
PHYSICAL
QUANTITIES
BASE DERIVED
QUANTITIES QUANTITIES
SI – Systéme International
Agreed to in 1960 by an international committee.
Fundamental Quantities and
Their Dimension
• Mechanics uses three fundamental quantities
– Length [L]
– Mass [M]
– Time [T]
• Other physical quantities can be constructed from
these three
Examples:
6000 = 6 103
0.0003 = 3 10–4
Prefixes
Prefixes correspond to powers of
10.
Examples:
50,000 m = 5 × 104 m = 50 km
0.008 s = 8 × 10–3 s = 8 ms
Length
1 nanometer = 1 nm = 10-9 m
1 micrometer = 1 m = 10-6 m
1 millimeter = 1 mm = 10-3 m
1 centimeter = 1 cm = 10-2 m
1 kilometer = 1 km = 103 m
Mass
1 microgram = 1 g = 10-6 g = 10-9 kg
1 milligram = 1 mg = 10-3 g = 10-6 kg
1 gram = 1 g = 10-3 kg
Time
1 nanosecond = 1 ns = 10-9 s
1 microsecond = 1 s = 10-6 s
1 millisecond = 1 ms = 10-3 s
Dimensional Analysis
• Technique to check the correctness of an
equation.
• Dimensions (length, mass, time, combinations) can
be treated as algebraic quantities.
• Add, subtract, multiply, divide
M
Density
V
Example 1:
Show that the expression v = v0 + at is dimensionally
correct, where v and v0 represent velocities, a is
acceleration, and t is a time interval.
v v0 L
T
at at 2 T
L L
Note: Cannot add dimensions of
T T L
v0+at =2 T
a 2
L v T
L L
T T v
Substitute the expression for T into the equation for [a]:
a L
v
2
L/v L
2
a v
2
a
v2
r r
Example 3:
1
1. Show that the equation s = ut + at2 is
2
dimensionally correct.
For Right hand side: can
at a t 2 T L
2 L 2
2 not add L to L =2L
T
Since all have same dimensions Dimensionally correct
2. T T
l
1
l
1 1
2
L 2 2
g 12 T
1
g L/T 2 2
s ka m n
t
m
L
T L T
m n 2m Note: The constant ,
n
L k has no dimension.
2
T The power of L is 1
L1 =L
m 1 and n 2m 0 The power of T is 0
T0 =1 and so n-2m=0
n 2
Example 5:
Suppose we are told that the acceleration a of a particle
moving with uniform speed v in a circle of radius r is
proportional to some power of r, say rn, and some
power of v, say vm. Determine the values of n and m.
n m
L n Lm L
L
2
T m
T T
n m 1 and m 2
n 1
Unit Analysis
Using units instead of symbols in dimension analysis.
Unit analysis can used to determine the units of a
quantity from a correct equation.
Example 6:
Check the validity of the following equation by using the unit
analysis.
vu
a BE CAREFUL!
t UNIT ANALYSIS DIMENSIONAL
ANALYSIS
unit of a ms 2
v u ms 1
unit of ms 2
t s
Since both sides have same unit, the equation is valid.
Uncertainty in Measurements
• There is uncertainty (or sometimes called error) in
every measurement, this uncertainty carries over through
the calculations.
- is written with a ± sign
• We will use rules for significant figures to approximate
the uncertainty in results of calculations
• A significant figure is a reliably known digit
• All non-zero digits are significant.
• Zeros are not significant when they only locate the
decimal point
• Using scientific notion to indicate the number of significant
figures removes ambiguity when the possibility of
misinterpretation is present
Significant Figures
34
Example 7:
The traffic light turns green, and the driver of a high-
performance car slams the accelerator to the floor.
The accelerometer register 22.0 ms-2. Convert this
reading to kmmin-2
1 km 60 s
2
-2
22.0 ms 22.0 ms 2
1000 m 1 min
2
79.2 km min
Example 8:
A beaker of water contains 255 mL of water. What is
the volume of the water in
(a) cubic centimeters? (b) cubic meters?
3
1 m 1 m 3
(b) 255 cm 255 cm
3 3
255 cm 3
3 3
100 cm 100 cm
4
2.55 10 m 3 255 cm3 =225(10-2m)3
=225x10-6 m3
=2.25x10-4 m3
Estimates
• Can yield useful approximate answers
• An exact answer may be difficult or impossible
• Mathematical reasons
• Limited information available
• Can serve as a partial check for exact
calculations
Order of Magnitude
• Approximation based on a number of assumptions
• May need to modify assumptions if more precise results are
needed
• Order of magnitude is the power of 10 that applies
Example 9: Breaths in a Lifetime
Estimate the number of breaths taken during an average
human lifetime.
We start by assuming/guessing/estimating that the typical
human lifetime is about 70 years.
1 yr 1day 1 h
Example(cont): Breaths in a Lifetime
Find the approximate number of minutes in a 70-year lifetime:
number of minutes (70 yr)(6105 min/yr)
4 107 min
Pythagorean Theorem:
r2 = x2 + y2
Example 11:
A person measures the height of a building by walking out a
distance of 46.0 m from its base and shining a flashlight
beam toward the top. When the beam is elevated at an
angle of 39.0° with respect to the horizontal, as shown in
figure below, the beam just strikes the top of the building.
(a) If the flashlight is held at a height of 2.00 m, find the
height of the building.
(b) Calculate the length of the light beam.
y
(a) tan 39.0
46.0 m
y tan 39.0 46.0 m 37.25006553 m ~ 37.3 m
Point is at distance r
from the origin in the
direction of angle , ccw
(counterclockwise) from
the reference line
• Rectangular to polar
• Given x and y, use Pythagorean theorem to find
r
• Use x and y and the inverse tangent to find
angle
• Polar to rectangular
x = r cos
y = r sin
Various units of angle:
Degrees
Radians
360° = 2 π rad
Definition of radian
θ = s/ r
s is the length of arc
r is the radius
( x, y) (3.99 m, 3.01m)
50