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Integrali Iracionalni Funkcii
Integrali Iracionalni Funkcii
INTEGRAL 57
Rješenje.
�0 √ √ �1 5
t − t8
� �
1− x+1 t = 6 x + 1 ⇒ x = t6 − 1 0 �→ 1
(a) √ dx = = 6 dt =
1+ 3x+1 dx = 6t5 dt −1 �→ 0 1 + t2
−1 0
�1 �1 �1
2 3 4 6 t dt dt � t2 t3 t4
6 (1 − t − t + t + t − t ) dt + 6 − 6 = 6 t − − + +
1 + t2 1 + t2 2 3 4
0 0 0
t5 t7 ���1 2 �
�1 �1 199 3π
− � + 3 ln(1 + t )� − 6 arctg t� = + 3 ln 2 − .
�
5 7 0 0 0 70 2
� √ � √ �
x x dx
(b) √ √
4
dx = √ √
4
= �� � �
5 4
2x − x + 2x − x 10 9 2
x ( 2x − 1 + 2x − x) 2
x2 2 − x1 + 4 2 − x1
� � �
t3 t2
1 1 4
� � �� � �
t= 2− x ⇒2− x =t
4 dt
= =4 2+t
dt = 4 dt = 4 (t − 1) dt +
dx
= 4t3
dt t t + 1 t+1
x2 � � � � �
1 1 1
= 2t2 − 4t + ln |1 + t| + C = 2 2 − − 4 2 − + ln 1 + 2 −
4 4
+ C.
x x x
√
�3 � � �
x+1 t2 +1
√ � �2
x+1 t= x−1
⇒x = t2 −1
2 �→ 3 t2
(c) dx = √ = −4 dt
x−2 dx = −4t
dt 3 �→ 2 (t2 − 1)2
2 (t2 −1) √
3
√ √
�3 2
� � √ �3
t u=t du = dt �� t ��� 3 dt �
=4 dt = t 1 =2 √ +2 =
(t2 − 1)2 dv = (t2 −1)2 dt v = − 2(1−t2) 1 − t2
�
2 t2 − 1
√ √
2 2
�√3 √
√ √ 1 �� t − 1 ���� √ √ 3−1 √
− 3 + 2 2 + 2 · ln � ��√ = − 3 + 2 2 + 2 ln − 2 ln( 2 − 1).
2 t+1 2 2
�3 √ � √ �−2√
(a) 9− x2 dx (b) 1+ x2 dx (c) x2 − 4 dx.
−3 −4
Rješenje.
�3 √ � 3 √
(a) 9− x2 dx = [podintegralna funkcija je parna] = 2 9 − x2 dx =
0
−3
π π
2 �2
x
� � � �
x = 3 sin t ⇒ t = arcsin 0→0
3 =3 9(1 − sin2 t) cos t dt = 9 cos2 t dt
dx = 3 cos t dt 3 → π2
0 0
π
�2
sin 2t �� π2
� �
9 9π
= (1 + cos 2t) dt = 9 t + � = .
2 2 0 2
0
� √ � � � √ �
x = sh t ⇒ t = Arsh x
(b) 1 + dx = x2 = 2
1 + sh t ch t dt = ch 2 t dt =
dx�= ch t dt �
1 1 sh 2t 1� √
� �
(ch 2t + 1) dt = +t +C = 2
x 1 + x + Arsh x + C.
2 2 2 2
�−2√ �4 √
(c) x2 − 4 dx = [podintegralna funkcija je parna] = x2 − 4 dx =
−4 2
Arch
� 2 Arch
� 2
x = 2 ch t ⇒ t = Arch x2 2 → 0
� �
�
=2 2
4(ch t − 1) sh t dt = 4 sh 2 t dt =
dx = 2 sh t dt 4 → Arch 2
0 0
Arch
� 2 √
� ��
sh 2t �Arch 2
2 (ch 2t − 1) dt = 2 −t � = 4 3 − 2 Arch 2.
2 0
0
2. INTEGRAL 59
supstitucijom
x = k sin t odnosno x = k th t
svodimo na integral trigonometrijskih odnosno hiperbolnih funkcija.
supstitucijom
x = k tg t odnosno x = k sh t
svodimo na integral trigonometrijskih odnosno hiperbolnih funkcija.
supstitucijom
k
x= odnosno x = k ch t,
cos t
svodimo na integral trigonometrijskih odnosno hiperbolnih funkcija.
b
t= x+ .
2a
Zadatak 2.38 Izračunajte integrale:
�1 √ 5x + 4
�
2
(a) x x− x2 dx (b) √ dx.
x2 + 2x + 5
0
Rješenje.
60 2. INTEGRAL
�1 1 � �2
√ t = x − 12 ⇒ x = t + 1
0 → − 12
� � �
1 1
�
(a) 2
x x − x dx = x2
2 − x− dx = 2 =
4 2 dt = dx 1 → 21
0 0
1 1 1
� � 2 �2 � �2 � �� �2 � ��
1 1 1 1 1 1
t+ − t2 dt = t2 + − t2 dt = 2 t2 + − t2 dt
2 4 4 4 4 4
− 21 − 21 0
π
2
t = 12 sin s ⇒ s = arcsin 2t 0 → 0
� �
1
�
= = (sin2 s + 1) cos2 s ds
dt = 21 cos s ds 1
2
→ π
2 8
π π
0π π
2 2 2 2
1 sin2 2s 1 + cos 2s 1 1 − sin 4s 1 + cos 2s
� � � �
= ds + ds = ds + ds =
8 4 2 8 8 2
0 0 0 0
5π
··· = .
128
� � �
5x + 4 5x + 4 5t − 1
� �
t=x+1⇒ x=t−1
(b) √ dx = dx = = √ dt =
dx = dt
�
2 2 t2 + 4
� x + 2x +�5 (x �+ 1) + 4
√ √ 1
�
t dt dt dt t
5 √ − √ = 5 ( t2 + 4)� dt− √ = 5 t2 + 4 − Arsh +
t2 + 4 t2 + 4 t2 + 4 2 2
√ 1 x + 1
C = 5 x2 + 2x + 5 − Arsh + C.
2 2
2. INTEGRAL 61
Zadaci za vježbu
2.39 Izračunajte integrale:
√ � √
√ x+1
� �
xdx
(a) x 3 4 + 3x dx (b) √ (c) √ dx
1+ x x−1