r

4 x −3
x + 2 6= 0 f (x) = −2−1
Rješenje
uključeno u
x +2
1
a) domena ovom uvjetu
Realne funkcije realne varijable – 1. dio x −3 −∞ −7 −2 +∞
−2>0
x +2
Matematika 2 −x − 7 + − −
x − 3 − 2(x + 2)
>0 x +2 − − +
x +2
−x−7
−x − 7 x+2
− + −
>0
Damir Horvat x +2
rješenje: x ∈ [−7, −2i
FOI, Varaždin −x − 7 = 0 x +2=0
Df = [−7, −2i
x = −7 x = −2

2 / 26

r
nultočke 4 x −3
r f (x) = −2−1
4 x −3 x +2
−2−1=0
x +2
r 4 Df = [−7, −2i
Zadatak 1 4 x −3
−2=1
Odredite domene i nultočke sljedećih funkcija: x +2
r 1 x −3
4 x −3 2 5
−2=1
a) f (x) = −2−1 b) g (x) = (2 + x − x ) x +2
x +2 
x −3

q = 3 · (x + 2)
c) h(x) = log 10x−1 − 5 d) k(x) = log 1 (x + 2) x +2 jest nultočka
2

x − 3 = 3x + 6 jer pripada domeni

−2x = 9
9
x =−
2
1 / 26 3 / 26
 q
1 Ako je a > 1 loga a = xx k(x) = log 1 (x + 2)
2 5
g (x) = (2 + x − x ) 2
b) domena
√
g (x) = 5 2 + x − x 2
loga x > loga y ⇔ x > y 2
Dg = R neparni korijen je definiran za sve realne brojeve d) domena
• x +2>0 zbog log 1 log 1 (x + 2) > 0
nultočke ax 2 + bx + c = 0 2
2
√  0
√ 5 −b ± b 2 − 4ac √
5 x1,2 = • log 1 (x + 2) > 0 zbog log 1 (x + 2) > log 1 1
2 + x − x2 = 0 2a 2 2 2 2
−x 2 + x + 2 = 0 x +2>0  0
x +26 1
p p res 2
−1 ± 12 − 4 · (−1) · 2 x > −2 jek
x1,2 = rješ x +261
2 · (−1) x∈ enja
h−2
−1 ± 3
, −1 x 6 −1
]
x1,2 =
−2 Ako je 0 < a < 1
Dk = h−2, −1]
x1 = −1, x2 = 2
loga x > loga y ⇔ x < y
4 / 26 6 / 26

q
c) domena aloga x = x log = log10 h(x) = log 10x−1 − 5 k(x) = log 1 (x + 2)
2
x−1
10 −5>0
10x−1 > 5 Ako je a > 1 nultočke Dk = h−2, −1]
q .2
10x−1 > 10log 5 ax > ay ⇔ x > y log 1 (x + 2) = 0
2
x − 1 > log 5
Ako je 0 < a < 1 log 1 (x + 2) = 0
x > 1 + log 5 2

 x
a >a y
⇔ x <y  0
nultočke Dh = 1 + log 5, +∞ x +2= 1 jest nultočka
2

jer pripada domeni
log 10x−1 − 5 = 0 x +2=1
x−1 0 loga x = b x = ab
10 − 5 = 10 jest nultočka
x = −1
10 x−1
=6 jer pripada
domeni ax = b x = loga b loga x = b x = ab
x − 1 = log 6
x = 1 + log 6
5 / 26 7 / 26
Zadatak 2 y
log x ln x f (x) = sin x 1
Odredite nultočke funkcija loga x = =
f (x) = 25−x + 50 i g (x) = 25−x − 50.
log a ln a
3
Rješenje −3π − 5 π −2π − 3 π −π − π2 π π 3 2π 5 3π x
nultočke od g 2 2 2 2π 2π
nultočke od f
Ups! 25−x − 50 = 0
25−x + 50 = 0 −1
25−x = 50
25−x = −50 5 − x = log2 50 f −1 (x) = arcsin x
5 − x = log2 (−50) 
−x = −5 + log2 50 · (−1) y sin x = 0 ⇔ x = kπ, k ∈ Z
π
funkcija f nema nultočki egzaktna x = 5 − log2 50 2

vrijednost arcsin x = 0 ⇔ x = 0
nultočke x = 5 − log 50 x
log 2 −1 1
aproksimacija x ≈ −0.64386 − π2
ax = b x = loga b nultočke na
5 decimala 8 / 26 10 / 26

y
Nultočke funkcije g f (x) = sin x 1
a
1. način 2. način
25−x − 50 = 0 25−x − 50 = 0 x−2 x−1 x0 x1 π x
  −3π − 5 π − π2 π 3 2π x2 5 x3
2 2 2π 2π
25−x = 50 log2 25−x = 50 log
5 − x = log2 50 log 25−x = log 50 −1
 
−x = −5 + log2 50 · (−1) (5 − x) log 2 = log 50 : log 2 x0 = arcsin a
Rješenja jednadžbe sin x = a za |a| 6 1
x = 5 − log2 50 5 − x = log 50 x1 = π − arcsin a
log 2 (1)
. (1) xk = x2k = x0 + 2kπ
x = 5 − log 50 • xk = arcsin a + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
log 2 −x = −5 + log 50 · (−1) (2) (2)
xk = x2k+1 = x1 + 2kπ
log 2 • xk = π − arcsin a + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
x ≈ −0.64386
x = 5 − log 50 Možemo sva rješenja zapisati pomoću jedne formule
log 2

ax = b x = loga b loga x k = k · loga x xk = (−1)k arcsin a + kπ, k ∈ Z

9 / 26 11 / 26
 y y
1 f (x) = tg x 3
2
1
4
−3π − 5 π −2π − 3 π −π − π2 π π 3 2π 5 3π x x
2π 2π − π2 π
π
2 2 2 − 52 π −2π − 32 π −π −1 2
3
2π
2π 5
2π

−2
f (x) = cos x −1
−3

f −1 (x) = arccos x
tg x = 0 ⇔ x = kπ, k ∈ Z arctg x = 0 ⇔ x = 0
y cos x = 0 ⇔ x = 2k+1
2
π, k ∈ Z
π
π
y
2
π f −1 (x) = arctg x
2 arccos x = 0 ⇔ x = 1
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x

−1 1 x
− π2
12 / 26 14 / 26

y y
1 f (x) = tg x 3
a
a

−3π x−1 −2π x−1

(2) (1) −π (2) (1) π (2) 2π x (1) 3π x π x
− 52 π −2π x−2 − 32 π −π x−1 − 2 −1 x0 x1 2π x2
x0 x0 x1 π π 3 5
1 2 2π 2π

−2
f (x) = cos x −1
−3
(1)
x0 = arccos a
Rješenja jednadžbe cos x = a za |a| 6 1
(2)
x0 = − arccos a Rješenja jednadžbe tg x = a
(1)
• xk = arccos a + 2kπ, k ∈ Z (1)
xk =
(1)
x0 + 2kπ
•
(2)
xk = − arccos a + 2kπ, k ∈ Z (2)
xk =
(2)
x0 + 2kπ • x0 = arctg a
• xk = x0 + kπ, k ∈ Z
Bez indeksiranja možemo sva rješenja kratko zapisati
xk = arctg a + kπ, k ∈ Z
x = ± arccos a + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
13 / 26 15 / 26
 y
3
2
1
5
− 52 π −2π − 32 π −π − π2 π π 3 2π 5 x Zadatak 3
−1 2 2π 2π
Odredite domenu i nultočke sljedećih funkcija:
−2
f (x) = ctg x −3 a) h(x) = ctg (πx + 2)
q


b) f (x) = sin 3x + 12
ctg x = 0 ⇔ x = 2k+1
2
π, k ∈ Z ∀x ∈ R arcctg x 6= 0
arccos (x 2 − 3)
y c) g (x) =
π x −2

π
f −1 (x) = arcctg x 2

−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
16 / 26 18 / 26

y
Rješenje h(x) = ctg (πx + 2)
3
a) domena nultočke
a
πx + 2 6= kπ, k ∈ Z ctg (πx + 2) = 0
 2k+1
− 52 π −2π x−2 − 32 π −π x−1 − 2 −1
π x0 π π x1 3 2π 5 x πx 6= kπ − 2 : π πx + 2 = k ∈Z
π,
2 2π 2π 2
.
kπ−2
−2 x 6= π
πx = 2k+1
2
π − 2 :π
f (x) = ctg x −3
x 6= k − π2 , k ∈Z 2k+1
x= 2
− π2 , k ∈ Z
 2
Rješenja jednadžbe ctg x = a Dh = R \ k − π
:k ∈Z

ekvivalentni zapis jesu nultočke

• x0 = arcctg a
S D E jer pripadaju domeni
• xk = x0 + kπ, k ∈ Z Dh = k − π2 , k + 1 − 2
π
k∈Z

xk = arcctg a + kπ, k ∈ Z

17 / 26 19 / 26
     q
b)
arcsin − 12 = − π6 π − − π6 = 76 π f (x) = sin 3x + 12 6k + (−1)k+1
x= π, k ∈ Z
Domena
3x ∈
S h π 7
− 6 + 2kπ, 6 π + 2kπ
i
:3
18 6
∈Z k = 2s +
sin 3x + 1
>0 a neki s 1 za nek
k = 2s z
k∈Z
2 is∈Z
S h i
k je para
n k je nepa
sin 3x > − 12 x∈ π
− 18 + 2
3
7
kπ, 18 π + 2
3
kπ ran
k∈Z
S h 12k−1 12k+7
i
S h 12k−1 i 6 · 2s + (−1)2s+1 6 · (2s + 1) + (−1)2s+2
Df = π, π 12k+7 x= π x= π
18 18 x∈ 18
π, 18
π 18 18
k∈Z k∈Z

  y   12s + (−1)neparan 12s + 6 + (−1)paran

3x ∈ − 13 π, − 56 π 1 3x ∈ − π6 , 76 π x= π x= π
6
18 18
0.5 12s − 1 12s + 7
x= π x= π
18 18
−3π −17π −13π −2π − 3π −π − 5π − π6 π π 7π 3π 11π 2π 5 3π x
6 6 2 6 2 6 2 6 2
π
−0.5
S h 12k−1 12k+7
i
−1 sin x
Df = 18
π, 18
π
k∈Z
20 / 26 22 / 26

    q
b)   y  
arcsin − 12 = − π6 π− − π6 = 76 π f (x) = sin 3x + 1 3x ∈ − 13
6
π, − 56 π 1 3x ∈ − π6 , 67 π
2
Nultočke 0.5

q   .
.2
1 3x = (−1)k arcsin − 12 + kπ : 3 x
sin 3x + 2
=0 −3π −17π −13π −2π − 3π
2
−π − 5π
6
− π6 π
2
π 7π
6
3π
2
11π
6
2π 5
2
π 3π
6 6
−0.5
sin 3x + 1
=0 (−1)k −π kπ
2 x = · +
3 6 3 −1 sin x
sin 3x = − 12 k
(−1) · (−1) · π kπ
x = +   y  π 7 
S h 12k−1 12k+7
i 18 3 x ∈ − 13
18
5
π, − 18 π x ∈ − 18 , 18 π sin 3x
Df = 18
π, 18
π 1
k∈Z (−1)k+1 kπ
x = π+
18 3 0.5
−49π −37π −25π −13π
jesu nultočke 6k + (−1)k+1 18 18 18 18

jer pripadaju domeni x = π, k ∈ Z −53π −41π −29π −17π −5π −π 7π 11π 19π 23π 31π 35π 43π 47π 55π x
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

−0.5

sin x = a ⇔ x = (−1)k arcsin a + kπ, k ∈ Z −1

21 / 26 23 / 26
c) Domena / x 2 − 3 > −1 arccos (x 2 − 3) c) Nultočke arccos (x 2 − 3)
g (x) = arccos x = 0 ⇔ x = 1 g (x) =
/ x2 − 3 6 1 x −2 x −2
/ x − 2 6= 0 domena funkcije arccos arccos (x 2 − 3)
=0
7
je segment [−1, 1] x −2 y
x − 3 > −1
2
x −3 6 1
2
arccos (x 2 − 3) = 0
π arccos x

x −3+1 > 0
2 zbog x −3−1 6 0
2
nazivnika x2 − 3 = 1 π
x2 − 2 > 0 x2 − 4 6 0 2
2
x =4
x2 − 2 = 0 x2 − 4 = 0
√ √ x 6= 2 x1 = −2 x2 = 2 −1 1 x
x1 = − 2, x2 = 2 x1 = −2, x2 = 2
nije n
y ultoč
y ne pr k
ipada a jer
jest dome
nu ni
presjek x pripa ltočka j
−2 2 da d er
√ √ rješenja ome
− 2 2
x ni
 √  √ 

√  √  Dg = x ∈ −2, − 2 ∪ 2, 2
x ∈ −∞, − 2 ∪ 2, +∞ x ∈ [−2, 2]
24 / 26 26 / 26

c) Domena arccos (x 2 − 3)
g (x) =
x −2
 √  √ 
Dg = x ∈ −2, − 2 ∪ 2, 2

√  √ 
/ x 2 − 3 > −1 x ∈ −∞, − 2 ∪ 2, +∞

/ x2 − 3 6 1 x ∈ [−2, 2]

/ x − 2 6= 0 x 6= 2
] zamjena
presjek rješenja i

√ √
−2 − 2 0 2 2

25 / 26