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Copyright @ 2008 by Akira Miwa and Naomi Hanaoka McGloin

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sto¡ed in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

First edition: J¡ne 1994

Revised edition: July 2008
5th printing: September 2009

Recordings: Kazusa Amagai, Takaomi Ashizawa, Takeshi Maruyama and Kiyoko Nagaki
Illustrations: Seiji Okada and Shizuo Okuda
Layout and Cover art: Hiroshi Ueda+Z'ebra
Tlpesetting: Soju Co., Ltd.

Published by The Japan Times, Ltd.

5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Toþo 108-0023, Japan
Tel: O3-3453-2013
http://bookclub japantimes.co jp/
http://ij japantimes.co jpl

ISBN978-4-7890-1307 -9

Printed in Japan
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B ¡{-ä-Èfucfr5r"
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a

Meeting Someone in Japan

hen you meet someone in Japan for the first time, you bow as you say either ft UtD
t U( or ¿)ê &Zt (, or both. You also exchang" ä#|J (cards) if you have them. tn
Japan, everyone other than children, students or full-time housewives is expected to carry
them. Sometimes even university students choose to carry them for prestige.
How low you should bow depends on who you are as well as whom you meet. ln general,
women tend to bow lower than men, and if you meet a person whose status is higher than
yours on the Japanese social scale, you should bow lower than the other person, e.g., your
teacher, a friend's parent, etc.

lntroducing Oneself or Others

elf-introductions occur quite frequently in Japan. At a reception for new students, for
Q
J example, you may be asked to introduce yourself in Japanese. State your name, the
name of your home institution, your majoç and end it all with ¿iä&ôt-,( and a bow.
When you introduce two people to each other, the rule of thumb is to introduce the
person of lower status to the person of higher status. lt would be nice to also add a
comment or two about each person, as lkeda does in âãÉ 2 of this lesson.

How to Address Someone

lTt he most common way to address an adult is "last name plus ûfu," but don't overuse û
I Ívl To address people who have titles such .r #H (section chief), $bH {aepartment
chief), iiH f.o*puny president), etc., use the titles instead of ðfu. To address teachers,
always use#Eä. Above all, avoid usingõt*lc. lt could be quite insulting. The use of first
names is limited in Japan: they are used within a family, by higher-status members ad-
dressing lower-status members (e.9., parents addressing children, or older siblings talking
to younger siblings), or they are sometimes used among close friends.

o
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10
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å 9€ffi 1*. Xi*È ùl (" /J < a - äL_fr.6 f t. À ôË i .È_.1,__!t_" 7 t y ù :Êu- <þJ.a¡_t
t

12 f3 14
Ørt¡vîr-Y=y2l¿-:È.
 ^l

,,-acce\Y
L rli ¡,r' L(.*áfrFt.L*3.literalþ
ffilt introduction means'I request.'l
Ètu. .-t;
IilJøT for the frrst time 7 W,Lâ to teach
i.
r v/¿[Ì'¿. b have just done- I -ÎtsHur. b
[>>>E;*u-l-'r]
slnce - years ago
l! ,,r'i¡,<
otL+ * lt w+tâ to study abroad
z ãtll tfamiþ namel ertl,
uä¿t
(,but ...)
17 =H lfamiiy name]
3 Excuse me L qr( Èl'
^TLttÈì ls ffiffi homework
a [honorifrc form of
-fL.E-L +-{'-Tl ,1,-

ô\" är,. there is,/are a lot

! ¡-¡
"5 FT lhumble form of É i ] ¿sÃ,r*ra to do one's best; to try
' tr lnard
il,)r
7 ¡. ôL ( *áÆt. L*1 fmorepolite
way of saying E i 4'- l4

t{'¿r( tl¿+. ¿r( ¡l

1 N+W+. graduate student 5+ffi
r'[r i: -É
ruEl tfamiþ namel â+f
u,E you [It is generally used
¿tù r..È by male speakers toward
Eæ friend
someone equal or lower
ut L)
2 l.J[ffi lfamily îamef in status.l
il< vg1 r,
æ i [It is the most neutral ffi4 hobby
form for male speakers.l , 1-¿r;'jj$12¡¡ good (at -)
<t,
-Ê [a form attacltedto a
rrame in addressing
I+EI ¿tÀ
one ofthese days
¡tÈ E
someone. It is used once
Ioward someone equal
-É DZ.

or lower in status.l
È{.¿r (ìr'¡,
3 f+w graduate school $áÆl.L*T Please.
rã å :.i¿r(
Êfr,Í+ electrical engineering L'¿ ô"e by the way
..-. +f¿; i-.......
i(*þ)$&:l gí
-
*'f¿* /¿tî
,

to maior (in (I am) not good yet.

-) t3
È¡ri a
a
*.r9ð. lfemale given namel t4 4* interest
ö'
fi'€.
1*--'
v'â tcÞ\
t5 F¿* actually; in fact 76 ËJì to play
ÈDrirt( .R¡, ¡,
++ junior high school 20 xlb
j'u*
culture
Ltt¿,
ffi next door; next to frffi
.-a-
knowledge
¡l e< It, 5,
xffi. family ËH (r¡) bountiful;plenty
/¿.ùl L [male given name]

o?; ¡
t ñTrffi airplane to be born hn/at -)
{t lu.i.l
(- ù: ) EE å to sit (inlon -) ¿ttt
U¡tu'
f.t+ I woman
ffirÐ,ËÆJ togrowup (in-) [u.i.]
È?¡ tt -i il l:r¡ c'C.\,â Ithasbeen
ffi\,¡.ù
Þ
a to talk to
a;rangedtlnal-
,1,
2 'Jñâ to go home [>>>E;Êz- ¡e]
¿F: * ¡¡t¿-ì¡¿
3 mEl lfamily name] 15
-vh one night
¿'
5 ä)'È [female given name] tL lÉ* 6 to stay (over night) [u.i.l
+- rutfc
6ftH last month ¿k r, very (much)

graduate (from -) 'rt to like -; tobe fond

@;,,t.ito (of
z (-t:) a work
-)
Wø to 1¡o1 -); to be a[.r
employed (at -) 77 Ht: while; during the time
vã¡ ¡'¡' when
-pri ¡' Fñ
å
7EÛ - week(s) \ !1it-À,
ffiH parents lkt., b o+Jt parentsJ
flF
fF vacation L-:- 4
t ffi place
W.a to take ot' u
. ¿l¿ 18 AfriJ (name) card; business
I ,ffiâ ¿ ¿ å (Ì¿) to be returning home catd
[>>>*itu -t's] tt¡, ¡ tÌ¡,ci
Ëffi#å telephone number

atrç* att L
o ËilJ lfamily name] 2 ÞÌEl Narita (International
õav Airport)
ã/' lmale given r'a'n'ef - a-l
r:t * FT town; city
EÉ=É diary 's
(-t:)Ë ( to arrive (at -)
 ^l
¿¡t ;.
vstitr tj ¡'t"
+ ffiffirñ ten plus a few hours
tz ïl.tffit to move to a new place
of residence
n'¡tl a it takes [with respect to
time or moneyJ [u.l.J - ¿E ì:î â to decide to -
tì'ðt, ^¡, [>>>giÊ./- F9]
ET-}Æ Effi International Date Line ¿- ru¡l ru

*oF¡
14 +W tonight
IEI l-) same È't:¡,
(.r-t;,_ - fr^ acquainlance
4# airport
VÈ6 when V [>>>gËz-t.ro]
tt5.
tWLa to welcome; to meet; to ¿51

grcet
15 Ët" young
tå.r,.

¿'
W,;i,tþ.úfrü: rt HÍ+ man;male

stay (over
i¡.ia,,.12¡¡ polite
{ãÐ 6 to have - -ì- ns7
night) [u.r.] .s7 fluentþ
u t L¡-i¿'n
- ¿ i] t: /J = /¡ it has been decided/ ÉÉ ñËt /Þ selÊintroduction
arcanged that - 17 ô'! il¡-a to be surprised
[>>>*;t.u - le] å :rl¡,1
,. f-,

â+ì oneself å+ last year

u 5'r.

7r-^1.i.-À firstname ft: way (of doing something)

r'
(-?"'t') EFs to call - by ...
i
¿'vi
4F'h older
rs 4'¡¿¡, t, and then; after that
¿'t: t somehow; no matter t' vri #'lu

how hard one may try ++ middle-aged

-l: ('!. hardto -; difficult to - W,#,ffi,-ï.,ïlg;*r:tw,,,q,i,, ,,

1
itc<
[>>*,*/-t-.8] zr f,l¡. beautiful
utÈ tTô.
ffi#nZ jet lag t
ffi daughter
attt
HEA to sleep
! ( {¡ ,-/¡ ¡. can't possibly -
7 Å- Ì' ð àlL apartmeîthunting [>>ftäl-tìr1]
cf {t¡ri
rr ilEþa ¡. ç to take someone to 22, XË - g¡ammar i
sÇl ù,Lùt ùit:
rf( nearby; in the ë ì-fr way of thinking
neighborhóod [>>>*,*z- ¡ rz]

- a-f
n ú< to walk to differ; to be different
¡¡le ¿ ¡ TI
iìË4 (¡¡) appropriate; suitabie ¿ -6 Lt' it seems that -;
-a evidently [>>>g;É.2- t' t¡]
flcIT 6 to find - lu.t.l
n rt'¡v1 < -Y J v, culture shock
* I 1 *,,,,,

ú
at!
¿5Ë
r)lÁ,
þ
{ ,-m
-aTi \- \E

(' aot z.Étlt ¡. ftlL ¿. Ff s. *affiù.

o.#.ì¿ 6 7. HU a.B# g.ã4 to.:1ffi
tt.&\- tz.frYWä ts.î7 9 vÊ r¿.€ftfY rs.S4
ro.#Hl tt.E *> rsr+) i .tg.àÊ. zo. ffi
zt.*,trt zz.rFY zs.XlV z+.*'W zs:lñ 6
zo.W.6 zt.Æ.*. {L â za.frl^ zg.ff# so.iÉ* 6
\
gr. -i, ¡,: ]',â gz. Hl zz.tî z+.* ¡s.tÉffi.j
so. BÉÉ sz.ÞlEl ea. FJ sq.Ë ( ¿o.lEI l)
+t.Hl} ¿z.lf[. +s.ü ( +¿.trffiEl +s.HlE
+ø.*ff +z.f|fr ¿4.
-l(
t L t,. ¿q. XlË so.4 Lfr

CHto'' 2.ffiffi ¡.1&Bl +.8É s. l[ffi

Ln är Eli& LrÄ,,
ø.ffi 2.ffiffi s.@ffi s.W t0.&ffi,
tÍì
n.ËÀ rz.tr;#ËË r¡.ftfiffi tq.lÆâ rs 4#)
Yrì' /
3sô'
(to.ÐtÐ â rz. -ìEûHl re.{rF[H rs.H# 20.Ê)
\- r¿r{'L 5þrr tz
zt.-W zz.ñ#, zs.&frrJ ,n.## zs.àE
-,'¡l r"t'rl[--ì tJ lv
zo.î'¡4, zz.fäffifË zg.*ffi so.rtå- 61
/
L*4 '.AdH{ú48#R 't t1' 5v(
¡r. [FÀ gz. ffiË ss. HE6 M.ÉILâ b5ffiË
t4't\ l.ô'
tËE cft&T gg. ä1. eq. Ël E *aãt,.
' +r.ffi
rz. Bl
42.Æ)
]f{
¿0.

This radical comes from Å and is used for characters representing human
conditions, activities, etc.

t{ l t_{Ft fæt rd¿

 | o' V (plain past) Wlrrúl ='have just done something; have just finished
doing something'
lãffil >¿.t >>>t#trÀ:tcøn'o] [a*r >¿.6>>>4#t lrmao]
a) /tSl:l\e t¿I{lt, rr li¿. à. +^ffir" L ¡ i "
(Since she hasjust entered college, she is probably 18.)

b) Ê/\/¡ |ffirI) Èà. ò. þ/J7)r)ì¡'z lf t.T.-l-.

(I have just eaten, so I am full.)

c) FIA^?|:Étfá'tlo)¿ ôùt. Elaffi¿ì*rà.È r¡ ( tËb * L/¡"

(When I was a newcomer to Japan,I had trouble understanding Japanese.)

2rr, öO) lãffit >t.ts>>>øo2=zt*l

Both ô o) and 4 0) canbe used with the meaning 'that -' when an item you are referring to
is not in sight. ó Ø is used when both the speaker and the hearer are (oi are assumed to be)
:*iftupeiro¡'or',ihittÉ- - - tinl"ftËh, y trp o¡_$e'fr9"g,3f.¡s.¡4¡Il4iar,,
,.,:,f
,:"Wmun.j'.'l. 4, 2,ø.sttòùta 'usea.,ln,tllis,:passage, theuse oi,t ttø inAicat"q,¡f¡-a,ttop,A,úftì:
!L and * r u ù are familiar with the class.

a) A fú¿ì4 * i¿Ì¿ Ø ùlHÛì ¿ r.- i ñít'f .

(The town I was born in is calied Täkayama.)

B ?OtrJù* Ð.å,/¡ffiJÍ"Tå."
(What kind of town is that?)
È I lÂ.1
b)A ÈØ i. *+BAffiØ2 iziJ!.r¿) 4 )vã À,1:àt.* Ll¿À.
(Yesterday, I met Lyle-san, who was in our Japanese class last year.)

B bb- troL. ¿" 7 Lf t. * Tå."

(oh, how is he [: that personl doing?)

J oot V(plain) &51¿l¿â lãe;z>t.tz>>>RffiËffi2&ãrra2rcl

,,
.,.
s a ch3r-rge ,which has ¡akei ÈJgÞ,9,þ.i..wrill place.
fusr as -{je.èii¡rtr
r,.

/¡å; * i,r!:,is,ins-9,$,... ',,',1 ,:. .'',,t,'.,':.t,..t'r-':..',l. ¡¡,i:;..l¡,l.tir

¡' ,n9,'r,*ittt
àti a
a ) Bä^ffic -C.tt, ù. Bft:@ffiþ#2 J ä E t¿ú) * I,t¿"
(I came to have an interest in Japan after I went to Japan.)
'ìt'lù U l.LÀ:À,
b) W+þffi\frLlr ùlft¿Ì. BAffiØtrHÈì#ö 6 ea EfÍ/r t, *Ëtu"
(Unless you study kanji, you won't become able to read Japanese newspapers.)

13
*l 1 *,,,,,

c) .0)c67, yr^ù è Laç¿ iÀ?Ê^6ea|.;ftt1*.t,t¿"

(These days,{mericans also eat sashimi and tofu land this is a changeJ.)

{rrr, -tã,í6 lã:lË,z > t. z s >>> z ã ?ÈãLì v eaøl

: :r .. : ::':.1ìr' ..: :.'...
This is a sentence-final particle of exclamation. It rS geñgrall¡ us"¿'¡u',s1¿1e, one':s feéIin€,
II.
;,.:e-mþhæicall,y oi onè's wish èrnótivêly. "

a) Woftt¿t>"
(I don't know what to do!)

b) -Êr7 Y rtnTr->1,ô.r¿!-/Jó.
(I wish I could go to Africa once!)

This.'e¡pres.sr9¡,ha,s.'a,flavor.'of'l,mo.aologlte: i e,, saying something.without an addres¡æ

- ..,.
iñ..mind',.s&en.itis.said.wjth.¡ur.:intèntioi..of..gètting..a:.iesþonqé.'fr.omanaddresSee,-'jó

c) ôð LJì b Tìt¿õ"
(Long time no see!)

d) ÈÈfl ( Sc/¿/¿ó"
(You did WELL!)

$ ',' V(plain) ¿¿â [âff : >z.e >>> Ra xt zænuctl

l

,-,tlv-(p.l
iåÌrneañs,
preqehÐ È som .l,-,trit:. : i rr. r':., :: , ):. , ...::l l:,- :lil.r:..',:1.:rili ,i :
: :. :. -: :. ), :;: .: :., :):,:.:a. ! .:.::r t:il::a _ rJ'r.r: ì.::ii,ti : :. 1,
.
.

a) t, x ) пl'rÈ. qií*zl â ¿zôrÃÅ,("Tàì- t'? L J ù: å: f'TÈ."

(I am aboat to eat right now, so why don't you join me?)

b) 4t, ¡ i ÐËá'tt 6¿zôîÃ0)î- ø¿-eH#vL*T.

(I am about to go out, so I will call you later.)

c) z{ttt,6Ê,\ã ¿zôît.
(I am about to eat.)

d) âÊ¡È ¿ Z ôl¿"à. 6 SálJ È.llT

- L.( !' * riÂ," e-eKøCl lngrwcitt
(I have just eaten, so I am not hungry.)

e) âÊ¡lurã ¿Zôl¡"È. å. ò i ,)l-'Æc t ( l¿'-ð 1..

(I am lin the midst ofl eating right now, so please wait a little.)
 ,,,,,#i
^l

Ê^ã ¿zôTT Ê^/c ¿ZôTt Ê/s?rrã ¿zôTT

$ "' V(plain) Ztl=l¿clürä='be expected/supposed to;

it is a rule/custom that -'
lãff: > t. 3 >>> 1fr:.ã -
t ¿tra a zrrtË]

V(plain) ZëJ=t¿clc='it has been decided/arranged that -'

l#aryz > ¿. z >>>iÉÞ<t 5 ã ¿ ¿ tcã a tc]

ë,:.È.1:-r*.ã4tå,/;¿:tÈtl.li¡ì,;,:.,¡,i

a) Hä"e9€ffi ¿ #, i â ¿ ¿ f: /¿ : ( l,r * T"

(I am to teach English in Japan.)

b) ã¡ U r¿ft4..ù: â ã ¿ ë l=r¿e ( rr *f "

(I am supposed to meet my teacher tomorrow.)
L :'¿
c) BäØâlf 'e ft#þ I â ¿ E I=t¿ U * 1,, t¿"
( [It has been an anged that] i will be working at a J apanese company. )
llcZh
d) x+ffißr â z ¿Iit¿ t¡ :f L /¡"
( ltt has come about thatl I will get marned next year.)
t)
e) E#0tX.t:_L7)ì6ffiùi- ( cþb(¿ ¿ T-t¿.(ür:f r"
(When you enter a Japanese house, you are supposed to take offyour shoes.)
ätil,2
f) ffiE-e tt Bäffir*ËÉT ¿ ¿ E /¡ : ( ür !f r.
(You are supposed to speak Japanese in the classroom.)
*l 1*,,,,,

1,,, N (or Sentence+O) ltøla"(?"l lã#.l >t.tt >>> Eât*ttJo<<î/¡']

this ex¡iession réQuües ttræ you are in !t is, appropriátej,, theiefore,, to,
say a)-B in a Japanese restaurant.

a) A Ì6-r u?ê*lc : ¿ Èìó b * TÈ..

(Have you had sushi before?)
ttv
B !- !. .Ì-- t6t l-ItfllbT T'T "
(No, this is the first time.)

::..t --..

,tt,.THs,
cannot be said" however,,when yó¡ aró diq sing.I¿þ.ansse,food'in.a..þsroqr¡ 'In.thæ
:1.,.::: -:. ì: : .,.1,,. t,:, .,:,,i,,:',:,:,-.'lr :.il
:::case, you,shoùld,say b-).8. - -r'r:¡Í.:1 : - :1.::. a: r'.:1.:t ::.:., .:....
:- ,r:,

b)A *õt l,?ê-rt¿ ¿ ¿ àló b * TÈ'"

(Have you ever1nad sushibefore?)

B !.!-å_ ôú)*Ëlv"
(No, I haven't.)

8'* v(stem) E<t,r l#a*vt > t e >>> I l-.1¡l ¿ t*Frftc < ur]

r-:rv(¡.'tê.' ei'.*+,'=i@t: ç,...1,ry"*s ttrat.qgme-$i1g ir gig¡ott.tó'*¡g¡¡ir-',' ¡..i.', ;i

a) 7î-+ti_ *áÌÌ L-CÌtÊ,tl: < t t.
(Steaks are difficult to eat w'ith chopsticks.)
trfr' ù'À, V

b) ffiLu.ËF¿å. E+ãE(t,t"
(Difflcult ka4ji are hard to write.)
_i r.:i : :j:)

' [V{stem)t-f l.] means that somethihÈ i¡ easy to V. :r:: ::;- .i. t

,,,,
',: t
....i ], ' .. . . '.: .

l:
c ) È ff¿u. r¡#l*_ 56¡¡pf tr-CT.
(Nice handwriting is easy to read.)

$ "" V (plain) ¿¿J¿tâ='decide to do -'

eornpared witÏ : ¿ ¿: ä 6, this pattern

'i¡y6lysfl.r,, , ,

a) *trBÄ^lr < ¿ ¿ l--l'*' I't¿"

(I have decided to go to Japan next year.)

b) æE CD þrÃ< ¿ ¿ l: l'*1.,f¿"
(I have decidedto listen to cD's every day.)
 >>>>>ffi^ I

10 *'Sr/cå. Sz='when sr, 5r' læaø > t,t a *n r*,u nzo >>ËÉuzr,rrra]

...'I4e4:t¿6",clause,islfollowed,by,a sentence,,'(JSlin,,the.þäSiite-nse, it means lwhel.',The .

ùatt1'rysSes,an.lg
,tsé¿o¡¿ìse-¡ten¿
t or stare you did
-*t "@..tt:,tr,.'.rr
fr
¿ l, ¡ù'lù
a) È Ø i ElÉßH^lip t¿à- 184.ì:âür* L/¡"
(Yesterday, when I went to the library, I saw my teacher.)
ù, ë<
b) E#ØXffi,.-î)xô^+tlþHct¿ò. lvtade in Japanl ¿ Êt,\( t>cl¿,
(I bought a present for my Japanese famþ, and I found that it was made in Japan [, and I was
surprisedJ.)

This should be distinguished from the case of V l¿ È followed by the present tense form, as
in Eä^frc t;
'. å. i.
Eäffiål#rù â ¡, ) lJrà 6'e L ¡ Ttris is thc casã of sà-called "condi-
.tió ?u.sç o{'ltË;,and it méanp',if tor gq.f-,qil. ,,oi,'
,','.'.,..,,,.' r
lqÞ{,..|.!,

11 *' ëT *¿ - I¿ül='can't possibly' lffiaø >zz t >>> eztËã.r*ur]

'. . : ì:'..'rir:a lr.':rr:.:r:.1. .t::r:..:1.:;::r.r:t.::..-i,r:.!r.:ii1.:r:r:1:r1:.:r:r:r.::i,..:.-:rr:t

This phrase expressés a very strong verb is usually in þotential
form.

a) /¿ ( Ë À,ù>.>(. ¿ (t,Ê^Ðtt*.Ë lv"

(There is so much that I can't possibly eat it all.)
r,¿
b) HÉt'¿* ET bæ.r¡ À,ù,H ã- * Ë /v"
(I can't possibly buy a house in Tbkyo.)

12,*V (stem) T ='*^rof - ing' læ¿¡ry¿> t.zz>>>zzÈl

lV(stem of * i--form) +Ë] expresses 'the way of doing somèttring.'

ù'À' V ltt: Ut"
a) Ë?¿l- -to) ò ø¿: È¡ ffiðrã'àr/¿ ( Ë 1,,ó 6o)î- ffiLt."
(Kanji are difficultbecause leven] one kanji [often] has a number ofreadings.)

b) *átÌ L Ø#bXZW.Z( ( Èð t..

(Please teacTrme how to hold chopsticks.)

13 *r ^, å Lüf ='it seems that; evidently' l#atw > t. z z >>> Ëà 5 t,tì]

;.t: !,.ì,e4presses oners,couj-ectures, .qan,bÈ,,attahle fò.,¡o-u¡sr(e6:¡1á .$¡,[1,),;.s-t9rnS

of r*-adjectives (e.g.,L1'å.à Lt.),piaúfonns of t.-adjectives (i..g.,ftu, à Lr..) *apfui"
forms of verb s (e.g., n < q L r.'). It tends to be used when one's conjecture is based on what
one has heard.

17
 'l **-'

a) Bä^tÌ. #r,-taÀ ôùtff* å L[r.

(It seems that the Japanese people iike hot baths.)

b) RË¿r. +rJ{ffiùtä (
À2 ,'
(. {Ìar: ( t. å Lür"
(It seems that Tbkyo is a difficult place to live in because eve4rthing is expensive.)

c) 7 t r r-c-.|,l. +Æ.trtft+.þ7 r -z i.-À(.&Jìå Lü\.

¡.
(Evidently, students call teachers by their first names in America.)

14*,V<WA<ON='the first N after v-ing'

l#atry¿ > ¿. z z >>> Ërru ?re)t oh w7 i, - t a,v t)

a) T) y nrÉt'<WbrØrtv|\-va v /l¿'a/¡.
(It was my first culture shock after arriving in America.)
ttu
b) +&Èìlå * c T ãl d¡T o ¿2 :-'v 2 t'. ft4ËS ¿* à' ø+4 ù: *a Èrl'ì,'â z /¡ "
(1 met many teachers and students at the first picnic of the semester.)

G) BÄ^lia <aJu)<. *B'fiHÄffi/ìùttffiL * Ll¿.

(When I went to Japan, I spent a whole day speaking only in Japanese, for the fi¡st time in my life.)

d) lt$¿:Äe < flJb< - EäÀ¿:ât. * L/c.

(When I entered coliege, I met a Japanese for the first time. li.e.,Ihad never met a Japanese until I
entered college.J)

18
 ,,,,,#r
^l

I,Àã DLì
a) "'ffifÌ >>>>>lâãtl

1: fì.. È, L+ t.*T7). is an hon-

*tv¡v: bo) ), EtltftE.tt r å?L \Þ ür :tflt,1, orific form of 'êT. This is dif-
ferent from t. à c L s t.* 1¿.,
E.tlJ I åà. E'ilJ-c"Tzï2" (ùåi.. 4 ) {"1 ¿ì. ) which is an honoriûc form of t.
*+u¡v: *r p )v..s-h-¿H U*,1" * TÈ'.

ÊtLt: ^ì-r-ðrLt"T¿.. ¿ãZeô L<" 2:Native Japanese speakers often

l'rf
**utv: e6u ( *¡Furt,*1. end a sentence with -åt (but
... ). This suggests that some-
thing more might follow and
hence gives a softer tone to the
conversation, thus making it more
polite than a sentence without
b) 'o'UJa"Tãã^¿ffiT >>>>>[âff2]
à1.

ét) 4
Br+ ¿ZôT.3, I À ,)r ElAffi ù: @4 3 ffi: /¿ Ø t*. 3: L ¿ ôî is used to change the
topic of a conversation.
ù.rtTà.o
l.À Eu n. ++ØF Eã,ø7 = ) årffiÈ {", À ( F, 4: Ë¿t is used to bring up an impor-
tant point or information.
{ L. /; À"11"
Er+ bb. zft(. s Eaffi þfutÃLl¿r. å E i Ì I ¿: 5 : Try to use connectives such as å
i¿f" and t-à'6 to get more in-
/¡ -¡ l¿ À,tl tJ"
formation from a conversation
l.À i- L, Z ) t¿ tvTt " É&(.'ødÊ L {. *+H& paÍner and in general to have a
smooth conversation.
\Diùt
g+ð L* L/:"
<

Brtr ã) ù) - f¿tl, å s l. ¿ ¿r E Affi¿rT 4rr ¿,-eî n"

| "' åå#d?i:
U: L: ir'l' 2l Í;ì
e 2 1 70)/\I:ÊÉfiË^L/J ð !'o Él Éft,Hjrrttt.. Z L þFr,,tt,t¡l. i t o

^o)
a) hHIJ

b) ++

19
*l 1*,,,,,

c) ÊE^Tt-tl¡: È ùtbâà.. /Jt'à' (ó âÛ,à. !'t- E i Ulc) l

Èhz i
d) €rt
e) ffift
f ) f€È?bøÊ#
lrt ,t( J:
tøl ¡;') 7¿+L*f" Y#ø:+äf"T"
|-Ðiùt
Ea^-ùt* fìTt.c/¿: à r)ró b *È¿,¿r. * 16 À,ùt

{ !. *'l-o €¿k¿* Eaffi{. T. ffi*l*1=z.¿Ë#r'T. Ð)4"

<
<

+-w+ L /¿ r,. å Ea
¿â t)t

l.ôL ( *ámt.L*T.

/rrrdVv-,
a) *7 t:Ì¡.->-c- *uär,.ù: ¿ i L.(n+¿:Hfrafs:I i ':r¡oI¿ù.þffiÈ/Jë !'o
b) ffit.l: :- Lþ ), lo))vr¿¿ 0.ffi4 (toreport) L/Jð r,'"

J "' trt-lV7'V(
Ê ,{ 7 ù: t¡ b /¡Ë !." -Äù* EAffiØ+ä. ö i -^Ìl BÄffiØftäî. X#ø's-î ,t

-t'ìíjø{âr. * L/¿" ¿ ø#øà#r Ø J. i t¡à#?LlJ ð !'. #4ù:ä?/¿^¿t.

u ,: Lrir"'
Há#!ftþ Lä¿rt,, ft,+^ø: ¿ ðt'ô\'ôËf,È/Jðt,'"

{,,,4V7-2
) L:6 4t:
a) ,{71: tà ->'c., 4.*. (tI¿Ffr- È'tl¿ffit:'c t '(H È ä è !'o
b) Ht,./; a Lþ2 7
^ot)vl¿Ë¿:#åLlJðt'"

$ r" dVv-,
L e)r.
e ¿aû:bâo)IJ,-{ &flJø*f v7"tvtt" :-ØAfr\þ ( d'¿l¿z\¿i. ÐÅ,r¡Ät"LJ iå'.
L.Llu ¿È
.(7 i: tÃ.>'C., R.øHIã¡-Æå /J È t.o

a) ¿ ø )',ø&ffiùl'fEl-c'1à."
L ;¡
=EErÊFi*a\âìl
È**t3gliÉ b) :ø)'.øitãÌt ¿"Å,/JffH{'L r i à."
ð& ,k-Ë13
c ) .Ø^Øà+!ùt Ð: ó b *'îà."
t/ú h tiLc,
ù:

d) z ø )uøÉ,#ÉãùÌ{4É{.'Tà..
r 108-0023 Rñä3)åtråH 4-r Ê 5# 4+
TEL: (03)4567-8910 FAX: (03\4567-7777
E-mail hayashi@mitamachi.co.jp ÊF (Lrrtj) *'\âil (r..ì:Lt¿{\'LìP)
Ë**ls (à r ,{ r ì ,ìì) *l¡É (.ì:4 r ì )
 ,rrrrffi" i

ËË^+ e) H+ð ¿,¿Ì ¿ À,ÌÃlt#þ LÍ !. * Tà.,

cL
x+st3*tf+ f ) H+ð À,o)WtÐ{r.6Efùt- Ð:¿:ó
ä# E+ q.¡ -7
4Y,T D * Tå."
r,i
g) H+ð à"ØX,tt å: ¿: b, *.-ltr..
Vtf#ft T251-0000ÌÈälttç6;¡6'&Ê t-2
h) E+ ð À"ØX.o)É#Éä¿t.fEIæ{'-Tà..
TeL (0466)77-8899 Fax (0466)77-7777
â +, -'226¡0000,i*ärrtqç¡¡6ffitrËR3-zi
Tel,/Fax (045)045-0450 X+sl3 (.ìì¿áì(,iì) &*q
(É r ì D o)
Ðr*#Tú ß¿L'Èå) å€ (U/:()

$,,, fF*
e â/ùþfrãî.-f âffX.þæâ /J ð !.o Fð ÌtÉ+ (" ò r,..

e 7 r, h L++.ùtâúrÊ/rLf !. * T" cD äEf,r. t- g.øi.nff-u lrfL¿t'o. ÈH,

{ t'd-tlx-'x ?^illJ ð l'"

X a) :Ø^¿it+ffiä{"T.
K b) Eä|#ZH-W.L{r.*T,
E c) EIA^îÎ:/¿:åÈrób*T"
K d) É&Øtå. Eäü:BYL*L/¿.
X e) ;tY¿:Ã: AzJ,e>. EA¿:Effiþffi.Ì i ù:/¡ b * L/¿.
@ f ) +XL/¿ à EIA^lr( l"Lr i,
g g) RIR
( åã1,
(name ofa Japanese film director) øU4É¿ff¿
àr. ,r
( ð Å,F,* L/c.
K h) E+#þtulÃLl¿; ùió t *ìi¿," å

u j¡ ) B4æ¿tçð L ( z¡r. åE:{r.*T"

tÍ

M ) Í ì,. * 1"
Jd

BA#ùtHÌ- 6{Lâ LE:

1 (+=tttõ D ttttu" fl Srdrr+#¡Ïõ : (b. lÉLr
¡¿uråft ¡rå¡'alået3-D5. ffitu<az< r¿ðt\.)

I / r.
w
?r-l
: ùrÌ*- Baå. txÌ¿ùå-'å. b ØH++tJtTË¿s. þlø<7 / , rt LØX"'ft
:/;ffiØffiîî" T 7 - Lu- i 4 Ø7 J y rt N,J- üTãø*aÎð¿,ØËìË{..
üTË ¿* *a1¿ ð .i, à. a ñË x nr¿ iffi¿ ¡Jr ð /¡ / v ì v r k ffi û cTt -; Ic Ø -a î "
îL ô'
4 0)Httt- /\,8ØX(*- 1u'Jì'Â,ãt'B{" L/¿" tFå' 6+tl (" È u'Ëu'(.
f 7-ãÀ,Ø7,1- l'¿:ËÈ * L/¿" 1r-ðÅ,ù: lEi 4'-r6xb /¡ðu'.1 ¿

Ê*>{t'c- rtrTËÌ**Ë¿-¡rþ * L/¿. ÉlÉ#ËfåìÅbc-c- +fF¿ /vìv

lþYÈîL-
'-l¿
T 7-ð A,tt l=h=-r/Ãà"ù.81î17r'l ¿Ff,È* L/¿. tll
Tãl*Ø Ðåså.dr r.{ !.(. {4à.Ë/; r. ð Øþffi.ô-I¿ù.'tl¿ùlit Ð. lÙ*u'-
;t:
FRô,f¿u'-CTl LÆL 6 0)ttX+.LIì ô i å,Br t Ø"C. "No, thank you." t
äà* L/¿. 6t'ôÀ'- f 7 -ð¿,Èìò i-EËf,t'{ < {Lârìô) tE:l¿à'
å-C--T. L.ôtrt- l7 -ã à"tt. lt-T-) åã:l;ÈÙf {''. T ('LIJTãØ
táÎð À,0)i- å ?u- 6\',ô tËf,Èù*De)* L/¿. xfAø: åf. Hh'øfulfrø
¿ t &-ffiFåC àt'#L{å.à. illTÊmf 7-ð À'Ø7',s- l'3H* LÈ"
Ø ÐùÈ. *Èà.*rt'/:* *{"Ll¿" tl-tTãtt 40)E- 7 t, rt'ettl, I ) -) üÌ
l,t -) /¡øl¿'. å u') ¿ LþFúof¿ØtT"

'liÁ
1¿rÍ ã ÈDr

E;R ØYlZ#,lvT' iE UFNHO. F€Ë:CUINHX ËANTdËUI"

K a) r i -¿ L. i^ùJ,- rljTãØËi#{.'î.
G b) ilJTËØsáÎã hTrsT 7 -è Â,¿:Ër../:f#ftÌi. ÜTãàìEAå'Èffic{ å
l¿o)11, ¡i"
G c) úlTã¿ìZ /
rt¿:Ëu'/¿ øt*,'FícU.,;"
Y

K d) tllTËlx. T 1-ã À'0)æ*.-c. ¡F{..l-rÈ * L/c"

K e) f 1-ðÂ,¿i. l=ìtz-7tt'/¡À'zJ'Ðr{"fà'l ¿:EffiÈ* LÌ¿"
tr f ) f r-ðrl,ùt. =lt=-1þfrL{ ( dz* Ll¿'

L? Ét' ltùr ¿
¿
success.)
. tìttöxãelä. :,::.""""""""""""""""">â;E 1

O ûËl,,3ib ! """"""""".'.:'.
Êú
aætìeËþ" ..............."...-,..'
,1.: '"' " "' "" """"""">ffiAlVÅ
.tTLUtr. .....................
þlvl')
.#Etr¿5€
 LT IJRE No 6
o
e
e
('

Greetings

ever assume that Japanese greetings and their English "equivalents" correspond
exactly to each other. For example, although ôjltÀf ðdtìtl means "Good morn-
ing!," the two expressions are different in that ôlát5 ðdt\tl is not normally used in the
late morning. ölåA) ðdtìtl also has an informal equivalent ¿JltAf , which can be used
when you are talking to children or close friends, but never to u åi (= higher status)
person. Another good example would be ðA())ä5. ðA(f )f4õ indeed means "Good-byl"
but it is never used to people one is living with; also it is a rather informal expression and is
thereforeincompatiblewith keigo(=politespeech).WhenpartingwithaEl-tperson,itis
safeç and less juvenile-sounding, to sayt?LUtf. The best strategy for Japanese greetings
would be to observe how native speakers use them amongst themselves and emulate
them.
Another thing students of Japanese should bear in mind is the fact that once a relation-
ship has been established between two people in Japan, such as teacher-student, it does
not break down. ln America, you might call your professor "Professor so-and-so" in the be-
ginning, but as the relationship grows closer, you might start using his/her first name.
That is notthe case in Japan, however. Yourteacheç even afteryou graduate, remainsftä,
i.e., a Elt person, and your speech must continue to reflect that. ln other words, you
cannot all of a sudden switch from ôlåAf ðdtìtlto ölt&f !

Addressing your friends

n school, classmates may call each other by last name *dfu l<fu,last name by itself,
J
I first name *5t¡ lu lt lv I ( fu, first name by itself, etc. Oftentimes, moreover, they call
each other by various nicknames or by shortened versíons of their names such as f ) (for
*ål in â-ãÉ3.

c
ô
o
c
o
 j

rttrt6tìË?=F

€ *vtrJL . ÊE#r¡yltxEElã#ú)=Eftät¿âã"
^-z]-,
*rutu: *á¿åJ i ¿"ð"t.*T"
= E: *ôù*Ì i ðð"r.*T"
* r u.tv I !r!rttxfr,-6"Tfl.
--- El : 4){-rf;'à"

E EUE o)+'É.. + tz y/ (Zëtfc=Eftäl-â).

*tutv ¿ rå,ù: ¿ ¿È"

= El : -\-r-ð ¿,. 4 I z,4,ù-Ë lll o"cÊ ) Øtrt*6ù. Lr..à{"T1"

*Iutv ¿" , L{("Tà..
= H: f/,ÈÈùÌ. ò i ùlð--Eâ:"cr.å{"LÌ i. 41u- iffi¿* l¿¿,¿:È¿*J
o'CÊi Lt' å r åÆ.r¡À,îT"
*ruù D + ð. FJ'(É ZùÌr.. l..-e t- t ) ù'"

= El : f4 Éb:¡-t..{"âffflTf¿lÌ'r,. r.l.'L } i.
{>

là L+ ( j :l Ð ) u. iËffi'cïà..
1
** u¡v

= El: êfrRþ L{F,ì}ä¿ìù) :- ) t. )À j ü:. t" ¡-t ¿HeTùÌ"{*áDÈ"kTâ"t

{r.iÉm("TJ"
*tptv /ùìr,b
* L/¿.
--- El : D+*È"
*+utv ft+LL*î.

25
 -lz#>,,,,

e +E/ \E+l- trËË UE+ãtlÏ[Ëp (. # v u Jt¡ätHú)Ê[Ee H äËt E ¿. lËJËø E 6^æV+tþ D

DìãÉUfiìltã.

r9 bi tá¿ÌÌ i"
*tutv GE4 i r¡F{.) táùå, & i.
w ,: HE¿ i Ldâ.
*ru¡v i À,- ù9 i ^ì-ffi+* ("fr¿rÊ u'cfcù. È>.

w b: ð : å F ( Ëd'tl$_t_l-!-t-?-l-;-.

*rutv B
2

A#øffiFEàst; ( ã À'ã> '> l¿ t - .?&!;.ÆL (

34
_/4¿ll4¿Ì#&b6!¡__1..1__" {.
ù9 t7: (Ë-#eF,-C) ù>o- /tÆÈ. + < 11ìt'/¡.t. ¿ ffiXù:E{vt' + i "
10 *rutv flr È) .
19 \: irÀ. fl-. H,I¿?
*tutv ì-- l¡À"'a"
w b: I¡FÎ.

*rutv FÑZ

15 19 bi 7c i " Là. {> -t'^-+¡'-K b

"
*rutv l'Ì'-'v--[ãbl o-c?
ù9 r1 /çñ:(t'i ¿ ¿" ÑàrTC(Wolâ"
*< utv i--> ! u.SÈ/¡ ô"
19 \: D +- ,åu.f'âù. È>fttr:Tt ( *t"
*<vtv ) À.,- D+. *,1¿1þ11t.

26
 >>>>> õLìË?Ei*

e Ä . ) = ü y,
h. E+fr0)ËE-HtJt.+ r, 7/ tzctâ) " -Ê[Jtt l-. ¿\ärË+lE+{v- E6g+ t,
lcEtOldffiä"

ey !
^
Bß ð. Ì,/^ !

5¡. À C}ð LÀb !

Bß üiÂ, å ù:.
t. A t-'>*I¿0)"
Bß frìEüËu.tùSå.b"
t À 4 ) zJ'" e ylrtR.6; ¿ ù1. tù À,t¿ Ì:Ëf,r.tf[ o"CI¿ ùl å'- !:?_*aþ:Èþ:
10 Èt/¡ ( -C"
Éß :'п,. l--)v7 r^ vzàlâå. å z¡ ( t_ , -)vl[ÈtÃzl.cI¿À,1ì"
^0)./
Þ à !.[.]- L.L.}" {.'. Ð:¡,:lÈA"tâø"
Bß /uzC-=l[.iff"
I' À bb- 2uzC-lJt*Eo{ó" ëùt7.,3- l. l:{¡¿1"5"
15 Ë[ A ) À," u.:à.ËtñÌ:ft/¡ ¡. 2

t /^ ilù" T-^4t#=-Câ?
HI ) À," L- L. 6ä¿x 723-345-2433"
t à lxør -, 4 o)æEtt 555-347-4167"
Ë[ D ç. âE€ffLt"

20 l. ¿^ i lu" D+. */¿.

27
-12#>>>>>

:,:2:f i4n¡Jili:}'i1.i1jwlsgffi
ü:ìi:izi';rti¡¡1?5r:r?¡5ràv.3i*tr{:?
|.! ?:;.1:1 |.. :.|: ;:' :: :.: :. : ;: ;| :::.'1. :: j.. :..j : ::. : :|.!:|

EIA^åì7 ) rt Lr- À ( Ëf,à.i'r'cWâHPãø-'t ¿:. "FIow are yov?" tt EAffi

É : ¿.. å u. j Ølrtb â " 6 t, ô¿,Eäffiù: ò [¡.¿.¿sa"j-¿..1 ¿ ¿. [*áñ-.{-,(.
.(..{ú
¿
'
Tå.1 /¡ å" å r. i Ë#¿l b âù:- f ç.¿.¿sa"-¡¿.1 t*&ilffiTmØÅ¿:ã i øìt:À-t ) Iì
L. ltÐúamî'Tþ.) ù* L ¿f 6 ( À b ícàc ÈÄl: þ_¿'_Ëà_/_4__!:_" ,., æEã1
ù: [¡.¿r¿;a.j¿.1 Lù. liÐüÃ,("1å.j LÊ) L- ]FHt-Ær¡þ!ll_Þ_â" EIA¿*
?_È ^
7cØl\,bb t:'F:F.ø#þT â ¿ f ¡ìes¡-rìô ) o l!.l..*ax-xrïdal ¿ È. fær.'e T
del å È.- 7c
¡ñ.*o\zcJ*n ùì j r...
')Eøx-x,l;4 "-Ç-r;A::?Få
oo*ave anice day !" -t u.:@iríæmt"t4
r-z
¿Ëi à.. ¿ Ëf,å.tr1ã.òù E6. ElAffi
tt:tå7c {u!;Ylç,_aË#¿sz¡ r.È. à 1b â" ¿ EIJ/"Lâ ffi¿: ¿*,- fË+årElt'{-. ói?,ùå" l{..
to
¿*. ftTLL*Tl- EÃ'eóþùf lDç. *l¿l ^ z¡ÐåËi/a'ùITìô)o "IIl.ave anice
ft(
day!" ?Haffi¿:-mRl,'(.ÛF.-r¿erfrÆ.*'å. L!.o 7 / y r^Ù*. 4 )\- i#,wþrÃ<
LrÆr¡ffikî 6àì. Fù*. BA#¿:trtã>="ci€ffi¿:/Ju.ór.ðr=i#ò/¿ ( ð A,bâ0)
Lr( Ù'

I¿"ffilL¿f'. ê+ØÈiø l:t,4 ið*t'Ll¿l |rt4a) lu.l;ÈÈ*Tl. ÈHø1A.ø

¡. ¡.ffJlì" EIä^àìÉ1h\Øxþ fr6 ffiù:É i l'{to -c È * Tl. 4lt"t:Nl,'Cxffi.a)
XLv^

Ê) lTt.< 6ol'ç!'l- Kn'\fr:(ÈÈ,'\Øãilf¿Èt'* ) ,7cØWXffiøãi l*a

,ffib/¡åu.l /¡ Ð å t,iù>ì,.ðrò j€ffi¿:¿t/J!.o ElaÅ¿*_ hnÈi¿:â:tÅü:*/¿
Èkc't
*i L. iftBùi,¿i ö j t ðt.årf âa L¡tesç-o *ffit"ò. "Thankyouforthe
other day." å à. "Itwasgoodto seeyouthe other day." /¡ å" åãLt¡t'¿ ¿ ù1,/J
!.åì- EA;ãø lftBùÈ Ð i òl øt i r¡iF* ¡tât.ù1,/J.,l!./rr.'o
.r,rf"Lzt ìï------------ xr:'
-ftËÉ!¿:=r'" {. lft* bXE!:TÃ'>I¿ ô t'ð ?Æ#ùÌ. b E^ffiØfr¡:þu'lì
'€ffiJ
ô 1 " l:t-lrJù.btl âm. ât¿-äå*u-q-rc - EttØ+ffiøftÐ,râr /¿ffi. z Øtrlù'
¿'i r. ) ffi¿:fnJ Lã't l¿ à J u.à.ÈìlÂ*:{!.{. 4fLþH,ì-6l)lrt, X+t¡hä##
t"åË:.6òlt_Iìô)"

r:,'L-L{O Ü't6')åÜr-
e-l-È fi ,t ¿o1. f r:r"

iL aît! t' ) € t¡'tYaf t: fl', 1 tt * f

-t,zÞT>>>>>
rttrtôtìð?=Hl
 -lz#>>>>>

32
 ,,,,, õrìÈ2=* |

There are three different types of predicate endings-tT. * j--forms, lì-forms and t ù¡ 6 -
forms. So, the idea that Tanaka is a Japanese can be expressed as HFð /L¿t EA^f.¿, B1+
ð /t Ìt BA^/a' or EIF Ë ¿,li Hä^-e ð å. The styles which use f.T.* T-endings, lì-
endings, and f ã> â -endings are called f T. * T{õ, lì{6, and {" ó å {ô, respectively. While -c''
b 6l# is mainly used in writing, both 'C1. * T{f and È{6 are used both in speaking and
writing. In speaking, ('.T' * T{ô is used in formal situations such as any formal meetings or
in addressing strangers, acquaintances or people to whom you feel respect is due. Ìì{6, on the
other hand, is generally used in informal situations, such as when you are talking with your
close friends or family members. È6 can also be used toward someone for whom you feel
respect is not due (e.9., children, one's subordinate, etc.) In writing, lì{ð is normally used in
newspapers, novels, scholarly articles and essays. Letters and memos are usually written in (.'
T' * T6. îb â{16 is very formal, so it is generally used for formal writings such as public
documents and scholarly articles.

,,a.:f ..$',f ff ,(pôlite;form) Ì;--6 (plain forúr), {.þ,6 ffi ' (exnosiøqy,form)
EIAAT.l E^^/.' n#/\'e b â
Ea^{$H}a I *nia Bä^{E'å}n... BA,,\(.t*r¡u'
Íffif1-T¿ fdK/i: /¡ Í.{"dl.lù> ->t¿

rffi{f$}ó b *ÈÂ,(.1/¿ +t+{3H} rÃù"ot¿ Í{*t'l*/¡È.2l¿

È Ì¿!.(.-î Èi¿t./¿ i å fLt-:cb6
åd,¿r,.{3'å}ób*ÈÂ, å tur.r..
{3'å} nr.. ÈÌzt.'eùt/Ju.
ãr--e 1 äl' ãu'
*<bþ*r¿, ä ( /¡t' ä ( /¡u.
ê-ì*T ê'ra ê-ra
ê^ * +rT fr-r/¡ ¡. ft-i,/¡ ¡-
Ê-l* Lt¿ ê-¡/¿ ê'lÈ
ê-ì* ÈÅ,f L/¿ ft.iz¡¿., ¡a p-rf¡¿., ¡¿

Traditionally, the Japanese language is known for having a distinctive difference between men's
speech and women's speech. This distinction, which is mainly observed in casual conversation
style, is seen in uses of pronouns (e.g, boku vs. watashi), some nouns (e.g., meshi vs. gohan,
.lz#,,,,,

hara vs. onaka) and particularly in sentence endings. For example, sentence-final particles
such as zo and ze afe typically masculine while a sentence-final particle wa is genenlly
considered to be feminine. Uses of these masculine and feminine senstence-final forms have
been undergoing changes, and thus, it is best to classify them into four types, as below.

Strongly masculine: 4--(ft < ê-)

ü' (ñ ( ìÌ')
à.t.? (fÎ ( È.t'?)
- /¡ ¡- fr ? (ft¡t,t¡t . È. ?)

imperative (plain form) (trùt J. ê'ìó À)

Moderately masculine: (plain form) À (õ ç ¡. ffil'l )

r¿ i.,/f¿È,¡.,/ /ìl dâ G>LT¿ïìj. âB /ii iâ)

Moderatelyfeminine: (plainform) Ø (ft ( Ø\-Ët'ø\)

Strongly feminine: h,/b J,/b*r,/b I de (ffi < b,/-EãLt¿*r/- b6b t,7)

[Noun,//¡-adjectiveJ t¡ø (BAÅr¡ø. È È u'/¡ø)
ù'1, t> (Tt ( l¡'|¡ Ù)

Uses of both strongly masculine and strongly feminine sentence-flnal particles have been on
the decline. In fact, younger men and women hardly ever use these strongly masculine and
strongly feminine endings anymore. Women these days generally use moderately masculine
endings in casual conversations, and thus there is not much gender difference in the use of
sentence endings. Older women, however, do still use strongly feminine sentence endings.
Furthermore, in comics and anime, these strongly feminine and masculine endings are used to
create certain character identity, and hence it is good to be able to recognize gender character-
istics of these particles.
 ,,,,,6rìË2=* |

1 "o V/46r1¡='without V-ing; instead of V-ing' [âtr1 >2. l-: >>>Ëtrrãurc]

. V lr t-Í", gne éf the negatiu" a-¡9rms of a verb, is .oftén fðllowed by another velb: *d

Lr( t, ltu
a) Eärtr. {EI ö Éþfrt,rêFàrâÐ 6Ø¿tft+Lt¿"
(7n Japan, it is bad manners to begin amea\ without saying anything.)

b) ffiÆþ L/¿¡,rÍYüt,..)R6Ø¿l,J ( /J!-.

(It's not good to come to school without having done one's homework.)
¿ L r))'L
c ) ElÉÊH^lîrt'ts,L\Tx.1fu,ifrt Ù t. 6ä4 å.
(There are students who study atlnorne instead of going to the library.)

,, V',/J 1,. {: often c-arries ,a conno-tation,.that one didn,lt do Whatone- w4s,expæçted, fo .do. $o, fo ,

b), one is expected to do homework before coming to school bw helshe did nol

f ,r, Vltülürø)fi='You should - Uit.,lt would be good if you did -)'

lã#.z > t. z >>>EnHurrøtc]

,:
ihislexpression,rsusually used to suggest the opþo.sþof.whæ, hÈ,oüeiipç ìslg¡qg or

h
a) ù -r åF( Ëftlt'trl,rc)[;.
(You should go to bed earlier.)
Ì)
b) tllr.t, /Ju. å ¿ ôt|ftæ.t:ËI[tlt'trt\ø)Í:"
(You should ask your teacher about things that you don't understand. lSaid to someone who is
hesitant about asking the teacher some questions.l )

J 'ot t*LlZ='moreover; besides' lemz >¿.a]

a) HÉt*. )¡þìþt"-t-. Znt;WlffiùÉr.ØT-_ ÍÈ.a¿ ( !.{.1.

(tUkyo has a huge population, and, moreover, prices arehiglr' Therefore, Tbkyo is a difficult place to
live.)

b) A: +H¿*ñfiàräå a i t¿ia"
(You don't look well today.)

B :i
ô':l
À,- EÈìtË (
t.È
(. zirE#tò
h2
Ë ¡ a Lb6 À,î"
(Yes, I have aheadache, and I also have a slight fever.)

A: D+. + 1,ffi-tcffiÀ,ÈlÈ¡U-U.ca"
(In that case, you should go home earþ and rest.)

35
.lz*>>>>>

,..,O!heqgonjunctions,which,areoflen,usedinclûde Z,fuf" 1the.ré.f,orç;'1u,,,kLt* iand;,and..thên;,

and also,' 4 ùt lt, b 'after that.' 4 L'C. is the most general conjunction meaning 'and.' 4 ÌLlr, ù
emphasizes that an event follows another event in time, and 4 fLî emphasizes "causal"
relation between two sentences.

c) ÈØ? t*Hr-þt,,rftÈ* Lrr" IÍt+:'\ XæøXØÅ-î¿ _,nft-ct. ä+rc¡

ô*n'lfr'tfÈ*LÈ.
(I went shopping yesterday. After that I went to apar!y at a friend's house and came home about ten
at night.)

In c), both 4 ùLlt, ì, and 4 l-î arcfine. Howev er, 4 lt'ìt à emphasizes the fact that it was
after the shopping that the speaker went to the party. In some cases, therefore, 4 trù, Ù and
4 l,'C. arenot interchangeable.

d) ÈØ i ùÌ. EAf{ËE^Tt-rI¿" Z l,T ( 4lt ¡t'È,) þ-f L ?ê-rÌ¿.

(Yesterday I went to a Japanese restaurant and ate sushi.) [* mark means that it is ungrammatical.]

e) ÊìË¿lAffi¡ôãn*.1¿" ZVT (41¿ù'à) /\ffiðóffi->lc"

(My friend came to my home about six, and left about eight.)

4 tL'C'presents a reason or cause.

|9å À +r(
f ) gÈìKb * LTc" ? fr?'. ftõffiàrìEi¿/c À'-et"
(It was snowing. The flight was delayed because of that.)

4rrrlålrl8,lDr^,/Cüf ='not easily' lã*i2>¿.8>>>ã/rìfr/r,Kt¡aaczl

::::
¡ ,,
/f'È.i¡¿:, when used with a negative, means that somethiniis noüeasily'$ne.,r,orftat,ittakes

ù,tvu åtd ;*
a) Ë?¿rr¿Ðâ,h'Ha-ànl¿( (- W-t.C L'*T.
(Ifs terrible because it takes a long time for me to memorízekanji.)

b) =- E, -þffi.À,ìØ(". /J?)'/c?)'ËË*ù:f {f ¿t(" L/¡.

(I had coffee, and so I couldn't fall asleep easily ITtad a hard time falling asleepJ.)
[i.e.,

! >>t QUeStiOn WOrd +-ùtïïùtå/¡ür [âã:>¿.g>>>ur2r*ãt]ìâaaa<<l

F'orembedding.awh-question!nanothersentence,simplych4n.gè'.fiè.,.eldjnÌg.:Ófitie.èm-
U9é ¿ qu.estion into the plain fonn. The copula ld'is optional::Bê, tòt!(.e-.êþ.,tha'qú¿q{gf
partidle à. at the end of the clause.

36
 ,,,,, õrìÈ2=*l

a ) urP Elä¡li < n'i¡n'q *Ë h"

(I don't know when I will be going to Japan.)

b) +x L ltt'È¡FtãT ã å' * ÈJlzJ' r) *Ë lv"

(I don't know yet what I will be doing after graduation.)

c ) =4ønã¡#Ørí+.ùÌËft (Ë) ?:'* /ìJùrt'ú) *,Ë/ù"

(I don't know yet who will be teaching third year Japanese.)

d) t.îlv z ì. 7 vàlr- u-á¡ * ÈrÌzt úJ *Ë /1,"

(I can't tell yet which restaurant.is good.)

Also note that a yes-no question can be embedded in another sentence by putting the
,,,p¡9{þate.intotheplainfqqn,and,byadding,àr,È",iÐì,.,,1 ,,::', 1.r:-,,:, ,r.i ,

(I don't know whether I will be going to Japan next year or not.)

I' Ù¡l ûTr'
f) +Ê.Ø#,W,*HË L r,-l¡' ¿ a ñ,tTù, ú) *Ë 1L"
(I don't know whether the next test will be difficult or not.)
t¡'r' lt 6 Ë.ll
g) = C-ft?fÄ )
-t l¿ ltt ¿ ù'H,n-( t,r :Ë {f ¿{,"
(I don't remember whether I paid the copying charge or not.)

h) Bä^?t' ¿ Ò rr'Æe) *Ë /v"

(I don't know if he is Japanese or not.)

$ rot [¿Z]^,/¡t,r='only; no more than' lnatw > t. t >>> ui5,E;.Eur]

Là'always occurs with a negative. The implied meaning is that the amounlitem mentioned
is not,enóugh or, less,than eXpected.

a) fi. Ì.".ry LlÎt¿ürå. à. uEÉ^lÍùl * riÂ,.

(Because I only have five doilars, I can't go to the movie.)

b) * o) ) ØWr. ãffifñ vn #t¿n,ct¿ù.6. âBÌ*,HE!..

(I only slept for five hours last night. So, I am sleepy today.)
c ) * Å,àì Uù'lñ,*,t¿tr+&trsþt",0)¿*. Ëa.
(Ifs too badthat there are so many children who read only comic books.)

37
 -lz#>,>,>

| >r> C*,U ='in other words; that is; namely; in short' læaryz>¿.¿l

a) A : : ;' -- =+tt. -ìC- ì-¿^'effi&4aTi¡. (number) ¡tþ¡'4 i-et i"

(I hear that because of the Baby Boom there will be more high school students for the next two,
three years.)

B: ?f u/t+ù:^ âØùtffiL!. t !.7 ¿ ¿f*fcâ.

(In other words, it is more difficult to get into coilege, right?)

â¿l--r*2z65gf àu'/d. ?:f;rJ.

lr¿.1

b) Ë¿*-r*¡v=É^Ä*El/i-2/¿l å *rb6z)ì- Ì'^.'v

þffic-c t. å EIA("ù* #Ø=tì0)*(" å l'ØH u'þüU¡'tÈ /J t,'Øl¿'.

¿.
(In the old days, there was a time when a dollar was worth 360 yen, but now it is worth about 105
yen. In other words, nowadays, with dollars in Japan you can buy only one third of what you used
to be able to.)

8 "" SentenCe+Þút?T='That is to say; lt follows that; That means ...'

l#aw>t.s>>>uanv<øal

a) A A :. 7 È /4,11BA¿:*S ö {ÌÂ,tt,'l¡Â,(.'T i.
(Miss Smith has lived in Japan for as long as ten years.)

B -
/ià. 6 Eläffiår-s r.< 7 r¡t>ll TT tt"
(Thafs why she speaks fluent Japanese, right?)

b)A ù> o) )'ì*9*'.-ü fr È. ùt /J l-îrumtl'È' b L f u' * T"

(He studies all the time without even going out.)

B j(-eÈ6þtt<'ltr"
(No wonder he is good.)
:
c) A * Ø i v ù ìnT]..l¿ Â,îTÈs- L t" w i tLfu.ct"l- Xþ= ffiÙ:frÌ¿rì,tT¿ì. Ë
!'l¿Ø¿ttHîót Ll¿"
(We went to Chicago yesterday. Tlaffic was so heavy on the way that, although we left home at
three, we didn t get there until around seven.)

(That means it took you as much as four hours, doesn't it?)

38
 I
I

I
I

>>>>> õLìÈ?ÉlÊ I

i,i
$ t't NEå:T='depending on' [æary)r>r.7>>*ñtr&:<] l

i"--
ì

a) þ[-ãrÉ#¿å 4ØEØXF,r&cT !-ô!- ôÊZùf'J t-"

i

t'
(What greeting you use may vary depending on the weather of the day.)

b) å cTë ì-ùtÉ!'* T.
(Opinions vary from person to person.)
^E +r.+å V Ùh È
c ) =-zØÞÌffiùi. ilffiØÞÌffir:*c(l** b *î.
(A course grade depends on the exam grades.)

10 *t ruf&/cã=,correspond to -, lffiaa>¿.e>>>?fit¡*r¿õeêâÌl

a) Bäffiø l¿Å,¿:Ëùrl ùÌ. Fffiø oorrello" t;ÉÈð.

(Japanese "konnichiwa" corresponds to English "he11o.")

b) - i.^.¡vll- ,fEfFlEH/: U *ttt'"

(How many yen is a dollar?)

f f *' ^, (ø)) ååäN='N, like -; N such as -'

lffia¡u¡ > ¿. t s >>> rñE B¿à €l øeããxã bEËJl

41" t)

a) IÐ t {,.] ø)J à t¿MfiJr¡7 v-Àìtt - 9€ffi¿: llär. Tìô i "

(I don't think English has a convenient phrase l1ke "daomo.")
rÞlv l: ùlù
b) &ffiØæ+ìr. BAz\¿: üffiÐ/Jr'J af¿#,âËìrtù>6ù' å- ffiLr,-"
(Characters for names are difficultbecause there are readings such as those that even Japanese can't
read.)

39
-lz#>>>>>

a) "o EL¿,Aãffi >>>>>[âtr2]

1: This expression is used to sug-

¡pb: HE¿ila'Èr, gest to the addressee that helshe

* <v tv : i A'- lp i -ì--Ë+* f'ø! U"C.T:.ìr' Ù " should have done something.

@b: ù : åF< Ê¿'rlt'tttrol; 1o

*+vtv: È Ø, ¿lË)Ér)ìËeI't:41 I¿lr, ?tt.tzz 2:- 1,, ? {LI= is used to give an

ù¡Uf¿Hïffiffiò/¿ ( ð À'ù>'>1." additional reason.
t'^À
È
r9 b: 7c {Lì,tjÑ;Ærì ->l¿tt"

1 ,r" E!-lVJVl
à ^.7 . -ÄlÌ BA#Ø+4.. ð i -^¿l EÆ#Øft+J: t¡ b /J ð l,'o +IJ.++0)
ù: r¡
- b

Mø-e , Yä¿*Lls.å ( Àb ¿:frä¿=Éårt (frâ 1:tobumpinto) L.ô-c'T" ft

1¡2
ãÈ.Ð iìr,- HffiaH,¿ i /ì=/¿å.. ft4.1:Ëf,åäð \,o 4l-'(ãttØHÍtat:?!.(
ft4.1=#L/JðL'o
zc {LtrtKbot¿ 6- ++.2 PoÌ¿)x,ùtftäù: ä b. tÈ+.V P':> l¿ÅÈìYå.,t:t¡cL-
Jó

ö t *ËlEl Dâtr?ffiË L/r ð L'"

f ,,, EI-IVJV<
e ":7ù:r¡ b. -ÂütEAffiØ+ä- ò i-^ùÌEã/\øts.Ét:t¡ b /J ð !'o Q t-a- L
Ø1 LlEltiâff?. ( Ètll:EAffi (informalJapanese) t.L/Jðt'.

3,'* trL.-rVJVl
e ,{7¿:r¡\Ì¡ð!.. tÂt*Ë7g.c"j-. */\ùtfiax-,ùl/Jð¿ it¡ø'c- ò i-^r)ì¿.i L
{à,HÈ/¡a \-o 4l-'c., 71."rì4 Ã þUr¡ðì,.. [-¿¡ì,.t.Øl:) þtfr.o'c._ ( /¿'ùl/¿
EA#f#L/JèI.O
 ttrt' õtìÊ?=g€ I

{rr,dVv-,
e "{7¿: t¡b, T-t 4 i:rt.'C.0)f 4 7ùy/ =yþt,t¡ð,,.. fiø ¡ir^EffiZtâ L
l. L.o

a) T-^ 4 þt#c{1.åà.. fSr(!./¡¡.fro

b) Ð i L{ffi.o 1 t- âØlt,- I#o{!./JL.ØÐ.o
c) ,-r4¿rffiÈà.. È6!.å.o
d) E i U{ffå TÃo)tt,- È à r,.t¡.o)ù,o
e) T-, 4 þ{fr.i ØÌ1. Ê#þù.tl âffi/ìùtà.- üJ,Ð.0). Lù:ffi.i ¿ ¿ ò ù:âù," Þi¿¿*'.
ù ) 7 {úÈ t -,4 ùt ¿¿,4. ¿ ¿:ffà âÌ¿ô itr." (ffi!: *á!. L ¡..rzqÉ?'¡¿Ét:&.
\
k6o)

!,,, fFI
'Éma¿: r l. {Élî++
e (' à t,. ØlFxþE* /J ð !.o *É*a 4) l- ôù.->l¿: ¿ /¿" ùlËùï
It"Ì t""
räir lfr ØHl arJ
frtÀùrE;ffir>i:-ift!ffi=-z-á -)"'TtÈ * L/¡o : z--a-rî¿*. Èiü:{È¿,-cì,./¿ a ¿
Ø Þ â a B v ¿ 7x+ùt ( nrf-tr 4*. L t:. tytÌÈi ¿ lEl D j i r" L/¿¿ì. t+Ø ¿ ¿f
øË¿*. ai.t¡Éirå¿: rÃoÍ!./¿ø)t-'. cÀc ( b L* L/¿" -ìEFÆ@E. Ë)s Lt.ôt-ô
t¡FfrþF,I¿ b - vz | 7 vîiôu,t-u-PVlþÈ^l/¿ b -6'È{. ¿ { ò }å.c/¿îf"

*t p/v' ^ì-r-àì.
€ Èt' * Ërt
*r v ^ A:cÊtlJftä¿:âr,.* L/¿. cD zEf,r. r- jÃ.øxn;
E L ttÌ'rùr-'o. FÆË." { r.trL¿å-'x ?Ãful¡ u." ð

0 a) *t p tvlt1Æffi0)ffi#^f-r < L.\tt"

Õ b) * t rr,,yt*.
E:IJJt+.å IEI Ciéiü^ft < À,1 t- ¡ i "
X c) âEûtËl-t-4 )î'1.
ùa õ2
@ d) ò tED+/¡ù.d)ù1. */ìãr.6 Lr.("-f.
K e) ÈØ i ò *á ¿ ¿ r,. ò, iÉt-zï.-cf¿ ù U!.Í.--fo

41
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lt) w
I
t¡'
za¿-a-2 Ëfå. t'- Hlfrat-tÃ.'tI¿Ù=--
ù:lÈ{-r+¡7 ¿*. EÆØÊ.Løð
e-7^-ffô-ù:fiått't u'I J-tvþ ö à:t" ðËf¿Ì7, y ùþ*'t'F,l¿
: å¿¡/¡1. i" +litrt=z-3-r+^*.þ. = z-a-rãt'tÃ0)î- i¿-
È, ì..
a -2 0) a L r¡ 6Í¡!'eö j ( îno|-L.6o ð Èf¿¡= t--a-V "'ftï: t'. EH
t¡ffiþuìéuì 6F,Èr óül'J ) L7"1vþ(FoI¿"
+T, It - ð ËÍàìË u,IciÃ.øEØÉE+ ( È. à - ? v,' v I v þÆl]L{Ët'l¡.
*f p v 2 7 -7 -'+v l -- , 4 ¿^À'7r Ù -7 - rYÅy' 7'71- l" C,'v
t¡EþF,'C. {¡ 6cl¿" 4{t'þ,à. 2001 +9H 11 BØtrl-C.+È'þ'f¿Z-¡vi'^'l'
r,,- 1.".+vl -åìlE:f !.tDtr'-ìBfutu'( å. ðËfÌÌz,&'U7€ )l¡ffikF'ÈI¿.
Èfàr-#F=7'f¿Ø¿t, 'L v | 7 )v't*-rî, zþF'f¿ffiÈ:t. lbb,
ð
7):þ¡.¡'J LÉo'C.- y 7Ø4^ÊþÈ ( ð À'L l il DÐl¿. 4l-r lRËc¿*- ¿
z L ò = l-ù.F,È, {t t¡!.à. à : * å /¡ t,..l ffi oI:"

¡{t¡
t)
I
Z squirrel :
/"h L t,. sad
¿t¿atl. ¡E¿'
#;ñ-f a to show someone ÉS to show joY
around
È'
¿.þ¡J¡. cute
Êc1.\- â to be standing t-

4H
+rv À,
pictuer;photogfagh

aln Ø'¿ã¿#,tu:c. ff UUnHO. råË:Curnldx €^nHÈuì.

M a) ðËfÙ*. Èiü:= z-3-2 Ù:*/¿. Lùtbâ"

u b) +)^, I*- .13- = -21Æ.*.{tl¿"
E c) È+lå. Hifraøffit:*'T7 t=) -)vþ#.2l¿Ølìô i
ð "

D d) ðËÍ¿f. +v | 7 )v'tï-/lrt.-&Ã,t:),.o1¿"
K e) RË¿: {¡ '/ x ¿s/; ( ð ¿,1,'å "

Ëü {(oË
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lrili
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rl
rìi¡r
lìljii
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l

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f¿ø)

. €,5-?Ðffi_LlÞ_løãfo:
ã :il
. ËiøElrÉlfêtf?ttfclÊ
TL\tttutiÀå
r iÉ'#itt erì ( r r tefÉ If r{ r q. " "" """"""'>Ê#2
:.::"""" """" " " """""""'>Ê# 3
. Ð5:(ËE(
 URE No a
c
o
o
o

Asking Favors

(e.9., Would
T ust as you would try to speak very politely when you ask a favor inpolite English
when asking a
J yo, ... please?, Would you mind ...?, etc.), one should be extra
favor in Japanese. Japanese speakers often deliberately start out hesitantly by saying Ë *:
¿tiffitìi5ìõ âfu7c| û ¿....'- (tit.,l have a small request but ...) instead of a more direct 5*:
¿öffit\7:TõDt3-.
Negative forms such as ttfclÊlJtttfuD and U\lclilJtdUìC U t f 75\ also occur frequently. ln
more informal speech (e.g., when asking a favor of a family membeL a friend, etc.), one
would say Ð òì-fåV\?, <Í'ItdU\?, etc., instead. Another formula one should remember is
&ô1.<ômtl l,t?-, used as you part with the addressee, of whom you have just asked
a favor. lt literally means "l ask for your good favor," and is a standard ending to a request-
making situation. (Remember this same expression was also used in Lesson 1 at the end of
a self-introduction.)

Going to Japan for a Year's StudY

>>>>>

T;.t or American students who have taken only one or two years of Japanese, it is virtually
I impossible to attend lectures for native speakers and expect to understand the
content. Much as one might wish to experience authentic college life in Japan, that would
most likely be beyond one's reach. lt would be more reasonable, therefore, to attend a
university that has an international division geared to foreign students. Toward the end of
the year there, when one's proficiency in the language has improved considerably, one can
perhaps receive permission to visit classes for Japanese students a few times to "get the
general idea" about Japanese college courses.

c
c
o
o
o
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trrtt Eäro)El# I

€ *vn lL . EÄ#ø=frft#ØffinEÈa.ll("
^-¡-.
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= El: ùå t .. fn¡a"-¡¿..

4Iutv ùt ð Øæ#-effiffiþ u. t /¡" < Ø k,=:,{11 L * r l¿,t{"T È¡.

= El: 4 )fTìt'" L ¡= Li#o.( ( /ìð l,.o I {L-eTtJ" âB¿x aØ-tftícL/¡&.
*Iutv T a*,-ri.{,-C" L È"
= El: D +. ù> t- l¿# -> "C. <âØ þË,¿,{Lt-Ì,__!_._Í-da"
1
*tutv fiu-_ l¡r¿. b * LÈ" ó. 4{tlt'tr.l*, i-?táFF!.trtbâ.4,f1üt Ð.
= E: frj("L¡ i"
10 *rutv
= E: zL"
*+utv BAffiØilffiØ B ü:- liå.Øilmår-: t> ã>o{......o
-B ù:ilffiàì=:{"-f È."
*+utv ì- Z - 4 i t¡ À,îT BÄ#Øilffi þ 4 Øffi Ø Ft ù: É ùt_ð_g I :I-; Iq !l /r r,.
" !

l:1,-+ 2{:o '

* ð. 4 1 u- ) . Lt¡ t,tlfrã>b *ìi À,tr. ffiØB å u. 7 ¿. ls Eløz_Kffi
El"C'-f dâ"

*rutv l*[.- 7c 111"

= Bt: D +. 4 ØEØ+0þ-W¿: ¿ : ^*( ( /¿"ð r,..
*rutv ¿i,t.. -ffia"Tfi"
= El: !. !.1."Tà.o
*ru¡v åi-. Èr.D* iÀ-eT" Dç. zjrffiElØ--ffi¿: ià.¿ì!.*T. Ðt ò ô b
ål¿ i ¿'ð"!.* Lt"
= Et : [. ì.. åo

45
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e h'/¡ ) ùv . E ä#0)Eü ftf.ØffinÊ¡ffiffi,ÞtäfF atEß <

"
=
l.À ft+.- +. -. =âJ ôt-t-'Al- t )1t."
Éü !.!.{"T1. {qlÍ"T¿."
l.À b0) ). Fl*,. X+H+ L /¿ u'ø'eF#êù: F L¿ál¡ t 'Â,t'-f È¡. ffiËtr
?Ét.f [./;Èùt /J !.{" L I i à.o

EilI zì-. ì..!.("f jo

l.À ¿ ùtåìffiffi{,tØÆ#E{" 1"
ñ IIJ bb- 4 ilTù," br.ri,ry?
tÀ 7 f" v z.("-d-à..

EilJ ì_2"
l.À
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l.À b0) ). -l o'Cfúî1- i. i tt'"
lffie)ú/l b

Éü L.? * (.. ¿:Ëfu¿S!ì [\z)), ( !' ] : ¿ {'.T J.

l.À ã>o- Jltt b * tl¿. xìEøêEEl(.'T"
Eil] D ç ó. â¿E_Él; U t,"c t6 È
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46
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Ê H#Ëi. ¿-Êß. #EeftÈh\Ä: C ( 6 0)ã4t cTt'\á

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l.À ù>o !

Ëß {4.
l'¿
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l.À ì- l"e¡:c ð ËùrË r ." È ô/a'" -aÊ.t-'c ( Ù¿l¡ r,. ?
BI l.-U.Jo
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I e+"8)b ¿tþD. FåF<Ho)Ê[Ee.

*r uP 19b"
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*r uP +E öfg#fFò
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w b: *Èffið âØ?
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w b2 4)"Iìt,D¡)À?
*t utv i À,.----." gir,. ül å. -:fF¿{'ð L.!. ?
t9 b: /J ó Ù:.
t0 *r vtv +EØ+'&.- =Wft+å' 6 BÄ#Øffiffit> t c( È { ( f¿l¡ t,' ?
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h' ¿i fL f À II t ò È, / -(' 7c I¿
f ¿ ä â" Èq i: {L+ ä /ì + rl fu,Ø t,' Irl ¿
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b ¿å +.'äì^ð9rt B+'c6U t
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50
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¿-(
2sV¿¿Èìt"È6 canV 32 ffil: particularly
È [r, upriÈ( uru¡i
3t ñ9. wish;hope {l äìF tË
, a,f
housing conditions
È [*'i Lç þ6
ñg# one who wishes to do - Ht' bad
l:ftÆ.î â/\l
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26.'ÈIry
.{tt t"
zt.EtJl{ za.Elffi#tr 29. ÆÊ ¡0.ffiffi
utãJrr Ð\rÐi {r\
'þt Lr,
sr.DIlÊ zz.ffi#, es.lÉ91 æÆ zs.ñÆ#
¡0.{läs,H-F
C¡ì L( c' ì:'Èå

This radical stands for water and is basically used for characters repre-
senting water-related conditions, activities, etc.

trül [,Éj fËl rd¿

 I
I

>>r>r EôrOEl# I

f ott VtCül? l*#1>t.z>>>ËnãrìEl

hqu*¿conversation,Vät,.-e ( ÈË¡.isoftencontractedtoV/Ât,'-e. ,,',"',, .

.
a) ù¡Ur¿ffioc < âøþ,E,nâürfde.
(Please don't forget to bring [it] tomorrow, OK?)

f ,,, V (causative) Tltï¿låll /¡ür? l¿ xöltt

lâ#l > t. t q >>>EtJËtt(trtctittrdtr-ë tr à är]

"itié,it'a¿,r;Cô¡ldl¡o¡rcg'.e.!þ,árravor of your retting *é,. ,1,: ¡.ã,,v.¿ú;jplite

a ) ÈiØ B ¿=#r#¿Élf ð rf (
ür/¡ Ë tt /c rru. t, ¿ tt," )
(Would you please let me take the exam one day earþ?)
zÀ'À:¿'
b) ft+.ØffiX.þffñ* Ëf ür/: Ë tf /J trr U * Ò tt, "
( lspeaking to a professor] Would you mind letting me read your paper?)

c) ftæ.. ffi#þ{t * {f ( tt/¡ /c tt /J t,r ?. l, ¿ Ò lt' "

(Sensei, would you please iet me be absent from class?)

d) # ftæ., ffi#þfrlvT' tr È Ë tt /J tr (. l, ¿ Ò lt'"

(Sensei, would you be absent from class?)

Sentence c) is the correct request.

nòìtus¡rry'ap,prgiiatè. . :, .'. :

e) ftä. t€ffif* En'ÈT tt/¡Ëlt/Jtr( l, ¿ )lt'.

(Sensei, would you 1et me say it in English?)

f) ,b4Ê. t€ffit"Ec( tt/cËtt/ctr(" l. ¿ )h,"

(Sensei, would you say it in Engiish?)

53
.l¡ ËÊ,""

; by the end of

a) 9Etrr t -pþ L( ( Èð t..

(Please e-mail sometime today.)
+ÈÀ
b) XÊ.å - 9Æ + {:fÄi, r¡ ll È¿lf'¡¡ å /J !'.
( [I] have to pay the rent by t]re end of this month.)

4rr, -t{-l*Ë='The more/less -, th€ more/less -' lffiuv¿ > ¿. t t >>> ãttnHårìE¿]

il,rg,sn:

+.V..é,i,6l"
dl.tg4

HAffi¿å. ffi#t
nl;{tuffiï ¿ *á 6 l' ô ( tÌ â L.BL- *
6lf f.
(I think that the more you study Japanese the more interesting you will find it.)

b) ++.trtt| n$g;tril ¿. ¡É¿*'f¿ 6 ø) àìffi L t -"

(The more students there are lwho applyJ, the more difficult it is to be selected.)

c) !.!.vz l-TvTttn\ibãÍf ¿Ët'.

(Better restaurants ate more expensive.)

d) #,ïÃIt lt'Ì"t¿lvt 6nlìt, ã fÍ E !'!."

(Simpler explanations are better.)

e) BÄffil*- ffirÂu/cttftrt'L /Jtrlf ¿+ìtr. à /¡ ( /¡ b *'f .

(The less you study Japanese, the less you will begin to understand it.)

Lr tfür
5 "o Nl;JrþA,/t)lft fi='other than -; besides -' lffiaø > ¿.t s >>>ffial =¿'l.Y*ø]
Ittc ã ttu È¡i å¡ Ll tr ártt
a ) #ffiøUlø t*. äñ+Ët:tflE ôu- u' ôHi
"
l> Øtrtb â
(at ttre beginning of the semester, there are so many things to buy besides textbooks.)
ù¿t, À à' ,r( L¡i L¡iåt( å¿,
b) ÍtrÊt+€r\r+oæ+#ö ó b * T"
(There are otlter scholarships than that from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Tbchnology.)

_ ütå
$ "' ülVþ-El,tÖ*ltl?f*t¡t,t='it doest. not necessarily mean that...'
lffiañ¡ s >>> ütt €EuäøH{ütlr€52ã¿uìãþlttËãtr] > t

a ) 'x,T v €' B;6^lÍùt ll'Eäffià¡.h.f ¿: rà 6 ¿tr ä lù" btt?'f *öt) *Ë

(It is not necessarily the case that one's Japanese improves once one goes to Japan.)

54
 ,,,,, Eä^øE#l

b) ù'll, úËl- ö Øàlr,.L.¿ur ar.ltlclf át,ì.

(It is not necessarily the case that expensive things are good.)

c) út t €, Elä^rra ¿,dÃ,ßÏs-¡t¡WÈ (/¿) ¿ ür i t,ttrtttru *Ë Á..

(It is not necessarily the case that a77 Japanese like natto.)

l r> NI{'}U='nothing but -' l#úvt > t.zs >>>E+ËtáDþl

].::r:],.,]):.:,.::::.:.]:...:..':::.

:., '[,X.l$¿¡lb æl expless"s the,idea that there are so muctr'X that¡ráþþ'eæi:a¡ ii ànill x
"*iuÀ,
a) 1 w èØ= z- 7llt.f/¡ =z-Zlt'rt'úJ1*- t..ç t'at¡.â "
(TV news is nothing but bad news, and it's terrible.)

b) Bä^fjo ll,lJÐo) a ô ¿i- *ô l, L ô !. I å lÍ'7t'U Ìi: /¿"

(When I went to Japan, in the beginning I had nothing but interesting experiences.)

..Iná),thereisofcou,r¡,e ei'f!, onif,,,g.b eié.i!'s.òm,uc.$

there were nothing but bad news. l:ü_-fui1r""-saiif
.:,, 1,;ittìì : àiso¡e used in combinarion wiúriri¿:t:i!id1¿f1.¿.+È¡ii.:':',],ìi.. ..'', ,:-,¡i' .1, ¡'.,:''"

c) î v ¿'þ F,'c tlfii tl !' 6 ¿ fú,Ífrc È * rù.1,.

(If you watch TV all the time, you can't study.)

$ rt t¿ã^( ='as - as possible' læatø>t.zal

a) #æl)rl--e ù. /Jãc< HÆffiþfficl¿ãàrl-!.t..Lr r.

(It \4¡i11 be better if you speak Japanese as much as possible even outside of the classroom.)
zl
b) ffiE¿x. /r õ^ ( h.øB ¿:t ( /¿"Ë r." Lf
(If possible, please hand in homework the next day.)

9 -' (plain)
V
^(ä ='shoutd; ought to'>
lffiatvl ¿. ze >>> iF- Lzi- 1 èr
^&
Ë t. 3 3 >>>Ën õ xËe *r¿ur]
f

i ''T:þis,,is,afÒrrn,deriyed..fr.orn$e1âssical.,ãuxi1iery.,t'.'ê *Utrft'¡@ws.theplaþ pre¡ent tg4¡e

form of verbs and caries the meaning 'one should do i.'When the verb is Tå, both T-rÈ
and T a À * are used. Thé negæive form of ,s È is .ì È tl t i. rathèr tnan * A r,. -r È f¿- f
t,À,Åtù ù,L
a ) B ä#Ø#H ù;-#,ô.tc ìt, -; rc r, .
t:
Æ# þ fuiñr Ø) d ã t¿"
(Ifone wants to read Japanese newspapers, one should study kanji.)
L. ttÀ
b) ¿i¿.Ø^ØÉE(opinion) ö Ë:< ¡tã/¿".
(One should listen to the opinions of others.)
h4
c ) ffit,.ËËøËE ùÌfå <
^
Ë (" ùt /J !'.
(One should not listen to the opinions ofbad friends.)

55
.l¡=#,,,,,

1¿O

a) ,,, frfrL=ffiü(1) >>>>>[âffi1]

1:When you have something to

+*. fÊ,+., b * c¿ +JFttrÏó â ll,acttt ¿
t. ask your superior, you begin the
conversation with expressions
ft+. t*t.. {4f'L¡ l" L ITI" such as È ¡ -r å f"-EFL'åló 6 rt
2"
++. trøÒ. .r*XìEØmt#ø z¿r¿lv<"ïtt¿ 'eTLlÐ oràt"xoLtôl't'
("LÌ iÈ..
ft+.
++. 4 ØEt,-ffiwt:ftù. /¡ ( ( ¿Ì /J â /¡ ( /¡ -c"c l, *. 2: You introduce the topic by *lÌ
) lo -o)¿ LÌÌ,À,ícît1 Ð or *lt,-
Èi.Å,1TÈ¡.
ft+. IE] DffiFå¿:f-Tå.. .!a
++. Z ì-" TA*ìlÂ,àì. e Ø^0)B ù:EttË Ë(tr 3 : You ask permission by V (caus-
ative) tt./¡ /dùt tJ t-'c l. s I lt,,
ÉÊLit¿ur?'L & Ò 1t,3" (
V (causative) t' lc t¿ ùt * 'ti À,å'
ftæ. * ó- 41\-1: L/¡Ùftfrb b *ì¡.Lde" or V (causative) f u- lc li'È È t,'
Â,'cf år.

b) '* ftltt;Fü(2) >>>>>[âBÉz]

Y4-: lÈ+. èb e c 2 å ô I't,rT L & a ù' "

1

ftE.: ì,. t. T j- À. 'íFJ-C' l, ¡ i

Ltiùr<â¿ú " ;
o ), ær*F+ä t:F l'iZ.aÌ¿t' ¿, ?' T t$ 2.
Y4.: ü,L'ù/,U¡
f i
åËXåiûtagr- ( ür/¡ titr t¿trr L &, Ò h'4"
4:You ask your superior to do
something for you by I't¡-t ti
ftE.: !. !.{"T i. i
[l tJ t. t. L S lt,. No causative
form is used here.

c) "'ËiËEffiü >>>>>[âffi+]

*'tVlv: re b. fÁ. âE òFËHmü i å,8:r"

wb I ¿* i l-I¿o)"
t.r¡
*<vtv: ¡'c ¿ ffiàrrÉ ( {"
t"
r9b: Èì,.Dt iJì? b4
**v.¡v: i A,...... " äÊr,tlt ¿. -?*JF¡r ¡ 1'ürür ? 5
5: In informal conversation, a re-
quest can be introduced bY ex-
@b: äó¿:" À'to) L2 pressions such as #t'tt Ð,-?
tt
t' z I (
*'rvlv: +E Øffiffi' ft*'øffifr'ái:ffi '{ } -¡
*rÆr. L"c({, )r.t,. ? or È
¿#ÎAl3I'¿ ¿tr;bA Â,/¿"ll å.
ft/¿lr ? 6
19b: i.{,_ !.!.Jo 6:An informal request can be
*tvtv: :'e) made by -f( þ/¡t. ?, -f t¡
'tda" åå r¡ l. ?, etc.

56
1 ,> El-rv7"v1
A ,{7r: r¡ b _ -Ä¿lBa#Øftä. ù i-^¿åEa¿:g+L/¿ r,.y+.t: t¡ b t¡ ð r.. #ä
-
trTÌ. ct;\tÌ. 4.ø ¿ ¿ ? BA#Í-Ëi!. /J ð r,.o

a) lå D e) ØÉ#"
b) You are applying to the Rotary Club for a scholarshíp.
c) You ask that the professor write a letter of recommendation for you.
d) The deadline is January 15.
e) You brought a stamp and you have also written the address on a sheet of paper.
f ) fi$irþØÉ#.
4 lLtrtKb o l¿ t - ++.þ þ = f¿ )tttfi¡ä.ù: /J b . ft,+.þ +c /¿Ått#äit /J : {.
, -ÆffiH L /J è !..

f,,,1-wJV(
e ,{7ù:ä b. -^¿i. BA¿:BYT â. LtrrÌÌ..c/¿#ä. ò i-^ùÌ. Eaffiøft4¿:
t¡ b /¡ ð r.. Y4.t!., a L þ BAffif Éì,./J ð !.o
^0)
a) Ìt D e) ØÊR"
b) You are going to the University of Tbkyo on a Monbukagakusho Scholarship.
c) You ask that the professor write a Ietter of introduction to Prof. Yoshioka of the
University of Tbkyo, afuiend of his/hers.
d) w¡'', ØÉ#.
4 {LìrtKf'' -> t e'. +ä 3 ç -> f¿ )r,Itlt¡Æ.¿: /J b, ft,+k +,c Tc ),,tt#+.it /J a {. ò
, -ÆffiH L /r ð r,'"

3,,, trt-rVJvl
e ,{7¿:ä r_ -^trEä.#þffitfrLf !. â7 / y ùL++., ù i-^¿ÌEa^Ø+äù:t
b /Jè ù.o _^¿*lElDEäXíV7)2I7ù:Hf !.*_l-" 7 y r^ll. #ä¿:Ëu./¿ffi_
èri ,' L¡ '
ffif+ã (textbook) þt.,,{¿T¿: ¿ i:fràì? È (to notice). Wt:p.Î. t, â EIA^ØË)É¿:
Æþ HÈ -c ð à -t ( /ì äffi
r,. /¿ r,. È'ÃÊa *.
" ¿l /¿ E (informal Japanese) Í. ffiî ¿ L " z

57
.l¡ #>>>>,

l'rÈìftKb->l¿ù- 7 ) y rtL++.þ{c zl¡u\à¡EÄ^+äl:/¡ b. E#L++-þ {¡ =/¿

)\trt7 ) y rtÅYä¿: tÃ'>1., ò t -EffiË L /J Ë !'.

Q,,,, iV-rZ þ-ì77

e = )tø/. y-7"þlFor- W+t-l¿t.Yäàsft+¿-ffi#¡ þåffi. e* lut¡¿ ¿ ?HFËð

trL6tr.ëì-lJÈ !.o ìp-/ícärñþ=)lF]| /Jè !.o E{FË¿ìf È/¿ à, 12ø)'.1¿

ttctJ¡i
t' r,=ry¡¿ (to present) L A ð !'o '

J,.,
=<ffiË jj t"Èq) L?
e BaffiØrt+-øm'Æat:x* L T¿ù¡, !tî-ìtìt'* t. À'" ft+-¡¿ ¡ +þã
Tù,l¿.,1,U tr

tÈrÉ'¡xvxaa¿:
å* L ¡i" J +¿:ã( ¿ ¿¿i. 1 ¿lElDù:L/Jðl'o

O ++.rJìft,+.t:,fElå.m¿,f.'r.*T. CD 3Hr.f . ELt. ö Øt:Oþc ùTlJð !'.

a) : Ø+41È.
( dlv .li ù' Jtt<L¡i
) xtrf++€ ØFYê¿: Fl-¿.ô-f¿ l' È ,Ho { [' * T"
(,/ ) u-iy-r7ì
ç,/¡ ffiffi{
b) ¿ Ø+4.ùr. ftÆl: ( ) fiH^)tr ?ër.{ü åt.t!.Ø-CT.
(()-+rå EA^1ÎÈ /¿ t' å Écl !'* 1o
c) :Ø+4¿*. ( )-++
(,/ ) )1,H+EE
d) ffie>blll' tt
( ) fE:+ãE l rru r.u" I

e) ftä¿ìÉt./¿ ò Ø¿Ì-
( )+ä àsHT(" l- ¡ i.
(,/ ) %,+.

58
 l;:i,

l^>), W
tlã'l
6Á, À à'àr( L¡)
I a -tü*- xffñ++å'ØilffiùI,,s¡ ¿"- Elal:-4w+î â:- Lttrri.-t
/¡" EYårltr* : tffi, ttffi kp.ti å Èi¿-ffiËjJt? *aÆr.- ur¿ãüttr#^ù:. T
CffàÈt:Tto|¿" ft+.tr*7cØa ¿ ?Ëf,( ¿. lÌà.:/¿îTda. trÐ{"¿ iJ
å : /;. 4 Ø'Iþ1, ft+.ttg+ù:, !.'c Ø 7 þ"u ì 4 z þ t'- ô t'- ô l-"c
dzl¡ås. 4 0>4t: l,'y rt IþlrJ&ù,Ël¿Tü:fS:I!-: tÌi ) Èì1.!.'Cj-
( ^ÉeNÈ'
Àl å u. j Z 1.",ì 4 lùtã>->T¿" I ¿ i L({"Tà.. fÁ¿lÈffii ¿ v / -þLfr.
t,.*Tüf àl È)=-tåìË) L- tr+.åK,o'C- l4)Df /Jt.'À,11 i."
Eä'c"¿*,.)r#ø14 vùtùt---,,{-ìùtv ö 1.."7 4<- ò/Ju.ØàìËE/ià.
6. #ktft,oI¿?þ'e - tr/ù1ù;Ì¡t'¿ El âà"îT t) LÈLf¿"
9 -)¿*BA^Ttol- Elllft+.øZ l."rs4 x¿ìIEt-ù"ol: ¿ å lrtT,)lÐT
=
fu'ù,oÌ¿. 7 t y h'c¿*.,bfrø | 4 vcòt#ø | 4 vcð. /'1 r" Z ¿ <-
È.-(-zt- ÅÃ tvù;-c !.-C [. âù'b - 7c {Lkt\,HTfruùf t. u." l-h'l- HAf"¿*.
+Ëf ¡FltvØl4 vz¡ à t" r 4 < -f-{.-,,r-À ùtvùtrt..{!.( ò. t+
â l4 : t.' { !' /J t' Ø ÈìÉËl¿'. +ä ¿t #þffi: /¿ ó å -C". I - v 1{"À t,'
e' È¡

T¿b t-Au'åÈì. y' = -y''ù1. u. vhlþt#o{È{Àà.:/¿ å,8,:È.

4{Lìdù.b"ct*,/¡ ( . ËEØFñ{"tt. +kffii ù: ð, ffit < â0)¿*íir¿¿1r".

*uha[< ¿ /Jr,.o ElÄt"t*. {trJr'ò ffiM,liù.re¿,{"r.{- , v-+Ëø l"
^
7 /J ÐâffÉÉ1=l¡¡ø¿:. t^ i t_-c. | 4 vØ%âållt,-c. ( {vr¡l,'Øà. å. t
= - 9 tt: ttt 4Èr ò õ,8-#t': /¿
"
.13 #,,,,,

¿-t¡,-l ¿ ¿ [tE
fÉ¿Jr great joy ¿' f. without fail
hti ¡ 5'r. ¿'
Ël'¿.l l: :Ëtrrä t,.{- tffiffi,4v rnecltanization
.F. *tr*

x,i to laugh; to smile Ë{.r

-äi
to advance
af, u uÈ
ffi)- to wash Égrfr
, F,
automatic
ÈrÈ'
ÉLt" correct õ,8-# mystery

2t trt: t
: (t
5àr
o ;RØEãffi,tuE. iE U ltflldo. F€Ë rl'l.ld x ä^nfdêuì.

ffi a ) v'= -r¿t- {s6¡gE'¿ilffi¿:,sx I,-cù. È,, Elttft+l:ffiËÐt?*áFFr.

L /¿"

Q U I ãrllft4.¿*. ElAt.'tå,. v rt 1þ{í'c-c. ù. /J r,. ¿ ñfË (inconvenient) /ì å

¡-
-n J tço

0.) ftä¿*. EAØ7t#¿: ¿l þ'7 4 I - {¡ ,{-,, s-¡ ù tvb /J r. þ 4 y¡:þr.- L

E J l-
-^ tto

E d) y'
-y'tÌ, EA¿:Ët.t.
= ãlJJft+.Øã o r- L¿ìÈË, f l' l¿ å,8,: /¿"
l¿

K e) y'
= -9tt. EAØ*EØ Þ 4 vî*arÈù¡Hl¡ r,-ø¿ÌflËàrä r. a ¿ L'¿,H
'>1.1'- 6 o
#fiä,trÒ2
ÉrD
 IJRE No c
o
o
a
c

Homestays
>>>>>

hen you are doing a homestay, ask questions whenever you don't understand
something, e.g., how to use the toilet, the bath, the washing machine, etc. Japanese
people love electric appliances, many of which are quite different from, and frequently
more complicated than, their American counterparts. The bath water might scald you
unless you know how to regulate its temperature. Modern toilets, so-called "wash-lets,"
might completely puzzle you.
Also, never assume it is all right to do something without asking permission. Eating
things in the refrigerato4 bringing a friend home, coming home late, etc., might all upset
the family's plans. The safest thing would be to ask permission. More will be said on this
topic in Lesson 1 1.

Talking About One's Family

doesn't do it here, when Americans

1 n âËÉ 1, Jason talks about his family. Although Jason
"brag"
I talt about their family members, they often about them, as the woman
mentioned in ffia*r) in Lesson 1 did, saying, "l have three beautiful daughters." Japanese
don't do this because they consider their family members as extensions of themselves, r.e.,
just as it is in bad taste to brag about themselves, it would be in poor taste to brag about
their family members.

Writing E-mails and Letters

hen you are writing e-mails and letters, first write about the recenVcurrent weatheL
inquire about the addressee's health, and touch upon your own health. Then pro-
ceed to the main body of the text. lf you are making a request, explain the nature of the
request here. lf the purpose of the e-mail or letter is merely to talk about your current
activities, describe them here. Lastly, in the concluding portion, write Clt. ¿iZ &ô L < ôßH
U\Utl if it is an e-mail/letter of request. O,therwise, just write so-and-so f-&ã tJ<, ¿)Uô
7lÃac, etc. Remember that, in Japan, even in a business-type letter, such as a letter of
request, one should take time first to talk about the weatheç health, etc., and should not
rush into the business at hand. lf it is a formal e-mail or letteç you begin your e-mail or
ItLìltL\ lJLr <
letter by FÉ (a formal salutation) and you close it by ffiF. lf you are writing to a friend,
howeveL you normally leave out allthese formal salutations.

a
o
a
o
o
 >>>>>'¡F- l:771

ev /u'?^E#*9 11 v !, jF- Å,77 1 ftØðÊlðtu¿# t CUlõ.

*aËð Â, : )-4Yv- æffi.ØEHffi-c'Câ?
Ð-4Yv zì-- ð b *T"
*áËð ¿, : L ¡o åEttð 6r{ò!.1.?
9-4/Y --.ffi.b
ì-À:-" (4HþWfiù, òHL¡¡¿,-t) b * Tùl ¿"
*á&ð ¿, : ¿ d't¿l*ó1ã À,?
ìt4)Y àÀ. Î-c"T"
táËð
'l,
: Tu.sôÉØÉr,.äda.
l4l,-ctol-+60).
ì-4/Y )\+îffi.ì-{ t,. * i-"
JóËð
'l,
: 4 i " ltrJØftH"
924/Y 7trùøÆF"el"
S'á&ã.ì, : 7 t y h*-¡a"......*ôËðôðËÈìHt.de"
Ðt4)Y å å. Èå. 61Xò ÉÈìÉ ( /¡-IT¿ À.Tì å,8 t,. * T.
t5 JáËå ¿, : 4 {11- táË ð À, fr lrl?r,tt$ L f t -c t- + 6 0) ?
9-4)Y Ëù*f#+("T"
táËð Â, : .', Z o 7, y z, I: ti.f1[*.Øft#tn¡sa\,- 0) ?

9-'l/Y ì- i-" E!l_t!::.ÞU < Þ_ Þ å_gô.

1

È&È.1,: 7c
" 4 {L'f- : d'tåìtárilð ¿, ¿ffið A,tJ" þnð.t,ò X 4,t
)
!'-4 Y v Z i-- nttlËJ b -?t.l¿"È. à. ü , X++#{*îùl ¿"
*a&ð Å, : ffið Â,¿Ì ?
ù-4Yv ffi¿rëJ b =:Tr. ãffi.ØW+4r"î.
*aEð Â, : *áËð A't:lÞ)Î6 *t"
lz4/Y 7c )'CllJ."
JáËË
'{,
: L o'C ö È.d2 !'L.o

63
 ev lu h L&#frl-+ìv. fr- /J,77 1 ftøô1Îë tv¿ËÉ UCLìã "
*ó1ð Â, 7-Tvù;ä*dr./¿ØùlÐ:.
7-ìv 4.*ù¿l¡Øüi,: z-3-21ìoI¿À,î-f tl Ð. âf^H,Lt r.*ì+.å,"
idlð l', åi L{.
z-+lv =:Øffiù:, 4øù ¿ zr v v v tt-tloø^l,Ë ç : T¿A""fT
"
JdlÈ.1 bbTc i" +lÈ.A,îr.åEtrÌÌ. <1¿ y vtr.:tu!_Ìf_{_.
7-+)ìv ZL. ù ¿ zsvvvØ,Itläßî'î"
*á1È ¿l, ,r\n¿X ÐØ (' å t...
7.-4lv I_¿_-._ù'__220 + f å t. È ¿,Hu. * T.
3
ÌdÎð ¿, 1220+) alFI" 22nØ. L ?

7-1ìv b- -f r)*È¿,. FåËà* L/¿. 22nîî"

*r1ð ¿, D +. b À"*. b xÈ t.FJD ç /J L.dâ"
= !y'cùÈ-ÉElù:tå r.¿,fTÌ.
7-ìv -r" ð. ù .t z y
tdlð ¿, ,"-å. *ËÅÈ u'Øå?
15 7-qìv \tvù t-*-'Cf"
*áJèã ¿, bb, ltvù ¡.-*-È.. è-¡vtH&t¡" ï-------------
7-+ìv
Sá1Ë.â, î. -"14 y vl ÐÂ,/¡trJ.
7-+ìv tIrØTto"C.âù 4 73vvvft#ùrðå L. 4{vt:'l'lläßTìå.à. f;[sò !.*To
jdlË Â, å d'¿u. l¡Ffr?
7-+ìY àå. lffåìÈ ( ð À,ã>-ct_ t..¡.Ef(,.T .k" {¿tær-trT/"Lå". æå.åÐt*-e
ùl ¿ { ò Ètr1r.'cf ¿Sà L!. ¿,8t. *i-"
$á1ð Å, -^ ) À," -F.11 c'c. ¿.Ì¿u' /J óo

7-+)ìv l,.:å.ÞÉð .4,1t,. et -c l- p -c"C. ( È"ð u."

64
 >>>>> ¡F- L7- .(

a7-+l>. iF- /\77 1 ft 0) A)ËÈ tu l¿ ã+EI ä *Þ â . if',- i¡.77 4 ftØ#..ltERr)r 5 5 * : ë Ëu t.

7-tÌv rrËÈ ¿,. ! r : ¿,ERÈi* îEâ\-+'ntt:lrå l¡ r.¿,f"T üt ¿. ÉffiÉffi b ( ò
L. [.("Tå.o
*r&Ë Â, !. !.-C-l- j o

z-qìv 4 {Lù.6......o
SáËå rt, {4"
z-+)ìv 7 r ùØx+ØËì€-e. âHHît€#þw.ì-(r.6^ù:. *0)i{Effiâ,
'
I¿ À,1T" [.?È. r r. ,:ìEdz{ È /¿ t. Â,-cf üt ¿". [. Ì,.'c- L ] ) È..
rá&ð ¿, !. [.{"1}. {4{ L. i Ä"
to X-clv - ì Ì/ -'c"Cu, ) À,f,'1. BAÂøKl:-pl>Tr-cl¿: å àì/Jt.'r¡À,-Cã-t
-C
* L/¡.
táËä À, Dtó. ù>l,I¿9È.ù:*{ò 6:/¿à Ð )" ù:Tåf Èl;l=zÀ i ¿

,B={u.i?å aôlì7r.6" ^LÀb

z-+lv AY¿: !. !.{*1å.o
ts JdËð ¿, 6 t, ô.4," Affi¿:X( ò 6 ->I¿ c, E i
"
z-+lv r ì I - ù*^ffi * fft$/¿':'C.ã ={ L.l¿È. à. t, þr } [. * rl.{,à..
$áËË ¿, t..r.("T J" D ç. ^H+#t"
Äffi#-t-;--Þ_-{-1. ¿ 2.
z-+T'v brtrt å ):ð"u.*T"
 *t,4u,,.,,

t O ! - 4 v v. V )r U h Ø^VeEä#ääi^. Tþ 5 =f¿=EftËl-X- lbã.ï 6"

=frîà+.
ò t+E ø*.t:z¡ b * Lt¿È;. RH¿**ÈFF¿. <1. W4H-Ø__å_i__ù_;_ãu.Elðåó b

*i-. 4t'òtt, ò rfit#òf*b'cI¿iôîttl¡u-{- l- ¡ in'Z

7

- Hò È:"c L* u.* L/¿" €ElffiÉr,.ffiffi? L{r. â0)î. wØr¿;Ø¿ìffiu.{.T.

¡t
4t, È, ùl ¿'i Í*TÈ." âYffi¿* ¿* A,t¡r-7þ#.L{u'à -¡l-+ ['*TÈ.o
fÅtå ò j È-r,.:¡ Eføftffi_¿:-/.4&f È å _Þ_l_ç_" Z t, t þ fr âÈi¿:. ftä{. EA^ØË
ìËr È à. 6. BAØäIÉSXþ¿: :lo- { !- 4 ¡- zrffir"--cta L. /¿ o)trt, )\Æ1g.rf.o 1 t,
10
*T" 6t'ôÀ,+lJÐØ)L. lttvl< -v a y I þì/¡þ,->Tcþ_!l__!-LåÞ_l åg_iiår- ù)
* b ôÐt,.y = y I ù*Éùtl_l__r_'{"-ËåÈ L_lç"
¿t, t Ølt+-c¿ÈY$t'å ¡:aÀ,Ì¡ffiffiËtr?++:Íl.. âØ-a- fÁ{¡ : t' t't:*al

*a¿Tf ¡ -¡vþffi,ù,ù:fTrlt-6Øù:¿tô': ( b L* Lt.

,$x l. 7 r I t) -0))"1¿LùtóÀ,t¡1.[.ÅÈÈ/¡øt. a5¿:Ef¿.:-c[.*f. *áË
ð ¿,ùif+4àr-h+{". --æE*at'Ut''WþÈ.-ìð r}-¡ ( þ* T" -¡" ð - EIAñ*E¿*6¿: u'
u._4__?_-'(:_lda. îu.À.å,ê-ì{ t- â Ø ù:- 6ÉùÌ & L À, ¿*Æ.b b *'ì}/4,.

h+r"¿x. BAffi. HAÊ. BAffiË. {l>#t¡ t^ kw-o{ u. * 1. HAffiø

¿i. *fËf,É:il#z¡ Ðffit-t-+-nþt ( ð À,ffiÀ,"eu, *1. Ë+17 | ¿ìæB bâØ'e' -' ffiU
^'c'
r.lE+&ît.À,.tHà* LÌ;.
7 tv¡t 4 l. ò -rEFËù-=ffiFË (' à r.f : { !- * T. =^ølut-',-ætB-ffiFåî:Eâff
þw.Lâ7tv.,s4l'{"T¿r- -E=+FJò ö 6 à*-l-" rtØ7vÅ¿"¡ r b1'-t
7 y
'
¿ r.!.f'T. Í'-ò- 7tv.,s4 l. ?-Þ_lÈ_â L- ffitfrffifËàì,E br¡(Ì¡âù.e>. :i}}l-h
ii-----
¿i+à/JL.: ¿ ü:L j i t,BrÍlo.*T"
îtå. r È¿È" È, E^#Øffiffiþ U/¡ ¿lfu¿Ì/¡ 6 /J t,. Ø{"- . tL-cX7LL * T"
âHft t*
4 t, È, ù* J.l'uà. åK ( z¡ å ¿,8 t. * 1. ¿^ ) 7€'-t6trt:taÃ,þ'c ùt ( Èð l,'. ËÜi¿Æ,t:
$tôl-<*68,2(Èèu'"
I -4 / v . I vz"Y v

66
 >>>>> jß-L771

îiI.
trJ
Êf permission *ár¿È rL (someone else's)
. Èå older brother
7
'fi- ^7î 4 ft :g+4¿ì,ñ -^77 4 r[i¿
þ l-Lt- 6æ. ffiã À, (someone else's)
L +'L lu younger sister
4H picture; photograph
¡
¡[. ôt,.
n (one's own) older
Wfr wallet
ù' brother
Je!
one's height t:-
EI
t tL 23 (- ù: ) FÀl t' 6 to resemble (-)
7'yùF. American history
¿.þ¡J¡. cute; lovely
n'ru t- r,
16 +æt lawyer
18 f[f;-/¡¡.
^ta
not particularly
[>>>EiÊl- F.1]
ttlt, -
b |.u' TATE

{¿;e¡, üt
: fft-/¡ ¡. not at all ßm+
L:

governor
{f¡a
o -lt'X I wonder lgenerally 21 ltr lake
used by male speakersl ¡.,p.
& winter
[>>>*Ë,¡- ¡.2] ¡l¿
t- v1i spring
¿
æ
? ,rÍl ffi state capital ,ì,
s
v'/u ti
population f fall

g ^t]
l¿-luì1, if I remember correctly
,, T'lr-'à L,-r,- wonderful; terrific
út
[>>>*;tz- t.¡] 24 Êã À, al1of you
tȿ?
*
tr fñËà 6 to make a mist¿ke
¡: [r¿ ó' 16r'
t3 -æEl¿: (tÈ l') second (largest)
a
t+'x./ Really?; Gee!;You're
kidding.
,9ti ó ¡
rc frft(t¡) famous [>>>*Ë./-t'4]
*14u,.,,.

b¿
t *o6 to request; to ask for rz (-¡11¡ 6 to decide (on -);to
have/take (-)
.ì,
EF train station
.f [>>>*iÉl- l''s]
l8l' far ¡:V/¡L¿ôÈ have just done
Y7¡,v+
z Éffi4 bicycle something
Ét/o L i
ù,f

ffib to borrow t¿ f.Yt: rea11y; truly

("t¡,
ro f:i L- * tiÂ, it's all right; one doesn't
7 {Ef* by chance
mind
10 là À,1 things like [: r¡ å à ]
,ptiL¡(
12 9È dinner llit., evening
meall
¿¡t¡
Ll,À: b for the first time in a
long time

î'ìt
3^ end u u-Zo) S¿: ¿. before I knew it.
ôht ' [>>>g;t,/- l-.8]
E àttn' pieasantly warm [with
reference to weather] a lic (time) passes
t¡D ã-
t'
*o-1, L

H. summer EîÉ interesting

lt['rt¿
NØJ i ¿: like N [>>>gitz-¡e] ffiffi experience
atc- Ètç'
ãl- hot lwith reference to Ët" fast; quick
weatherl ¿r¡,¡1. !
? ++ffi this semester
ð'à even [>>>g;tz- ¡z]
zti Ì. i s /¿i.Jì fairly well; to alarge
4 #f# fa1l colors (ofleaves) extent; pretty much
¡¡51 r¡['¿'z
s fi¡. long ålÉ life
r
.Jìè Ì¿T 6 to neglect to write for a (-ù:) t¡'tiâ to be accustomed (to -)
long time; not to [>>>E;Ê/- t"9]
tÈ.
correspond for some st(t
time
s'È.\fr') to be useful
tí
rr [J"f¡. terrible;awfu1
a Ø'æ since I saw you last;
since that time ya-y2 shock
 >>>>> iF- L7- 1

11 ,- tJ I \ {.#f ü' to get by without - ing; -1"È¡t

to come off without -
18 tLw. Buddhism
v'ru¡ru ?- t:
[>>>gitz- ¡ lz] 19 trHËúF newspaper articTe
(t L' È l.cìÀ t) ¡Çn v
12 ffiffiEE, tr
#æ
cell phone Ë+ Chinese c]naractet
ú.
æ L+ Itr tratn
FEI

o)'
21
-ft - each [>>>g;Êz-¡l:]
14 (-t:)*6 to ride (in/on -)
t't" ¿l¡
per occasion
ia1.LL
22
-E]
#1,ù'¿: intently; eagerþ ç', ¿ lar -er;by far
)-t
lIc to type (messages)
-TSa to do something too
Ètf '
15 Ws¡t'â to be saved; (something) much; too -
helps [u.i.l [>>>*;É,2- l-.1¿]
t tli
76 f[
tt

ÊÊ cooking; cuisine Ebâ to be sufficient

ì
Èt
¿'.È t. zo (- ¿;; fr,þ ) t)â to pey attention to;
ffi body;health
r[.uçi to take care
t7 l+É (body) weight r?Èì
zz (-¿¿¡ J. ô1, ( *âffiå ( /ìå t. say
Æ.h6 to change lu.i.) he1lo (to -) for me.

69
*14n,.,,,

h'

r.5Ë 2.7 ) ,) rtÊ. g. EU ù: a.tôfr.,ã À, s.ffi

ø.fr' z.lDj â e. ,I[l q. ro. HIËà å
tt.Hñ rz.lffi r¡.4 ^El
M.# ts.fr)<

to.,FÃ 17. r81¡- ÉlffiF

ra. tg.ffi b â zo.Æluâ
zt.9È. zz.hLÀ'b zs.A5 *
24. zs.H-
zo.Eu, 27. Ë l.' zs. ìIft !. zs.âYffi ¡0.41É
tt.tV.rfc sz. tÉrF rs.*6 s+.1+ zs.Æ.h a
zø.ll¡W, ¡2.ffiffiñüS gs.Ë# ¡s.-El +0.ãW

r.ÉîEI z.Mñ ^ FI
J.
Jtl q.fr#I s.Þl-t'
o.âf¿\ z.'Illffi s. f;flS s.Eã À, ro. *u) 6
rr.{Ef* t2.lFÈ" [' re. ñ'IF r¿. ffiÊ t,. rs.ffiffi
ro.lË{r t2.ffiffi re.Hl,ù'ù: tg.tlc zo.#lÊfl
zt.WJ zz.lEÊ zs.Æ.b â zq.E,L â

This radical comes from ñ and is generally used for characters represent-
ing kinds of trees. wood products, etc.

[eJ [ôÍt fffit fd¿

70
 >>>>> ìF-/Å7- 1

| "' Êili t^,r¡ül) ='not particularly' lã#t > t t e >>> ÊtJI¿ u <õo *uri,]

a) ftE. 2 17 V vÊ- àEËññÈìð b *È¿,1e. å i ¿.1,r¿À,.c1tt,"

(Mr. Brown, you don't look very well today. Is something wrong?)

l7' v: !-t-¿. ^?
;IJE,ÍEI-Cöóú)*.Ëlv"
(No, there is nothing particulariy wrong.)

b) ,ry4 þ : BAffiØ/i7tå.. å:. #Lu.?

(How is your Japanese class? oifficult?)

1rùvi)iÀ'.El¡;.
(Not particularly.)

In speech, the phrase which follows ErJl: is often omitted, as in b) above.

f ,rr.-ålä lã#2 > ta >>><l < Y>z(vtclxtttrìr]

vluí i
a) Àn¿*, ¿Ø c 6 t.å¡lj"
(What is the population, I wonder.)
t{À, lt¡t
b) âB¿Ì[fir€Er:,f¡f¿;g-6 I âh't¿"
(I wonder what will be served for dinner today.)
.

r,,,+-lÐi:tj,jsjóftèn.,usê.djjn å.8,.í...cÒn'sfilcti.ónr¿sär,thê.:fé11ô.W.í¡E.èxample.
:::
c ) ? 1,t y v1 å.4,r¡ff21. f¿ EE c( !.t¿ À,1T
"
(I have been wondering what kind of town Madison is.)

J ttt t¿l¿ltt='fi I remember correctly; if I am not mistaken'

l*#z > t.s >>> l¿ tyr)r220f <a urr:eBuraa]

71
*14*,,,,,

a ) EIAø^Ept_ ¡rc f.ù,_ffi,=+n ç È, r,.T. L ¡ ) "

(If I am not mistaken, the population of Japan is about 120,000,000.)

b) 7 t, rt.-æ^E ø&r,iÍlia- t
ï¿l,tt'ìt t) 7 tv=7/¿¿,H,r.*T.
(If I am correct, the most populous st¿te in the U.S. is California.)

{rrrxffiY?äHl¿+*is famous for Y' lãalz>z.ta>>>e-neâeæf

. Ycan be,a ûoun or a noun pfuase (i. e., a sen1ery'.-i. o.'/., t)': 1;, i,

a) i vù * -*'-f*. ¿- ¡vt'Eätt"
(Milwaukee is famous for its beer.)
-c e,

b) Hãßff . Ér. *d+Í.Ë'å /¡trJîT"

(Kyoto is famous for its old temples.)
t¡t6
c) Hä^f*. I (fÐ<ØTã*Tï.
(The Japanese people are famous for working hard.)

$ tto NEf6='to decide on N; to have/take N'

lã#=>¿.tz >>>lËÞËl¡t &)¿.. !.I7 >>>ñF*tct áL*ã]

a) fÄùi. 1ÈçÈl;L:fr.
(I will have sukiyaki.)

b) €? zv ìIt, +Ê.o)Íwqt;L:f; l, *. ) "

(Let's make it fthe picnicJ this Saturday.)

$ ttr - &ötÊ,='it seems that it looks like -' l#atpt>t.tt>>>6t-tìtì&ã83-{al

NøåäE='like; as if it were' lffia#¡>t.z >>>Hø*5rrl

¡,':r^-¡ å,1ìì expresses onels conjectures,Itis attac,!-ed.¡to.,no.uns;,,/I-ádjectives, plain forrns of ¡'-

adjectivesandverbs. , . , :

E#Årì -' E#Lo e i Ë

L1'à'/ì
ùü Lå
-- L3-à'/¡ e,5 Ê

72
 >>>>> if\- L7=.1

a) A : ¿ ØÉr.Øùr,lElf.- LI j È..
(What's this white thing?)

B: Ëð- I (âå.b*È¿,àr. JôLiÀø)J)ZcTtri-"

(Well, I don't know for sure, but it looks like tofu.)

b) EIA^li Ê t .4¿;4'¡ t¿ & Ò TT

"
(Japanese people seem to like white cars.)

c) ftElt@E+á{f Lt.i ä (.fo !.? t¡Ðf4ät:!. å -, Lçr.'*T.

(Our teacher seems to be busy every day. [HelShe] is always in lhis/her] office.)
d) ¿o)côÈ ¡ a åsÈ/cJ ã(.r. Èil:È 2tr>cLiÉÊÉ¿tå t,rLâ J. it:Ì¡b * L/¡"
(It seems I've lost some weight. I am able to weat clothes which were too tight before.)

e) ilffiùl# ].ltr'> /¿ i ã Ë"

f) ilffiùi*Ë .lt -> /¿ å L ut.
(It seems that the exam was dlfficult.)

g) El+Ë à,tå.- kØiãlJ^fT"

(Mr. Tbnaka looks like a woman.)

h) Bl+Ë lùtt- kà Ll,t^f'-T.

(Ms. Tbnaka is very feminine.)

' .tretottowing arasrmilar examffes.

,
.' . . ,,
t¡a
¡) H-o*ä/rElÍ'T.
(Ifs a summer-like day li.e.,It's hot like summer although it is not summerl .)

¡) H-àt,u\El(*T.
(It's a very summery day.)

: :5in¡r*t" N ø¡ i l:, which is an adveibial fo¡m, e.xprelses thð ideä at'sôiäéiriiè/some.

, .thi-ng acts/is like someonè/.somémi4*e.- :::

73
*l,4u,,,,,

k) +HØXtÃo)t:. HOi i Eãt.-C'T.

(Although it's the end of October, it's hot like a summer day.)

t) Ãìx Ë r4,ùÌ. HA^ø) & ) |,:EIä#Èì-L'+Í'T"

(vtr. Smith speaks Japanese lfüe a native speaker.)

m) ffi¿ *Â,¿t. .< v + vo &ã EjF¡ g a.

(Babies walk like penguins.)

n) ¿ Øñfrffi¿rffil,z a t¿"
(This test looks difficult.)

o) ¿ ØÉfrffi¿Ìffi L l'J ã Ë"

(It seems that this test is difficult.)

p) 7:.7ðÂ,ÌrffifrË2411"
(I hear that Smith-san is sick.)

q) 7--7-ð¿,¿tffifråLt\f*T.
(It seems that Smith-san is sick.)

-èreisa¡defi nitè.sourc-e.,ôf.,infpmiátionlif$i

>'> Ëå.='even' lnaw > t.s >>> EIo)& ã t¿*urEtza o *E]

|
,

,.],.,,.ð.å
mostno.rmallv,follgws a no¡rn (or a s-.énjence+.,-,.è 9' g on the most unusuar,,or
least expected Case.

1(
a) Eiløñffië ã-#Û/¡l'Åù*¡þt¡ l.t Lå i.
(There probably are very few people who cant even write their own names.)

b) Hl*ffiffiøÈilt- +4ållfËL ( f . €6ffiHlê Lbb *.ÈÀ'.

(Students are so busy before final exams that they don't even have time to sleep.)

74
 >>>>> iß- L7i1

c) ¿ å ¿ *H.øJ i ¿:ãr,-Hð åó b *T.

(Some days, it's even as hot as summer.)

d) EäØH-ìJ.E ( r. [Eþr¡!.1t ëi-b b *f.

(Ifs so hot in the summer in Japan that there ate eveî times you can't sleep.)

$ ttt (,1?O¡lE#='before one knows iü before one realizes'

l#a#l > ¿. s >>> tì?ú)t l¿tlr= à tr €]

a) $á#¿lrr?o* l;árä ( t¡o-c. L * r.*T"

(Money is gone before you know it.)

b) tl¿lrr?o*E7t'ffi \t¡-;1r,-* L/¿.

(It had gotten dark outside before I real:øedil.)

$ trt -lZt8,t¿6='be used to; be accustomed to' lffia¡vt>t-e>>>Eão+iÉr-ãncÊtutcl

Ttrigptuaie.f.o.l|o.wd?:1r'g diÍ¡...' .-nr-¿'S.¿41êlô-ç d;,þ,,ì

{:
a) BAØ4iÉtiânT È * LÌ¿"
(I have become used to the Japanese way of life.)
Itr' ;
b) BA^-c" ò ffiffi ?æ ) t . A L'^¿ì+'+'+.u' !' *
øl=t¿lt( T.
(Even among the Japanese, there are many people who are not used to using honorifics.)

a) l¿t.JìBAØ4ÊIÉE/J nT ä *.1't¿"
(I have gotten accustomed to the Japanese way of lífe quite a bit.)

b) BÄffiÈrÍ¿t-ÀffÈ 6 J. ) I=f¿ cT ã * L Ê"

(I have come to be able to speak Japanese a lot better.)

c) ft¡I¿t"ØiLiÉli- E À, E À,&.þe(ür < (" Lr i.

(Our life style will continue to change rapidly.)

75
 *14*,,,,,

11 *, -þtl?l*/J!l='¡1does not mean that ...i it does not foilow that ...'
lffiaÑl >l.l O >>>y
='tthtt¿h\2i?lrtfeeøa*Uru]

-*rùf f lÈ/¡ù- negates what ohe would generally conclude from previor.rs statements or
situations.

a) ð * b yeffi?mL*riÂ,Èr. i€ffi¿scÈ /Ât. r.ItTItôúJ *Ë 11,"

( [I] don't speak English much, but that does not mean that [I] can't speak it.)

b) 7 t y ù1)x++.tt/¡ ( ð À,futâL/Jùttrrd'r'ùt*ùrLÈs. f¿dÊùt'È. b L'c.t.6btt?.tt

ô ú) *Ë /ù"
('A.merican college students have to study a lot, but that does not mean that they do nothing but
study.)

In a) above, if someone does not speak nnglish, we generalþ conclude that he/stre does not
know English; this conclusion is negated.

12*,V/¡t,rjfi6
V, !n .:,:(ne€alive
doilÈ,V,':'''ì'r:'::l

a) ElåßH¿:ä¿ìó e /¿ Øt''. HT2/J trrifr ,t *, t t¿"

(Because the book was in the lhrary,I did not have to buy 1t li.e.,I got by without having to buy it.J )

b) tì;4, ffìf )Rl¿Øf. * îtl:/Jrrr.;Ëa *

ô b L /¡.
(The bus came right away, and so I did not have to wait too long.)
ÈÀ
c) EE cÊF.þ tEå ä rr r;Ê ü ¿ !- !. f*T dâ.
(It will be nice if we don't have to cook every day, don't you think?)

13 *t ^,fp='each; at a time' l#aw > t. z t >>> EË-Ër4+:l

î'c is used after a number (usualty, number + coutter) or limited q"*tity (e.g., ùL) and
indicatesthataquantityisdistributedequa1lyamongtwoormòreobjects,time,erc.
.-- - -.-J -

t¿lùYti 6 õà,
a) áØ ) ttts;Ê7)ffi+.E tì: l¿Ø(.'- ff!..,ì i L¿v2 0).,t, þìs4.Tcó ù1"* Lt¿.
(Yesterday was my friend's bitthday, so I gave (him/her) red roses and pink roses, six each.)
qi.dl-Ètl ll
b) flæE-e9J+ L#êþfrffi,f'zHr. * L /¿.
')rÈ

(I bought five each of stamps and postcards at the post office.)

ù\tu U

c ) fÁùÌ68Ë+þfr-tTcH,Zâ. å l: L{L-*1"
(As a rule, I memorize five kanji every day.)

d) fÁØ Häffi¿*ü Ll2 Lf

r: z¡ È /¿ å,Bu- :f * 1.
(I think my Japanese is improving littie by little.)

76
 >>>>> iF-L771

e) -)v*&.ïcBpî( lìË u'"

(Please take one sheet each.)

14*" V/Ad¡ (stem) däã='tos -; do something too much'

Lffi¿¡M > t.zs >>>v,bt\l t.tuutae]

,;i$ix6È¡, Á4,e,ø;i;'.:r,:,,',-lãl:.,ú .,,Þi:å,,i::¡¡:ffi,ù,i. .:Ér€- i:ir,lió,: ã;i ú:#ø¡,f.,8'*,¡.-,

a) Ê^Täã ¿. *r/JÈì¿ìtË( r¡ b *f l.
(If you eat too much, you will get a stomachache.)

b) ù .t z3 yvvu!.t'EFt.l¿ì. ä¿tHtå":rl.
(Wisconsin is a great place, but winter it too long.)

15 *r -IIJL='more than -' l#uv>t.zz >>>cnu-Et*]

a 7 t t) ù LW++.tÌ.
) (American BAt'¿ÌìE¿: =ffiFñt)t LæffiþW.Z/¿ ¡.;þ¿ì¡' ¡..
students should not teach English more than three hours a week in Japan.)

b) -+tr¿:+fiH{ül:tl,m6 LNÆrì å ,E|t,. * Tår.

(I think it will be hard to carry mote than fifteen credits a semester.)

77
*14*,,,,,

a) "'d+îIã#,b6 >>>>>[âff¡]

I : Generally you provide the rea-

son for asking permission with
z-+ìv | +7 r ù øËì#¿sEIAù:Ëûìi:X{Lrâlv an expression such as À'î'l û

TTli '¿ 1. -E: : ^äElt( ã ( €' ürür(' à'.

l, ¡ i lt'2" 2: When you want to ask permis-

sion, use expressions such as -
tá8ãlù : ù\!ì{'Tl. t
ó t-¡¿U'á.¿X(û å ct¿à Í ò r.r.-6.-j- Ð'or -/cr..Â,"c| j-
_öÈ ,r-t.t.'el, ¡ )lt.
a "" 7'LJì b ¿:TÈt'åù: L ¡ ) ¿Bp(
urÉå ¿6lilt,b4" 3: Suggestions can be made by
sayingVl¡Èå:1L¡iå.in
z-+lv: ùl r.. U *HÍ¡ (right away) ËìS¿:Ëã# L
formal style, and V/¡ 6 Ð
i or
¿-+t Y lc È, ? in informal style.
L 4ÀX 9 o

4: This expression - È E: f t'/¡

L a ôIÌù' ò carì be used to give
a reason for your suggestion.

1 ,r, El-llsJVl
LPLh
e X7J. ì'æffi.ØEHkf#-c"c. å /¡ ð !.o,.s 7 ù- tÃ. t . -^¿l BA"c,l1 - À 7 7 4 þ l-'c. t -
âw++^ ð , -^ùl'h-À 77 4 frØ*á1ð À,,/t6&ã À,t:t¡. * T" H++.1!, E
'
E ?8,ì¡ /¡ ås 6 ffiffi.þ ffiHÃ L /¡ è r,. (ØJ : I : t} ù*1'(.' i-. I ¿iâll :gJ Ð L r,. * î I ).
¿

,Ì-À 714 ftØì6'Lã À,,/ìô&ã A,tt, ( /¿"tlÌ¿ BAffi?&!./J ð t. (ffi|: l{4 t r,. j
Affiî-tù,1 ("lt/¡ ( {. lffiru. iñffi] ¿Éi).
tr- HYä.þ I,Tc)r,ù:la'yìã À,,/16&ð ¿,ù: ä b. *r1ð l',/*6Ëð À,þ U
Wb->I¿
/¿Ååsg+äit /J : t. ò' -ÆffiË L /J ð r,..
 >>>> 7F- l¿77 -(

/rrr4V2-,
e,{7 ü: r¡->f., fEf (partner) Ø)vå ÉtâøFl¿:rì,'-C#L'ât' /J ð !' (å. : t: ù: â¡t'-
l:lù¿) |giôr'
ÐØ (" à !.à., Hîã&ù'rà E)"
^uùi

J>,, jv-27 h-177

e =Løltv-/t-t¡ äè r.o fr -^Ar ¿ Z'Møåffiü:. fr-À 77 4fûØlô&ã À,
b
Èl
t:t- ôt- ôt¡=a44þ {¡ à r,.I¿ù,->t er- E l"l¡Hrñþ Ll¿ å r,. t-ù.þ4L'c., ìv-/
''

lHYñþ-'>lF\ t¡ð !'o f-'1 {¡ !'!'{..Tà'l f-{ ò å'* !'*'t}Â,¿'.J f-l¿!' À'îT
¿ì. ['!.{'l- x i ù,) þ-É-f^c (once each) ffit./¡ð t.. HFåàs("å /: 6l ,70)L
tt2úr)
f¿t' t:## (to present) L /J ð !'o

{",, rD-J2-?
e Hä-cfr -^714 þ L/¿ ¿ t Øbâ)r.þ-)yf't/"tv-7't:^{L'C, 40)/\t:'Jr-ÀÃ
7 4 I:-tì,'{ù' ztr"' ôHÈ r¡ ð t' (fiJ : I À't¡*ffi1" Ll¡å'l ¡êS¿X Ð i 1.' L/¿å'l)"
¿*

$,,, ? rv_Jz_?
e BA^ff=/¿ ¿ [ 0)bâ++^þ*LT'clv-/t:)vl¿-c, EÆnT¡or¿W7)ù tvlr'
/=y2tr='tt.{Ef,åäðì,.o

$,,, Ë<ffiE
e BA¿- t^ â EÆ/...o)ËË (if you don't have one, use animag¡nary one) ù:. Éã++ ('
b t. o) ô-Dù"t,, - y þ#È z¡ è !.o (First, write about the season, then about your
recent activities, and end with an apptopiate conciuding remark.)
 4***,

e ) ¡-4 | v ¿ ù-L714ftØ*áÎð lùùt-#L{i.*T. CD ?Ef,r.-c. ELr,. {¡ Ø¿:

oþ-c ùt /J ð !."

( ) 12+'ç t'\"fr#tþ L{t'*T.

a) )-4/vØ*áËË¿,Ìl ( ) z+ <'6 !.Èià. t,fræ*'t'-|"
( ) 2+ç ò r,.Èiù: v-72 -)vt¿:xb * L/:"

( > 'F"*fu 6 Èii:

b) l-4fvØ+rEð¿,¿t. ( ) 9-4/vùìÍffiØ.6 u-7)-tvl,:
( ) 9- 4 y vtr:Xþ \ t¡->1.ù,b
Ãb * L/¡.

( ) {FJ¿:¡¡ $þJ}þt*ìt.1.
b
c) )t4/vttt.- ( ) 6 tN+þ+#L* L/:.
( ) f-#:t¿:t¡â-c ù rr'T.

80
 >>>>> jl\- L771

IEäA w
tJ v/Tl
-\t4 -¿*. BA-e¿.-L714þ LÈffi. 7t) yÅl)[fiç,fiìt:rÃ,{Lå*(,.. T
u.s,å,ffiFå7)ìþrf:2 I¿. år. grur'fuÎAslu.{.--tålå å. ;.t) yr*
Xn,lñ.:(
àsÈ ( ð¿,Ëiu.'có b. 40)*Æ.þt*<
" Là.L_ 4øz '/ y,sùÌEBTåÌFFËø¡;
Ð/¿'ülT. ElaFå¿-¡r6 ffi¿: ù*Blåì/J ù1fr¿tsr¡ à /J ì..o llløø ¿ å ¿t_ ! ( z') v
rsØ * * ËØ#Et:),.-t ( L * \, _ ffiffi.øÂl¿ Ë i:lÈËå fruÈ"

-Éi)tIù;tìù.tr¡ù,rtØlå. | 4 wøz t) y Ålì=I¿" | 4 vø l'7 otfl-'e

ãh'øzt) y,1þsf,!.l.-à.å_ F-7kbtIîxb, | 4 vryo;t#E¡løz l/ yzf ù:ùÌ,

åà.åäùttrt¿Sä å/Jt,.o 1- 4 vzl:.yftÀ,Èt'- | 4 vÆøzt) y)skslÈ". ffiT¿:

úf,r..c*a!.ï:Hlløzl yusü:. ò i*EüåÈà.à å" HaÅ¿r¿nü:äùr-cr.{.
åår. rÃfLî u./Jr,.llEl,,\l: È :f iilu.À À,æAtr
ÉlÐÉ!¿:s-Ju.l¿'b l*u./¿ b {"å
/¡H'[Ht-. bâE- .s7 ¿ -àì l. 4 v0)A') y¡1?tåu./;* *. y Cv)"¡v-àùJ
),,='c.!.-rÈ à. rti-À 7î 4øH'#¡¿¿ l*. zc {LþH-(ær.ffi Lt. ^li 4 -¿j
: øH,lÞrJz¡H{Hü: /J {Lâ *.{t'. ffiË:. =ìEûFË {¡ È.à. -c'c l, * : /¡.

û¡.¡'a ¿t^,
ËFð front hallway ffiãll special
oã¿< T.

-,8 a pair of footwear ffi{,r :wb â

ôti ¡, v'E )tà
ÆT hallway; corridor ËtÐÉ!¿: automatically
tr.tr * ¡1 {:
Ì+rñ western-style room IEÆQ¡) complicated
r:'t a vú¡,¡,
H
E mat for a Japanese-sgrle BH custom
room
Èq.i ¡
lÈËT6 to caution; to remind
*t,4u,,,,,

2d ir'
: (ttftld x ä^Tlfr Ë tl.
tEtË

O ;RØYIE#,tuE. iE U Itllldo. F€Ë l.

L

tr
i

a) Elä,,\¿*. xø#'ez t) v Å3Ìl ( : ¿¡:þr,^à L!.o

n
i

b) EAÄl*. NnTr ( ffiò. 7t) v,{?lt¡'1frå'ùl å. i

i

u
I

) ËØ#Ef" ù. Z , y.,sþ ùåì,.f r,. /¡ ild-ut*-'r,r f) /¡ ¡ro l.

i

c I

tr d) l. 4 vo)7 t) y tr L, tå.ù'0)7 ì/ yr{llËi. i

tr e) l- 4 vØz') yrsþ ùÌt./¿* *¿i¿.ØËßE¿:^â0)å- BAz\¿: ¿ltáà. L !'.

 etrñrã
o -Þ + :_ ë 1fl -u-) lç !-) & F: 9-Þi" """"" ";;.:= :
" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "' > âffi 1

rÞi_:?HÞl_þ_KÞ_!l_t)f_l_br"...,,.,1.r,,,,
.
-.....:. .'.i|¡aa:t, : .

.',,:..:. :,,.rlÍ:lijï'.
,. 1f:¡:f!îrf']ir.:ji1:.11..::l;:]iìä;r'',:: :

Vlst\1Zãifi,b$it| .
1z.ã-
6ît
v .
 URE No c
o
o
o
o

Advisors

t American colleges and universities, each student is assigned to an academic advisor.

This might not necessarily be the case in Japan. Some institutions that have an
lnternational Division (known as EHäËß or E#äElil) may have an advisor system as you
see in âËÉ 1 in this lesson, but that is rather rare. Even at such universities, a ryuugakusei is
expected to choose his/her own courses and then go to see the advisor just for formal
approval. lf a student has serious problems regarding course work as in âãÉ2 in this lesson,
he/she should discuss them with the teacher concerned. For other types of problems, one
can go to the æ++ffi as you will see in later lessons, e.9., âËÉ 3, Lesson 8.

Extra-curricular Activities

apanese colleges/uníversities have all kinds of clubs for extra-curricular activities. Some
are sports clubs, 7-7Ëß, etc., whose members play against teams from
".9.,#ifr$i3,
other colleges/universities. These varsity players engage in their sports throughout the year.
Baseball players, for example, practice all year round. Their practice sessions are often
Spartan, and those who miss them for no apparent reason are likely to be severely
criticized. The language used within these sports clubs is often very restrictive in that
koohai (younger members) must use keigo toward senpai (older members). Students who
hate this regimentation yet love a particular sport often belong to a less restrictive group
usually referred to ur Ëiiä, i.e., a group of people sharing the same interest. There are
fJ' ¡li f ël¿iDLr
also all kinds of non-sports clubs ranging from E55 (English Speaking Society) to trffiHlEtrâ
(kabuki club). There are many students who seem to spend more hours on extra-curricular
activities than on course work. This situation, which most Americans find hard to
understand, is possible, of course, because Japanese professors are generally far from
demanding.

o
o
o
o
a
 rrrrt t+E

e7-ü ,, E#ftØt#r?ÐÞ(1i =7, E+äF|J#{0)F#F1¿EÉ1.

A-c)ìv *ô¿Ìi, ¿.ð"r.*T"
s#Ël : tá¿åJ i:ð"r.*j-.
z-cfv L ¡o ¿fËlr.Èr,.Å,l"îåì"
s#Ël : {41" L ¡ r.
z-+lv frl^, ffi I, r,,ffiy1t¡r4,("T üt ¿'.

s.ffiF-: lå l,'o

z-+lv ù> I,I¿ØÃ y tY î -! a yùå Ð : l" L J I å.o

¡ã.ffiF-: t y r-v 1-/ a y ù*ËEØlr,ffià'6-c"_ *[E¿* .ØLEWJØ 208 ää-c"T J.

z-iìv T e *.ì¡ ¿,. fi¿_,_"_È * g 4,1ì_þ_I_ç_" ñr$ ù" t 208 ãär.j. h"
I
#ffi*: 4 i1T"
z-+lv 7€ {Llr' È,
- ö i -*:HH L{ ð l,.L.Í"TÈ.o
#ffiã: !. l,.("T j o

x-+lv 7 l-",s4 +I'-øftH¿:táâr. Ltu. À,'eî ùt Ð. {úå u. ) ftE-e L Ì I å..

t.ffiF-: bb_ z l."us4 +T'_øft#.Ø&ffiå_ bur¿ØÌ t) ty7_! =
yØwt:#
#Ë d't* -f ù'Èr. 4 {L*,íci#-c f ( lì ð 1."
z-qfv
9.ffiF-: ì-2. lv 4 7./ y | 1z l. ùÌtr ,) ty7-y =
y0)T Có ¿'C-, !àFfrtifl
D 2OB äät"T.
z-clv tlù.b *Ll¿. Ðiòbbtrt¿)
¿"ð"u. * L /;.
F.ffiH: L. [. åo

85
 -l s #>>>>,

t A7-Ü2. Eâ#o)lËffiftiÈØffifr4r1î("
z-cìv îà+-- L ¡= ¿ rfH#L/¿u.: å¿sð âÀ'cTùt. âJ ôt-u-'At- t iù'"
ffi ffi: iL L- t^ i 7c--" {trJ{" t ¡ i lt'"
Z_c)ìv
Ì: å u,-ìzvÈìËTÈ'6 ¿,8,i A,î1" ö )-:Tø r 7 \tr:&cftäåìt.
l{.å. t,E, i Â,{"j-àì"
ffi. ffi: i.4,. 'c'ò. 1-+vðÁ,1Ì. Ë?¿* 6 )-Bt !.:l; å : 6î1trt, lv
4 z¡ v lTzløffi,ffi.òffi( z¡ù'-tl¿ L. xiåò È+ À'LUr ì.'óå.à.
àì¿,ùx'trr¿x-'/¿'r. D * ) Jìl¿' å ,8 u. * T À. 9-z-?_:__(__EA^Xt.{,t'à" 6. '}',
2
1,ffi1,\,, / 7 Ktt:I r v y, U'C. &âfrùì\',[. å Eu. * f ùt åde.
z-+fv 4 )ît{r. {'-ò - ù¡ø,. fËçffiË¿: öØT¿( ffiFå¿s¿'¿':{o tià'

6Ë.¡: þ r"- o) : ù., fuifr,L { u' 6 þ_!l !; È _l,'_à'l_J _L'_Å,{" T o :

î- B A#lS
ØãEfÈ ¿ . +tr^ù:/Ã -t r E i /¡ 6 È.¡ù'H-ú("f"
tsffi 4 i îTù." 4 {LItNÆ(.Tdâ. l.'{,. r_ 2 þ:__L_É=1. ò i *:TØ u"r.
¡vØ/, Aîì¿. çå Lf å-r:* år¡1. å,8u.*1J. ò i Þ:,ùtÀ'È-t
'c.ffiþHtàÈ){"-fÈ..
z-9'v 7c i'ettr. Ds. ó t--.üFå f 6 t'ffif ? HÍtr"t. * È rfHÊAL *T.

*á,lttu. å J. å. Ði ö brùtå ) ¿ð"u.* Ll¡.

20 ffi, ffi: !.!-ào

86
 O !-1Y 7. *f U t\ÊE ã18Ð#,+ ØE AÅ#Ël'c 5 ¿+ 1, v t \x e=É U c Ul õ"

+4.^@) ÞÊffi$o-,t b *ì¡Â,å."

!'-4 Y v lÌ¿ À,IJ À,) ffi-¡ I ¿ i u. ) ËF{"1å."
YÆ. Wffi.(. t€ffi"c" expedition o-Cão ÈÈ./J"
¿,:

+48(4) i .4,. î ò. aØÐãtt expedition D + /¡ ( {. exploration È ¿,H 7 ùl Ð"

#äa: bb. 4iù'" t (f;[:16tJ" ('-4vvt':) ExplorationClub{"T}.
924)Y bb, ¿ i {"Tà." 'c ò. À,t¡ffi.'íÎ( ¿,'c-l-È.. ¿^

#4Le: ftÄB å ¿..

ùr'IYv l{r'DÂ,¿ iI o'C?
#4Ëe: )r,ølÈ.À,-eì../J!'FØ: å. EIA¿:ttFà¡/¿ ( ð¿,ù>âù' å. t'frr{> u./J
r.F ü &u- bùT, 4 {Lt. t, - ffiÉWtÙ.t:Tt. T¿ b "
Ðt4/Y lÐ1(:l :{u'io)å?
#4La: à. Ê#Ø9à+.-
dâ ÌEË¿tËffi cltrJ'(ã i Ø
"
Y4Ës: LLL- caveo
15 Ð-4/Y '.-å. HÉ 4 )lÌt¡ã>"
Ylhe: ) À'" E++,ò. âE=^)'.'cÌ¿1," è tv L ) = y å x*'-l¿': Èå./Jo
9-4/v À) A,- D+f#6xôizl,tÃ"
#äe: 4)l-I¿6? Z-L- &ffit*Z
Ð24/Y l-4YY"
#lLa: Dç. ) -4 / v - ã>Uf¿Ø+'rAfrW
å. å.,FÃÈíØ t{,c ål :l!' rElEE
îffi^+^o)ffiÑàùt b â 7r' È, , 7€ Øw
ù:l*e)tàå")"
ì...4 / v ) À,_ Dr. 4 i l-*.T" Dr. 40)
H$ù: * /¿.

Y4s: D+. */;. ã>l,l¿"

.l s #>>,>>

f\Ìfrl.= H'c.â lA ùÌ,{LÌ¡ L\àì,

Èì . t' zr L ¿ì' a 7 0) f Ì¡ /¡ -) ô - 7
Æ. 1. t¿+ ^ ò ) Lø t+Lìrr"cb
È, I ò I¿ Ì: ¿ o !\ â
zqØ
b L\ /¡ +oyr Æ +. + /\
7)
ât ÌÉì¿lÞ Ð{"H!r*1. å;À,
+ ÀE là g € 4
+.cf .Lw i'i F '1 A 1\ ë'
('þffiËf+fu,+;t,iiEI /¡
i E
Z f '! tðil'5Ê-c
Tr T'^ç
í,* å: Ë
t brì
q
jqå4i î;
å'ut å. ,1

hó Ã - t+ f" ã Ê:Æ * å,å, L L = *

íÉ

È-¿-E lr,iT i( i ki ilBr.röTV

2 î ryR + P i ¿ å'ðry"
{Li,f:t¡
L\ y r ¿l 6^ ;l¿ l.
H, â !ì <
ft A |Aie. ,
? i & q
L È, * r- c
;{ f,B b.'$
¿*' -# ffi åì + 6
??lç'tî
x t ffi :
/¿'
í:
ÈL\',8 ï+M 'æ*Þ+.U àrLro)o)æ
¿

ô,ÞÍ^ù:dfi ¿å/"LbâWwL
ffik ðt¡Inr#r¡âo)
)t¡ *-tr¿tç ffiÌtL årÉÈ
o L. (A I _ ffi l" ( l¿ l- /ì [r b fr rr, ¿Ì H
"+-LonlrHrooùlör¡!r&
ffikv;ffi rrrr-îi E Í-.U<ô+.
88
 I

-l 5 #>>>>>

l::it :i:1¡1.r;:.-jj:;::i,-..:t
-ö-:i;'i

-x ['¿ f

ffiËi member of a club 14 kk¿ Well [used when looking

' ¡ltng¡ for a right expressionl
Htffi inviting someone to join
(a club) 17 a) À, Oh, rea11y.; Really?
Bþi r' tfr' s
-+ in the middle of doing
something
21 EWE
Lã¡: p.i tr.
Japanese style pub

22 ffixE new student

2
-Ëtr club ¿,t¿ryl..¿'¡
u'*- ffiìEâ welcome part5r
Ë.
t0 F' island
f
trL Hey! [a way of getting
someone's attention]

prepare students for

l¡'ø-l: in order to [>>>*iÊl- l''s] college enúance exams
i: pri ,t ( L tLt
_ì erltnarrce examination s ,,i 7! f¿ to pass (an exam)
^+ilffi
\,. L ¡ a
L rTÀ, È t'
-Lii Æ. Ij.tu) t . very hard
61.
g (ilffi1:) #t' a to fail (an exam)
{$x in the future lu.i.l
l'tBtqi
first-rate 70 XÈrY XorY
-lñ,ø
Lþti Lr ( ô-i t, L
ffi ffiT6 to get a job le.g., at a tE^ unemployed samurai; a
firml high school graúa.ate
¡.¡1c t i who is spending ayear
flrÉÐï club activities lin the studying for a college
sens e o f 'ex tt acurricr;l at errlrance examination
activities'l ^Fvf

+ìr. ¿
11 the following year
+æ. student; pupil ^.Ø+
lrt. ¿ r
r trl fFra tendency
(-àì)tËå 6 to increase [u.1.] ¡[.*¿
ËìE recentþ
tEa¡" of course -l'

ù,rL ' ffià'¿: certainly

tÉ6T' lwritten form of ']ñ È' t¡ t['+o
r,.{..l [>>>*iÊl- t'7]
13 tØ(¡¡) imporLant
u pr(
È ¡ti ¡
ä after-school school; 14 ffiä survey; investigation
cra:rn.rrring school
rt¿tci
t5
-l:1 6 ¿ according to -
Íffiffi. school designed to [>>>*Ë/- t'B]
 ,,,,,r#.1

tÍ"
20 ffi< to like [u.¡.] É mark; score; grade;
b'þi point
27 [flÉ ïeason vsr) ¡ i
L ¡'
,, ¡t'iÜ +lv decrease in the number
!É 4(¡¡ important
i.'L.¡¿
of children due to 1ow -ffi,- - first
birth rate [>>>g;Éz- ¡s] ial¡,na

ft( . 33 4a every year

')t¡,u- few; 1ow in number TI
34 ,r1-þ, Y percent
r
24 */¿ also a' i)
socialization; friendship;
)i
35 fúÈ.âr,.
25 ffiu. strong association
¡f¡,
26
-ù:H
,nl
Lf concerning to decrease [u.1.]

# (r¡) easy; comfoftable; age; period

leading an easy life
:ti å'
2s ffiæ lecture
92
 ,,,,, t#. I

| "t (-ll)ñå¡2l< ='to notice -' lã#l > t. t t >>> ñ,$2ËttttuE Ltc]

Ue.used ei1!r-e1w th a noun or aphraçe (se1te¡ce ì.,O o.¡'f -:L,).,

i-ifii",+.presiig zrn

a ) FÊlËr,. i:ã,år? * *Ë lvT, L t¿"

(I wasn't awate of my mistake.)

b) ffiÆþ!,_{tI¿: ¿ t:ã,r)t.?ttï¿1)¿t,. ffi#r)ìfå* o(å.à/ì:tc.

(It was after the class started that I noticed that I had forgotten my homework.)

),r, {f pát( lãeíz > t.s >>>tf :lrr( Eär*t¿ nrfnol

t.+å*,'(,,¡¿i"at ,ttrat has been done. with,a greát deel, somèône

.Ery.àþ.eat@.oftimeto.@a:c.s!'aç''..].:..
i -somethirrg
'àf,trog,oþ,,ttrat

a ) c lt, ( lF -t 1, ( f¿ /¿ fi-lÊt 3 ê-r r¡ I. Ø ¿t

(It's impolite not to eat food which someone has taken^+LÈ"
^Èìtt the trouble of preparing for you.)

b) Ëclt'( Ëa/¿Ë#¿ÌËl'u/J!' J i ù: L* L ¡ i.
(Please try not to forget kanji, which you have spent considerable time and energy to learn.)

J ,,, V (plain) þtt6f*trrÞ/¿t,r lã#,z > ¿.t s >>>ruHU(LìõatttcauuS.r*ur/ttr]

[v'',(þ!aù;þ.r.é$é.gj;,,af. :l],!,: ¿å11.,ÈÌlj:l lJ..means'th4t:qr.te ca4¡toÍ:,do'eertainrûúigq,,f

,: :,sciaiaUmtirallSituátional rêasons,

a) ËìÉø7, y rtØ¡s-7 ¡ -rcEÄffi?ffiîbtf l:Íf trZ¡ËËlu"

(\tre can't very well speak Japanese at an ordinary American parby.)

b ) ll.tt, o) 3 - 7 Øffiffi 6 b â o) 1. B Affi ùl'à' b ffi1fr,L ( u' â b Ll l; lÍ l, t ä *, Ë Á, "

(Since I have to study for other courses also, I can t spend all my time studying Japanese.)

c ) ¿ lLttt ft,+.o)^/a'¿. È, - br¡ l¿ ù:ËTÍr tt l; lttt

ë *Ë lv.
(Since this is my teacher's book, I can'tvery well lend it to you.)

:S.mq¡fhe:.negatii.eÍorm is used with ir ùlì:

l*!,.àr/e,urr.ûrq,m,ê41i1g is,affir-mative -'i.e,,,tt
',. :eanttåelry,Ao'.-;t,O.ne, ,nothavê.aiy,o Choi""::"r ::,'r '.: :

...tiæ@Seú¡è'óf

93
 .l 5 #>>,>>

d) ð L /¡ afiffiåt õ> â tt -
6 +vnfuffi L /J r r þ tt t: tf u r ä *. Ë lu
"
(Since I have an exam tomorrow, I cannot help but study tonight.)

e) {É r
L ( ù Ë/J rrþtil:
får,r ä *, Ë tv"
(Even though I am busy, I don't have any other choice but to sleep.)

{r> Zöп,æcT='but; and yet' l**z>t.tsf

This phrase is used to quality the preceding statement. It is often followed by -Èr lt l: lt ì.. à.
/J t., -fi ùtt ¿ltJ t., etc.

a) 7 t y ìiØft++.trJ ( øÍñT âùr- Z )lt'ë:=cTfu1frtj'å" b L1\-â bùltüÌ/Jr,-.

(American students study a lot, but that does not mean that they spend all their time studying.)

b) A: FØê=Ft**îr'daå"
(Dormitory food is bad!)

B : i À,- -e Ù. z Ò r)'¿Ëz(ê,s/Jr.òùt¿; {, ¡.¿rl¡¡. l.

(Yes, but we still have to eat, so ...)

$ "' V(plain) l¿Ü)JZ='an order to' l#aM > ¿. t >>> *#trÃõ fcrD tc]

lV(plain, presenÐ l¡ u) t:] indicates a purpose for one's áction.

a) aØcôtåü,s¡ÉötZ7 tvÅ4 | þ1 â+äù &t,Q itì"

(I hear that these days there are marry students who work part-time so that they have money for
tun.)

b) * t rr /vùt- ilmø Ezg.àT i

$ à t¿ü¡(=ft+.ØffinEn'ft ct¿"
(Carol went to her teacher's office in order to ask him,/her to change an exam date.)

c ) P{f ã Êe)E€B)EgJþ l-t t. * T.

(I am exercising every day in order to lose weight.)

'lVhen l¡ Ð is followed by Ø, the phrase moditeÀ a following noun.

d) HAØH&41Ì. tYl:J\ â t¿bofuffiþ l-t¡ ùlÈ¿lx'r¡ å /J u'.

(Japanese high school students have to do la lot ofl studying which is lnecessaryJ for entering
college.)

e) É*É¿*. ÉFØËffi?ffi^ð t¿ütØ ù ØÍ"1.

(A dictionary is a thing yolr use to look up meanings of words.)

94
 rtrtt t+E

$ ttt -?t lffiafil > t. z >>> E#ÈtKtr : u €]

[ViAdj ( ( -form) + {, ] means 'even when -' or 'even if - .' With the sense of 'even whe¡/
:.,,,'i .,the.main',senteuçe:is,".ouUyìo,,tnJ@pal!' Ñoú ana,t¡.à¿jectives can take the forrn-
..'l:51;;:,a:6,5.t:$(àg.¡, L'î¿tr*ó.;r,,¡r.,,,,$æ b;; t,þ11,q ar.g,uqq4lly to' '
..;.:c-,,,,'Lf,ì!.f.,ò,,#S3*.Þ)..... t-...... ..¡..rt¡riaria".'i,-a*.,r:l:
"onq4qtqd

a) BA^ffi ( Èi¿: BAXIV\:';t,.cfutfi,L f sd ùt rl'- Bä^îip < $ù ¡v1r -! ay /

tåÉùtÌJ!.("L¡ i.
(Ifyou study Japanese culture before you go to Japan, you won't have culture shock even when you
go there.)

y 1.,$-zvlå. grìEã?(t,çâ4itt"
r9å
b) 7)yrtv7
(I hear that they play football even when it snows.)
À¿
c ) BAF*Êflùi. /¿ ( Ë ¿,Ê^f úzt 6 /J t. ? i îî.
(I hear that with Japanese food, even if one eats a lot, one does not gain weight.)
ç ÈÐi
d) HH þ"-À7)ìð â ù. t. ñø ErûÐffi¿rf* å * T"
(Because they have Tbkyo Dome, they can play baseball even on rainy days.)

7 "'vT

a) 7 t y rf':+fñHä¡#Øfú,1fi,þ L( t. ->lcØ1- ô Ð t., )v1 ! -! av2 {¡ Etf T.

î f BAØälÉl:äÈt* L/¿.
(Since I had studied Japanese for two years in America, I did not have much culture shock and got
used to life in Japan quickly.)

b) Ër ErudÊî 6 Llñfr,t:ÌÃ6îl- ¡, i "

(If you study without sieeping, you will get sick.)

$ trr NEåã¿='according to -' lãatvt > t. t s >>> aaffi etr * a tl

,,::.Thisiexpression iò:usèd.1o. indþatè¡-â 1s.o'urcþ.óf,j-nfffi¿Uô-¡:a-¡¿tS gèhèìmytilcidê y an

expression such as tv(plain) 4 ) l¿l indicating hearsay.

I rri
a) XftÍ# (weatherforecast) Ei6 ¿- +Hùf+æñ¿ìK6 4 )fì"
(According to the weather forecast, it will rain this afternoon.)

95
-ls#>>,>>

b) +HØffifÃI=&,6¿. Èø i ù r 7 t )v=rctrH (earthquake) ¿ìô '>l¿4 itì"

(,{ccording to today's newspaper, there was an earthquake in California yesterday.)

9 ttt ^,{E l#ary¡>t.zz>>>9+1zf

this suffix utt""n"r mainly to kanji compounds and expresses the idea of *t: /j a or -l:T â .

rÌ¿1, J ltürJà
a ) Hlæ BA¿åf r. Ji,'LË¡i+{Yl-
l¿
"
(Since the wa4 Japan has become quite westernized.)
irr ,¡r Ll i+?
b) [*E{Lã {t I¿tJtffitt&t-"
(There are rrraîy novels which have been made into movies.)

1O -" Causative-pass¡ve: HþËftã='be made to buy' ( ËÅ,ËibË{'ttc

l#atry¡ > t. z e >>> tc b ]

form duplicates ¡. (e.g,, ffã È ÈrlrL6 is not

a ) l¿ r.( r,-*YÐlù:* zt*2#Y.vÊh'ë nâ "

(In general, we ate made to write at least one papet a semester.)

b) Ëu'FËlf;F/:Ë ttðØll/ìÌ¿-c $ !'t/i".

(Nobody likes to be kept waiting for a long time.)

96
a) ,* ftËJzZ hf/ff lã*,bâ,/Vl:tflzã
vr t'àÖ >>>>>[*#z]

1 : When you want to consult with

++. ,Ê+.. b ¿. ¿ ¿ffi#u t¿ttz ¿ hï ü, â tvT'T ht
1,
your teacher, you can begin your
conversation with this expres-
+Jô L!.f'1, !. )ù." sion. If you are consulting with
ft+. !.!.{.fÌ" your friend, you can say È Ì c
å ffi# L/¡ l. ¿ ¿ 7)ró â lùl¿tl ë,
++. bØi, L0)r 7 7 riÈ å 'c LffiLTÈ" â0)î, t, t -> LFf, t.f ð È r.È r.ffi,àló
T 0) v.t)v o), 7 7 fúol¿Ë¿ìr,. ì,. år ¿ E,a lv 6 Â,Ètl t, etc.

TT hr2, 2: Here, you are offering your opin-

ion in a non-assertive manner.
ft+. 4 ilTù'" f"ò. 7'v 4 7 J v I I 7 | Øffi.ffi. à. in this expression makes it
indirect, with the sense that 'I
think it might be bener ro . . .'
3"
ã'tfürur¿,Bur *TLI ¿te
++. z7-. 7ct,4. üi¿.Ø 3-7 ò'lÉL ( f "
3 : When you give advice, you can
use expressions such as -ã'Èl
ft+" 4 i fTzJ," Dçó- ò t -ìEûFåffi*þEt¿à E t.t. ¿,8ù.*T, -I¿ t ¿'- i (ff
à.) or-l¿ à ì,. ì,. ¿ Hr., * f.

<'l lt'3 "

Ò

+Æ. ¿*ì,.. Dsó. TciU*.T" 4: When you want to offer a differ-

ent opinion than what is sug-
gested, you preface your remark
with àà,f t), 4fLÈ4 il¿tj
E , 4 ILIÌiJù, 6 tl å- -C l¡ , etc.

1 ,', E-rVJVl
e,{7ù:r¡ b. -À¿åg+ä. ò i-^ù*E+0)x+0)gffiHt:r¡., /Jè ì,.o H#*.t-t¡
: /¿ÄùÌ. Eø z ¿ ? EA#t.'=iru.ä ð t'"

97
.l s #,,,,,

a) Have just arcivedin Japan today.

b) Would like to see the academic advisor tomorrow, if possible.

+ffiF-trrtÃ. -cl¿Ått. &.ø ¿ ¿ ? EÄffi{.Éìu. A ð r,..

c) The faculty members are not there this week.

d) You cannot see your advisor until you have taken the Japanese language placement
test next Monday.

? {Lrltft&b of¿ È', ø++.þ t: /¡u\ùt$ffiF-t:Ì¡ , - +ffiRþ P -> t¿^¿ÌB+4ü: /Â

-21- U t-FffiHL/Jð!.o

f ,,, trl-rVJyl
e,<7¿:r¡ b_ -Ât*g+ä. ò i-^ùrEÆ#o)ftHt:l¡ b /Jð !.o E++.å4Ø. L

? EÄffif"É1. /J ð !.o

a) Studied Japanese at an American college for two years.

b) This is a second-year Japaneselangtage class and is too easy.
c) Would like to switch to a class one level higher.

lF* :l: È. W+HZPcl¿Ål*ft4.¿: /¡ b. tÊHþt:/¿ÀllH#Et:tÃ->1. ù i

-ËffiHL/Jðt,'"

J',, E-lVJVl
e 's7 tl=Ì¡ b r¡ ð !.o -Ä¿åff L r'.8#ä(.. t+{.'fi|ù.Øt- 2 .tvI-\ b /¿ t. å,Bz (
r,.*T (xX-yfË#¡¡ å'Ør,. ô\.4Ì¡t-)tv0)it'ù, å. mÉ4 it¡ø?ìE¿tl¡¡
ð !.)o ò i -^¿l- 4 Ø+T- 2 tvØffi; (older member) ¿: /J b *-1, B+4.ti. frË
t:7c 0)+T- 2 )vtt:ti.{Ef, È. ù'7.-ù /¡ ¡.¿. ?lFÐ * T"
^å
lF*:/¿ à. H++.þf :/:,,\ÐsftË¿:t¡ b. ft#þf :/¡ÀàsB#ä¿:ÌÃc'c., Ù i
-Æñ-FBL/Jðt.o

98
 ,,,,,**.1

Q,,,,7V->7 þ-172t
e EA^fTc{. 7) t) lt îtX t:2t,.LAnBÅUt¡trld'utx'z¡ 6Ì¡ìt ->l¿ t. ¿.t Ì¡ : L þ
I i ù'"
Ê-cÌc 6 !.!.-c'L d¡ã\.^lù-7'þ(F-c1T 4 î¡ 7 3HL-âr.. y Z lþlF
b /Jèr,.o yz þål{"È/¿6. ,7 ;.o)l :I¿t"Ù-'##L/Jð!.o

5 -'fFT
A Êrrl7))\+t:rr,.tãHEÆT âlFXþãå ä ð l... Fð Ì*tr^E++ (. 6 t."
-

e E+ftØfr+î. t ¡.41vùr*++.fÅ (onein chargeof foreignstudents) Ø/'L#L

{ t. * T. cD àHL.{. iË L t.É*3^d'ra ð r,.o

a) ì-4rvttt, ¡F7l7r ì r-¿ !': ( t'* T,

t- lùÈ2
b) ÉElð À,Øxffitt.- g,À,t¡ ffi+ilcî.
c) ÉHð À,Øæo)ÈHtt, BAË[æ{.T"
d) HEÈ lùØæ"etÅ, ffiEàìru * T"

e) ) - 4 f Y ¿i. mE¿ìê-ì à {Lâ tI {L E* t) 4får'òób*ìi¿,.

99
.l s #,>,,, (+#ñlåõ þ tutu. fl SldtìHñ¡5rõ : ztr.
fcu\ËHðtââ\õltÉe?-D 5. ffi/võA< < fËütl.
Ëuì
)

lFõt¿få t,läl
wð
'Jrx l. 7 r
) -4 y y¿sElaù:Ër.r¿8.0)8. :. y -Øsó&ð A,ùt- wØlÊ.
) Lel:¡\, ë!'
ffi¿ ¡,øX^- þ ç. ð : ¿:iÉù¿{ r,. -r î ( þ,1¿" ffiø ¿.È,,\¿*Zq+ffi f à t,' Ø
¿

âlfE-c". 7./ y ùtt:f1Jff.ð{ÈÂ,tu.l:l tårô b. i€ffizlìt+/¿". {Ëffið.â,

årt€ffi("- ì -4 y v¿¡BAffirfff å u. I *aÈ" L/¡âffi¿: TÃ.->I¿o ) -4 /
v¿s{Ëffið À,ø##¿'Å,'úur lù>'at¿Øt€ffi¿å-b.+r"îdeå.1 ¿Ë, L- lÊ
ffi ¡ ¿ ¿* L ¡ -> L \,, p rÃffiþ t- l¿ " th'A'h - /^ 7 7 4 ftøX'x,R -: 1 ù" t - t
-4 / vültá&ð14,ù:. IElIø,,\¿: [ó¡¡/¿J /¡À'1¡ÉoË+/¿-Ð] å*a¿
bþ,r¿" 7cØîþ., -4 / vl*- Ba^Øâffiþ !. ( Ëf, ( j ) t:l,/;È¡. a5ù:
lô¡¡/¿l li,El-tt:f,fU'clfr.blnulju.Èùt{"r¡ (. ËrË¿ËÉTffi"c"ö ö* b{Ë
b{tt¡1. t r,. i a LÈì. ÈÅ,Èfui}ù;o{Èl¿. Là.L. I -4 y v¡ts lù>r¡
È l klfr.*>/Ju.("Fu.âff¿st"å 6 J ) ù:/¡ 6 Øt:ü*- -+16 ( à.å.:{ L *
+-
2lço

e;Ro$ãffi,tue. jE U |tn HO. F5Ë p Ettftlt x ä^ftl+Ë Ur"

n a) ì¿ø{äffiðÀ,t*_ÆI+.îb6"
-4 / vI*, ), )l("{Ëffið À,cà'>l¿r. trtbâ L!'o
7 å 6

n b) I t4 y vtt: lù>t¡T¿øF;ffiIt-b'+{.'TdeÀl tÉ, ¿. 'fäffi¡ À,åÊlú

u )È
¡õ:
c
(was glad).

n d) )BA^¿r [ó¡¡t:.1 Lt. )ÉHþ{F.i : å ùl¡}./¡r,."

n e) ¡-4 f vÌt. â-("¿* lótr¿) þffi.b11:f6¿sa'-¡ 6.

 tÈI16
5tñtolv

. &!4^ë&.
. = h = - o)tÉ tìø ä < t¿Ëi9ràr.l
..
= -:.-::.::!/:1];.]'.''

: :. ..a:::,a.a:.:::::l:a.:i4

o ¿¿of*.

.1,...,,..,......,..........,....>âFf; 3
 LT IJRE No a
o
o
c
o

Restaurants

D eople in Japan love to eat out. Basically, there are three types of food: Japanese,
I Chinese, and Western. ln big cities like Tokyo, howevel there are all kinds of ethnic
restaurants, such as Thai, Korean, and lndian. ln Japan, there are probably more specialized
restaurants than in the United States. For example, sushi restaurants serve only sushi,
tempura restaurants only tempura, eel restaurants only eel, etc. Although there are lots of
restaurants that serve all these items, such restaurants are usually not considered first-rate.
This is perhaps due to the faith in specialized professionalism that is shared by most Japa-
nese, r.e., they believe that no one can surpass the quality of food prepared by specialists,
e.g., sushi made by chefs who have prepared nothing but sushi alltheir lives.

At inexpensive restaurants such as noodle shops, whenever it gets crowded,rYou will be

asked to share the table with strangers. The waitress will say something like, fEffiäiffitl t t
d (Please let another party sit with you), and there is nothing you can do but nod in
agreement.

Besides eating out, Japanese often have food delivered, too. ln America, very few places
other than pizzerias and Chinese restaurants deliver food to homes, but in Japan, in
addition to those, sushi restaurants and noodle restaurants regularly offer delivery service,
and you don't even have to tip the delivery person!

o
o
O
e
o
 >>>>> v7tsate

e Eäo)â+ll-ÐÐ<tlõ î < yt 2 . tr / t'- y. IBHo)Êffi tO ã* ëVltB"';fi ( "

H ffi : : : ¿t. É-+DJ,t'ÈÍå. òPo'C.t- â *alË/¡ À,íc-T p_l_"
1

11.rì-y *aL.Ll.-c.L¡.ilt"
H ffi: L ¡ o ¿Ét.ùl å'. tau. Lt._¿__¿_l_+_*ál.ì Lì.\ å Lt.{"î1.
Ezì-Y (./ = t_ - k F,t¡ns 6 ) ft. Jì¿, ¡ r | ! r ô t¡ ë¡ 0) lr; b â À,1 T h"
É ffi: LL. v¿¿å-l¿'ùlD+/¡ ( r- i E^À,rrbâ L. +öØòô þ *Tdâ.
rl,2ì-y l#ò ØJ c:clnJ:cîù'.
É ffi: :ÉEØ-h¿:{4ù.Øc-ct', â Øàl#î1J. XJ{ ùùrØ:{ ì..þü*' l-XÐ,.f,.]
.cr.i L. LÀ,rtyùrØ:{r.frtj'lhyÐA,) lr.i À,'e-r" È¿ùl'çi
¿¿,} b. +l)ØØfrùtg6l¡¿r¿i¡.:ùf[.û:/J b *T].
retf-Y 4 iî-lù.. D{a . âEùj,$á/Jå.ÈìTL.(!. âzJ,È>. +ò ØEU Ì ) à./J"
É ffi: fÁò só/Jå.ÈìT!.( å ù, t, m+#¿: L J i ¿,8:{ â À,.c-r "
¡r,rl-y l#f+l o'c. ?
H ffi: FW¡:XÌ¿ 6T f âå. þ *TÌ. a aØùå. *á!. Lt..:{t.. i#.C"T}.
t5 rr.rì-y 7c ilTù'" {"ò1XùlXÐ.t ¿: I,li6 * *T.
***
Ë E: fFJ¿: ¡¡ ð [. * Tà."
tÉ¡ ffi: fl,ùÌHf$áffiu.L*f.
Ir,2ì-Y fl'¿*X ¿Å,.
Ë þ: lÌt.. Hf ¿Xп,-¡"-¡da"
***
É þ: ffiT LX t"¿,. +"f#t¡Ì L * L l¿.
Hffi,/U, ì-Y: bblrtLi"
É ffi: : tr¿¿¡#,f{"T .k " ffiL u. i 0)¿*7+ vt _ lå u. ) O)ttt[tà À,tt "
El2l-Y /à 6 tå t" ,êÈìtF34.{.f å. 6. Ér)ì#,(". tFÈìÍtrr { t,. I btTic lù'" ffi
É t.îTÈr. D s b. +ÊÈ.-ì{A* f "

103
 , e :'ç#0) ftE- uErEtÊt¡ :r= < " 9#ttñ+{t0)*,1Ë, {Ëffi l*^+ltú)E{s.
,ÉE
^ïtr
!. 6 : Lçl,.*È. tá-Äfficî¿." : Ë t'nE ) 4'"
E# (Wþt¡Il /¡à¡-6) o Z i rLÀ,î* Tdâ"
trT

+r+ ì:2, ¿ ¿ ¿ltár. L r,. å Êbil,'c ì..6 ØT.. r.:*{ ò¿¿,t'â À,11 k"
s ffi ffi 4 iîTtr." *n, *ìlÂ,"C L/¿.
+# tLl"-eâ L_ rt g vì _1"ê^ì Èr{tt¡ ( _C,t * å /¡r,.l"f il.
trffi 4 i 1 I tJ" fÅ ò Jáî l' þ ffi='C â Ø þ R'Ì¡ ¡; 6 ê'ì å Ø ÈìfF È Í" de"

âJ#ält:(( õ"
E TÊ8.
¡Ëtr tál** b Í.Tà..
10 lÊ # îl^tr*ffi.þ-'c"
+]+ fÄ¿*¿ Èt l-þ--ttaffiu' L * T.
¡åE ùû-:. L t' l,*c11+1"
þffi.rlW\*?
f UÊØh¿Jv9-
+# fú ¿Ì *ô#/a' ùll:_!:.!_:_l:
3
-f_
_Ir ¿^ . rà+
t5 trt è-tvù.lr,Jn.A L_tàì b * Tà."
ffi.ffi è-tv åãr,.1¿1. å aôTÌI' Ð. âBùt J-ltù,6ffiXÈ¿.àf e) ¿ È *T"

o-+tj'É' Êdßþa("""
ffiffi taL. Lå.: /¿{t-Tda"
+# 4 ifTtr. Dr. 4ô7cô^b * Lr )ù'" frLò-ffiå'È,t9.XùtbâØ1.

ftffi fl,¿:fÁbt{ ( l;"ð r..

+++ !.!. å. L.: ð ftÆ.t:*;l:{ ì..Ì¿/a'( ¿ t. , b ùt Ù: ù*t. È * ÈÀ,1t.6, +
B ¿ifÅ¿s.

ffiffi 7ciîTù." D+. ctr4)ù:r¡ b*1.

104
 >>>>>v7n=r.l

o I t 1 y !. Ë^ú)ttlJfiÊ-¿t+ú)ì7r D äÐutcu\õ.
Ì -4 y v : *á/JårrìTu./¿ /J ó"
Æ -: 4)IìtJ" ËòF^:(Èl;Ì"
ì-4/v: <y2t¿xô)ù."
æ - : !'L'Jo
e rËlr^õ"
(5.Êffii9*vtFtll,l.(#))
Ë þ: !.å:Lçtn.*¡ù" ffi¿:/Jðt..*Tà..
9-4yv: À.-L- Cy ì<y, L,Ë1 l. M+¡4
Ë þ: ùÌ!.. èvì-<v2 L l. M+T4
^L7y7'tv.,s4''tî't"
ù.,s4-'>î:(.'Tda.
'li/ ^L7yf
i;ffi.afut*?
Ð14/v: =ha-7Ø^*t,0)þ ( /:"ðr,."
Ë fl : ùÌr.. âËFr.'880 Flù: /¡ b * T.
æ -: 1ffiåf b{c È <y 2.;-rt"-L74 7=-B-ØS +14
,Ë ff : { þ{c È=y 2,r-ù'-L74 Zr-v.-Ø S+t41î'T*J"
^" gT0 FIu.t
15 t"È*T"
E
=AH¿JâäÍÅ:CHI¿Ë(.
ù14 Yv EÆØ-"2l"f tv i."l*z r, ùotLL J.-c LÊ) o"cËf,r.{ÈùT à'. tlÀ,L
ú-t&) {J"
æ -: ¿: Èì.
9-4 Yv 7 / rtØ</l'T¡v l'""c"Ë:(6 ö Øàì. Eläø,Ë¿: ö ð6 ¿l*Eå/+ll
'
L_ 4 {t"t:HAø ?, l" I tv r^ü: Lå./Jì.. ò Ø iò b â tJ"
4

æ -: fiJà¿Ì. ( bçåwv 2Å-rt"-L7r,?

Ð-4 Yv i Ìr"
æ -: 7c iI¿tJ" üiå.ù:. LelZ 4 vÌ:(!. ) 0)$bâ J."
Ð-4 Yv NEØ+,J.CL, BA¿:Aå LÃäíALÈ+ i À,TìTJ"
æ --: i.t. f ò. 4 iu- i: ¿ ùå. EA/a'tl0)a å D+/Jì,. t E,it¡ã>"
.16#>>>>>

( à þ À L\ {L fr {L 4 H A È, lH 7 ¿l
I ly M [r.C â 1H âo {L þI Ë L ð )V B
Lì È, o \ Èì )v ù: l,J '(" ¿S /¡ ü: I A
!r 7" {L H ffi + ù: ff â ê I tù Ë v
Ìå â #ñ. * e ffi ^ùr U ffiis+ y {L < 7' ^åì
U- ,2,
Èì
- v É {L ÊË I I {:i þ 7" ¿f ø 7
/¡ L H./
ffi *t¡ 7 ù: ù* t: Y 1r^ 1
E ¡rEË l. â r;" iÉ / v 7 {L ffi È' Y
ç 7 * rur * 0) 7"- ^'lH
+ " a) v {L /¿ {L H v ù þ L\ v b k
æ, T ç l. t.\ ùS'[H ¿ ÈriL fr o | âffi.
W, t_ )l^+ tr ffi +Ì àì [r I {ú Èì þ' +1
{" v E4 â iÉ r/r i r,
^ û IKFtJU
ù I 4'EØ +^+Ðrr j v l{ 4 b z'c
{" Ø 7 Ø ) | f ( ¿: 6 ù$ffi
1ù:
v *¿å-ò
"c..
ù:þr{L
7" 'c.. E lÉ É +F+("
.¿{ þ iL
7c {úi'elì I t E
ry â Ë[Èii''1Þll
ù:i Æ. Ì¡"
ùr D h
v Ì =-t I
t È' Ø Ël É l. 4 (" ìE Ë
n * ¿
L\ ò {.' ù. Æ
t, Y {L ,fr òi Ð v }." ffi ffi e' D
/¡ 1v 7l- +T
i
ù: H l. 6 ffi 1v t( 7 t: +rJ +, 6
L\ 7" iy u ü: ¿itH ¿: ö þ ¿: , ¿
' ¿* /¡ I /J lft å: {.. 7" {L I I ìE I y ¿
1vbtL c (
* ¿*i b þ {L Y Y ("/
À' Y -cI o)
Ð7"c) mâ HXùlf /
7" Ì¡ /¡ Ft ò "C. È, " È, ò þ,1r -)

6ÈLrvT¡{Lt¡þ
) àl !\ 7 â'c 7 Ð +
¿ Øi8 l' /
¿ l. -c'i ¿ ã
Ë 1Ë, â l,ù'¿{
E v Z v ¿*i Ø ù Ht
ð f 6 f /Ã: ("'¿Ì/¡v
I
U+
{LØ"ffi[.i
t ËHEà.i B ^v "c. (
Ø t
t
ò HA
L\ 0)Ø+f
A ù:i7
{" 7 !\ L¡
fnr /¡ +rJ I ,ù\ I l. ì.. j
c ÉÉ v I o) ii
I

Øitr,.
-c'i ¿ fffi
åì 7 ü:7 v ¿* å.i
iti tHr*/¡þf
/¡i ¿t,!\ - â fÁffiüi-
L.i ,Ëi10; 7 þt b E À, +
r¿"i ,liL ¡ ð t¡ {''t,{
ôtù:i ¿tyuL\1)l v
ii*n 7 rt {L L ù: +
å.i er/å/¡+f7"by
"{Lrtrlnrlþbl'
lrt-ìz)ìC{fLåìû:i
L\("'C -7if¿
t¡ Li
ò {.rieB åì o) [r ll
f.r ã l-t H i: " ii.
" ñ ôiØ ^ ( {Hn ¿.i
 t' g-i l, lu like fried pork cutlet or
lÈ
f-_
116 to order (something) fried shrimp, etc.l
I B/,
9lBj- 6 to quote a ðâE cooked rice
Eribri
IEI ffi colleague; co-worker s L'À,rty pork cutlet
t''h u
vtc¡:c
Ëffi lfamily namef u æqÐ actual thing
da lfemale given namel 16
ÍrÀ,t,
IEE
¿u

clerk; shop-employee
rr t
¡"ts
ä t$E noodle shop 22 #, patent
at+. *F¡l-.
Ë shop; store
egg
l
)=z' menu ã 'FI
ä6¿t¿ I see.
¿tt
EÀ. [type of noodle] Ë.
.õ9 chicken llit.,birdl
i'
òØ lname of dish;bowl of ätf to lay (egg); to givebirth
rice topped with things to lu.t.l

Lr sushi rice covered with

, üÞt,
Eê
(

lunch l:E.ÊEl small slices of fishl

r.? r.
+# tu
tfamiþ namef t5
Ðr
El-Llrtâ
b
[honorific form of ê,r
; p.i È1.
l1+ft in one's fifties â /ffiril
F.f
-
zffi [polite form of ð Å,] 16 +-ø a to refrain from -ing [u.f.]
:.L ì trt
a Mþlt,trJ â : t,.1i-Æ 6 sпÈ*.f lcontraction ofSÐ(*;
¿f È*11
ìtî to be crowded *1.
(/X
6 ù'ùvr- counter
19 *a [humble formof 'n
â)
'1 l:-È
t['¡ryi u¡
? T
tÈ+
I,þEâ to make sushí by hand ffi*É bill; invoice
a *aÆ (green) tea
+ag€
a
to treat (someone) to
ì¡t¡^
10ffi (sushi serving oÐ (something [usualþ
medium quaTity/price food or drinkl )
aì
tl t2'61¡ [a kind of sushí; a box of z¿ CLQ)tt:t¡,6 to be treated by someone
 .lo#,>,,,

108
 h

r.lÈx 2.wÐ â s. *r,É 4. ..ßE s.H+

6.*w 7.JËtr oÊ
o. /ñ q.HÉ Ì,. IO.Eê
L+# 12.ffi 13. sá# 14.ffi --
I5.TÉ6
È o

16. FE 6 17. H,lH LB.Mfr le.Æ D 6 20.ÆlÆ

21. iHT zz.WdILÐ 6 ß.ffiffi 24.ffiÌÉff+ 25.ffifrh,

26. ËlÊflE zl.tilrF- 28. /ù\EÉ 29JH{Lâ 30. tL^ì å
3L.qrJlffi

1. ãIÆ 2.lEtffi 3.Éffi 4.#6 o) s.yF

6.Æ 7.ffiâ B. lû e.El- Llrt 6 ro.+â
r1.ffi*Ë 12.æ- ß.ìub 14.W. 15.ffiêJ
16.w b â 17.ìEffi+ IB.ffiW le.ìÏEJì zo.frlr|tT â
2r.êË 22.ffiilF æ.âû 24.=â+H 2s.ffiÊ
26.+æw 27.Éß

This radical comes from the left half of lT and is often used for characters
representing kinds of roads or types of walking.

l'rjll'till'É)te¿

109
 rt,tu¡ i :.
ffiæffi (t[r*bl" rot'n)

â) *a->l,+â + L-hÙIå FT Éir.*T

$aa L+t-*T F L-hùr'* T HL*f
ft< t.à:L+6 (H-LØX.*7 't 7.\) 8a
*!.
fÍÈ *-r-
l.àoL+t.*f {Eti.1Eh-*T +b *T
*a t.à?L+å ñ) .2>.ò x*i"
!.6:L{"t.*T fÉr. * T âb *,-r
*6E,ì-l:tÌ,6
*aEåù:r¡ b *T
r.å !.6pLsó +o .J r.*T
t-Ùol,{'!.*T ló0 *T
îâ 4.C.ã t.l¡f t./¡î ì ¿+
lr8.9
/Jðt.*T t,-l¿ L*T t,.È L*T
Ðõ
ê':a AU_Eùì â r,-È/ì ( t'/¿lì ( ê^ì*T
ãLt.åsb *î t,./¿/i'È * I t./¿/ìÈ * T
Êßü AU-Ltr:7a r./¿È ( t.lc/¡'( ffi,r)*.f
äL-hàrb *-l- r./¿/¿'È *T r.ÈtìÈ * f
t6ffi.a"1:TÌ.â
þffi.aYr¡ b *f
t*h ttÀ
F,a ðHI:/J å #Eî â F,*r
:Ht:ä b *T trF,L*T
ffi( iáEf, È l: /Â 6 IÃJ ) HÈ *T
tdFf,Èt:¡¡b*i- fflr. * T
TáEãÈTå
bffiÈ L*T
*) fdâì,. ù: /¡ å *ó El ¿: à'à.6 âr,. * T
táf r,.l:r¡ b *T *á El ù: à.à. b * -l-
*rât.T å
#âr.L*T
É,a i6i+rlLte.â Ë*T
*61*^.;r¡ b *-¡
Æc1,\'â ðæDr¿ FD-hüt'( t'6 EDtu- â filrf L-*T
ðFD("7 FU.hùl"f *a t å¡- ËD(*d b *T
Nta- N-f t. à ol,+ â Nt'äå"t'* T Nf.T
(N is usually N-C"t.àcLçt.*T
a name.)

btTâ tdó¿t'ù:ä 6 ã LóÙI'6 ó ¿1.'* I

r¡ b *
+óó ùt'û: f Ë Lóùl'*f
üà? *áö 6t.ù:/J6 r,. t¿ lì ( ò å t.*1
*áùàr-¿:r¡b*'1 r.tc/iå *T
< ÌL6 (r¿ð6 ( I'r*T
( /dðr.*i-

'I 10
 >>>>> vTntr.l

#ffi# (respect form) is used when you are talking about an action or state of someone to
whom you have to show respect. So, when you talk about the action of your teacher, for
example, you use ëötffi.

IJ LYI1 T
ffiæffi (humble form) is used when you are talking about your own or your family member's
action. There are two types of ffi#ffi-l and fI. Type I is used when you (or your family
member's) action directly involves the other to whom you want to show respect (e.g., visiting
a superior's house or helping your superior with his/trer luggage, etc.) By humbling your own
action, you are in effect showing respect to your superior. Type II, which is called iH#
(courteous form) is generally used when you want to talk about your own action or state in a
humble manner just to be polite to the addressee. TEÉffi is used when your action does not
directþ involve your superior, but most likely the person you are talking to is your superior or
someone to whom you want to be very polite. So, if you are going to your superior's house
(or officeJ,, you use ñ i . If you ¿ue reporting to your superior that you went somewhere, then
you use * â (see illustrations in (1)). Similarly, if you are asking your superior to let you
look at his/her or" HHf å. If you are telling you superior that you went to see a
91gF, Voo
movie, you say 4E?8,* Ll¿ (see illustrations in (2)).

(1)

(2)
 .16#>>>>>

One can use T€ffi

(polite form) instead of TÉffi (courteous form), but use of f !Éffi is
much more polite. So, if your superior asks you whether you play tennis or not, you can either
say 7=7þ t.l¿ L*T or î=zþ t*1. TÉffi is very polite, and you probably won't be
using it in your daily conversations, unless a situation calls for very polite language (such as
in job interviews, in business situations, etc.).

ff there are no special respect forms, use [*aV(stem) l: r¡ b * T] . If there are no special hum-
ble forms, use [*a V (stem) ¿ gç /u,lc L * T] .

r:J:.:,:li.:i::itii;î :Iì.¡¿' :;:'. ¡:,,:..: i

j::f-:r1jt'
:..¡,,r:.jlr ,..:.,:il,l: :Ir
r:li¡,::r,:,.i1':1. :i:il:;.trl:l.:i:.;:. :,::tj:t,i

1*
ÉÉ9 táffLù:/Àå Iôffi\-T6 ffL*T
*rffL¿:/J b *T #ffL L*T
táffiLr.l¿L*'f
Ê,ffiþlr,tl6 ffi#þt6ìr,IJtt¡,6 Êffiþt6ùùTâ Ëffi?à.ùl*T
Ê,#þf6ù'tÌt:/¡ b *T trúþt6l¡Iì1,*1
Ê,#Zt6ù,1,J\'.1¿L*f
lFa iõlF b ì--tà â i6(ÊrT â lF, *.1
ta(çb¿t¡b *.7 L*.1
t6{Ft¡
sdfFb r-/¿L*1

112
 >>>>> v¡n=r.l

1 ttt -cT lâ# "t > t. z >>> ä)ÉetutÉ : (]

a)
(I hear winter in Tbkyo is not too cold, lis that dght?] )

b) BA^fr ùl tÈ,- #æVffi,ì- â 7 tv,,s 4 l' /¡ 6 /¿ ( Ë'Ló 6 p (Ff, È * L /¿"

(I heard that there are lots of part-time jobs teaching English once you get to Japan.)

/r,, -¿¿lt(-rf) l*#l

l#uM
> t.¿ >>>
> ¿. t t
ôuìt/Lr.¿ttöu utì5 Ltì]
>>> rfl 5nã¿ ¿Bn 5nõtil]

I.-adjective : æt-¿¿1*ær,'-07
Veib : ê'¡a ¿¿Ëê'\*'f
Ùlù ¿t' ,t
a) lfiU ¿ r- i H*Ett*EÎËr,.¿ ¿ ttÉÉ!-åf. Ë ¡ a åËf å-å.
(The movie cal7ed"Røn" ls interesting, but ifs a little too long.)

b) EAØÉæäùirudÊT âz ¿ lÍ L * 175f. b (*Tìr.t- âtl'

h tl¿, ^+Éilwøt¿ÐØfutfrttì,tr.
0)Ê.8" (opinion) þ{Fâ l¿Ðù:åîË.t:fr-o{L'/Ju'l i '6.T.
(Japanese high school students do stttdy a lot, but since all they do is study for entrance examina-
tions, it does not seem to contribute to forming their own opinions.)

c ) l1'þæ( ¿ ¿ f*ãr./¿ár. fñËt.Èìå¿'->l¿Tìô i ¿,8. i ¿. dbç'¿r l,¡.o

(I didwrlte a composition, but I am sure there were lots of mistakes, and I feel embarrassed.)

J "o N?t,lül?T,/N|'"Ii?¿ÖTT='N will do; N wilt suffice'

> t. s >>> ätñt¿ttttìtìe3-D ¿]
lã#z t

a) É*ãl*- -{mTtttrT'1, ¡ )lt'"

(would one dictionary do?)
¿+
b) i;#Tll cZ aTT "
( lGreen] tea wouidbe fine.)
.16ËR,>>,>

Qrrr, ^" ëUffiå/¡lr='¡1 is not necessarily the case that -';

'it does not mean that -' lÈF3 > t.zo >>> Eäo)Êt-Èôã ¿mF SeUr]

a)
(Ifs not necessarily the case that all Japanese high school students do nothing but study.)

b) Hä¡ffiþMffi L -C t,. 6++.ùt aÀ,¡¡ BA,..ã ( ¿ rf E å /J ür.

(It's not necessarily the case that students who are studying Japanese will ail be going to Japan.)

t:
1',.,,1¡¡!iexpi$iq.q.istgft enusedrwith.;an¡adv.e4b-'d_'.f.:L.t,, :;ì; :. :ì l'l::i.ii.t.

'. :.:.i- ::: : -,1 ::ìi:.:.

c ) Ér.. {> ØlJt,Z.l l, $ Z¡À,t¡ I

r,. L l*F å /¡ t,\.
(Expensive things are not necessarily good.)

5 -' -ÈtJi,/-ö¿rc),/-Ê(E¡ =,5.tore -,/atter n/when n,

lffia¡M > t. s >>> g t y -ãwD ãffit¿ !. 7 >>>Hi:'uaËtc]

a) BA^lï (ffit=&frtlvfF->î tá ( ËÈri.r.f..L ¡ l.

(It is a good idea to have your cards made before you go to Japan.)

b) ilffiàrff&þ ct¿ü>å (('),s- î't -þlr*,1- ¡ ) "

(Let's have apar!5- aÍter the exam is over.)

c) BA^ll< E+(E)zsZ;ti- þ årr. b * T.

(You need a passport when you go to Japan.)

d) : øriä¿x. BA^tîcÉH(i:)Hr- * L/¡"

(I bought this dictionary when I went to Japan li.e., while I was in Japanl .)

e) ¿ ØÉ+É¿*. BA^ll< E+ft;)Hr.* L/¡"

(I bought this dictionary when I went to Japan [before or on the way to JapanJ.)

f) ñ*Él*. BA^lîe /:E+ (E)Hì,. * T.

(¿s for a dictionary, I will buy it when I get to Japan lafLet I get to JapanJ.)
 >>>>> vTntr.l

6 -t lEü*COunter Ë='mâ¡1y æ' lffiañt>t.s >>>f,íJE€]

a ) EA^lllif Ë l¿ft-> l¿ i. å Èìó b * î.

(I have been to Japan many times.)
te) ù, llL
b) +#F+4E¿åfirff€'ôb*î"
(There are many Chinese restaurants.)
:l
ãt
cf. 'lE[t{ü ò 'dozens of volumes (lit.,tens of volumes)'

-* counter {¡ *
negative 'not even one'
tf¿1,t( u LÌ
c) ffiil?T6^li. ñ+É¿fir+ffiúffiu Íl'6 4 iÍcî"
(I hear people who translate have dozens ofdictionaries.)

d) H#nTt-z È r, È ¿t. -Eú ð b *ÈrT.

(I have notbeen to Japarl, even once.)

a) 1vz"þ-|fr^.,{-tv t EUe,2zJr-i*ut-tv l.l;Ueah'L,ù'ÉÉL/J ( f !.!..

(One does not have to worr5r whether to Teave a l5o/o tip or a 20o/o tip.)

b) i6T Lf; L J i á'XJi È) Et, e a fr,L #. /c.

(I had trouble making up my mind whether to have sushi or tempura.)

$',',-OzcJ*t¿(,tt l, * ölI
o@!Í*t¡[rl¿âÖltr I ='l think it might be the case that-,
1

lffiarø>t.zz, zef
'"'@!tfl¿t't7)t )

jË-,ð...t¡,ü,,,1.r,,..\.t',@1.i1,e,Ìå,:].å.!$è
¡1,,
¿lz'"¿il¡1.'Èå å l¡¡ ìc rrcaÁ hcra lrc¡

(I wonder if ifs all right [I think it's all right] not to leave a tip when service is bad.)

b) ff;Í (reservation) 3 ¿1 ¡rf:/J t' È, - Ãi¿l¡ t.ø)Í.1ÍlJ t\li ô ) ñ,"

(I fear we won't be able to get in unless we make a reservation in advance.)

115
 .16#,,,o,

c) 7.' y rtLt +Ê.E;F^tl ( Â,f'Tàr. fiîtv ¿ffrÊHå ÐaËØËÈìr.r,.f"LJ )z)..

(I'm going to Japan. Which do you think would be better, to stay at hotels or at
Japanese inns?)

Bä^ | ffiffiØfr ùìffi É t./ù U r /¡ rr(. L¿ ) tt'

"
(I think Japanese inns would be more fun.)

d) 1v/þil;i>/Jr. å t_e-z¿¡ffi( r¡ âoT l*/Jt,r7r, å,ù,EtLÍ!.å.

( [He] is worried service might becomebad tf [he] does not leave tips.)
e) ñì8. H4ffiØt. å âU-EI,LötËà"cÈf t,âc)T|*t¿t\lr¡ ¿,8'!.*T"
(I think the number offoreigners who can speak Japanese has increased recently.)

$ ttt tì[¿ã='rather' lffiaw > n s >>> ö LãururèEzã]

a) b. 7 ) y rr-6nßffiþffiúfrlt¿7 ) y ù Ll)frtrì, t; t, ôWffiØæ

!.Ë^ä Ð?i ( N->L t.6Øf.-llät-liå i ¿ro
(I wonder if it might be the case that Americans who study Japanese in America, rather than the
Japanese youth, are better able to use honorifics.)

b) Eà.rì'¿*+ØÈ.ül b t;l,a'#u tl ( l.f: t- Rþcùt( ( /a'Ë r-.

(A summer cold is even harder to get rid of than a winter cold, so take care.)

c) âffi¿x,. H#æØfrtrìt€ffi1 b t'tåçÈ L!-Ð"ö Ll¿ljr,-"

(As far as conversation goes, actually Japanese may be easier than English.)

ÍO -t Ëfl.E='more/less - than expected; contrary to one's expectation'

lffia*¡ > t.zs >>> Ëtttrfit 5n<rìarì]

a) +Ê,Ø#,WlrËflE+ ð Lå.a /c"

(The exam this time was easier than I expected.)

b) EÆnTr < ffifttffiØi/lå¡*anrä ù,2tco

(The air ticket to Japan was cheaper than I expected.)

116
 >>>>> vTntr.l

a) *'ZIfiEl" >>>>>[â#r.âeÉz]

låtr : f4¿: z¡'ð !. * 1à.o

ft$.t: L:f f r.
trLI*7, Y ¿¿,+JFt,r When you place an order at a
restaurant, you say -ÌdÆt. L *
ft4.2 : fÅll1Ji ù i E'4,ù: L * T. 9.
IåF : rt y t* Â, ¿ XJi È, Ð À,1-l *J" Þ4 ØL1trle)
t61+t' ( /¿"ð t."
(ê+'/)ìf*i? 'c1ù't) 2: When you offer to treat the other

ft+.t: +E|ttl\o)åÐrJ Tïìr. à. fÅEüAþü( <Ë person, you can say f/¡¿:flrb¡¡
( Èè t., fÁØ*rð
"C b "f T, etc.
ðLr2" However, it is better not to use
the word ì6 c â,/ tô c b to your
tE*.2: !.!.à- !.?{¡ft4.1:*al':f !./¡È( ¿t.i superior.
t>Il I: l* t. å * ìi¿,¿. ì' - +E ùlfy''¿s.
3: This expression is used to accept
tÊÆ.t: 4 i 1Tù," t; p, ÐË ? ) t=/¿U *t 3" an offer.

1 "" E-JlrJVl
e =Å1: ¿: /J b . -^ürg+4. -^¿r/ÉE t:/¡. b /J ð !.o EA'cg+4'rÅàsv 2 1."
tqi $ Á,

I ¡v ^11å. ê^ì+Z Lffi.e+rJ L SllxL * T" lÈxf â+rJr!, *.Øy à t å. àìs¿Nr¡

F-

ð t."

È..:4/l ffi.r)+rJ
tt/tì-/j--
1- d^- ù"- --V-

èvl<v2 1¡v2
74v.ù.74Y/t- àvyì)z-Z

117
 -l6sF,>>>>

f ,,,iii¡tv-Jz-,
a) -f UÊnTr-c /¿ffiØffiffi¿: r,. -cffi Lâr,'/J'ð !'" ft-cI¿ a L 0) /¡ r,.Yä¿t. ft-cT¿ ¿
=
L Ø ô 6 #Æ.t:!r ô !r ôH\ãL /J ð !.o
b) : Ø;'ô7./ y h1ðTL3ê-ì aLt¡& ( r¡ b * L/:às. 4{Ltt/Jù'È.&ffLâr,./¡
ð t - o I ù- ¡øìàlÉ, (opinion) þ, rth.t, 7 7 ø )vr¿t, t:##.L /J Ë !."

3 ,r,4V2-,
e ,{Z ù: r¡ b. -Å¿lËìÍffi¿,/a b Hr. T¿ \ LI¿= --;.tr:?1. {. I,c-C. J þ{fr.of åigi
(to report) L. ð i *^¿Ì Z n¿ÈZ/J ð ù.o
I trt
IfiIl] A ¿t ð Xft,Í#ffir,. È À,f l tJ ¿^
"
B LLo

I 4E l*+'&.ù, 6 i. r,.Xft ù: rà â = 1Ê ->'C * Ll¿À"

:
B : ã)b- I à.o /¿" âEl ,¿.UT¡ a î v ìþ L/¡t'à,8:{t'å¿,{"Tl.
7€ 6,
{LtrtKbol¿ WEZ L/cÄùiãå åÄ¿:. ä à /¿,,\lå#Ê1 âÄù: /¡ : {. üi
-HffiHLäðt'"

{>,>dvV-,
e -s7ù:t b. ( Èül/¡É#þífr.o'C - tØ3 ¿ lElL:À ) z¡âff? L/Jð r..

tfiül A: i .s/ t, C-C'F,/¿ ¿,/¿ ùf ¿'"

ù9

B: ilv"
A : È o) i 3 I ¡ t v øffiilr¿å¿i i ù;),,-ct¿ À,Ii c1 "
B : ì--c I u'f /ì/¡ó"

5',, **.
e âtìØtr* ÌÃv 7 | 7 vt:r!.(- =H+(. 6 r,.ØffXþE*/Jð !.o

118
 >>>>> v7n=r.l

e fDl\ùtT t-F.t:Ê#þ ù.ù -c ì.. * -f o cD 3Hr. (- ,^øX¿tff L ùl d"rtå-'o. F6Ë:

-c l'i'tlÌ'x þal'l /J ð !'o

tr a) TUÊo)&ffiå, l^.t,îLl f.T"

tr b) :- Øf(Øl\o)åÈi¿*. * T"
ftÁ+È ¿ ù. r,.

tr c ) .0)f.0)¡*t*- Êiù: ò ØT uÉØ-t LzïiiL/¡:

¿ å àìð b *'t-.
n d) aØRØL0) i È{"¿i. aØt6Tl-þtfr,:.ÊEù:ê-: âØî1, ¡ 1"
n e) ffirÊEÌl^ffiîl-ti"

119
.16#>>>>> (+#tftõ þ ät¿tu. fl 5rÁrì+#¡ïõ : zÐ. liur
fcLìffi ffi ¡t6¡t6lå3'eÉD õ. ffi tutAt< < l¿ðtì. )

I liì Y?J
Wrî
7 y rt Ø,!+îffi1fr|.{ L. å é.èfØDf^. El^È. à&¿¡ãüdat ¡;. È
'
&årËr-I¿EØW. åðf ùåËþãñt¡v-7 - t"ø v7 | 1v^yÈ.¿:rgfi.
'C!.:/¿. -ÂÈìlÈXtñ{*r 6 L- þlÐtr:Åv L+T7lù:T¿ ( ðÅ,H{Èl¿"
7c{LkÈ.':Ì¡ù:Èr1#->(!.6 i Ë ¿:- 'Hrt 4 v=-ÃÈìH(È/¿" ËùÌ [f
u. ÀÅ, È ( ð l',del L Ê orA-.ffi ø /¿ å¡. T C tá /J þ:þìçr : ùf L' ù- /J : f -

ê^ra Øþf È)-c t-*:/¿" âð+¿Ì. Lù$6 ( àrÅ,Ìx*':>(ê^ìt¿s. +ät C

0)-
Èrt-îRo( L* ->l¿" ô.ã+trt 17, Y h^¿*. âtrê^¡àù¿/Jt. L, ffib k
A\ô
æ.t-^{t'< ö 6:"C*ntro'C'LfrâÀ"1ìh'à. fÁtt'64it-li kJ Lãi
¿. Ëùå lBaD ,,4A,î¡:¿LlJr,.jl ¿ÈzI¿" ô.ðf¿ì lrtrrDf.
Ètrr{"òî6Â,fì}l åË-r-C ð. Ëùå l4 À'r¡¿ å L/¡ ( /¡u'.i å à' [t,'

-Cå{L*:l¿.

t¿t¿

e;RØgã#,tue. iEt ]tllldo. HË:cttftls x ä¡.nt4ëuì"

l a ) aã+ØÈ|l. åèf t t. -> l, ¡ t:7 ) t) ù '\XI¿"

n b) að-1ØEi*. usy 6+Tr r' Ì¡ê-lz¡ù,-tI¿o
tr c) AðÍØEÌr. Aðfås+Ðâ}- b+(. ê-:¿øþ*u)t¿"
n d) Að+ØË¿t, t 4 Y a -7þb*. bê*¡¡ù''>I¿o
n e) EA-(.'¿t. ó* b t'"{-rìv lþffi.*>/Jt' à Lù'o
tr f ) Að+ùt l'"S-,r v lþ {> 6 : l¿.

oz g¿. cã
##nL, #Oñ
 Aã,=JÊÖ
ðz
þ tÞi
. (Efr*o) #ÊrEr¡l]<eçg!19.
arh'f8Tl=t&Ëtui)r" ..'..."..'...'.>ÊãÉ 1

. )=> l''ðtut'ë_i_f _Ë_Þ1.

o
LI' L¡

=ffi1¿liÞll4-til-?
' "' ""::'::':::'::;':ì:":"""""">â#3
ôEtElf¿5t.

AEãFþNâ
r-¿__:ffi_ë99_çi'Ëë_r_!" ................>âffi 1
àð'
.'-7.. ËË=tuE"

.{1 :
 IJRB No c
c
c
a
o

How to Decline an lnvitation

T apanese people are known for being indirect and vague about declining invitations.
J Wh"n they cannot accept an invitation, they, as a rule, do not say LìUìU, because they
feel that it would be too curt. They prefer expressions such as Z1)EIi5à,2¿""", meaning
"That day is a bit. . . ." Since the word lor inconveníentis often left out, one is expected to
guess what is implied. Guessing, howevel is not as difficult as it might sound, fo1 after all,
Xlt5* 2X......is not only a standard expression, but is always accompanied by a reluctant
tone of voice as well as a facial and bodily expression of regret.

Respect for the Aged

>>>>>

there is a brief mention of a special occasion called å#, celebration held on

n â=É 1,
1 "
I someone's 70th birthday. ln addition to É"ffi, other birthdays singled out for special
celebration are: 60th, 77th, 80th, 88th, 90th and 99th. Currently, Japan enjoys the top
longevity rate in the world; one therefore often hears about these birthdays being
celebrated in Japan.

Akihabara

kihabara (sometimes shortened to Akiba) is located less than 5 minutes by train from
Tokyo Station. lt is well-known for its hundreds of electronic shops, and you can get
good deals on anything from a TV, camera, computeç to electronic parts and software. In
recent years, moreover, it has become famous worldwide as a mecca of pop culture,
including games, manga and anime. Akihabara has also become strongly associated with
the so-called otaku culture. Otaku refers to people who have obsessive ¡nterest in one
particular thing, notably manga and anime.ln Akihabara, you can see new types of cafés
which cater to Otaku, such as ll NRä, where waitresses dressed in western-style maid
uniforms serve food. There are also v>fiW#., where customers can read manga and watch
DVD's, etc., but this does not seem to be limited only to Akihabara anymore.

c
o
o
o
o
 ,rr>vrt)--y=>l

, e E6#ørJ tfôftfr r)T,, 70)#Ëlc5 ãSffiØãfiÊlcËñ: <U\õ.

=
d\fa(f) xìEØêffi1ØÊfr,. I.." 7 J.y L' < 4 7 vyØ#,ÈþF,ù:Tr (.4,{"Tüt Ð
^
ô-À,Ì¡f'lTå *'tlÅ,å.. tÊffitr+.¿ò++ft+{> u. à: Lç â4 ) {.lJ.
ì24/v 1XòfÎÈ/;r,.ùÌ Ð- r. ( å{"Tå."
drf ät.Æ/¡ er4À,Ì¡¿:H( ð b *ÈA,t" ¿l.¿ b 1,500Hf Èu.Èå,8r,.*T
ùl ¿"
ùvl ) 7c {LD s :-ffið È-( ( Èð t,."
f
zJr liv l.ðÂ,ð ¿i'CTà..
C)v LL, æöËÅ,t"" Æ¿tÉ&Øffi. ÐÞ*ø 1-¿tr:)to'C t y 1< -F-tí-
ÈÅ,{"TÌ.
f
¡Jr ,'-å. -l-:[.{"Tde. 1 -þ. v ð ¿,ùt ?
z-+lv fÅülÈ Ì : å......"
dr ff : ÐFÅ¿x È à r,.f"Tà."
z-qfv L'!'å. f ö ¿ o)EØÊfr'tj'- ,ùz l7 r l, -ØsdËðÅ,Øtáîð À'Ø- t+
ffi,ø*aþfr,t-ùtb â Ø'e "
¡Jr ff : b b. ÉffiØ iô+n\-'ct *J" 4 {LD + ltfr t¡1.'cïde.
z-iìv LL- ffiÃ,'e l tl ¿"- * /¿ l..:¿.taffir,. L * T.
¡Jr ffi: D+ó. *tâËd'a.

123
 -û#"">

_ffit-Ë¡ftäfËUì<Uìõ.
,T.74 \ a0) z ¿-rt -, ì..!.ËL *1dâ" t^ ¿ ø ¡ -rt --cTù."
ilJ EI: *ù*- f/'Èì(F Ì"
-> I¿,4,f T
,fV4l Lo- rÉâ("? Ta't.{"Tfii.
üJ EI: [.f L.S- tL/¿: t äu.{"TJ.
#y4 b (F a øü:ffiFåà.å.: È{' t, ¡ ) tt"

ilr E: r.+. flffiþHo{ {.

ât}ícfr1afr'Cr¿ldùl{"ïùt ¿"
å
rFy4l ". Z. lt* A, å ¿: u. t. Ë(" T Ì dâ. 1X {> : .t, /¡ 7 ¿ - rt -'&U !' /J ó o
fIJ H: ã/rì'a(Fâfrìrtä) ¡ r T: åãt,. L. t,.!'ð Øåì{" È *TJ.
,l.^74 b 4 ) r¡À,fîtt." *Fffi¿* Ð: ("+¿:^*t,â À,112J."
ilJ EI: fÁ ùÌ u. : t> î:)c#lFt:îÎ ='c H. i À"î T "
'lr7ì l. frt#Ft"1¿..
ilr E: LZ- +ØËt./\¿: t:l- r¡À'ù,TH&IìIIilL ¿". f
fit#tr¿*7 =) *tr
I5 ¿*lg-f--Ëe_l_È_Ëà. tãÃ,îfr L t-'c^nb {L-c u'* 1à. à da.
f
¡fy4 | 4 )t¡lv-C-rtt 4{L"1æF¡HJffiØFF5Iå{>¡; ( ð.1ô âÀ'11*r"
"
ilJ E: Lì-" t'- âÉØBffiB . -ffit:ç-¡ È *ìÌ'{,å'.
!.ìt -tÌ¿
zlr.Y4l ù*t.. lì'Õt r-ffiðìl-C ( Èå u..
ilJ EI: f/k#tr* f" ¿ i F -c'c11 < ù'tìù. b * Tå..
,fY4 b ¿tr.- Èiü:-ÊFÊLTt-t /¿ : å ìrtbll * T. HH,FRå.6 úf#Rc ,Fl{"
u!-ç-=.!l--?
2
rlj El : 7cîT " HttrRJhfFØ,R7Éù:* â Ln7)ÆR(. f ùt Ð" f/,ùÌ 4 o)HøFffit:
)
Æ+¿ìó â 0)î- -ffi¿: JR Øfit#tr,ERîf+È'âbtfru. r.î-f È.o
7l^741 h'ù", * L/¿. /: Là.. îNF=!R7)ÆKùÌHElàìt' ('tù'ã>of¿ LE i ¿,{..TùÌ Ð"
25 û Et: LL- Þl-/ùù. b ù: ( t.{"1}de. å ZL-' Dç- F*ÉftfLElù:L* Lt rå'.
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ilJ EI: i,ì-" D ç- 7c i l-( ( È"ð u'.
zl.^74l Dç. XL^tt:L{t'*T.

124
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OÐt1t 7 . È.^Ø^tlJfiÊ-t-mEtrãÉþf1õ "

æ -: nÃEøW,- ERÉ¿-li¿ i ¿E=( âÀ,1ìrT Ð. --ffi¿:frþ:/3ç.2
ì¡.4/Y {4øn4É.
æ -: Rll:îffi->tâ ?
9-,llv F*EffiËø Z

Æ -: ) À'. 7c ).
qlù ?)'rf ù L+
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Æ *:
L¡i$ l"
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4 À,/¡À,Dpä ( {. ò : åÉr.Ølj,? lffiäFTl ¿ ù' ll,&o)l#l t¡ ¡4,ù."
Ðt4YY âf,*Ëf,t .1¿ ¿ å /J t.. /J ó"
æ -: 4 À,r¡ 6 !tt''> l;. EEIEØW- * y t vÆî t-h^Øffii þtr â È. à, _F,

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æ -: ¿" i L{" ê¿s/¡ t,0)?
9-4/Y 4 i Dsä ( {-
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t,.r.. ¡li- l.¿ìó âù.ù, +Êhlffi&{"Ér.È+*a) å,8,:-c.âluiì"

Ðz4Yv 7c ), D ç. ÆL+EfrfuifrT â l"

æ -: t LØ ffi I rà À,1 ù) -> r¿ ¿: ç 6 /J U. .{, l¿'à. à . *È ffi ¿: _ã /¡ È t.
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Ë -: Dç, -{:ffi#t:tt) ùvffio16.c"â*ái" È.'åt ( ð lrfr.À"îâLE,)
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(5ÊæH: (EZ)Ð}rftÊtgØÊE)
y ¿ì rlâ-, B l.F )

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126
 ,rr>v2ur--r=>l

)v H I È' È {Éla¡; ¿" y ¿ ¡fi È

tälò7bt"ôv¿åì7àrH
-
7 þ Ji, L y ./,) h {Li I-ì ¿: ¿ /:'^ tt) A
0 # ¿,' v ffit T¡ Lr . )
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i k A ô'f 1- {L tr'
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tr t¡ !r t- Èi ¿
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127
 tl*
wl t)a-!aY
I
recreation 5 ffi seat
¡? l't" U ¡
#i to invite (someone to do 7
-ffi
¡l;r
together
something with the
speaker)
9 ÊÀ,c gladly; with pleasure

: [*+u
lfamily name)
ì'a team
',Jr fA
ftå"i dyl*- pitcher
ÐÞ* baseball
tó,' n T':1r..
L Greatl
ilâ game èl'

¡J7:--v1 Dragons [name of a

14
-ffi
rr'lt
- years old

baseball teaml 15 saðflr,- celebration

{¿"á,
vì¿Tvy Giants lname of a n ffift(r¡) rcgrettable
baseball teaml

¡'Í' t > t¡5' u

1
#F section chief ,-
tt El
.ih
the past; the old days
*'1. ¡t¿, ¿r¡
3 Ë
EI sound æÃ,ffi
È-
electronic store district

)'-ù - manufacturer; maker - øtr¡,t

L 1.1, as-
t1' çt*
6 tLl¿ ttl
¿ å /J !. not too good; not great 20 tlt+ffi lname of a train linel
-g, Á, ¡tt Ð
I trñ parts
=CH
second
ìÍ È f
rt['o¿¿ iu<+¿
ffiaa]l^'c. â to assemble; to put ,, HiF¡FJLffi lname of a train linel
together ¿'[' ¿ <

lr t' FE rapidftaín orbus

s &l-lr- to want Lti t:

f.[ì
Æs ercand; things to do
11 +l:x{L6 to obtain t
JR
--¿ it-r,
Japan Railways
ôt* ¡I ¡rg
1' f,k#lR [place name] *t t)
ffiÈâirrl to arcange to meet
t¿
-ì-- L cA f61 _; fs _ ct( B

,|¡, Lì
ffin exit
ls rúLÊ->A t undeniably; no doubt;
r,J ( :¿. afew
by any account llit., no
Èp'i*i¿.¡ãzr(È
matter what others may + *üffLE central ticket gate
savl [>>>*,Ë/-t.t]

128
 **, vtua-y=yl

f 'l¿ro 1
26
-J.)l:-lâ to try to -; to make an za (-zg¡ry¿flttal-(t. * T to be looking
effort to - [>>>Ètå,/- t.3] forward (to -)

.r ..
? H4E movle - ¿ ùl ÌÌ' lcontraction of -{ *¿ ùl
t tl,ì, ¿tl
2 EÃE tomorrow rt.(
<ta¡¡
4 RIR lfamily name]
Ëli= ( I, also [:Ë ö]

¡!¡,t
5ffiË
<

-/JÈç/¡fl¡¡. haveto-
movie director
En ¿l-rt t¡ uo E1,l¡t,¡, fÈ'r:¿ ¡[Eo lcontraction of -Ì¡ Il lt,
, frL- Wfr,#. ffi ä F5- ü^Øl# ¿f-'ä È ä r.l
¿r, rr rt *i
[movie names:E4EØåÈi] ,r 13 - h repo rt; paper
¡ttr E l. <7+
affi samurai 'fffiw. staying up all night
N/JÂ,È' :N/J å ù)ol¿flæl¡¡r rarely
10 tt)tvÆ [name of a movie 26 *'. ¿ for sure; surely
theaterl t¡'¡t
al lûS to stand in line [u.1.]
ß )-ùyl uncut

¿5' tl¿uç
t Æ.À,(t¡) thriving 76 ìE+ player selected for a
r:ãÈ I
team [usually athleticJ
2 /.';Rùtb â popular ttt -

t ¡it¡ b fairly
#øa to gather lu.t.l
tl¿, t
rtu . n fnJffi-15 no matter how many
g V(stem)rãþ) â tobeginV-ing times - [>>>*;Ez- ¡o]
[>>>EÈl- t'4] ttt¿'
rì
tz 4 ølú
È
and others
18 w,) to flght; to compete
¿ã+¡ ÊTT 6 to lose (a game) lu.i.)
ß tãîÉl â to visit a far-away place ¡t¡tr E

to compete in sports IRf'J lfamily namel

¡t¿up i ¿¡tt,¡.'u' tJ'-
-- o +fr the thirties ls w.tr16 to pitch
{¡,¿¿, r¡t
Èi+ first half zo starting with -;
t -þfrãul.
+.åçi including-
z'uwr* professional baseball
[>>>E*z- ¡z]
ttti r, L
t5 #IãT â to visit ,lvì- balter
 -û#>>>>'

î3 r¡u _r- .t-.

¿) L Lfu
w.L several people 33 EF+EI lname of abaseball
p.ru t- ru
---ffi st¿diuml
strike-out +-åpiu¡i
21 f;'¿ * ¿ instantly
34 Wtñ
-
ã baseball stadium
tt,

e'-o- hero
#*. a to gather [u.i.J

*'{r'r¡ ( not much later; soon

l.'-ll v Ì. tournament
t['¿'r.
È[.^L't ir¡].Tå i 35 tâ (big) tournament
,3 Pacific War a--
{à ? iL.
^+l+Hl+
¿1,'i ¿, ¿" almost
wwt 6
.a- -
to televise
Èt/u 3' IñæI6 to cheer for
a
L

24 W,ffit to die inbattle

L{-v r i
)7
,-- I league
38 ffiEt â to participate in (an
event); to compete in
þ'v | 7 t. ti-¡ central League Ðtu'l
ñë(t¡) honorable
.,s'Y7 4 y2. rÌ-Z- Pacifr,cLeagae ¿ri
40 VRX ^l'
West [i¿., Europe and
.a-
, ¡1
za ffi- both - Americal
Þ-¡'n¡'
2s fr+ in recent years -0)i,1ù, besides -
r5' I
tr'
so l¡; ro to rise [u.1.] 42 H*6 1
to increase lu.i.l
¿.ã+ <
¡,t¡,vÌu t>c
31 ffiWâ to play anactivepaftin 43 ffi,ù,þRa) â to gain interest
tt/u¿itâ
r¡ti, ¿ (
33 âEl the entire nation 45 6fñÉ!(r¡) traditional [>>>*;tz- ¡'g]
d¿" ¡ot*o f.t, i
R prefecture 46 A{Hæ the professional sumo
Èr¡å i*u
ffuÞj region fr+ sumo wrestler
w'iL¡i
æW championship -ùllpf by
ri :f
FFtr
¿,* ¡ lt ¿,
Hyogo Prefecture iv ì¡v Mongolia
Lvr.LL
frH one's home

130
 >>>>> ViUa-!=!

r.drff 2.il-â 3. tó?flt.' +.#Ë -ù

Ð. EÎ
- f;f¿ ll
o. EPHE 7.frHr:,fr.'C, â B.âft L t. g.#t:]\{La ro. Ël...
11.Ë 12.Ifl=F 13. Htr r¿. F4 tl#L ô,
16.&E 17. EA B tB.É lq.lûÀ 20.ffi.À,(t¡)
2T.MÐ â 22.4 Ølú Æ. ñåFü zq.Rø a zs.Wi
26.ATT â 22.^+lF za.W# zg.W,ffi ¡0. df$
ïL.IÉì-â 32. R ss. ËftW ¡¿. EftzK ss. H,ù'
36.6ffñFT 37. Ëdf se. Hå

r.-ffi ) z.WF* s.-ffi +.ÊÀ,1 s.l:*ffi

o.w,þ, 2.fr)<#lH s. ËÉñfrf q. ilr$fñ ro.ËlFHJh
11.'RË rz.Éffltr rs. Rll r+.ffiË ts.tt) ùvÆ
16.'ffiæ rz.ìËS re.fqüt'å rq. =ffi zo.lÉffi
2r.ffi,Ð, zz.@W zz.Wrf¡ã z+.!frffi. zs.frrrã
26.&ë zz.JrffiW zeil+.

This radical comes from E and is used for characters representing times of
day, degrees of lightness, etc.

l-E+l lEEl fFfl rd¿

131
-llËF>>'>>

I tot lctåEa?t='undeniably; no doubt by any account' l+#z>t.tsf lxaø>t.tsl

¿r. ¿r ( ûr¿ ( åãltôèt
EÄØßEffiËø+-e ñ È>ãñt¡Ø lÌ. litr EÉc ( ÚRÌrRHÆ/¿"ô ) .
à.,1,¿
a )
('Ihe most famous movie director in Japan by any account must be Akira Kurosawa.)
È!.a (

b) BÄ¿rffiffi^Elù: /¡l¿/¿Ølr. fi[¿ ÊcT $r t y rt ØiltÌIlrìô ) "

(No doubt it was thanks to America that Japan become an economic power.)

/r", -l¿clt,Ztå,cl| lãffi2 > t. z t >>> - 2Eîc úIc c ll ? f

,nl,.;r,ll¡, A¡Èâ:ii:¡þ:ìlïj,:i,:Í
:',"ffifi
,iËfi.Ìn'ìÈ .: .L' lJ;.Ìi.e',Ii ffifi, "'Lit¡:r..ùl
.,j'l ,¡r,,,, r,... .,iEi¿;';::,ü i,lr,
'fto,,|.c,a-.,trI, ,::,,',-,4i *.,þÈ.a..,ù¡,t
lr.,.,..r.',t .;.¿:iÈ l *,fi:,¡jj, j|¡j, -:À,:,Ê l¿e:trj '.
::al::l:a

a) *+ØH-ðEä'ct¿ctt't"
(I seem to remember that it was also hot last summer. Am I right?)

b) ffiffiflrFiflË ct¿clt" (*ìEfì: ül is acceptable.)

(I seem to remember that the exam is next week. Am I right?)

c) ì '
ffiffiøÈi¿:¿' y y v 7 v F' ù¡ q L t¿ c tr'l " *
(Is there a service station in front of the hospital? I don't recall [seeing it].)

d) ilffi¿*t,tP T I't¿clt "

(I don't remember when the exam is- \Mould you tel1 me?)
 >>>>> lt2t)l-!=!

a) HA#ltæHffiffit áe)t=1,,< ( liå r.."

(Please try to study Japanese every day.)

b) ËÀ+râù1. 7 tv¡s4 l. Í..á¡tf C ä l=l,T j T. r'*

(I make a point of earning my spending moneyby working part time.)

Qr,,, V (stem) ff A)ã =.Oeg¡n v-¡ns, l#æpt > t.g >>>ËlrnËÞrcl

a) fÁ Èr B ä# ¿ rün v'H u> tØ ùr

-+Èif. "
T
(It was ayeat ago that I started studying Japanese.)

b) : y
^7can't -Ìt.
ffi,rr#bã ¿ çe) t,lL*.ÈÀ""
(You stop reading a mystery novel once you start reading [itJ.)

: I
[V(stem) Wb
.
â] indicates 'finish V-ing.'
,'.: .:;:..;

. i +m=m,-;;
(i finalþ
¿?åi.và,*,wii,,i ,r."
writing
finished apaper at 3 a.m.)

$ ''' 51 V (stem), S, l#aw¿>¿.n >>>la1 !-17 >>>lFD r.34>>>#tD l.j5>>>&HÈn]

(They formed aleam by gathering good players andplayedgames with the American team.)
¿i L itú
b) & I øt -ÀÈìF+Etr:*Ë fJ. :ìEHØ F -)- t y | þT â"
(A number of teams gather together at Koshien for a two-week tournament.)

$ "' Question word * -?ú f#a#t > t. t s >>> friJËH: <b]

r:-Qüéstion.w@s:<I ¡;;aZ;i.t:f.u:1.ì;t N: ./;æ.ie¡¡;fAj i-forms tollowett by ü r

indicate 'no matter whaflwhen/wholwhere/how often,' etc.

À uãá
a) ËtilJl*. l,t?E( û *i?,Ì,.Í'T.
(Mt. Fuji is beautiful no matter when we look at it.)
Á¿
b) fif ãÊ¡t( últ 6 /¡ ¡.[7)ì i È,+ * L r'f"3-"
(I envy people who never get fat no matter what they eat.)

c ) HÉøry¿*- I 2,16, ? €' l,f.. L- * T"

^f--ì
(fOkyo is crowded with people no matter where you go.)

133
-û#>>o"

| ,r, -ãW6¡+starting with -; including -' l#at>no>>>^-7',1,-zäÉÞl

,.',,.'--i':r
'...æ,.'..S:OhraSè..inÈ,ó. ,ótliouÈ "¡mÞtê,;ãs'io,,tlt
,

a) T ) y r("¿1, 7 v l rÈ-tv¿'ffi¡f,- .,ìz I v I - 7 4 7+'v I- t¡ ¿^øz;r:-y Uffi¿

(..T.
(In America, sports such as basketball andice hockey, not to mention football, are popular.)
( åäi2ôåå 6 LriL¿ù ðtitr t,tù
b) #{iNnjiu. tffiäF5j ãffid¡, l-h^Øffi1
lÉLt z¡ ¿^_ &<Ø&ffi7)ffiÊ-e bâ"
(Akira Kurosawa is the director of many famous movies such as Seuen Samurai and Ran, not to
mention Rashomon.)

$ rtt NE¿ ?T='Íor -; fo -' l#ary¡>t.sz>>>ÉfÍ!È1.¿2zl

a) ElAz\r tcT¿lËìÉø: ¿ f..ò. tf-E^riëcTItÆ.t:F'ì-6 ¿ ¿ Ù &t'tÌô ).

(There are probably lots of things which seem normal to a Japanese but strange to a foreigner.)

b) & I ø7 t y ù Øx++.\ítc7. ÞÌffiùr-ÉÉ4/¡ : å 6 Lt'.

(It seems that grades are most important for many American college students.)

$ t"r ,r,f,!='-{ype; -ic; -ical' lffia¡Vt>t.¿s>>>1ffiÉlrd]

a) HËÉtr¿ *6rlpùt'.¿Ë i L. *iü¿¿.Hår¡ €^rìô)"

(A typical Japanese souvenir might be a kimono or a fan.)

b) lTt ( 4-) ¿ ,)' lõ ( ü'l LÉ t L. FËÉ!i:H . i-â "

(It sounds masculine if you say iku zo or iku ze.)
( åãù .tt ,lrr ,'¿¿ (

c ) RA¿*ËtFÉf |;ãñämË(.. ó 6.
(Kurosawa is a world-famous movie director.)

d) ËìE-el*. ¿ØEil(. {¡ -i.zvS- þ#ÊiÊfrt.Jlzæ.t6 ¿ ) l-t

t'- 6
"
(In recent years, every country is making an atlempt to use energy efficientþ leconomically.l )
 ,rr>vtrJ--y=yl

a) "'7ñö,/7ßþ,nþ >>>>>[âffi2]

rl¡H : ìry 4 |ftE., âÊ_ø*.8Bll*áftLt.f.'j- 1 : When you want to invite some-

one to do something, you use
Èto expressions such as -*ÈÂ,å.,
zf V,l !. À. EIJ ùt.
L. -rill Ð. -ð lu ü ¿t îT¿.
(formally), and V t¡t. ? (infor-
úBt: D ç. j B ^.ütlf;ür å -2 L r¡ ¡,r *,Ël.'ù'1" mally).

*,/ 4 ó. ób¿så ,¡Èr,'*T. Ìôt-u,À,tT 2:This expression is used to ac-

Èto cept an invitation to someone's
,.,Jr, home. ËÆt¡ ( means "without
úBl: L ì-, Xfr t) -Êlô,+.t: *dât. L /: t,. lvl TÃ hesitation" and taD+*Tð lir-
erally means "to intrude on some-
Ê ->"c t. 6 rt-cf I " one's time." When you accept
4 ilTtt " D+. ËËr¿<{5uP*ðrf (
Ztùq ¿
*v'l l- an invitation to some event, you
can say Ès ¿r. c*ffi ð $'C ( fj
rrÊËã:fT2. ð t. (formally), È'(Iõ ( (infor-
(â, ËFñ LEffiz*.Ð-c.þ, ù) mally), etc.

,fV4 | l,.tt. * l,at\= L(t,r¡tf 3"

3:This expression is used to close
an invitation sequence, saying
illE: D+. */¿" that you are looking forward to
ir.

ËZ ¿¿t)
b) ,,, #ö/ffiâ >>>>>[âfft]

wa: Íffi B 0)tfr,- ,s - I ¿ -ùs ù> â l"rì tù Ð. lr

1
ll't¿vt ?
*+utv ÍreHùÌËJ cEao 4:Ìt * -> å implies that you can't
@ai /f-11-I*äålr?5 comply with an invitation.

*rvtv ÈÈi.D+/¡t.¿r¿" 5:Oftentimes, it is polite to ask

wa: ffitf;årlt Lt,t ? 5 this type of question, which
would make it easier for the ad-
*+utv iÀ,- t' J:ådâ, dressee to refuse your invitation.

rga: D ç ó, ftËl¡ r,.da"

6:When you can't accept an in-
*+vtv i 1", cÐlùtr" ltclt,<#.( (ttt¿tï)E" vitation, make sure you give
thanks for the invitation and ask
6"
âE*/¡¡îËEurtå to be considered for another op-
pornrnity.

135
-û#"o"

1 ,r, Êl-lbJvl
à "<7
- t,- - -,,\¿ÌB+ä. ö i *^ùÌ E##øfeE-tt-t¡., /J ð L'o B#äl*. ãilø
r¡ b

7,3- l. r',{- I ¡ -þ-l â Ø:c- ft+.þiä?$ tr" invite) L * T. 'ËÉ¿*åH {u, uoo
like)" ¿ØÌ i/Ã)f-1 ¿ -ù.t¿- Éâfl*Ð/Jð!.o g+ä¿*ätrþffi.) ¿L" ftä-
tJ.+gÂ+VWfr b * T (to decline) å¡. /¡ìù'l-rùl /J i.¿.?tf ¿:#,H l-r¡u trLùl't. ùt * ì¡.t"
-¿D

f ,,, n-lVJVl
e ,{7ù:/J b.-^ilH++^ ò i-^ùlEAø'hz l'7 7:.1) -Ø*áËj A,t:/Ì. b /Jðt'"
*áËð /,"å. +WX'ÍR-cz zì l-vzl1v"-Tr(Øt.. H++.ò#t.*T" g++
¿t¿iæZ<òÌr,."

J,', trt-wJVl
e 47 t:z¡ b. -Äùtg+ä. ò i -^ùi 4 ØË&ØEA^+ä¿: äð BA^+ ä' l'"
4üt. H++-þHtlo)æffit:e,rÊlf L /¡ t,. Øf.-. ãtll)X.'rê¿:fäl$ L * i-" EYä¿*
HÆLØX.t:fr->T¿¿ ¿ ¿ì/¡!.Ør'H¿t*T" åÈi. Hffi¿*Ét""=Ä¿ Ü ( Èlll¿É
#îff L /¡ ð r.. (ftäÌl- ERà. È, E^L++.øX.* {" ØffiHäi&Wþ ff b . Yä/; È à¡
4 {t þtfr.-t 1f,ffiÈrîÈ 6 J i t:L-c ( ÈË !.o)

{,,,A-lVJVl
e,{ 7 i: z¡ b . -Å¿*t+ä. 4 øEÊt,-/¡ b Ì¡ð ì,'" t++.ùå. Ë,€àìË¿}ì
òi -^lt
ü:*l: Ø'c. A¡r'øWtHh^ t,o show himlher around) L l¡ t' È ,H: { t,' * T. å ¿
7).lTå /¿ r,. å :- ôþ:R.Ð1, ÊÉþ#ì.. /J ð t.o Ð ¿ 1â i ¿. ù Ë,ÍL.ât. /J ð 1..

$ "' dV2-,
a) 47t:tìù,{L. Ðôt¡2,f,-)ÈsffÈà.- ¿t L{ffiÈ7)r. !r'tlt bF'c'C. ['åà.. t
+¿.¿ ilt,/t å. /¡å-r ( /¿ ( ð¿,HFñl--c.æZ?Ff,È - ,rþ'e 2,r¿##L/Jðù'o
b)
ÀL'ùt
ËìEE,/¿WEù:, !. { *dEr.l:HFñ L. Ëf,1. ïcÆÀ:þ'É.12 7I:##L r¡'ð \'" n0)
H#*ØHffiþ{F.'c({¡Å!'" '
 >>>>> ltit)Í-!=2

r*[.,p ¡ r{¿if ¡t,ø

EÊæ actor,/actress ñt\,+rJ contemporary drarna
u *r.t ø
ì= S cartoon flit., anima(tion)J Wß,W period drama
ì.* t,t - comedy ,'.lz e'-Jy r^ happy end(ing)
a -ì
rtr tj.-

'h 7 -[4É
horror film du plot of a fitm
-t7 -7
S F science fiction

6'o fF*
e lft^L vÐ r--/ a y) ¿ t. iË{"- =E+øffX?ËÈ/Jðù.o

e I -,) -¿ìËìgØå*øK.t,,Éffiþtr,t|{!.*T. CD AHr.'(- !.o

^ØHpãt:Æì-/Jð
¡b'
ffif to make a lot of noise

6¡ ) L

a) Htø&? (family name) ttfi ¿ t. !. * Tà..

b) ì _ r) _ùìÉ#þ å.ül/¿ffi. Flløt:/¿fråìH* Lt¿Ð," E ) t_,C.tltÎ b * Tà..

c) ù-') -üÌ. E+?'fEl¿:ffi.*L/¿à..

d) ,1-1¿ -ùl'fElffiróftSbâ'c'Ui iå.o

e) Eft¿*)-') -Ø7ts-lr¿fa-7l¿¿ å ìrtbâ{" LJ i¿." t ) l-'C./ÈzJ' b *îà."

 -û#>""

iJ-

l¿¿
i"

ã,lrrJ i
L
I

w I

f.
jLì -ü*. 7 lrØN+Øx+ffi-c.#ãtfrþH-W.L(u. âtrt, ++¿xElA
y y
'
ù:g+ L -C r,. a " H#Iil*RHØ Kt+'C. H&t¡ Y #ffi.Øë ì ù:^d'rr ö
bor¿" -r"ì ¿t 10^('àu.Øl¡v-/î, 7, y rtP4 4,) zø;ÊX?Êffi
t'ffi¿,-c'. 4{vt:--tt-'c14 z)t v ! ayþîâ" -ffiIstUl*F#Èà.6FñËr¡
!.år. 1¿ z)ty!=vlJBA#r¡Ø{". sì r-¿Ì. EÄffiØHffiäl¿ ( ð
I/H,Lä ùlfrr¿å-'ä È,Ì¡ ('CX:ÆIì"
¿ : ¿¡ffi *. o'C - n E'tþ.t:- t" : ø#4È È às Y &ffi.þ+81+l--CÈRbàþ
î a ¿ å i: /¡ oÌ¿ " ffi.ô.âf"¿*,. #Ef¿t,n:-l#ù:ffi.À,È rê-r/; b l-Ì¡¡: È,
ffitg.t:¡.!¡. ô#þffi< zc i ("_ --. ì y -t:tt+lJÐîØffiWîbâ" äFfrtiS
å u. I 1È ç åE¿:lF* ->T¿o r-: I -ÌÌ't" ì ønX:È¡d¡e¿fu,üvÈ.r,.{ {¡
t ->I¿¿¡. ËÌ:rf i t E â LF"crF ( HÈ.ùt'c.ft-c /¿Ø{'. r¿-þJ b ò+ (
Ëu.{L*:l¿.
ffi.1}ãØffi,81:56 ð fi.6 å . ftlãÈ: l¿" /\80)#E¿: ùl- fÉr,. I - 1 ¡v
åì!. ( .rl.Èn.fu. Æs L À,ù¡I¿ < ã À,ffiù'tl{[.]:o - ì ¡/ -ìJffi,þtrJì..{"
_¡àì: ¡ås_ Ð J. ù:Æ-¡ /¿ à r,. t-Øù,fllt'ùt¡,ù.oI¿" Là. L. &lì-#Wt:
Æa ø 7)ì¡. ¡. r¿ ô i È E,: (. ffiøFñøÈiùtÆ: t. frh''¡At:frffiËùtY ffi.
tYLH,{vI¿"Y#W.tt if-i t)-ùìÆo'c.t-âØþHâL- L¡c åô': ( b
Ll¿Ì ir¡ffiþ L(. ËffiË¿:f4¿.=ol¿" TâLfrffiËüÌjLì'/-¿:. [jL
ì y-. T*r¡u.ùÌÐ. ò: å iÈøfr,,-¡Æ-'-c) åË:/¿. ?l-r. ,'ì I-
ØÆ->( r.t¿- ffiøFåøÈiØffiù:- Y wt?.þÆà-rÌl¿"
ffi.^àåF-|,ù.->l¿åì- rì y
-ùt,/Jìi'ÉâùtgJ7r.ð d',¿tøà.- Ð i L{ ð

r38
 >>>>> lt)t)I-!=!

,jù. È, /Ã. tt. -> /¿. H El X+-cËffiãû: â, È ffi Ëf, r,. { a â L. ËffiË ¿* n0) }.
i t:S i¡' "
Itr[ä(" Ì1. ffØFåØÈiù:. -ÉHIø l¡ùtÆâ : ¿ ¿:]F* : { r. 6 À,rì"
Ë ò ËÈ¿-c t 't Â,È ùt ¿". Y ftä¿:lÈËð d'tË + : /¿ I .l

È¡riuç r¡1.
ffi.æ. professor {Et'- low LêËt.J
ì
a grovp of students that ÆJì ¿ ,T a smal1 cushion for
meets regularly with a l:Æâffi¿:E
sitting on
designated professor to jzJrt/¡!l/"1
study specific topics L'
6tl,¡,L
=À+
tr( to 1ay flat (to sit on)
ilüÅ afüc)e; essay; thesis tot (

uJir.u'
to invite
4 the back t:^ b U¿. 6 )Ë
tE'r#-T a r,.Ffl
aE *1. ,I
Ë¿:ìt i to get lost
/4 \ /Á ôl
[:ËÈìâr). È trØrÆ
,(, f
alcove

at¿r¡-1. E rLâ appear; arrive [:çr1

F'frT A to show (someone) the < 7a)
way to aplace 2!
*r
tl,a
t¡ t¡A
gr< to move [u.1.]
fflä atatami room [:ËØËß ¡l u.
Ël gB the next day l:4.øH)
¡¡E u Ji Èoìi n
11 E
./\Er eight-mat room ll2'x72'f lÈÉT6 to caution

e ìRØ9l;E#,¿-,, e. ff u uI € 0) l- o. FåË :( tr õ Ð 0) l- x ä ? It rd Ë u t.

tr a) ¿ ì I -¿tô L, 1TÈtå Êr,:ça.¡-"

ü b) ¿ì I -ttÈiù: È>ffi.e.àrH¡¿¿ Èàìó:/¿,
n c) Y&wùt++,þ.0),s-1 ¿ -ù:fËlsLt:"
tr d) :¡. ì I -àìËr,./:Ëû:¿Ì. *È/a-i.r{,*tù./J¿.r/¿o
tr e ) ::t ìI -ttJ._ ft+,ìrìÆå ÌÌ1Ø L :_ ôt:Æ-c( !./¿o

6
trees.)
 ttFãtxT

{_EÞt4_rle_þ,-6__ã__Þ_).
 LT URE No o
a
o
a
C

Jobs for Students

>>>>>

n the U.5., even elementary school and junior high school children sometimes work to
J
I earn pocket money by babysitting, delivering newspapers, mowing grass for others, etc.
High school students with part-time jobs are not at all rare. ln Japan, on the other hand,
youngsters through high school are usually discouraged by their parents and teachers from
working part-time since they must study hard in and out of school to survive "examination
hell." They are expected to devote their full energy to studying to get into the "right"
school or college. They simply do not have time for part-time jobs.
Once in college, however, things change dramatically. Since course work is not even half
as rigorous in Japan as in the U.5., many college students acquire part-time jobs. The best
kind of job is tutoring students from elementary school to high school to prepare them for
entrance exams. They also work as sales clerks, sports instructors, interpreters/translators,
or anything else as long as it brings in money.
ln the U.S., one often hears about students working their way through college. That is
not usually the case in Japan. Parents are supposed to take care of their children through
college, and they do. Japanese college students, therefore, work part-time to earn extra
money for enjoyment. They may buy small used cars, motor scooters, sporting goods, or go
on trips abroad.

Job lnterviews

hen looking for a part-time job, an American student in Japan may be expected to
speak in Japanese, depending on the type of work he/she wants. When interviewed
in Japanese, either face-to-face or over the phone, you must speak very politely, using il#.
There have been cases of Americans selected over their competitors only because their ff#
was better. Therefore, learn to use expressions such as tTLCdl)t and, above all, never refer
to the interviewer as 6f¿f¿ !

o
o
o
a
a
 >>>>> 7JLl{.f l.# U

EËJÞ. t
=, t .75r. õõæâEÉ+tî^7,l,/ tI f-øt¿ ¿zcEE=Egõ "
*ItØL : ?14 y v#ê:ÉÉ+ffi{-î.
C )v: ò Lð L. ir/¿ ( Ull y t åFL* -l.r)ì. ,€âffiffiÊfr7)ttsø: ¿(.Ë I
: å fiJ!.1¿ u.'1,{"Tåì"
5 9{tØ^ : 4 {L:AIi - lfrØÊ ¿ ftir b * Tør. ,t'4 t61+t, ( /¿"ð r,."
***
EE ò Lö L. ftb b * Lt¿. ÈffiØEBltT¿;.
A'l+t'
C)v b/¿ ( LffiEX+ØH++î17 v l. ¿ FL*T" ffiEt+øffir.lrft+rï,b-
7c t, å'e#:*#WÊfrþWL( u' 6 o t- + â LF=l¿Ø{". tá€fifru'È L * L

+-
/q o

lOEEI bb. 4{LIt t" i ò

" ã.t, t'c-wL{u. âØtå, +ÉäffæØ, ) 7þw.
À:t{LâfiûH-CTùr. ffiffi¿*ô b *1å'.
C)v 7 r rtî_ ElaÈ" È,ØHffiffi+ä¿:+-I vî.t 7î#.L/¿__(__à_!_lf_I_Èì.
ÉEt '
4 ) 1îù." 4 {Lîlt *rEl ütÈ¡È¡: {# L!' : ¿. k rôffi|-'|,î¿t' ¿,8't.' *
1øl... --E¿ Ë à,-1. ttl-'Cu.Èt'ùl*Tà".
lsC)v lå1.- l,.-'ffrJt.* LÌ )à." frt^I*. -B\+;tÐwl>]îþte'. ót.{*áb *TÈr.
aEl 4 {L'atJ'- ð ð :(. B ØZgffiùJlrfrfìf-fþro
C)v tål,.. trIoí)î1" ^ffi
4lL'aI*- tôU ( *áFËr.u.l¿L*3-.
ãEl D +- 4 o)Wt:"
C)v ft+LL*f.
 .l8r>>>>

r e EHä7-+lr, ËËoÀUÍ ¿v lLt!ii1 1..0)ãËä Ucuìãi"

z-qlv ,[eJþ/ ¡vÅ 4 | U/; t,..â,Èù] Ð. ¡. ¡. /7tzt ì4 l. fü Èrl¡U, ?

JL+: 4 ) trà" f_-e-lål-rFrâ**.¡-6Øùt-æf :ffib+r.Å,Dç/rr,. ?

2
z-+lv âf*ffiffi/¡u.Å,1¿'ùl å""

s lLf: i€fl"ðå tç-ìÈrd'rl_$_- È"r,. D ¡ ) À. ,fElÄr, y 7v /¡ È{. ð Lr,.à. à"

3
z-¡lv l a DA"v y 7Y ) -c'C. ?

I L+: -il'7)ktfr.¡¿#àâ. L " lffi)v.v y 7v z¡ à. â;ÉØffi+þ t-tbül'å /¿'ül

{"- trI o i- ) l.'t.'*áêÈrð à À å_¿11Èùt ¿.

4
z-+ìv Hffi.oí-, ÐÅ,/¡Ä"
to "(Lf : ÈtÉ ¿ È.. +ä å à.. OL ¿ à.- âilE T¡. À,ù,"
z-g'v 'C ð. 4 À,t¡þtft.¿" t S'>'C F,2tl â o)"
ÌL7: = i^ìt lÃo
z-+f v l= Àl o-C ?
jL+: N-c'c â )vt:frÊTsø. fr#t. tJ-þ'7)W+#.i¿t' ù:Ëf,u.( ô.1¿ t> ? 4 tLù.
t5 È. ñx þ 7 r i I -ù: öÉEÂ,r"*a ( å u.u-Â,Dç/¡¡.þ./¡" Xffi.øFn->-c
å^ç#ffiÌ¡À,ù"î- #àffiØfu\frþp b tu.¡¿s¿f u.å t:"t" ffLòËE
T¡À,ù.tt:Hç. I l{.{ btlâ"
z-+lv W#ffi.ì- â tå.tr,¿: ò. f4¿. b â ?
ÌL+: 4 ) tJ" ffiflø 7 ¡v.¡s 4 | T¡ A,ù.b 6 À,D + /¡ r.È"/Jo x+t+EÊßØffiñ
ffiF,r z>I¿ È> ? 4 fu1t,6. + f ¡vT¡À,ù.T 6^ò u.6_4/_Ç__l__._Èüt Ð.
5
z-cìv +îtv?
JL7: 1À"- 7rY!aY+ftvo l-l
.-----_-----al

l'q=
z-+lv "C"ö. 4lLItL ¡o ¿......"
t= I

ffi
 I

I
I

>>>>>Vlbl\.( ¡-#l'l

Q !t1t vlr\. æ#lEøt#e. æ+frffiØ L¿ËÉ u cuìõ.

ù-4 lv €lx. tô+ùt/r'UË19 /¡ ( /¡:(ÈÈØ'c. 7tv,'t4 lþl-l:L'å,H:{['
âA,'ATtrt- {qlÈ.¡¡!.{"L !. )ù," ###ÊfrøEl/J à bâÀ,"C'Ttl [*- ó*

b l-I¿ ( /J t..Ø-c.
w++tfr fiå.f+ffiàìó b * T¿."
Ðs.4 f v tt ( å"j ->l.l41t-&)ù'"
ffi++l flJ¡t.ttl,ù.0>^j bl#¿:"C"È ¿" {tìJåùÌ'. 3v¿--ì -ù:Ë+Lu'åå.
å:
Æ#'ØffiRþ l-I¿¿ ¿ àìó â L ù'"""o
l-4YY ffiHt¡ à. f+{"++ffiffia4t#þ t' }. o Lf : ( * LÈ"
10 W++æ1 4{tÌ¡ à. â. t ¡: Ðt€?#ÎH{"ffiRø,s4 lþWL(u-*T}" Ëffiffi
Ekffi.L{ ó üt'* îzJ'È>. €# L'C. ô.1¿ 6 Ð i 1"1å'.
Ð-4YY D ç. FË7r.ttl a*.T"

ElPE"
Ð-4Yv * 0) iÊ?#iH¿:€ff L t ô-I¿.1r"îàì. Èe)r L l¿.
t5 H++ffi IÌu)ol ?

9z,l Y v ò ? ¿iå.Ø^þE-cË + ." I¿ À'rì 4 i tT "

w+4[ft fÈã:e L/¿ia. (" ò. âB ÙÌHÉt'-7 .tv,,t 4 l' årÃ: Í t' * T Å.
Ì ¡-4 YY ¿*t"t¡tt$("îÈ..
w++ffi 1r{- l.'C- +¡ v l2 v-Zt¿tÃ-c-C < {L6LþWL{u. âÀ,'Aîùr. yt-
4 /v åÂ,/¡ 6ic0t b t'å,Hr,.*-l-Ì " -E-nã+H{". f^Hrãrì4 )
{"î Å.
ìt4)v L-c- 7c{Lttl l[. ! -ù'¿l'*ámt. L*T.
w++fñ EEIBÈ. t&ffaf¿ù. È' - t' ¡ ) Ð Ì å.'>f¿11 tt"
.18ËF,,>,,

Z Xf, -?+
È /ø< 4 ù:
" Ehï' 7
¿ t" 1'
i\!rf4v
fr^ j tv7 l.
=Hl""v
+ år þt t /'tt
ü: Inr È, 0)
EÈt€tf14 =
A'# 1o)
o);tÈ-þLX.
ffi¿i,Ë å'e
trffi.
k+I¿.m É,Ê
*Ø+1L
ÐX
'c*^À,ffi
lIr" Ø ri
F- Ë¿ië
rêËØÉi:
^ffi+b
Fþü:{LT
-) Ì '{ 3
'c(#l.r)
È H, IIJ â" ),

tÌ 1." o) I¿
fþtH-(
b Èr
âHffiI
o 2 ^
Y

-ñR Èì
I¿Ø
trh\t1¿,81, (,
Ftts
ffi++
FrlÉiÉ tr - t .u - t = ) t¿ & 2<ËtlËîFf EtÊ< 5 frt¿. .L
¿ìþØ
=
T tb l: < t t:t lV ¡.ø=.¿H# (memoria l)
E t¿H
(5ÊtEH : FilËÊ tr- t t) - t.))
)KØÙ:
äåì *
ü: t¿
Øo)lI
È #F
Ð rlj
ù:ri-) F-')
l¿
im
t-
I¿
o
-c
:e
{-C
1P.? È
ü,
.t" ffi
/¡ f *
b)vñ!
 tttttTrlrltir F#u I

-cttu Ð -? /ì-#Ø #-c7y ffiî:)(v H

å þr # ù: f: ð : k' {L þ 0) )
l; j [. ùt,, b {L ô,8, 4 ù: Ê ? i 7 I
' m !r B þ" /¡ Ø !r Y lD/' !r, Y t )v
/\ffiËìtf )v 4 2 A L- - 74 t,'L I ¡ .
Uq 7" È ñ i." l¿ t+ â !r )v
/\ ?y ô xùÌåìi)r$ËB ^Ìfl EXAo) v L i t"Ë--) ^ t7
+ iw H:¿Ì¿å'=
7 t i S þt -? + ù: TH !r r- = 4 ;-Lî
- 0) z +'c.Èì ü< '1..'{"ffT ft-c
^HE4',;+ t^y.',:,.
àì ?- 7 0) î í'i
7' flâ l¿,: B ì- f Ì â 7 þ B 4,c_,1rÀ
Y F o v' -C )v 7 'Ë t , H 7 !'
i-ìffif ^g y ü* ^
i'.H
â ki
¿"rE't, &Ë5 ì C
îHt';i
U "I{. h" zcÈZÊ &-
jn'Z Í 2 L i¡ D j i ¿i Ø tì '-o
iÁ
'c
* +F
t¿ {L
#ñ t,t &
F *if,' àr 4
1¡, ír Ø
^. ) å Æ
t: =i t ¿:
Ë 6 y É /¡ ÐJ
ù: B
È, ü: l- u X f¿ c ^, ¿ì, /\ " 7
lftÆl¡/¿fØ)åÈ4rt=1,
â 4 " 4 /¿ !r o v t E- ¿t
i: fr Y
!r t m Ø Ø 7 ^EXTcEU " 418 7 rt
I¿ ¿r àì/: v ùå i 4 Ì: +
o) =t

147
l8*,,,,,
¡i:È
Ê.i'¡

¡5t l.tL ri
wt to look for 6E|ll lfamily name]
irùaÙ ¡trp*
z Llt receptionist ? ffiill lfamily name]
¿l( l'¿ so5 J:+r'
-+ffi school [:Y&;often 10 +Éä junior and senior high
used for names of school students
schoolsl rt.u¡ i
åii L f,fæ target; object of
3 &.Êw teacher l:rÊe) ,, ,È'r-yî 4 T volunteer
¿l¿, U ò o) tÐ-
s lfrØ# person who handles a r: *a El ù: Ðr¿¡ 6 to meet lhumble form
patttc;lslat business
of à )l lu.i.l
mattü [ã is generally (tl, -
a humble expression #Lt' detailed
for ,,\] L'r J
ù'r
I5 ut*. aft.er
to replace someone
-LR/n'â
lu.i.l
17 Ii'c. i ît fine; good
vliv¡t
Þa a little; short (time)
lformal for ÞL]
l, ry'l: lu
6Èft a person in cftarge

tt
z î->w,b
¿ ¡J+l
4 quick and simple ,, i¡ connection(s)
vttu â r.
s L+Xa to chatter t:trTl 16 #,Æ relative(s)
ì
,1., ¡lxE
fffi)x.w v z private lesson tÙrT. surely
¿['f trt¿+
, ffi+þl
<

6 to keep company with; 7e mil translation

to be a companion to u[. u r¡¿
u,i ¡ ffiñrffi bulletin board
to +ffi housewife
,o ìf¡, fashion model
/-t--ru
OL female office worker(s)
llit., offrceTady)
 >>>>>Vlbll.( t-#.1'

ç'i , t ( +o¿l¡.
1w+ftúÃ
¿¡

lperson who deals with 10 /ì4 l. :/,¡vÅ'l I

matters pertaining to
foreign studentsl FË-T å to lose no time in -ing
r'f
:I
(tÈ
job opening [i¿., mouth]
16 æi to hire
rìr v
5ffiffi special talent; ski11
19 +l'v4f å-z SantaClaus
s magazine
ü'-t¿- b (/¡) perfect flt
+Éñfr
a--

ffiæ editing

tr f,.,
¡5 ç* Lfu
o#lll lfamiþ narneT e ù7vlL Dutch (person)
¡¡t( À
177yF'.<2 r*f.ryr* Ê^
u

Caucasian
Ranald McDonald r:ç'i; (

¡¡['¡ <
to enter a country [:El
tEE continent ^EX ¿:^å: ¿l
q'l
z 7t'- l..tj-t FortGeorge 10 #-l to allow
t - r:r\, attt '
7av l.7Yt*^ scot 11 lffi å. ( warmly
s ìvf ¿7Y Americanlndian - Q ) t¡,F,¡tT â to feel as if -
ôr9DþaiL+
4 iH ùft å a person who goes adrift +';t¡r before long; soon
on the ocean €.v¡'
a
I (- å ) l*,ù'T 6 to be determined to
s (-ù:)ffiizË ( to drift ashore -; to resolve to -
¡,t¡,8 i r: [¡t¿*t¿¡'n
6 ffigJ-f â to be moved; to be 13 Elatlffi Japanese waters; offthe
impressed coast ofJapan
e- ttu t¡ Br.+¿
?Mft ancestor(s) ffifif;trÈ whaling vessel
"etluÈ. +-luu, lu
Effi legend flâEl crew member
*tt ts- t*ti t¡ i
s,Bt.Hi- to recall t4 frt# method
t[' ' ¡['¡
-i:f-üîå toward- #t. fortunately; luckily
a!¿t {¡ c;,\,
Ëd'r longing; yearning frffi direction; area
r.tf- Tr'
ru( to hold [u.f.] [written rs (--.) fiìJ, i to head toward _ lu.i.l
t t gi
expressionl
- tr_, 711=ZE [name of a shipl
e ffiEX national isolation
.lg#,,,,,
t¡F. ¡l¡ f ¡ ¡t(
JhiEË lthe biggest island in 30g the next (day / year / etc.)
'o
the north of Japan : E l:4.øl
Æø-&ítøxå u.61 {Lttu
¿5' '
31 Fffi warship
(-ù:)tEj-( to approach (-) [u.i.] *r( Èlå
+-tuÈ ¡ i ËbìET to send back
flâE captain of a ship ¡t u¡ ¡
t (tÈ -+. throughout (one's) life
EEru Tand o['
Y¡9¡<
33 Æ niece
18 (-ù:) LW'f â to land (on -) tt¡ri L

tf,-( ¡ ffifr-r â to die from an illness

20 #Æ the Shogunate t:lÑftt'msll
rut| 6- tn
z\- ø
H( to be surprised 36 XZWJ [ma1e given name]
ÈeriLpi Ëfrr(
)1' 'Ifl [the name of one of the 4.È
nHf- language study
four major islands of tlr,¡ r'
Japan)
xx genius
¿'['; (
r¡5fu ¡ 37 mEl to open up the country
2r Ëil6 lname of a cityl
t (to foreigners) t:El?ffi
È¡u
>f i v lfiù Dutch ship
tt-
( . ¿l
t(.¿t
: u' ¡ ¡¡,
EXfl. overseas; abroad IIFië Edo Bay
Itt t I'
(-ù:) lÐft-f â to decide[:-t:i*Ð -{.'y - Commodore Perry
. ¡;;r
â)
¿;ln
RA to return [u.i.]
22 '&. lthird-person pronoun l-:]ri+(
for amalel *frrJ treaty
¿tiv¡i
23
ttàb'
E,{L6 to appear lu.i.) x.w negotiation
b'c t!.
¡¡'¿u

ffiM-r a
t!
to be shipwrecked
ülftl: splendidly
çl È.
:tiç( 'tÞfrc to be useful; to be
25 ì8il interpreter
helpful l:'tÉ.t:-v'>l
^¿ ¡l
26 õÆ(r¡) inconvenient
*î¡
28 Èå
J-âr
¡s
to learn; to study
 ""t TJlrl{r h#t I

LW z.#Efr s.lfr ¿.Èff s.ffiE

6.ffiffi z.Èffi s.,fE^ g.Eb â ro.ffi&
r1..+E tz.ffiÐt r¡.ÉÄ r+. =#f ts.tÐL 6
rs.Ël* 19.#[.
¿-
to.lR,,ù' tz. ¡lfffi z0.lpJ/Jr )
zt. JhffirË zz.*ff. zz.'ffi. zq.WlLâ zs.ìÉÉR
20.õffi. zz.YÀì ze. ìET zs.ffim, so.Xf,
¡r.lI¡=-

r.ff4 z.# L t,. g.ÈlÉ q.ffiffi s.ffi-rR

0.ffifrffi. z.Æ#, e.ffiÆ g.É) ro.#il1
rr. tEE tz.Æffi,# rs.ffiùtË ( tq.+flft rs.'[Ëù¿
ro.ffi ( rz.ffiEX rB.lñ.à. !. rs.fâËl zo.WIfu
zt.Hffi zz.ffi ( zs.Effi z+.WW. zs.H-ff
zo.tE zz. FãEX ze.yä zs.Râ so.*fr!
sr.ülÆ

This radical stands for a rice plant and is generally used for characters
representing kinds of plant, states of, or uses foç the rice plant, etc.

t_fÄJ tfxj [ril fd¿

151
 8*-"'

t "' Xf*Y< åür?T='Y is about the only X.' lã#t > t. t z >>> äâ.Ê< Surrttrt]

This expression is used when Y is about the only case where X holds true. X and Y are both

a) Elã^r)ìØ À"(ìt ('.È 6Off. 7t+äØffi< årrå¡ü Ltrlcrl.

(College years might be the only time when the Japanese can relax.)
U-T Eh
b) rF.Ràìffi21.Ì:rÌ, â Øß_ t6ÆØ ¿ ô < àü\rr"
(,{bout the only time Tbkyo becomes quiet is around Llre Bon festival.)

c) #.Lt¿fr&wt. fr7 v7 47 r"fA¿:E^ffiþw.i-l¿( åür?"T.

(about the only teaching experience [I have] is teaching Japanese to children as a volunteer.)

/r* f pHfJ ='as expected; also; aga¡n' [â#2 >r.3]

t.z,lf ,Þ is aconversatio¡alform,of Siå,þ.,¡L¡...an erb,ry,liich,indicp!ès,thâfwþatisbêing.

said is what is expected from our general or specific knowledge.

a) I a y . T i1 ¿ ltWâ*.Tì ->T¿"'tÊ.0) ffi I¿t, ö \¡lf U&yâXl:t¡, ol¿"

(John Kennedy was a politician. His brothers also became politicians.)

b) Ë+¿rffiÉt..6 f Èì. 1up tf U HLa Ø¿:ffiH7)rà.È. b * j-"

(Kan¡i arc interesting, but las might be expected] they take a long time to learn.)

J ott -Ëå-f{='lf onlyVou -' là#z > ¿. s >>> FFÈã L rr *nnHl

This expression states a sufficient condition for attaining a desired result. ð å

,, .r:V.(1-.€,rfeijln)'ð'å-¡,1Ùuls:'l.' .:,(:,,Tþ'þ..ffih .ë,Z,t1thlf'.'.-,,.:'.,,

'fr'P.fficles' z:t'' ¿,'¡¿',*¿, ò,,are.droþþed.,ú.hèn å å is attached;
i',1i!::',i':i'¡ |:È ffitr¿IS;,I*Ì'is'acc itio f'o'ry,
iÌ"tt
a ) )gú: ð 7-T n|{ffifr,ù: lJ b *-ì} ¿,"
(You won't get sick if only you exercise.)

b) Eë *"rftrr'Ë b * î.
(tf you only sleep, you will getbetter.)

c) 2 i 7.¿:H( ) - | þ L c'c.ë à,r,rtrft'. Ì¿r.D I iÀfT.

(If you only attend classes andtake notes, you will do fine.)

152
 tttrt 7rLlr{ F#U I

d) Ë+ð àfr i
?rrtrft'#îEflÈrffie) 6 È r,. btI {..ùtó b * È,L"
(It's not the case that knowing kanji guarantees that you are able to read newspapers.)
(¡È
e) EHðåó*11{. Lóirl¡îî.
(The only thing I need to be happy is free time.)

.:r t.:l::;.. -: :. tì: .: ::;.:.::4.: r:r:,1r.i: .;..:

., ',In g.orpq,capes, there- is a chqice between,-_N.Ê-¿ Vjttr,O¡.V à.,l.Èu-,1È.aS.,.,,-i $è fol.lorying
examples:

f) (TbðåÊnôfr^'. iÊb*1.
g) <T b þffi,¿rë àTtrff. ÌÊb *f.
(If only you would take your medicine, you would get better.)

{rrr, ^,f*l lÀ#z s >>> tf : i zât8ët¿1, ¿f

> t. ã Lìuì¡ÐÊr)r E Ð

..:.1x ,ûhictr:øèant¡iu6aa'io¡i.'èi.l.qóté.ái ¡.ãn"', conjecrure with some i

,cèita,inty. .It',follows INø], [/¡-adjectiíe+,rr'],;¡anOtþtain foJms gf

, -vgrbq anaÉ,,
l , a¿i uét, ' , ,,'
"

a) âB¿*EEEÈ¿.6 , HÈm&aorrf r"T"

(Ifs Sunday today, and so banks are supposed to be closed.)

b) BÄt:{lÂ,t'!./¿È'6 Bæffiàì-h+/rff f Í.T.

(His Japanese should be good since he lived in Japan.)
BÐi;
c ) FÉr¡ b*u- l*f f'1.
(If it's a used one, it should be cheap.)

d) 2'<4 vffiþFflcÍt.åz\l: å o1- 4, y 7ætjffiL ( r¡r.f*f (.T.

(For people who know Spanish, It¿lian is not supposed to be dífficuit.)

e) BAffiø=+ù:/rÌ?.1Ì. BÄffiøffHÈìãñe) 6 Í*dt'T.

(Students w1no are in Third Year Japanese shouldbe able to read newspapers in Japanese.)

$ rrr -l*T¿Lrt lÈ#2 > t. z o >>>

=e=,btt
tub\r á
^auraatiur]

r0Ð
a) *.6îÞÛf¿tt"
(Ifs iike a dream.)

153
.lg#>>>>,

b) ¿ ¿,/JËt. l, ØVHb ë ftf . lÌå.4/c[r.

(I feel stupid being forced into buying an expensive thing like this.)

c) ä Ðr ä ¿¡.fl=Fþì /¡ ¡. ;1 ¡. ç t /ìda.
(It seems difficult to find a¡ob.)
Ilc¿lu
d) X+ffi4FT â7tt¿rrJ-"
(It looks like lhel is going to get married next year.)

$ trr N ë tr?='as -' lffia#t > ¿. t s >>>ÊâË¿ t,(]

a) ##Ø#En¿Lf ElÄ,-frr <7 t yr^¿1. W",tWzr!'åJ i/ì.

(It seems that the number of Americans who go to Japan as English teachers is increasing every
year.)
tflú 3 ùr<1,+
b) 1= à7+-ll. ãffi+å¿l'T À b öDIiÊìEø("ä^ñtt'È> LþlJ!'"
(Chomsky is perhaps more famous for his political activities than as a linguist.)

| ," N/¿Þ (lI) ='because (of); due to' lffiævl > n a >>> ìEãRi¡tu rr¿ur,zu)]

-l¿Ð(t:) follows [Nø], lt¡-adjective*t¡1, and plain forms of ,- e[Þ.$, :,4"F d,.1,],,+-
fÁ6¡¿l:.ex:.
adjectives. It indicates the reason or câuse for the following clause. -l¿ Ð ::is.¿
.:.:i,, r.i :. :..: .,...-r:i.:i:.-:....::;. ,.: r ,

t' tr:r:11:: 1'::

:'.i::r', i::tr::r :ì:.:itt:,::.;:,1
pression, and hence is used in writing or in formal iitoátioos.
tdtr t9 È
a) XÉØf¿üt7 i 4 làì*-t Y+ tvã ttl¿"
(The flight was cancelled because of heavy snow)
À(Í?
b) #?ttîFÆt¡t¿dt- Hi¿ å ø ù:ffiFflåì7):f: fi o
(fan3i take a long time to learn because of their complexity.)

c ) #ffiø'e È 6 )BilÈìt. /J r,. É &)- #rcåftÆõEl:Æ D ( t. /¿.

(Because there was no interpreter who could handle English, the Shogunate was greatTy
inconvenienced. )
rtr. å (aI

(Because of the deteriorating economic conditions, many people havebeen laid off.)

e) E#ffiþfuúfr-f â Ëó (E). EÄ^fra /c.

(He went to Japan in order to study Japanese.)

f) E#ffiþfu,ffiU r¿l¡ e) (E) - BA^õa l¿"

(He went to Japan because he studied Japanese.)
 rt TrLlrr F#u I

a) "'VwtÍí hO¿¿TE;ffãfâ >>>>>[â#1]

I : In general, the party that an-

ffiØ^: AÊt I 1" swers the phone speaks first by

è)v ; t t€, t.^îìå#ãsrt

þr.< uffiÉ**#og+är ?72
saying ù L ò L. Some people,
however, skip ò L ò L andiden-
tify themselves by saying, for
l. ¿ rf, .xT2" ffiffiø7 tvtt 4 | øZ ¿Tb example, H+'Cî. Business es-
* t ¿f¡íltrÉ[tÀZ"f ár3" tablishments normally identify
themselves immediately, with-
{ÃØL: bb. 4{Lu. à'i ö" ffiff-7)fråW.tåó b *-l-¿.. outsayingtLöL.
¿ )v : ¿li.. ng¿ YEffiFÃøffiFk,r'L f : /¿ ¿ [ 2 : The caller must first identify
¿ìð b *T" himself/herself by saying - È F
L * -t-. If you forget to identify
ffio)L: 4 )-AîzJ,o ?ffL{'.¿l- -EtaElù:à.à. t-C!# yourself, the person answering
L !' ¿ L þ *6ffi1- Ur¿ r' t E!'* Tåì- pñHø would ask ÐÈ Èffi
^TLfj'rr.
(polite for Ètrù)'c L ¡ I à.. The
+'{þ-W c ô aË ò ^r. 6 L.r r,./¿ lìit * 1¿.. latest trend seems to be to leave
out the latter half of this sen-
è-)v ; iå!.. /ì1. D I i À-c. 1" f''¿t-
-F+ù:1Elr. * T. tence, leaving only trlL î l as
XôU ( *áñFt.t,./¡L*1" intact.

3: Once the caller idenúfies him-

b) '- EgÉ?8f;fr(messase) äffiti self/herself, he/she normally asks

for the person he/she wishes to
talk to, e.g., ffirlrJhär.. ù -¡ l- +
r.. * T È.. In the above conversa-
ètv i t t €' t. ¡l.¡E ð
'{,OÍJÊ?'
l' ¿ ) lt'a" tion, the caller instead states the
ilrBlË llr,., 4 )f-T7Jt" reason for the call by saying -o)
ù,t€ut ¿ ¿ -eÈ I¡ å,lElì.-lc r..t,îTàr
è)v i 60 ). Èø*+ø ì 7 2 l- ¿ Ífr L :r ráf2. or ? l, Èr1-þ#1.-C r,. 6 c L
+ â Lñ->ltØf. btãffiI.i¡ L
å*¿ 7''"rbz L+ür¡f;f 71,3" * Ll¡.
tljElË bo) i. tÞ¿ÌâÈ r e å HÈ. û'c.iô b * T¿ì.
4: If the party that picks up a phone
ètv:. ó. 4iîTù," lEIffi¡at6')ñ\ Í' Lt iÈ., does not identify himself/her-
Ùf
self, then, you can ask by saying
ilrBl& )1,wc ô¿: ¿åF6 ¿,8r. * T ùl Ð.
(polite for 8) îL ¡ i
-o)*;4
è)v i 4 ) î-rù'" 4 lLîfÌ. Tð.*li lvùr+6'lñ|' L Ð. if you are calling someone's

t 2ft e,- .L 6 ^.*'€ffi ( /ìð å l i +Jlãå home.

(to give a message) < Ë Ë l, r * 5. you want to leave a mes-

tf /r, á' 5 : When
sage, you can use formal expres-
TIJEIË ti'ù'b * L/:. Eì--c*rå * T. sions such as -l ) *á6à ( ti
Ë t. *È/1,à. and - L ld6¿ ( fì
È)v i !.ôU ( Jdß-Fì,.L*T. {'ùt. ð t' or informal expressions
IIJH& :Ð A, ( /ìð t'" ^TLL*-1" such as--c'C.G,Lt ( f¿t¡t. ?
ard,--t1.Ê-¡ f *ót.f .
 .18#>>>>>

1 ,,, El-)b7Vl
- ,{7i: Ì¡ b /¡ð t.. -Å¿lBä¿: aHYE.t_ Hæþ#.2 â7 y.,s 4 | þ LÈ t.Øf".
¡<l'
u-
!' å !. ô tÃ#¡#+ffi.Effi#þ tr.ti'Cr,. * 1" ù i -^¿t'< î ¡ y y#à##nriift'.
a Ø+ffiÓ¿Ì. âË ¡ ) Efr,EþWv" !. * T" î- Ø- /\Øàffi?ffiH L /¡ ð r,.. âffi
ØffiI¿.t..ffi (detail) ùlÉÉ.

f ,,,n-rVJVl
e '<7 t=àù'{1. -^ÌtB+4.. t) i -^ÌÌâ&E¿: Ì¡ b r¡ è t." B++.ù:rtJÐ tâ?{F
l:É#þlt,ttJ'C.- ##øvy Tvtt:t r.{ffUãiàffiþffiHL/J ð r,.o 4.ø:- L þffi
L'å)àr. EH. ffiFå. EFfr, +ahLt¡¿Ø#E¿.u.,ffillÉlÉ"

a) When should theybegin?

b) How many times a week should they meet?
c) Where should they rneet?
d) From what time to wlnattime?
e) How much should the tuitionbe?

J "' E-rVJVl
e,{z¿:t¡ D t¡ð r." âff 3 Ø, r.4 y vttt._ l9€?ffEf,¿:Êffiþ t--c ô,r¿l åË={r.*
TTJt- 'ffi.ùttrFffiËf,¿:€ffiþ¡" ùll¡ffiØâffiþëì,- *^¿r, t4 f y- ù i-^Èì#
Ff,Tf ø^¿: t¡, ->'c. - ffiH L /J ð !."

4uAv-r71.-l7t
e BÄr"t€ffi?Ë r EA^ùt. +ffi?ffið Ì¡ It {L¿x'-r¡ à /¡ ( /¡ a ¿ . Éilç¿. L årc ( (to
actshy) t¡¡,t¡ù"ffi4 i L u *ìi¿,. Ð i Lt¿ 6. ffiðìÌ å ¿ ¿ ¿s-("È å {" l, ¡. ) ù""
4¡lv-7"þlF->f - 741¡7 ?HLâr,.. y 7l7vZ"l./JðL.o ,Ã l.¿l-c-å/¿ò.
,, 7 Ø lur¿L r-fr¡¿L /J ð !.o

5'o 4v2-?
O ^e7¿: /J b. âh'Ø+Xf"f"-*É#l-ù.->/¡ (* /; ù*-Ér,.t/¿'o r:) T )v)t 4 l. ù::
t. {. ffi Lât. /J ð !.o

1s6
 --' 7rLlrr F#u I

6,,, fFJt
e ãlJø L/¿: å Øb67 tvtì4 l. ù:?!.(. frtl^L7 tv,s4 l' J å t,')ffit'-tr^?f 6 u'
ø(Fxþ#ä /J ð r,.o

e T ./, ìt o)W++., -,) - ¿Wi$ønt#ä¿tmLru- * -t-" cD aHr.r. ffLr.

l>øt:Oþ't üllJ ð ì,."

( ) øñffit_ù.fn à /J r.."
a) ffiätt-<f ¡vvËàffi#W ( ) øz ¿eÀ(ffi->'c.\'-âo
( ) t:11'> l¿ : å ùtb 6 "

( ) ã> Ur¿-ç î ¿, v#à##Wtr:ft -'L 6 â: ò b /¿-.

b) 9- I -ùt ( ) < 1 ¿, v#ã##Wt:îî->l¡ : å tltb 6.
-< î
( ) '¡ v vÊàffi#Wf M$RL /¿ ¿ å trìb â "

( ) æ\ffiì-ârìôi"
c) )-t)-ftvl¿YY*à#+Wt ( ) æ)Eû=ffiFåffiL âtì ô ) "
( ) -ìEFñ¿:Xffiffräå- âIìô i,
( ) ++ ¿ Hffitffi.ì- 6 z L t:TÌ. c Ì¿
"
d) 9- l/ -li ( ) ++ä LÊffi+.þ *ffi¿ffiL â tì ô i "
( ) +++ È É&ä¿:âffirì11ffi.ì-d'tùl't't,' å Ë{rd'ul¿"

( ) -ffiFñr:=aEò 6 irìôi"
e) Ì- 1/ -ùÌ ( ) -B¿:=fH6òiTìôi"
( ) -ffiFñ¿:=É'Hò ò )Ììôi"

157
.lg#>,,,,

ti 7
'{.''r
'l
I

w
Ëril
-si 4 -àìFlai:Ë#l-r ô': ( b t-I¿ a ¿ Ø-? ¿i,. E#)yø17 y l-Í0,,
lfu/¿-.lÈ. BA^fi ( ffi- 'hx l. 7 r \ t) -t:l¡lù.taâçùt"?f+r(!. oT¿fr
fìlr [r È ,Hu.- tóÎð À,tt:ll, , 4. *ôËð Å,ù: ü*2. y l."rì v ì_ ?l^*l¿t,
^,
ù:Ìå7 J t) hØ^+0)T !r)kHo{t..rÈo *ô1ð ¡4,L?Hr¿Èü*Ë,n
(' ( Ìt Èàì. *rËð À,È.b *., l tLl- Q i t¡ffiþ Ur¡.ù.->l¿" 4 Ø.,,y t"rìy
ìti- ffifrßØWØ7 - | 7 .¡-7 (.'Ë: r¿#(F b o),s v ìt- trJ.t z iHu-PVlÈ
-cÌ¿lt, å. -ì7 ¿
-iÌàì: ù, b U{ L * oÌ¿" ã¡ ¿ (.. fáËð À"øt#o{ !. å
,syl"ilâJ]ü[llv t"4z¿å-'à.b/a'¿ r.) I åù:ftcu./;o ,ìv."rìùlf/J (.
17, Ã{à-ì,,v l- ty y / z¿ù1i v F-WJtrì,ù'b T¡øIì" 4Øt, | 4 vøz
,) y r* *'C Cr-;v - fi tvl"y øñø),.->f¿11 y l-tùr¡Ø{"-
^ìi ¿ -iÌ l.
4 vtË)yä È e¡¿: taù.t- ( AW..-C l, *. -cl¿"

r .ì_
L a1- t'J<
Ii v r*frrfu Uit.,brand-oriented, +fF b Ttandmade l:î-c(F.
i.e.,Ilkingfor /¡l
narr'ebrand goodsl
:-å¡i *tg' ¿s'r ¿J¡ î â to be disappointed
ffiwØw hometown
-l¿ ô'¿: whenever -

O ì*Ø9ãfr,Á,e. iE U tìÐ ú) lr O. F5Ë : Ctt õ b 0) l- x ä? Itf¿Í Ë Ur"

n ) a -ri 4 -¿*. BYî6Èi¿:,r7 | 7 z ì t/ - t,-/vÈy b þå.cÌ¿"

n b) 'hà 7 7 :. t) -ØtôËð hti.- ÊÀ,"Õ( {t,r¡zJ.-tI¿o
þ

n ) c ¿ Ø*?'Eð À"tt- blff¿Vl\t, Bä¿:Ër,. aù. t¡H,l:vVJlì ->I¿"

n d) ¿Ø*tËð¿,ù1. 11v F-pVlùt ¿ -6 ò*f å 6 L!."

n e) ,-hà l. 7 r ì. t) -1)X.tt:It- I- 4 vt¿:4>l1v l'-F?Jùìù;â"

EÍTEÍ;
 ürff â/ t'àö

e_çn-.__*_l¿F-ÞA.u.1lt_il{U
vtuhb\
. tr-lvl{fr8-EÞt4SKÞ
o UP. ËËfd<.' .'1r "";¡r
ô ¿n.RËßEHcE.Éfcå! ilirr,.;,..'........."..'..........'.....>âãË 3

i +t\,3îtuäãTäò;i'ft
. rnlFÞEçÞ?Þ-+
'
. ëiËõb?ïi¿)l'
 IJRE No a
a
o
o
a

Humble Expressions

hen one gives a gift in Japan, one uses an expression that minimizes its importance:
)t.òT&V\V)C175ì (lit., it'sjust something insignificant). The spirit of humbleness has
always been valued in japan. lt is the same spirit that makes Japanese speakers say {EIÐõ'd
tìtttfu75ì (/it, there's nothing worthwhile) when they serve a meal to guests, or LìUìZ, å
lvCþõDtËl\',/¿lvCtcrdtl (Cl) (lit., it's far from the truth) when they are complimented,
for example, on a member of their family. 2ãòl'a!\+r)elñì, howeveç is a fairly formal ex-
pression. So, when you give a gift to your homestay family, a less formal expression such as
t t,fcbo) U t ldLìfu Cdäì wil I suff ice.

Gift-giving

hen one receives a gift in Japan, one is not supposed to open it right away. wanting
to open a gift immediately has traditionally been interpreted as a sign of beíng
materialistic. Don't be surprised, therefore, if someone you give a gift to in Japan does not
open it in your presence. Likewise, if you receive a gift, thank the giver profusely, but do
not look too eager to know what ís insíde. Like so many things in Japan, howeveç this
custom, too, is perhaps in the process of changing. some young people nowadays may ask
you to open what they give you at once.
Another difference in gift-giving between the U.5. and Japan is that when one receives a
gift in Japan, one often starts worrying about what gift to give back. For example, if one
receives an Aäiur 0.e., gift for special occasions) from a neighbon one must give back a gift
(r.e., an AffiUl of equal or near-equal value. When you are in a student-teacher situation
where you are the teacheç however, you do not have to worry about this. ln other words,
if you receive a year-end gift from a student you have been tutoring, you are not expected
to give anything back.
Since an average middle-class Japanese family is accustomed to receiving so many gifts,
they are not easily surprised these days. lt may be difficult to give them the kind of present
they might find extraordinary. The best kind of gift for a H#Ë to take to Japan for his/her
host family, therefore, would be something that would be hard to obtain in Japan. Take
with you, for example, T-shirts from your college if there are teenagers in the family. Picture
books with beautiful color photos of your city or state might be another good choice.

o
o
o
a
o
 ,,,,, *o* I

e E At¿Ër\tr tdäì þ g)E+åylADT. ÉtrÌo)Eäì 5 fr c T ë f¿J V Ë)/ 1.. ã t U <Ë1.

t À: bØ- :ùt- tLtöØDf /¡u'.å,Í"Tà¡- 7, t)rtù,ùØr6^Pùt'(.'T"
fi_4 t (Ë) * ó. 4 A,t¡Ã,þífr.b/¡ ( ( ò j ù.'tl¿1)tt:. T a* Ì¡.4,"
fi.:4 t (1) Þ_è"i?êìô b ¿ì¿ 7"
1
,Fz ¡. (Ë) ðÁ,óâo)tt:, )<ÆIì=/;f L* i.
ffi42¡:¡¿ (
t À: b- !.å[. ì-" bØ) - ]È.:r¡ àFãtjl&1 ( È'ð t..
,lr¡ ¡'(&) Tcirô? D+. ìËÆ/¡(.
t .^: äù:Ã:{!.tÈ1,16 t [.tu.rl,'cf à1.

e fiz I-.7 z ì U - o) d)Ë Ë tu ?ïô4, t5 lJä lt ã " Fñl

ñz ¡. (Jè) ,^Øft+ØTvrY?
t À: z ì¿. æØ^+{"^ñ ùr b âT / r v /¡. À,1-l .
,+x Ì.(1)
^åo

ùÃ t (&) bb. ù.b !. l,. D s /J !.o

t À: 7 ) y rîù1. /¿u.{t'-4{L4"{LØf¡+tt--7r-)vh 7-ùtã>ol- 40)
þ,Ø^+l v1¿ì!. ô\'.ôb6À,1T L"
,rà h (1) >z)
-à; ) llto

t À: ffiøf,#ø72 -tvz1 7 -tiffirÃ,ØT- frØTv Ì y ù: l-'C.ô.1¿À'1Tùt Ð"

ùz t (Ë) -- i- ffifr t. da" a ØgJ+rJt|lrt"

t À: b- ?{Lti,(+Ø<7=v t 11" æØt?-c"Là.Hi-är.ø)l.. 4{Lùt
¡. ¡.f:/¡ è.,8: {"
,$x t (&) óð. {Ë¿.¿:. 7vèîH,â7 i y rtØ++rJì} ( Ë{ 6btr"
,rx Þ (1) 7rt)lrÈtl-({l,.l,.dao
t À: ÉÂ,(.- u. È t- ül I !. ù. -> /¿ -("f
"

161
 .lg#,,>,,

O !t1:/ vlr\æ+frffio)^¿ffucuìõ"
9-4Yv âB ¿* Ë ¡ , ¿ HFËÈìð â A"îT I,T T*
"
ffiäåffit: ¿å t.. {41. t- ¡. ) ù."
ù-4lY H#Ä0)EìËØffiiÊffiffiäù:ryür-'/"vl¿ A,'aT ù;- Ð i L /¿ à u. t.. Ø å.- ð
-tIf,brllr.Èrl¡ ( {El:{t,.6 À,ícT"
w#\ffi: {4¿ìâr). È /J u. A,acTù'"
l¡.,lYv å Ù:à. (. HÄf'ffiffiF¿:ff¿ll"¿/¿: åfì/¡¡.0)1- l\tþË{u..'È àr,.
¡.. Øå. ò âà. à /J U. A,tt
"
WY#.ffi: 4À,T¡: å lìcÈ 6. fúò,ù'HÉ]rÌ¡ ('cl¿"t. D ¡ )À{"î t" 7-)ùÌf#:
{Èr*1È."
ù-4/Y z z _ 1 ù -Ë l- ù. TÃ. r.,1, (.- 1. 4 {L þ Ê 1 r. ( _+_-þ_.ftrî?_s_/_4__1¡ å. /r
"
H#Hffi: {4Étj-¿."
Ð-4)v lil&-c I u' i Øù'- nary blue -Cïùl Ð"
EYHIÃ: óó. frË"r"Tde. Dç. 4{LkÊîu.ùlüx*1.1.{"T}"
t5 ùr.4lY bb, jå.:t. FË b42ltt Ð i î l- ¡ i ¿." Ela{"ùJ- wæHìËB¿sùr,a È.
ËEfáê?t#ol L. ( :{Ef,r.tÅ,{"Tås. r. ( åf$:{[.:l¿ å L.t. å
,E-)þ-&-È--I-à'.
3
H#*{fr: I v / y v ã À"ùJ,YäÈà. c, - =nH f 6 u.f" t,' L- å,8,u. *T Ì.
Ð-4Yv tllr', * L/¡. Dç. 4 i t-*.1" Ð t ö bbt)tL i :å"r,.* LÈ.
H#äffi: U-t.åo ì..r{.6¿iA"

162
 ,,,,,u0* I

O 9r U-, E/\Øfr ¿=ÉU<Utã.

w fi: Hãß^11->È:àbâ?
9-l/- *.TìTt->/¿: È /Ju'Â,È. å +ÈÐt': l7)À'r¡,¿:Ë*r
F__Þ_f_*Et¿*Ttù'/¡
{11âà.6. ætFô-tr:Tt-c"C.A6: ò b Èüt â.
tE 4: ,lXdâ. ¿ Ø78û*ü:lT:{ È l¿Å,È.
ù ¡-t) - À- i À," à" j /¿-: È"
w f : Ìå.:/¿J. ¿fLËäF("Hr{ È I¿ù,Ù, btlâ}" t,' y -i:¿l- :ØFÆ-

t€ffiØilffiøÈi¿-f u.ÀÂ,äå( ò È' ol¿zl, È' - 4 øla4Lt¡À'Iì"

ù-t)- 4)" lÃti{ð!.['?
w fi: [.!.]o
I ¡-t) - ó. È ó.dnut.t-/¡
W*: RäßørhøaÈùl Ð. 4 À,t¡tZt- ffr.i z
Ð zt)' lfr.t x" za)réBaÆÈìffiÈ tËrÃ,-t (å/;à"6. .{ìffi.bÈ'c ò6 i }"
w fi: 4)- Jà.:/¿o
t5 9-.t)- ÐtòbbùtL)"

ì.'_\
 .19#,,,,,

/¿ Ø À, ¿ 7 â = ,,ì ,,ì
i Ð 6 ¿Ì v I¿ie)
ô E /¡ H 0) Jy Ø i: o I t"
v v vt¿i
H y H7
V
tìËffi+!r
o ù: ù: +, [r rt åìbb
'h I vy
7 t t,
¿1" ¿t" a l. åì +
I( ÌÌ ð lF\Ø FË â 6 (" þÍ'*
4 k( 4 4
B È" H b : fH ¿Ì
l. v v
H'hAô '[Ël 1{1 11+rJ ¿+
l.r 7 f" )o *¡ LI /¿ I I *T ù ù1, k æù:ir
^.æ
U / ¿,
1'7 þ FË B k È b FfJ{Ë ù: þr /¿ v l,
b a¿{4 1È,0)â
ÐrWù:ry¿:at'E"AETvX ù:åìb¿;i
) r þ â l*' +I 3
l, , ò v
t A ¿in^ '['41 â | "i-
{L i L À": ¿:iroi: t" þ
/¿ I È' ^L â v I Ð È, r¡i pRi I tÌ b
L.

üL
t' S, fBf. l--U
r=f b È ã
ù1"%
[\ t : !r ¿: ¡ þ h [\ ^È,i
i: îi
!r+¿À/¡lòH¿{"iâb!= |tþ.
þt o) àl À, . T¡ È, : ði H
âØôú'W | " , lT
kEt,
lX+ !r
Æ.-c Ð
b't !r ØI¿ =("üt'Øþ
l.,'rt+
vØt) tIJ
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â1fr,8 -c â"E{É+âu
*ó H H b A -t
0)siu:|,Èìzq"*ç648ð7c Eùtt L\{"
Ès[]àr - * {Lk H i lÉE ykÌ¡
\ra ) ùÌb1¿åu ¿1H{"1àì(
fnr 4 ¿ ùt' =''C. Lr /¡ b I 7"
^

I lVr t 1 vl-0)1 =
aV- t-ñDrã (5HEH: +EffiHtl)

164
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15 10 5 1

ffi 4 f+ FtJ ffi H fH 7t -ì : L\ gtÊiE

¿: À,.ì_. Ø û:+¿tWL â ; í-È^ tr o)
¿r/¡'c üt')+ ùÌØ'çö^Æ
' FË Inr - !. l^tr X ¿ ffi. b ü: Ë L Ø Ø
æb(^itáü:Ø^âFË,[FFË
ffi.+rJ o) o) +
/4 ¿J, ¿Ì æ Fm ^ + E:. +rJ L â,1 ¿s Ê.
t)

Ðþ0)^L'cÌtb4åì{{ât0)
Ø ;y+rJ
R ffi ¿i l: o) ò I ül Ø É {-L' Æ +
l¿ þt iËH 6.,r â ò Ø lir
Ð ? s d'r 4 ¿: î,tH ) I : ^E o) {" 4
,: ) +tJ
¿:1:.r
-,t¿I t¿:ffiùtáü 0) t¿x.b Ë Ð
ü*

7<, + tl E êb år/¡ òffiâþE:.Ë

o) â È ¿" b
q å/¡{44/
+H¿"à.^v:{"H "E{"â z)r " ? t* ô ffi,
"ffi 4H{r.+ r'É!
+ (" Z
fu, ÙÌ Ø ++ lÈ r" {L b') 4 ¿: Ø Lr ^
ù:

qryÈ)lvt*â'cL#É?'0)+
-C ( o
¿*

Ê.4 -ì !r l. { U üì'ö e ffi

+rJ +rJ ( HË ("
¿:
É o)7€ 4 e) 7€ *á Ø o) -
-k_ W ¿,r ¡ b tì o) tô â ) tr ffi FË E
Ë 1r È ¿
-) : Ë L þ " +t)J â o) ¿i JÉ ffi, ¡iui¡ tr Ø'l T
+ þt þt Ë ii +rJ ü: FË W ã)
1 Tt. /¡" Èì 1 ffi È' f ¿:i- þ t¡, [i ?,
'lñ /¿ ô & â
Inr " f tá É tá FË 2 +rJ o

â" )o ffi É & + ê â A ü* 9u 4

b, ¿ #, tá È *fr A ù. *ó o) 1(. .\ 4
ùt" yR.{LI¿æaLÉß*þt+n4 ffi,{L
â 7 ìlf üt Ë ð ( o) â !r o) /¿ iô ìÊ ò
Ë .? ùå HÃ ù+ À, {L *fr Ë 7)r i: ¿*, ^È ffi
'H 7 å /¡ /¡ b ùÌ þt i: +
årf 7þtffiW. È tl'Øúà'H
t" ^ Tt ró
LR ü:¿*¿l'þa
+- - t Ù: æ Ðì {L {á 2 #, ê ð' ØT ç
*zìyffi¿:+áüt"i: Èffik'4:
/¡ b *ó {L ¿ â L-- ùt"
{L v 7X ffi * ê ï b
r¿ v 0) ffi 1 þ tl Ð üt' +n àì k ^tt
åì ¿
", V È -f * E'1
++ ^,,i È àì â [.4 iù'
) ¿: +n år rá : Ø F= m [. ry¿$
,t) 4 æ ¿
v .C. Ë *ó 1 E tg
7 1 i- ê È ) )E + êþ ¿ì
¿ FH K U 7)ì
b ¿:ier ' {L6
? I *d â þ 'C.'C. ¿t : fi & :
+rJ F,: H
7 L + t"
o

þt ( L \y !\
åitr¡ rt ô tù {L * ti n 1 " àì
H u
ã)
Li l' Ø :
âi
r â ) /: T¡ Hh ffi 6 4 +rJ
a)
Ër ¿' f ) k l¿ :'
-ti ¿: tá " U ¿ /¿" 1" W. IJ iF " i tþ ^È ô
1l ò ffi, *,8 ô?'ffi.âW.FtJ r" Ð u o)
- 7
öi v ËØ
) i , v æ )Læw ÌS
o)þt'e¿ì ì- bâ
â.EA
NH
B -L" ¿i /¿"È, t9
l-.þ. \
!r i* o 4 ù:
A v þt þt r.i7È. f+ !r i v ffi ØÊ ^
. þ, o) â i15 *'
ù: ¿;
lÌ kl. b 4: u -c ù*.
<*
e' àìår Ø tfr' ¿ tr

165
.lg#>>>>>

,:,1:r
;Ì!i

¡ol I' o) t-¡'

AÉbW gift; present 17 fr red
þt tù' tt, Àt.
fr,þffi.i to worry about WrW anirnal

*is*, s to go out of one's way to t9 ?7

f
:v
I
Ì. mascot
do something
[>>>Í;t/- t'1]
21 Êa to wear
¡BJ
6mÙâ
tr'
to open [u.f.l
23 €s to be pleased; to re.joice
-f, I
2to9 ¡
z rËÆr¡ ( without hesitation Ulú.,
unreservedlyl
t-l
tsþ color

ûr.¿L u 4iLL u
t¿.r¡ I
4 ffiMWæE wedding reception n- i b flã¿¡r¡ l- to have no choice
but to - [>>>*rål- t.2]
¡ ', ¿*t þ - /¡ ¡. not at all -1,
14ffi navyblue
7-y
f
suit
Èr(
t1
-Ê lcounter for suitsl

¡5'¡ ¿ L pri *:
IWÆ tfamiþ namel ìEX weekend
r ¡.¡g t¿¡
¡ .ti Ð "C.-Æ
È
at least once t6+L g¡ft. of appreciation
ì
[>>>*;ã.i - t'4] '&t
12 ãøa tea cup (for green tea)
-/JÈ+ lcontraction of -t¡I] {t
¿fl
 >>r>>ÊDlpÀ

ttr¡rJ<
O
-FÈ
å [rt
fond of - [: -¿lf-] g /¡ l 24 HùR(r¡)
.tr-- )
exftavagant; luxurious
UùÒ
1 #Kl season 25 #îËF groom
aTuL i't , ü¿s
6ffiÉ!¿: traditionally ffihñ búde
tt, i tf ru uJit.
2 *õ+fi mid-year gift tH'r#t 6 to invite
d¡"*..
3+* end of tl'rcyear 28 *'¡-.* ¡- increasinglyl:ò-lÈl
È¡ tr a'J
4 tôffi,H end-oÊthe-year gift 29 Ell å È. ¿: clearly
t+t ¡
ttt< v vt/,,¡'lu
fáËffù: /J 6 to be indebted to mffiæ vicious circle
someone iu.l.l ¿['*r;
t¡ro I 30 ffiw influence
6 #Lto to eqjoy
,c. ì
9 EIIâ
tl ,'ìzlrv Christian
to deliver [u.f.] È¡9¿'n
tt,
¡ i ¡tð #,à church
fá8tr New Year
'¿ LrJ*
34 /C'lì just; only [>>>*tÊ,/-t'e]
to *á+:Ë New Year's gift of cash _t

ulr+* 3s xwï 6 to exchange

HM relative(s) l:HHl
-tr* I 36 1a'= i- I chocolate
13 ffi*Jâ to visit ¿['o¿
<tJ¡ø
37 Æ,L lover; sweetheart
14 R+h fruit
I
¿,.È.

¿
rË ã,tÀt -t:FE à not limited to
rc IËTþ,øÊVI loca1 product [>>>EË,/-t-1oJ
ù'7u¿it11¿) clt v
rc ffi,ItffiTt sightseeing trip -hd one's superior l:âlt¡¡
.xt! e, ¿"f'ÉâÌ b t1)Ll
zo õfrffi¿: weird; eery
{¡"{¡.
22 n&.
40 Ì2 ¡.'i E exactly
cash '¡, ì-
ÈtT t- 42 t6ìEl, reciprocal gift
B WTIã) to help each other 'f

24
rl¿ E r' 4s *,Ð 6 to decide[af.]
Æ*,0) original
 þ

1. El z.ffiWJ s.fÃû â +.& 5.7J5

- æ.?
t.E a e.Ës q.ffiÍF
6.grW ro.
-Ë'
rr.xfl rz.ìEü* r¡.Fñ ttffi
r¿. ts.ffiIT 6
ro.EE tz. taS:Ë ß.ffi*râ ts.tffi zo.õf¡,ffi
zr.#îBF 22.ffiffi zs.tEî# z+.8Ã 6lt' zs. ÆÂ
zo. t'El

t.AÉ b *2J z.iËÆ s.WffiH ¿.#H s.ffitF

ø.ãø4 z.#Kfr e.ffiË g.ffi,ffi, to.RW
tt.ÉWJ t2.ffi,ft rs.ËlR r¿.Hffiffi ts.ffi#

this radical comes from ñ and is generally used for characters repre-
senting god-related objects and activities.

l+Ll l+tl f?fijld¿

 ,,,,, uo* I

1 ttt f¡äd:ð='to go out of one's way to do something'

lã#t > ¿. ¿ >>> þdtzdõ D ùr¿ ã]
a) þ ä"ä ë"H¿. ù â Ø¿lt4lì7). à. Eãffi("ff ¿
"
i
(It's not easy to take the time to go, so I will talk on the phone.)

b) Y4.: cølFX. ãÈËLt¡Ë¿ìl.t.f LI iÈ""

(Do you think I should rewrite this composition?)

ftE.: þê^bë"ËÈÉ¡r¡ ( ( ü r,-u-Â,Dsä!.fîÈ."

(I don't think you have to take the trouble to rewrite it.)

(ttdþd vs. tf :är()

ir Ë"ir ð" denotes doine something in a way that takes more timæ and effort than o"""r.ury, o,
purposely doing something that is not necessary. So, in general, there are at least two
alternatives and you choose the one which takes more time, effort, etc. 'tà: È, ( , on the other
hand, is used to indicate that one has spent time, made an effort, or ,

obtain something, or to reach a certain state. It is often used with expressions such as Ø ¿:
and Ì14'¿ È'.

c) Ëc/t,< BAffi?BoI¿0)ù:. æb/Jr,- å T fËþf L* i.

(You learn Japanese with a great deal of effort, but ifyou don't use it, you forget it very quickly.)

d) t2 ë"t? ð'X¡¡ ( (
ò L. t.f"T J.
(You don't have to take the trouble of coming.)

f ,r,Xå,Ultfrl$ftlr='1s have no choice but to -'

lãffi2 > ¿. t t >>> uflãñfzLì< e D Êãä%urr)'Ë]

T,hiç,s¡prossion, means that X,,is.notr what one normally wants :to, :do'bq1 óne hag :no, choÍce-,..
r' . . ::,r .:i.:rit.:.:r ,,r. -.:.:.,, t, . r,: . ., :. rll,jl
,:,:.¡.i,ì1.,1.-
r: 1..:.riri.J,.r.li.:..).1,r:.r:,1'.,' .:jitrll:: a:: :i': .,ri
but to do it. ì:ì'

a) táâÈìä t.ffiù1. 7 tv.,¡ 4 t 31 â J, t)ltã'r)rr¡u'"

(When one does not have any money, one does not have any choice but to work part-time.)

b) IFàrä t'È. 6 _ Ë!.'C.ft < e ú) llfi þtt¿çt"

(Since I don'thave a car,lTtave no alternative but to go on foot.)

J rrr Vnâ,/ önâ lã#: t. t >>>.'. eean*at'] > t

.' .,r¡èVd¿.á / ù {L â fonri,which is,homophonousto'lhe sivè,ffi'-ày-,bð;. ffi#t ''

(honorific forrn), as in the following examples.

169
 .lg#,,,,,

a) ft+^. &þÊlt'ltt¿? i îîtrt, t.: ¿'HH[ø ¿.7Ë(" L & ) È..

(Professor, I hear you have written a book. When is it scheduled to be published?)

b) ft+ùt7 t y rt
^)Fà tLt¿i.6lt- + T.r-Jì.LËaf
¿ I'l¿ À,'e l, ¡ 1tt"
( lfalking to a professor] When you came to .{merica, things were very different from what they are
now, weren't they?)

Qr>r> ËÐ"< (-f*) ='at least' lã#3 > ¿. z >>> ttþ)<-El#Í¡ïaÊ ì5 t¿e)r¿]

a) æ+þ /¿ ( ðÂ,Ër../¿u.Èì. FFñ¿:'r¡!.ØT'- ËbT#ÈÊ+f*ffiAËÈf"å åJ i l:

/J b Ì¡ 1."
(I want to learn lots of kanji, but I don't have much time. I would like to be able to read and write at
least Kyoiku Kanji, though.)

b) Ëb< -Ê.If Bä^ffa r r>I¿ L. ¿ ,B i ¡¡sþr",ïì 6 i "

(There people
must be lots of who would like to visit Japarr at least once.)

c) EWËÐT -HFd <'å trl* E#ffiþfutfrL-c {, å !./¿ t. ð ØÈ.

(I would like lthem] to spend at least one hour every night studying Japanese.)
È¡L ëà6à
d) ¡ù:{fóf ä¡I)fttr (' å ü' Lf t, 6 !.1¿ !- ¿,s, i Èfñ¿å&u,lì ô i "
(There must be many wives who want their husbands to wash dishes, at least.)

S t"t -åäfl='so that -' lffiaryt > t. a >>># uo a * ; tr]

tX À , t: Yl means [Y so that X]. In this constructiol, X often contains a poterntial verb,

negative form or stative verb, which normally canlt be controlled by one's will.

a) r>À,tÌ.ùt*l,b 6 & a E1 a a v - | þð ùÌ'l¡.

(I gave lthem] chocolate so that they can all enjoy it.)

b) Ëtr/Jüt* ã llãt.t*a!.t ( /ìå u..

(Please write it down so that you won't forget.)

c) BÄ^litf6åali*õ#.þ l¡Ðf t.*f.

(I am saving money so that I can go to Japan.)

d) +æØ+å+dsr: ü,ïh,âj äEçð Lr,.ËHrÉt.(õ b *-f.

(Children's books are written in an easy language so that they'll be easy to understand.)

170
 *uo* I

]¡?À,
e) ffiL!.HÈìF zâ e.Ò|;W#.þ Ltt.* T"
(I am saving money so that I can buy a new car.)

f ) ffiLt,#þHÒ t¿ütlzw#.þ l-( !- * 1.

(I am saving money in order to buy a new car.)

,
i.No,tlc-é..thatine)', th9.verblis,4po-t9nti-.yèrb, whilè in f), the veú!s'..an a9ti9-n,v ,..'

$ tt *JZ,/ 1Eã-â='seems -; appears -' lffi¿*t > t. z o >>> rFñEËtcEz az ;-e øaf

-,,,/jiadjectives'and ,t,::adjeêtivês both:aþþearinæ;adù ial:foim as follows.

a) t., ò fr-ã"IZE,Z6"
( [Hel always seems to be in good heaith.)

b) BA^rr+J bã<Eà6"
(Japanese look younger than their age.)

7','¿z l#afil > t.zz >>>...ex;t arz]

r, 4 emphasizes the preceding noun or phrase.

a) BÄffiùrË+ùrb âù, ù Zz. ffiÉ!.Øf.T.

(Japanese is interesting preciselybecause it has kanji.)

b) )FS¿ ? BA^õÈ Ì¿ l' å Ha { !'* T.

(I do wânt to go to Japan next year lfor surel .)

:.r , . :

,.,:,Thè¡e:s.eems: to:he;some.ré3son.why.,,orie has 1o emphasiz-e ap-arti.cBlag:,tl.o.ri..r¡$rlpå¡ase. ,

Sentence a), for example, would be used when someone has said that kanji is troublesome or
that he wishes there were no kanji. The speakei then rejects that idea by emphasizing the
,"u.on clause. i4 generally replaces particles lJì/k,/lr,/lt, but is attached to other
particles, as in,r ¿ 4, L i ?, etc.

$ >>o XåËplüY='tt's true that X, but Y; Although I said X, Y'

l#aM > æ z >>> t u z< z ¿Ë : <b]

i:,, È ffcf Ìr'followslplain forms, but a copula /i is generally:omitted. In ttris expresqion, Y is

grven to qualfy X.

171
 o
J s,,,,,

a) , y 7?7¿ÊcT ú. EIAI:È.? y zlr vl|b * b r,.*rù¿,"

(although I said Christmas, there are very few Christians in Japan.)

b) *u- å EcT g. ltr¿rHa ¿ ¿, u b b *,È À,"

(Although I said it's cold, the lakes never fueeze.)

$,r,7-f=Just; only' læa$¡>t.z¿l

a) Ê/¡t'r.Flffi¿må aLlrìr,ëLf r.lJr,-J I¡¡YätxEb *T.

(A student who is oniy concerned about getting good grades is problematic.)

b) ï¿tiæ.Øft#/¿ùÌ L( t- â 0)Ìt. c* å r¡L- ¿,8,!.* T.

(I think it's boring to be doing just housework.)

c ) Ê/c'€ffiÈrffri6 J i ¿r¡â ¿ LrìtIttìElffi{hDçó b *r¿,"

(Internationalization is not just to become able to speak English.)

f O -" N (Of NP) EFå/¡(rt='¡s1 limited to -' l#a¡v¡>¿:z>>>ff,,ucmael

a) E#ffiþfutfrLf r,- å+ä¿r. Bäffi€4t=Wt) *,Ë Å."

(Students who study Japanese are îot iimited to Japanese majors.)

b) &tú.- / e ØtEæz))JlrlÌ BA^EF ò tuT Lr/rüro

(These days, professional sumo players are no| confined to Japanese.)

t:
This expression can also be used in the affirmative, as in d.
c ) *+Wt:fttl 6 Øttx+þ+XL /cåEE "
à n< t\6
(Only those who have graduated from college/universit¡r can go to a graduate school.)

f 1 *' ë¿lt¡lu (* particle) Tt='âny -' l#ævt>t æ>>> eruart;tt]

. , G- 9terally,,p4r-tiè1es- àì and ?. are.'de-letedì.whç¡.they,rare,.fqjlõ,wqd ,t:'.òtr,':\i{il :étliêrÐarti- ]

cles such as L ,/ù' Èt,/ t:,etc., remain.

tr<
a) Elvt¿HtlUT' t !.!.tT"
(Any present will do.)

b) Elvr¿),.tt' å?'t,r- ¡^?ù à ) L )ttl,u,"

(It's nice to receive a cardno matler who it is from.)

c ) Etvt¿),¿ råËìg¿:Ì¡,{Lâ^tr- i$/i.

(A person wtio canbe friends with anyone is lucky.)

d) t ¡-t¿ffi:cü. {Èe)¿x-'ffiri"
(Any place is a home once you live there. [:There is no place like home.] )
 >>>>>ÊDwÅ

a) "o #umdæt >>>>>[âËÊt.:]

Elu bØ ). ¿ fr. *.J,t¿ú ø u,rþ /crr/ù?.rtt ¿ 1, 1 : When you give a present, it is

customary to say ¿ fuÌtl.l¿t¡o¡
R#ßo)t6atr ùt'f.'f " D + à t..1,'e î ül Ð, ¿ Ìv.t *. tt
tJ r. ò o)îT It E, ¿ lLl!.À,ØÞ
ËBr b- Ðt ò. t4*.ÈÀ"" L'fîùl å', etc.
Elu z ø)rãt\ ô t"r 6#7 z, ür È /c rr /¿ Í¡*L?" r 2"
2: W1len you want to state a reason
HE 4 À,t¡fi,þ ffr.*> t¡ ( 'c. ò I å. -z I¿ Ø tÊ , for a gift, you can say, for ex-
Eu t - ì- - lvØñffi È /¿' it {" j- à" 6 "
tt]:-.
ample, -f t. t È"t. l¡ *¿T111,
-f ùÈ:/c*¡lL"fTor ì,.a{¡
toËff|: t¡: .c r,. * 1o)î.

lrrrdVv-,
e ,s7ù: tÃ->f., Éâåsâ* r' ò 6 '>'c.-&) {Ll-¿.rr:ËÉ bFht=-tt.'cffLâr..- EL
r¡7" v€ y þ /ì: /: å.. /¡-tl' i {Lt-ù. oi¿ù,þffiBÃ L /J ð !."

tfiul lf#¿*. *4'ø2 y 7<;'tr:ti--)v7 vv ¡"¿.aÊfiia 6 à-ct¡Øàs.

ù'ØYr ó ^t; -Æi{Lt-ù,c
(knitting) ¿ìT+-C'. fi ò ffi¿,È: ¿ ¿ìä ù,->I¿Øtt:- [X0)
Ì¿
" '&f-t*ffia+rJ
À,1-T
r¿ÐìGmA,î ({tI¿1"1-l" ¿Ø$lLTit. ó* bt.*¿:{'. å{L./Jz).->lcurt ¿. Ë
t't'&kØç-.ÆÈ¿ì¿ { rr ){Lt ( 'c. â{"ò 4{Lþxgt: L{!.*T.l

f,r,Ã-rVJVi
e,:Zù:ä b. --^àìg+ä. ò i-^àì,+ 7 | 7 r I t) -0)).'û:/J b /Jð !.o a) øHY
+.ØÊHÞ{r[tJ- ( /¡" ùl t BAffi ù: T 6 "

a) EAi:Ër,./¿ ¿lÈ., Ø&++.rJt, H'ùøån. tffi-t( å /¿ z" vì v | þHL{ùHT",t

7|7r i. t) -0)*á1ð Â, (*áËð {LþffiIJ !. i L l,Ì¡!. o){.'. E++.Ii
h) ù: ?c 7( {L
þrÃü ðÈ--r_ 7cØ/wìy lt:)1.{!. ôt,ô-#,8Ã1â.
b) 2 y 7-"'.0)8. ¡, 7 | 7 r ì. t) -Ø'H (ffi) ¡s7"vìv | þ < {Lâ"
c)'hà l. 7 r ì. t) -l)ffi <W> ø'#4.ä,,:- /vc¿' v I k ù)tfâ"

173
.lg#>>,>>

3,,"iii.7tv-J7- j
tlcilvl,à ö biZÁ, L¡i

t¿4Ø å Èøffiffi¿:rr.{ì..ór,. ôHFãLlJð !.o (l> l-Q )\.- i++.7Jsr./JùlÌ}iå". it

är-ffi¡fia 6.¡
It,.:6¡ * L /¿å.1 l/ìir¿ìffifF Ur¿ À,"e1 ù.)
b) EÆnTr-> /¿ L å 0)b â++.þ F,ù.ü:zJr2,,v-/þ(Fb , 4 ø44l:- BAt" ÐÂ,¡¡ffi
t: E A,T¡/ v¿'v | þ l> 6 .>I¿ù.þH7"1L /J ð t."

4,",fF*.
e 1 -c'ffi l-ã-cI¿/vë v t Ø,Hr.Hù:?r.{. I i {LU¡t .r¿Ëú¡+h) ¿ r. iffif.'ffx?
ËÈ ¡¡ ð ù.o Fð ¿* H?" 0 øFtlz !. <-ffiA,íctr.69 ( å Ì r,.")

e BAÄ¿rlrf - l. Í.-HL.wþ t_ { r. * T. cD ?Hr. -(_ n1)xrJrlEL ùlrLd'o. FåË:

I t.þùr-'x ?^Ètä ð 1."
[¡.u r,t¡.
taffi chopsticks lf merchandise
Etr
zri ¿ ) o¡.
AËÆff :FÉ b VJ 1c6 I
affordúIe
¿''* ( òtrt ct4
ffiÈw Kamakura-style carving @{,f to wrap

n ) a : Ø^Ì17 ./ y 7"'/vë v l þffi. { !. å /¿ u. å,8:11.6"

il b)) 7 ) y åi:!.åË)ÉùÌ. 7./ y rt/\ù. È¡ Li1./¡r,. L. EA^à.{> Ld'¿lJr,.,

n c 4 ØhÉl|*,o))vì, t-u-"
n ) d
*J ì: t\,
*6#ØlÊÊ9.ItE+Ef"ó å.
tr e ) ¿ Ø^lÌ. +,#ø tiå.i:ñE ò H: lcØIì ô i "
 IE ilÐl
w
o 7-+Tr. v / u hØ*+ØãtJJffil¿+fi8ä=< "
ôÈq
E.tIt HÃ ft+^

ffiEc
Fu'FÆ¿ÀËI¿t-îr.6 i Èù:. \,-)0)*ü:È.-E tr:/Ì,->{ L* r.* LÈÈ¡. ft
+t*l6lúF,(*[. à : L+ t,. * -fà.o 7ct, Èr¿t,. tóæt. : ¿ T- l, ¡ i. BAù* 4 À,/¡

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used by women
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ULþLÈL
Shinkansen (trËf,ffi)

tTt h" Shinkansen, or the Bullet Train, started as one line in the 60's, but has since
I expanded to a few lines running the length of Honshu, Japan's main ísland, as well as
part of Kyushu. lt is not inexpensive, yet it is a fast, safe, and comfortable way to travel.
Trains are on time 99% of the time, and even if you miss one, you don't have to wait very
long for the next one.

R¡okan (ffifr)

here are enough hotels throughout Japan, but if you really want to relax, go to a ffiÊE,
I
I
a Japanese-style inn. lt is expensive, but if you wish to experience part of traditional
Japan, splurge one night and stay at an above-average fftÊE in a hot-spring town. Soak
yourself in the hot tub, eat the food they serve, and get good night's sleep on a futon.
Hopefully you will feel all refreshed the next morning.

Travelling

T apan is a populous country and everyone loves to travel, which means wherever you go,
J it is usually crowded. ln the spring and in the fall, many schools have so-called iäVffii+,
teacher-led trips for elementary through high school students. Although it is impossible to
avoid these crowds completely, you should at least try to find out from travel agencies
when the peak times for school excursions are so that you can enjoy at least some sem-
blance of privacy and quietude.

a
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183
10=#>>>>'

lt+ ( i, Lt
AKIT 6 to make a reservation -äÉ number - car
¡t ¡l u k¡+*-lr¿
ÐJre ticket 11 ffiftffi# reserved-seat ticket
¿'. å pri lt /,
tKn
*t¿lc ¿
(ticket) window 12 wa# special express fare
u'¡,¡J¿"+ ln ticket
, tr+f#å bullet train
Urrl-+lr¿"
¿t¡-l-¿
3 ,ffRE raikoad station ### passenger ticket
tr-iȿ,

4z
employee 14 fl# fee; fare
i-¡,¡, ¿"

ü1, desk ìEH (passenger) fare

{,t, ¿ t,"*.,1,i-Lè.
F r¿4
t: < ¡¡¡
request; application
-NHfrL 10,000 yen bill
u i a-f -
ffi*ü æ (train) schedule ffi¡t'â to keep (something) for
tJì í + tt? (someone)
ñÊE# leaving Nagoya
a

ü.b'b lname of a bullet trainl

17 Iô) b change; balance of
¿ii *-¡-i r¡]<
money returned to the
.X.,R Ë arriving Tbkyo purchaser
EÞ*
Wffi seat

]g'ct' ¡ ) l- ¡,¡"
business trip K Inn
' rtt;
HdF
t¡
KßH
r: tL¡ ( ¿
ffiË lplace name] :ê{úå with two meals
ri çt '
¿'.a s-[
l# þffiÐ. â to rest Uit.,to rest one's ffi
1
inn;lodging
bodyl t¡rùt
v-tlt¿-¿-- Ðbø view
J TB Japan Tlavel Bureau l, tl--
ut tf
11
frä Japanese-style room
: -ifi <

one night's stay;

,rì-.X bath
overnight stay
t1r'
ffià. (r¿) quiet l4v bathroom; toilet
f
uoriL¡
Lt¡,
#il'¡a to check; to look up
16 lÈtî address; place of
,p.ù¿
residence
È# [place namef 19
irt¿¿
lgffift
< ¡*
place where one can be
reached
 ,,l

gti ¡ti
1yfr¡tl, late afternoon, usually tl n#,
u ri.¿
joke
just before dinner time ,gt' È

¡{av" <
16 Yã& informal cotton kimono
Effi private house providing r l,ø
18 Ê4Ð kimono
lodging and meals to I
Ètàt
tourists 20 Êæì-â to change (one's)
ctù' - clothes
, [Ê.{16 to become tired
å
tl,

5 $áÆ1,8
FJ.
bath ftffirtl, I
feeling
å
vE¡t ñffiÈt-t- comfoftable; pleasant; to
ø(-þ)F,Wîâ to see the sights (of -)
¿-t¿: rÞ
feel good
9HÐ men's section of a -tr

bathhouse
2s ffii to wash
¿o'lut¡ @

*È women's section of a
bathhouse
f
to b{L z [uttered when
something unexpected
happensJ

:'ù¡u t{. u-tr¿

o Elñ domestic t:EIØtr] tÊf* Mother Nature lli¡.,
mighty naturel
I tl/ pass ø-;-
t ¡trt L+ y*â to remain lu.i.l
3 ffift+r travel agency ø-i{ti
5
d.
tfltF
¿-u
very big city; metropolis
Ëx agríctslture
i'1
t:/tÈ u'rrl *,Ü 6
-E
to receive
ú¿i 1ú
7 Eî]] valid + cow
*5'¿¿er i.J
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r{¡v
-) + sheep
ttct I
8ffiÊ rallway
i¿" silo
Jç.

s)b north i:'

t{r¡a
17 Æc to stand; to be built [u.i.]
tt. Lå
ffi south 18 trÉ, scenery
l¡?
+tLYrti aru
fr,a to run
al
19 ft{Èe people native to the
t2 7vyî,1 7 frontier Iand
 .l 10#>>>>>
I ¿''" å
tg747 Ainu 37 lÉfr vigor; liveliness; vitality;
tt? energy
f'J village ¡J
¡rt¿u" ¡ 3, ffiZf. constantly
,o 6fÍI lmain island of Japanl ¿'
,l¡,tt < (-åì) Ælb-f â to change
^..1,

ffiJhl: from north to south a tl ¡ ( tå

¡['lfr'
E.^
HI
largest t:-ÉtÈ i.l ffi ZT É!(r¡) attractive
ah;
*oL¡ ¡. nffi city; capital
f\FE. lplace namef ¿.-f
¡tr¡* (-ù:) [86 (-) would have to be
21 tfüR lplace namel
-1. , the best choice [:-rì*
ffitr lplace nâmel i.l Éi. [>>>g;åv- ¡¿]
¡r( ¿r'tÈ ú'r: u +5'r'Èì1.+,t
EXffiÉ!¿: internationally ffi=nËnf.'Bk wwr
+-t' å, ¿¡t rt¡
22 Ën world WE damage
LfiÈli ttt
23 m # commerce *r+ Buddhist temple
È¡ril.( u],u+
ffi.Ê education ffiff
- t- ì
shinto shrine
l{. u r,
t'ñ art 35 EÐJ{t T¡t- can't see them all
t¡1 t
t-:f an t:â#l 36 äE
r{'¡:.
lplace rLame)
Èø" l-À'
za f,f,r center /&;fL
. tr-1,
big statue of Buddha
-F'- i

Bt u' ugly 37 ElEl [smallest of the four

¿-lul c main islandsl
zs lEÆl,I¿ crowded La
[¡¿
¿¡ *6fÈ, castle
26 ffiYJî â to criticize - tr¡-,

27 iv!z7Y-
trl
rushhour
F[ffi¡lJ Mt. Aso
¡t( 6 uå
glcv t &H Mt. Sakurajima
28 ffiffi otdet ¿l r¿
Lt<t,¡t
WW characteristics
'XlJl volcano
¡l< È
vs'i¡tu r.È &ffi, various parts of the
2e + tJØ- one tenth [>>>*iå.2- ¡ r ] country
30 T')t y n 6t b America,for instance lot;ui ln
lñR hot spring
r¡ãfr'
ts# CTllnC t9; i b leisurely
ia
31 &. at night
t t-â
ü.¿ bËå walking alone

186
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41. + 42.Tfr+T +s.&tfu

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u.ìEffift rz. F,E tt.T,#. tq.Yà& ts.Êffi L â

L6.E'Ðl rz. Élf* re.ËX 19. + zo.Rþ
zt./.''FE. zz.ffilÊ zt.ffiF z¿. ElffiF! zs.#'ñ
zo. Hf,!- zz.lHÆ ze.fit#J 29.ffiffi s0.ffiffi
tt.[F,# zz.ffifiYJ sz.WE s¿.â.Ê es. ffi
so.&,8 ¡z.lñR

This radical comes from # and is often used for characters representing
kinds, conditions, products, etc., of thread.

tfÊt tf;ãt t_#€J rd¿

187
 .l to#>>.>.

í "* iiäÁ ffraction) l#afii > t. z s >>> #)o-ìErì^Eli]

.È,1ù1 i -Etv
lìffi (fraption) is expressed,in Japanese bÍ l,(nùdbèi)â nùmþer)l.,Notióe'
rølapa-
nèse; a-ile.nominator comes b.efore a numer4qg er;llir:.A ø:,1:'$};,
=á|r,-,.,,,(:þ;9tc,

Zru SentenCe +lüë l#afii>t.¡o>>>d:(þrõr*¿ãu+¡'4a<l

,l
F li ¿, srl mêans 's2 to the eÍtent sr, or 'itissó tllât st.' S, is'ge.nryifplain'.f-,9, s,'

a) 4 y F-a;h u,-lÌ, t¿a*Ë7îüõlÍëå" 6 t. (spicy/hot) ¿ Ltrtb 6"

(Sometimes, Indian curr¡r is so hot that it brings tears to your eyes.)

b) Ð tt /J tr lÍ ¿ t6 t¡,f:fì!r : Ìf r., {. T"

(I am so fuil that I can't move.)

c)
(Tokyo has an amazingly large number of people.)

construction can be paraphrased,to,[Sr,(f fo{.lq):.S1.¿l T]. as in d).

- ,This
d) 4 v Ølt rz-ùåÈ. à ( (- t¿7¡.fiårgãlf ¿1.'T.
F-

J "' lE[åiJf¡='more than an¡rthing' l#a*z > t. t t >>> lql& þ t.,Eñr)tõ : r]

a) â- l¡[J U €'lFÈìffiLt-t"Tiâå"
(Right now, IwarLt a car more than anything.)
t, tú: i
b) l¡[å fJ ú&gÆFÈr*#(.'T"
(Health is the most important thing in the world.)

Qr,,, fiÍt)YEfi|ã lffiafii > t.ts >>>.n*Êßt¿Eõl

Y in this construction can be either a noun or a verb in plain present tense form. This con-
struction means 'As for X, Y is the best thing to do; As for X, there is nothing befter than Y'
,ù
a) ã1. B ù: ¿Ìht¡ t, è - ¡vþffiùi:ffi,õ.
(Orinking cold beer is the best thing to do on a hot day.)

*I
6tt

b) Ét .fl3ãäda/¿ ùll'¿ùx-'. HtrrF' úJ

"
(tf you want to visit an old city, Kyoto is the best place.)

188
 ttrrrfft fi

$ ott ^,¡f ¡f lffiuvt > ¿. E ¿ >>> Ëo)t to)ô+Þ#+lät...]

Í.c, l:Lv+
a ) Hfl¿: ù*Ëú) * * Ø#++ffi+Ltrt&,t -"
(There are marry old temples and shrines in Kyoto.)
Lþ 2b
b) BAE¿liâ/¿tr:f ¡f Êft.å,Í.. Ë¡ *at - L l'.
(Japanese rice wine tastes good even co1d.)
¿r. ,' r¡
c) #.þlrlltt¿**86 ¿. F,ff? ¿¡ ( .
(If you go to sleep with the window open, you will catch cold.)

d) E i ëzo*,*r'à Lf ( liÈ r.."

(Please come as you are.)

e) )vt¡ 6 t6#.þlËr) É * *ìEå /J t.Ø ùt_ À ( /J !..

(Ifs not good not to return the money one has borrowed f¡om other people.)

189
 .l to#>>>>,

a) ,,, r#Jïâ >>>>>[âffi2]

(ËÉÉ"c)

ffift+r äËH ¡. 7 ^ìryrT.

It: t¡
bØ i - ffË&¿:frÈ /; L.Ør. ffiffiØrffiã,
Í¡.FUr L,t¿L,¡Ìv(.Tår1. ¿: ¿.#-¿.t"ó * 1 : When you are making a reserva-
tion, use expressions such as -
b É ( ¡¡ t.rfrÊË¿t /J r. {.' L J I È." d)?ñl ? *ôÆ r. L t¡ r.. Â,1Tå¡ or

ffift+Í ¿Ìr,." :fËl*,!.:'r'. l. ¡ i zJ," -þ1.#J L/cr-rl,fT7)r.

ll2rr
-+E ù, t"ifrØÍË{.Tàs.
ffift+r ^Æ
*a=nffi,t L * T@f\ J61+t, ( Èð r,."
*ù'4
ffift++ *af$/¿ri L* L/¡. È ¡ ) å'À ð ¿ ) Ì¡øù:
:'Èr,. * L /c" mmhKø KâEr". :ê{ú
å f". *á-^ffi-ÌÉ*U^+Elt'j-àr.
ì å- ó. D+. Ìñ!?L{ò 6å*Tå..
ffift+r It,r,.. 'c'¿i+Ërf#!þ^{L"c *óÈ * TØ1'"

l,,,HSAAU
e Hê*(p.192)þEa, wØHfñ,^æàäð !."

a)
b) HH¿.6ÉåF*-r". lô¿.
/J :' f
bl {'r. ( àà.à. b *Tà..
Lrôt-*
c) &ÉEn tB,H*{.'¿Ì. r,. ( åù.ù,b *Tà.. -ËHu.Ø¿1. !. ( 6-51å." -ãät.
Øùt?

190
 ,>>>>rft.l

/,,,æ,A#ú
LÁ"ù'l"+L U ; (

e ffiW#&ØWr^lj*(p.193) þ Hr - /r ð !'o
^ØHPÃ^Æà
a) RÉ¿.6lE,H*îf,r( ø¿:-
lóÈ ð r'
Ø4"A 107Ë¿Ì'lEñU(.'îÐ'" 4{Lt} /¡¡c*-c'Tà.'
b) HH¿. ùffi^FF.*açTrlØù:. Ø4'-4173äå ô¿. 40sãt"¿*. ¿'Ë âØËàrffiFåàr
ù,ù, b * Tà."
'
c) o) ê- a 113 ä ùt. X¡ÆiË¿. t, *.{L* T à."
d) 3H20Et:ÁËÊrï. àËÉ^lJ( ¡EHt-F',É-ËË ¡a tÈiù:ËÈ I¿ù">l¿Ù,
^¿ì.
&ÉE.þlilWù:HfrÌl'r. !.t L I ) È." a rT,l# (train) ù*{EI å r,' iYIH:cTTJ'"
Lfs-r'
e) #lü¿:f,rÈ/:r,.Àlt. o)7¿'a, (Ià. b. :È*Ø+f. EøltlÉt:*.ote' !'!'("LJ
) zJ'o

J ',' g-w7,"V{
Ê (2 ¿ IEI DWe^U#.þ1fr.t,'* T") ^{7 ¿: /J þ . -^tiE^þffi11+Ø7 r' rt L, ö t-
AÙ*FHØ JTB ØT+F¿: /¡ b ä è [.O 7 / , rt Lttt JTBltEt:_ R.o)z Lþ EA#(.'
Ë!. ä ð l'"

a) HelShe cannot use the timetabie because helshe cannot rcadkarrl|

b) HelShe wants to go to Kyoto on a Nozomi tomorrow. HelShe must be in Kyoto by
11 a.m.

c ) HelShe wants to know whalfiain the clerk would recommend.

4rrrdV2-,

$ 'o' fF*
e l#L¿. ->I¿ffiTr) å r,. jE(". ('6 t. ølFXþ# å ä ã !'.
-É,+

191
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nt ,
76r
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e 7 J y ù1)x+'eFlÆ#þffiÉÊLf t.å+ä¿ì, ÌñR¿:r!.f EÆffiØtr+.i:Ëf,!.-c1.

* T, CD ? Ef, L. -C . n7)yùsE L ¿l irùlo. FåËu { r. d'?.Ìt' x ?Å.1,¿/¡ ð r."

n a) Ë8. =z-?ìE¿ÌrÌ{ (
fftÊË-c'¿*. ./ dnr,/Jt."

n b) ffiÊEo)Èt.l*. #C ¡¡f'-143Ë[E^f'5:{
(western food) ¡ì?sç,o

T ) c {4{. òtrÈ
trfÊHt"¿t. { å < {Lâ"
n d) ÌñF'¿:fr( å. lñR.¿:^â. L¿.rÈ/Jr,.o ¿

u e) ftäl*- iffiå'r"A* btrll'z¡ù.Ë¿s!.t' å,Epf r,.åo

194
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I ãJ
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ÉÈË trsoa-ts7z) ø|j.,#¿4å u.
Ð 4iÈþ
i å. BA,,\r¡ 6=ãft:cò * T.. #EBtf- ¿ E
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LWãüå,.
Ei c
l¿às- 7c {L LlÉffi¿-, \- ôt- ôl¡frffi{¡ få L/;" : : {.'¿1,. 4 {L4-'{LØ\fu#
þ-'tT'tfffi^U
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l¿Ø{". t, ¡ t Ðtr"r å /¿t,fEt. ð ¿,¿: lâ{trJH+f'Tr.l ¿ Éf,t't" *"#E
r.ðÂ,¿*- 1r,.ÀÂ,)Et. åE:/¿ø(.. lð t+:ffi("¿ð"t'*fl LÆLl¿"
T â L. EËfl¿*. l*t'5.u. Dç/¡¡.¿:o /¡ìt'. ò if:ffi¡¡ Ð ¿É ) À,È"
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#tãåì;l(+ k+xL (. zqExøi'Áll++ î#ffiþw.ì-rãÐI¿ t ôØ : ¿ {"

b â " b â E 2 7 z("#lãàr. #f*É¿: ffi( å tHffi ? BAffi¿:=aR t-'cffiÃÃ
U L¡
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¿å/¿'Ð/¿" fl'årâãol¿ À i ¿:lÊl-r $ó È ä ð t'.1 LæLl¿ å t' i.

¡rc i+f c
l>
:i il\Etf Japanese equivalent
Effi anecdote
i
=Et#

e LØYãffi,lvzc. ;Rî)HF€ l-äZ ä È tì.

a) EËfl¿*. *af6t.ðrâ,rì tÙ t+-Ht'¡a"l'*Tl åÉ:/¡ffi. /¡tl'*a::

T¿Ø1L ¡. i zJ."

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a HDrlt_ã3_1ËÞ-å. ...:.'ì......:,,i11..'::..:.;,...,:rt::'.............'..........".....'...'>â# 3
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lli:i:¡rllr
 LT URE No c
o
c
a
o

Homestays

s we learned in ffia¡*r) fg+,lËffi1, Lesson 3, there is nothing better than doing a

homestay in Japan to understand what a Japanese family is like, to see how "ordinary
Japanese" live, and to improve your speaking skills. On the whole, they will treat you well:
they may put you in the best room they have, cook better (or different) food than normal
just because you are there, try to take you to places they themselves may not normally go
to (e.9., a sumo tournament), and they are likely to shower you with gifts. Even then you
might feel uncomfortable: your room will be smaller, you might have to eat food that
looks completely unfamiliar and unappetízing, go out with the family when you don't feel
like it, etc. You might even resent the fact that the host mother doesn't give you enough
freedom or privacy. As Mami says in âãÉ 3 of the current lesson, howeveç it is very likely
that she means well, and the unpleasantness you experience is most probably a mere
misunderstanding, just as much on your part as on hers. lf you come to a point where you
simply cannot get along with your host family, discuss it with æ+EIft, who could make
arrangements for another family or another type of housing for you.

Making Apologies

mericans and Japanese don't necessarily apologize in the same situations. Americans,
for example, always say, "Excuse me" when they bump against someone. ln Japan,
however, don't expect to hear lArtËlv, ft+Ltrt [,fi, etc., on crowded trains, platforms, and
sidewalks although you are pushed and shoved allthe time. Japanese don't usually apologize
in such cases, unless they feel they really hurt you, e.9., by stepping on your foot by mistake.
On the other hand, salesclerks and service personnel in Japan would apologize much
more readily and profusely than their American counterparts, at even the smallest hint of
inconvenience they may have caused you.
Also, Americans don't apologize when they fear some legal or financial disadvantage
that might arise. For example, in a traffic accident of which you yourself were the cause,
you are not supposed to apologize in the U.S., because apologizing in such a case might be
interpreted as an admission of guilt. ln Japan, on the other hand, the person who was
responsible for the accident must apologize at once, to show how sincere he/she is. ln fact,
the presence or the lack of sincerity could very well be a big factor when settling the issue.

o
c
o
o
o
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O !-1r) Y h\71i7 1"ì U -øöElëtu ¿EÉ t,Ctìõ "

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15 ffu* t"¿: ü*j[É, { * {dâ.
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w++ffi i * ( r.:{*Tå."
z-+lv H{fit'T¿." Lì-- trå'ül'ð *{". FtJù-{trJòF"Iffió b *Ì}¿,.
w++ffi 4 {t/¡ à !. !. {"T ùt Ð......" : ØF€. zJrI t f ð ¿,Ø *dË ð .å, ¿ €ffi{" iô#l- I,
I¿ À,11 ! "
z-iìv 4 i 1Tù,"
w++ffi 4) t- Ì¿ t, . 7 - + v ã À,Ø ¿ffiHÈ. 6 +#fråìX/J !. Ø ùå ¡¡rl'È' ó i zJ. o'c.
10
ão'C. 6,c l- ç r,. * Ll¿ j.
z-c)ìv ì-o ?

w++ffi ò i. 7-+ vð,tàs*í.ù,6= nHt: {¡ /¡ âØl-- 7 r, rtØìô&ãÀ,þ"

Èr*E ò+fiffàìXäì..Øl*- åi r,. ibtÌr¿ô) - l4Ëàr*áËff¿:r¡-c'c.*a
þ *fJ Ì¡À,1Êc( È{ ò À ð 4 t r¡ò Ø/¿'üt Ð. t¡À'í.*a-> t-r r{ *
LtÌ"
A-i:v Ð i L{Ëàì......o
W+4ffi 7 ) Y rîù1. t+ä¿iäBüL/¿,,\Få Lëì-È'{L'Ct'âù,t'- ffiùtZ hÌÃ+
frÉ,þbè"irð"É ( r¡A,<!'I i ¿ ùå/Ju'Â,t-To"C#,Wl-I¿À,11ùl ¿. fú
/ìå.1 < iôh\lJ. b ¿: /¡ 6 /J t. Ii (" L/¿.
z-cìv Elb * L/¡" Ð, L/¿ 6t'u'{"Li iÈ'o
W++ffi1 4 )13./rr" t:ùf b. 7 ) Lþ*nùìù{.
r rØ*áËð À'ù-4Ø. *ólLØ
S#F 3Ér,. ( tT J- ? _t;.ÐEA! I L_/_ç_ã¿s t . u. Å, D ç ä !. ('- t- t. i ù. "
7
z-qlv S:ùfr4)T.Ltiå'.
ffi++ffi 4i11.¡)tt"
z-cìv D ç. 7c ) U * î. â8. Fr8Ë¿: ) -tvþ L * T.

w++ffi 4 i t--c. ( /¿è!.. zJrJIlð.nö Èr å taÉ¿tt¿:r¡6 LHu.*1J"

200
 >>>>> ihz F?"=U-¿øffimI

e7-Ü vlr\Ë:ÉØH.¿=Ét cr\õ"

H ff: *áùÌÌ r"
7-+)ìY *rù*Ì i.
É f,: {ú/¿ à.ññåì /J !. />r¿ t', *t"
7-tìv E\t:ffi-x=-tt [. i b ù) Dç/J [.'4,/¿'ùt Ð. ¿ Ø ¿' ô,i z | 7 r ì y -Ø*á
Ëð.àù:. j ( tãËb{Lâ {> Â,Èå. à"
1
Hf : t* À,t¡Ï<H ?
z-+lv : ØFå. ÉtfrUtHAcÊEê-ì/¡ ¡'("H¿.ùlÈ +'>I¿ t. ) t'n'R-t.Cà. à.
lËA¿ÉEê*/¡¡.fffiþ.ùlË çÈ"ÐÌ I T¡À,'cUù.ùf¿È ç -cI¿l,"
to F ft: i LØEfìo{IEIDÈÌ. 4 À,r¡: ¿ Èüt ?
z-+lv 4{Lù.È,. : ØFå$ó&ð ¿, ¿frà.ù}Èffi. 7 4 7' -ÀË:-C. ËÈ z¡
àr6ê-ì j , è l..i; à. lô,-c L ð /¡r,.tTlJ o1*,a ' Èr{Lt, f :/¿ L"
I
Ê f : Eä¿*- ó * b Ëå r¡àråê¡ì/J!.à. ào
z-+lv 4{t¡,:, ilfr,cßF.øõ ¿ (". r.Tù:,Ë.Øìù(*jiËf,ffiÀ,11¿ù- fu. j-¿:Æ.øt
t5 /¡ u.-c"frl /¡¡4,1ã ) Ø"
F ft: 4iIìi'r" 4fL6BA¿*bÀ,*. bFà/J!.È"6dâ"

e ZnäËeFËUìCUìlc I - 1 i/ !
îì, trã lt Ë{ì"
Ð-4Yv ffiørfzlTr ì y-ØSáËð.t ò. trIcJ ){Jå.*Lì..Ì"
E S: 4)?
ìt4/v ñåìKr 7c )fìL. iÈ.ðfSr(t.È/¡ðt,. !l t¡A,'CÊ) 1,, &!ñ6Øùt
L¡-¡åE(r¡aå. iåår.L.
H fi: L ¡ t ¿ )Er. o'c - ffiJi;-¿*'{FJffi :'é ?
Ð-4/v +-ffilfrf--ffi$[¿r.
1-cf v ì- -t ? tl^t¡ l"¡,, ¿ ØFå+ffi l:'ffi-l: Ø ¿:. E[. : "cÊhfLL f : Èo
:

Hft: {"ùde" *áËð A,I¿t,- AÀ,Ì¡0)z å,ù,8É1,1.âlr'6- mÉ) ì"Dç/¡

(,. ? El^Ø*óËð ¿,{. 7>À.,r¡ 4 ) Ìì ¿,H i ùl Ð.

ì-4/v +Ì{E L /¡ È ç r. ùl /J t.., { ¿ å È./J.

Z_+)ìy : 4) ìr. È¡ Lfu/¡u.Èa"

201
 .l tt #>>>>>

¡-
i

ÐI ,
r¡)vä,8,:L ø ¿T

4E¿ìE )
iFù:'ùå,.("
L+
Tþþ,
¿* ùn
r¡UÌ¡ 4 ;îÈ.
ò

K ä
E
þt'C.
-) !r :¿ åì
EfE
ù:

,irl¿âàìØS
-,.1 Løb H*
H*9 ,8, þ . A {L
+";.F,ÈXâ
+: /¡'c Èì ftù
*v, o \
o

t+
äffi
Ëi
'ffiffi
ærffi
'c ü: T
l¿ t
¿:

¿ ffi Ð a-
i'i* Ø É1 Ø I

#æ HZ ?
'#.'¿ ,h
¿t"
t: Y
¿

tiFål/Jt
I ÙÌ L 27
t ffiÍ' l¿ I

if\- L7': 1 o)BUìt (5FæÊ : Èil.rt+EwäËþ> t

-)

202
 >>>>> fiZ l-rr=U-¿Ofdffi I

o)/¿fiUL\HË<k.Èrt
7r. 'ffi- , tJ -C. i ffi. ¿' n '&- {4 /: t {" )v F
ö k î ("' É, L -#. * k " )v È å !.
t
kr¡ 'i( êò -C ffi ffi #';på $ + gä { ffiù å
ffi Ì¡ , Øi !r ('rì Xffi I
\ì#,b rìËf: f¡i 'âL;6ffi.A
3yíu,ffií!;íËå^+
* o -' A o ù:'i b T. È - È
E
HF
:
i"P
'-o {¡#ï9#;E;A'È
g ù: ò ì # ð" lä M F" )
: .:fr*Ër-ätJIiÆË¿/i
kP
:- i:
Eà

{1 qÌJn Fq.â¿ l- ) EA
î {\
6
f 'C U !r: /r 2 À" È ffi â
't 'x
{"'l'
\
!r È I¿i.11T
|

ji'¿t ti t r. {i'i; i É,;À

7
)t ./ â o a) y f$ _ b å Èri ¿" 1 4\4
¿:i Ø H U È !.i ço t¡ a
454 v= .' 1't
L ') ffiå
L h
þ'
rtL # Ø ffi o I¿* ð
Èìi
U
ò 4o
Ø,
urm ¿Ëþ !r þ TÁ
)ø +åìæ. fHùi,#êG
ËEIUtþ EkËf- t+ r€ä
LtLdâB)r¡41\t¡vØØ6æ
Tfr t At¡ ¿#ffi¿
('T¡È#å"¿¿þjAl;-¿u EÍ :ffi

/¡ #, b r * Ì)t:Ê.Hrt
: Æþífr.v
I¿
Ì¡ ¿ É ò +. xE+k +û:
T¿
( lÉ lv fr ffi i)ì
¿ ¿" FE T Y ¿*'C. /¿ \'t /¡( 5þ
G â( ü: I' ð H E )'t+ =S
'; Êft M,,'Ø tr ffi lÈ L
í3 ffi. Lr. åß",fË < b 4 Ë È
À"'lH Ø 1- T qr
â
* : þ Æ 1I- {L,E'
'; t¡ U t1'tb fH
o)
4 *
U I¿o Ë ^È" É t*,i
FÆ
þ È" {" i I: /¿
L
'l .h, ¿ I( =# r L k #,:
þ
g.=#û.T'cþtLL
"h frr: b
#fti;.íX.öí.freiZÇg
Hf. /¿ b'-o (.
fE Y Ì- Ì- - 'U L\ 4 : l¿ l¿ É
# -o : g i Ø
.::í,;á á :r Ë
j's'+''Ëi i H E ¿1rc*\ H,)ì
%wL
tr1þ.: 4¿¿ Li Éi:köi":
tiâÈ f¿i ¡ iI
[: zc'2
,? Ø ¿å t¡ ù:,h,å H E-U ' â þ -ti í E
9ì
3ìfr ffi -í'oE 5 5 t,EãÍ
jL3 )Ë ; ùgr:i i:'c
Hi1"-o' u1

!wRê.c
ir¡'Sòð:2r1ftD)'l¿
¿ t.Íä
5Ða+vbzÈr¡¿:i:ðú.:o
"þ z ¿: 7r â" å å.
l¡ ffi lÈ ù' È ) t, È)

: l- lt, ù:R þr t',f; È' ¿

Ë
Ø -c',2 I - El L ¿* l- â {L {" þt ô
.=bElL.þ¿t:ÈùåÈrt,
ù1"a7 þ,ü* Ë+ fû|' L o \ft ðH

203
 õt
14
EI
IE leg; foot 18 S'il. * L,'r,- to be fussy; to be overly
"t_ critical
17 Ë side ¡7 *.¡,
('È
E mouth
27 fr,[Ft â to endure; to put up
ì with
'ar
Eà¿Ìðtî to butt in

t
ô'
o ltlv Jil1 a Àð"ù1.âi to kid each other
(' g V(past) l¡
æÈrT to live øÈ used to (do something)
*tt¿ [>>>9tË-/-t.ro]
t/Àä [famiþ narne] *t¿i¿

¡i¿ ffi younger brother

tt lfemale given name] -ì .,
f Yt¡' Hffi,b gesture
7 Æ!' short -1 ,,
+.( +ffib (hand) gesture
2ff' approxirnately ,(_
€ ? I'
1 t- fEË difference
ìË:"7 to spend (time) ¡¡'t"
t--
l\ô\-ô
þ4 (t¡) various
11
Ër..Ì;(Ø thing which one has just
'f
learned [>>>*;É.2-t.tt]
14a to gain; to learn +r"*r<t*
'z ffi ffi átlu ù'
Fl¿: actively
it ,)t*
4xw smile (on one's face) (-Ì:) âllnt 6 l¡pafticípate (in -;
r: tô'
iD)ã t to suit; (something) t;.T .
ß ãh6 to inquire l:HHi 6l
becomes (a person) F
0þ1
t
tù'
ls 7tYùffi, Americanway
Ell 6 t' cheerful cttl
tz Hl: always [:t.rò]
+b L r,. kind; sweet
lwritten expressionJ
¡ ã¿1
5 ftËiF.ì
to be concerned about ¿l¿
Ea (something) returns
-

ffi state; way (a person lu.i.l

r¡'c L I
does something)
Itt.t ?
t8 m:Æî â to underst¿nd; to be
Y¡ãT A to express figuratively conyinced

-( åt./¿ such that; to the extent Lk u. the end l:#Ki? b l

+th -c. )-
t}tat - [>>>g;ËZ- Fg]
Èçtrit+(
ft#þfic to make amoYebefore
+EF the middle part omitted the other person does it
¡10>v ¡ (in anticipation of his/
'&k she
her move)
, a -f
r. h.,t, ¡'
wftì û to melt into; become a 20 RXlh different culture
paftoî
.lt t
ì
6t tr ll/n
Eil sphere ffFE¿: without limit
lr' t. ll'. ¡¡'

Ðþ D)'c personally Llit.,with ffi+ result

one's own bodyl
VÌi 4At+ miso soup
21
-Ðt L
at*-
for reasons of
31
*{t
f- ( -/¡¡. not at all
Ht:*6 to be too much (to *ì,

#1þ.t:
-.

at the end [:ñ{ø ¡ l:]

tolerate)
rtr ì +ãt <

(-à¡)fr¿: irhtË 7aundry

ù,ttr â (something)
bothers someone; t¿l'tÌ¡, ¿ gradually
(something) makes Ër( b cl¡rr' L.l,
someone uneasy äBüffiffi spirit of independence
itt -
Ëei t'
lÈ Ë16 to caution; to warn; to
Ëå (" to fade; to decrease
(t'
advise fEsr.' to regret
l: ¡Ftl L lt,
wÊ advice 34 Hø true [:ä*Ø]
,ì¡' t rlt
'fEIÆ å r¡ ( many times [:lEIËò] ffitl obstacle
(tÈf¿'* ' ¡la¡! a5?
tl EL r. critical 37 ¿F ?ffiT to weep; to shed tears
¿lrt rlt
HC behind someone's back ft tt'| a-l¡ ¡. by no means; never
o ,
ù
çC¿Që
--o - in whispers; secretþ ffiÆfr(r¡) wasteful
z rr
¡tat< ¡¡. r¡
#83Ë? to speak ill of E4 days
(someone) Ji l+<
at*
'&.w the latter part omitted
Êlla to be lenient ¡'tru 4
ÆfË
i
one's thoughts/
u!rf¡
)EWT â to be unsuccessful; to impressions
faiT l|¡"vq ¡
t t!.i XR collection ofessays
28 æÆ use L:fE). ¿l ^[.+u'¿]¿+a¿
t' r+
40 +ffi,ft+ first year oî Heisei
29 Ãfr?ô( to catch a cold [1eBe]
 >>>>> iliz l-?r=u-¿ordffi I

iþ

I.ìEÌ,. z.Wtrt s.EH +. *ñfr s.ffi

6.äBü z.ÄHl g.,E s.Wâ ro. ffit,.
n.lD/\ã i Lz.HÃâ 1,, ts.'&k t+.ffi rs. fHË
16.É* tz.*Ð 6 ra. Èrffi rs. ffi ¿: zo.ïf c
21.^ â zz.WÊ zz.4L â z¿. Ë!. zs.kW
26.tFH zt.ffiR ze. ô.41+ zg.ã \ s0.ffiffi
31.8Ø tz.E ss.#ftf zq.Yffi,7Êtr

L.'ffr z.WÆÉ 3.Ã* +.EtÈ s. fr'lË

o.HtrT z. ì&:'T e.'Æâ g.Kffi ro. frìË )
TT.Y¡ã rz. Fffi rs.WÌl) ü t+.Hffi,\ rs.ffiffiÉ!
16.ÐTJil tz.4{tâ re.ffiæl rq.EX{LEil zo. H
zr.ffiFE 22.ffiffi zr.Ë à (" z+. ffiS {r zs.ffr¡,1
zo.ffiEft zz.'¡hw za.ÆfgXF

This radical comes from the shape of a house and is used for characters
representing kinds, parts, conditions, etc., of houses.

tãl tEt fËt rd¿

207
.l t t #>>>>>

1 "' - $Lff-lrr à,/ ttOTllI à='because -' lÈ#l > ¿. z >>> rd: l¿ Þ Hâ: tcÐrutrt' a]
lÊtr¡ >¿.0 >>> e<gËJËtrnõÈn t;n o]

a) ft+. : Ði L I¿ lv-et ù." f

r,.sÂ,ì8r,.-6.Tda.
(What happened? You are late!)

Y4. : T 6*.-r¡Â," )
HÈ. tI J, L t-I¿ L a ô t:X.ù. à tÉffiÈt7). tt -> l¿ Ë,oTl ñ' ò
"
(I am sorrSr. It's because my parents called me just when I was about to Teave the house.)

b) ++.(*): ¿ i Lt¿Ø" =1J¡' ùffic/¿øJ.

(What happened? I've been waiting for half an hour!)

++.@): ¿'п,. ðe)¿," Éc*r; à. Ë (road) àìù Øî¿ ( ¿.1,-ct.t¿l¿tvtitt,ò"

(Sorry! I came by car but the traffic was incredibly heavy lso I couldn't help being lateJ.)

f ,r, -öf,J= Lã#t > ¿.2 >>>trt cura:ttr]

a) #fr-o ) 6l=ffiTtþ I /¿f ¿ì¡. ¡..

(One should travel while still a student.)

b) #lt,t¿ ) blifuúfrþ L'C. Jô ¿ " i

(I wiil get my study done while it is still quiet.)

c) Ët,tä bl=fi¡Ø Ll¿t. a- LþL'ct6 ( t r,.1."

(You should do what you want to do while you are still young.)

d) Bäl: ttâ Ò å r:. -Æååirí¿=ff b È r.- å,8,r. * 1.

I amin Japan.)
(I would like to climb Mt. Fuji while

e) ËÉt(t"râ) ËEffi¡ñ¿l¡. -c'c,t- *:È.

(Time flewby while we were talking.)
t:

i'.W,,hèn'.9'3,,þri9,'pr,
eded..þi'a.:lê€,a-tiyq:v,,erb,'f.9,r,m;f.ex,Þ,,r-. es the,,m.e.a.ni. g1 ,,
:befþig
something hapþens.'

f ) ó* bìE( r¡ål¡t,t)b|;'1fr->/¿ã¿ìl.!.f"Lå l"

(You should go home before it gets too late.)

g) Ëù: Lz)'È'(t'f¿çtabl=ffiÆþ L*T.

(I will do my homeworkbefore my mother scolds me.)
 >>>>> itiz ¡zz=u-¿ør¡m I

3 ttt Xå¡fi,Et¡$='n weighs on one's mind; to be concerned about -'

lÈffi 't > ¿. t o >>>fl ctaa ua]

::r..In,,this'construction,,X'san,bê'either,á¡ôu{r-9r'a,p9n1ene.o-r1rþ ne!|,,2-édl:b. t-4,$ry,bi+þ.Q,,,;:,

a ) FÌñËår'ã,E r¿ú) *t "

(I am worried about my grade [sì.)

b),$ - À 7 î 4 Ø++.ØXffi,¿. å +mÈì-iÉ t *tt !-ø)tÏfi,Erc Úl *I "

(I am botheredby the fact that my host studenfs family has not even written a single letter to me.)

{r'>> ¿öVTf) lãffi t > t.t t >>> ¿ã u(€lEnaulø*l

This phrase can be used with either a negative or affirmative predicate- In a negative sentence,
.",itm .:eanl..f (iСã'-rnme.i.trow.næ. a ffies,' In an afûrmatile ltê,nce';ít..1i ,tne.-s@
..ói...:.'am.l:.....:.=,:':..:...'.',.'...'.'.,.............:.:'"..'.'.i],

a) ¿a l,< $tìt),à ät'Ëll.,b4ù:Ff,t'( ( /¿ð t'"

(When you don't understand no matter how hard you try, please ask your teacher.)

b) i 4It- ¿aV<bâìL*r¡Â,.
(I can't tell a lie no matter what.)

c ) ¿ Ò l'( t'-ÆB^nTÍ'>f ð./¡ !'.

(I would iike to go to Japan once, no matter what.)

ott ?ü l='inadvertently; involuntarily' lã# t > t. t z >>> ?trËÉ1,¿¡vu r :z]

$
a) Êo'C. fÌr.ùÌlJr,.: àì?tttlt:H6 :
¿ ¿ åló 6.
(Sometimes, we accidentalþ say things we should not say')

b) ffiþ l,-c, ¡.(- Pürffifñ3Ëþf L * u l¿.

(I was talking and lost track of time.)

$ o" Nl¿ã,ä?Itâ='to pay attention to -; to be carefulI of¿ -'>>>.nä' añâ?lttr] > e

lãffi I

a) Eß#þ#TffiÌÌ. 7? t v l' E¡-..ä?tt( ( /iè r'"

(When you speak Japanese, please watch for pitch patterns.)

b) A: D+. ó ur¿#Wz
(So, you arc Teav íng tomorrow?)

B: ) À,"
(Yes.)

A: Ds. -flä2llTtJ"
(well, take care!)

209
 l

ft is used in many'idiomatic expressions in Japanese. The following are some of the expres-
sions containing ñ.

*. -llñ,1É?( ='to realize; to notice' (cf. Lesson 5)

¡l
c) ftiñdEù:Fúo:.bârË^^ -t;fi¿t'2ã:f tf .t-6'.L/¿.
(I didn't notice the poster on the bulletin board.)

d ) *õ#.þ w L L T¿Ø l; ft ¿t'2 ¡ I /¡ Ø ùÌ, *n,lñ o 1 lt, t> -ci L /¿

"
(It was after I got home that I realized that I had lost my money.)

x V(plain) + ãEäã='to bring oneself to do V; to feel like V-ing'

e ) êffi B ØW*fuffii 6*nt--r¿ t) *, Ë lþ"
(I don't feel like studying on Friday nights.)

f ) ?ãã,l:/rftrf. mtðt.å*T.
(You can do anything if you put your mind to it.)

| >,> V (plain) åäE*tmLrlâ,/Êö,/ffiÛ+to ask / reil / ask lsomeone]

to do [somethingl'
lã#z > t. z z >>> ÊuìctrËå ) t¡ dtffi tì t,rË'rïl lffiarryÀ > !. 1 6 >>> ¿n¿naa * : tr]

. -È, i ù:, in this, cgnstructÌon,: indicate!, that jt, i-s an indirec1

-q.99tg, .9[ a coryqand or a requqsf, [V,,,;:
".(p, prqsent)'J't ù:Ë i J is equivalent ro.,a- nè-.w átaiitøqupi" .u-c¡;,tV,i',itt,lÉ.'

a) ft4t¿:fÉffi{Â?Ét. ( !. /¿ È ( J à l;*¡Eur L /¡.

(I asked my teacher to wdte a lette¡ of recommendation.)

b) *rË ð A, ù: y = þ,,t y y þ ¿* t.
- Í+ffi,\
Ttù. t¡,t. å à {:ÈË ä fx É"
(My host mother advised me not to go to school wearing shorts.)

c) æ+-ffi * -c ù: lÌÆc 1 < 6 J. ) t;Éttl,t"tc"

(I was told to come home by 11 p.m.)

$ rtt V(VOlitiOnal) ¿ l¿t¿à=,when I was about to V, lãfr2>¿.tz>>>Ê<rãåLr¿51

a) 1,{- l'^l1I a¿1,/¡å. ñÈrffi¿f å/c"
(When I was about to leave for the department store, it began to rain.)

b) Éffi'e'ß.øF?Ef,l.r- ÊÉZ ) t t,ï¿å-

lË¿¡frr È l¿"
(When I heard his voice and tried to talk, tears came to my eyes.)
 >>>>> fiz ¡zo=u-¿ør¡e I

$ rto (X?.)Y< åt,lfÊ='X, to the extent Y' l#uw>¿.a>>>...¿BÊutË<aurtËl

:::',;i'.å,r,.,'like t*I:,'iñdicates rhe degree * "itË¡t*u,ti¡ràffi'*¡iÈrt:,is:õnÈ; '

, , 'r, (or x f). Ycan be a t¡-âdjectivc,(¿.g,, r$li.'( à ur("T); an'1.ù ,Sç,f;ul"i rfrt' ( a i

a) T t yù t:f
-c LlÌ.A,cÌ,.6 Ø(". i€ffiØãàìBAffiÌ
b < l,+/r åtr("f .
(He has lived in America so long that his English is almost better than his Japanese.)

b) ër,4 i Ès/¡ ( ê 'Tðo(. âffÊ^åft/Jtr< åütf'LÊ.

(There was so much food that we almost could not eat it ali.)
uhÞtr'
c) EßØL&|Jffir>Èù¡r¿ ( ðl',ó:f. BAÀù:ð*ÉLtr< åü\('T.
(There are so many ways of reading Japanese names that they are even difficult for Japanese.)

,, Thê.,( È t . phrase.can precede, the. situ;tion'it,.isi ¿éscri¡in,ii;åi, ñ.i'Y ( "f

'¡; ¡1 : 1¡¿
me1!rng, however,' is the sam-e, as lX a-. fi -(, $ ¡' lÈ'1.; ",' . :',,,,'
- -
:
,,,

d) . Øffi,Z)+,ÃI*EF¿ìffi ( î¿ 6 < å trHË L t.-6T"

(This reading passage is so difficult that lto the extent that] I almost get aheadache.)

e) ¿È ÐåÈi¿ì8,å/¿ur< årrÑÈì(,r.¿ ( Kå: ¿¿ìó6.

(There are times when it rains so hard that you can hardiy see anything in ftont of you.)

f 0 *' V (plain past) üOlÊ='used to v'

lffia¡ry¡ > ¿. s >>> ìE e L tE€ or¿ t. t 9 >>> È z t¿loØrê. z tc]
.::i:r..r..':..: ì:.: ;r-::: .. j'ii ::,:...'.,:- : .. ,.'...;t,, :

lV(plain, past) ö ØÈ] is used to express something one used to do in the past, to reminisce

a) Íffiø: óùi- I ( # LII À,h'ãl,t¿t'øt¿"

(I used to fight with my brother a lot when I was a child.)

b) ;l(#Ëft¿*- J ( ËÕrrl ( ruãf, Ut¿{¿Øti"

(I used to play hard and study hard in my college days.)

11*' V(stem)/c( lffiafi¡ > ¿. t t >>> grìt¿<oE6Eiã]

¡..,,A¡,suffix l¿t aÉtaçhçs to a¡ht4rted.n¡mtø ofverþr (stemof,*'. :,f,oqq):,agd,mgaqs.Íhat

+
a ) ffi,ä t¿T Ø',s Y ùÌ,*a!' L !..
(Bread fresh from the oven is delicious.)

b) hI) t¿< 0)/<Y +t:F"þ) ùt( ( Ìa-ð t..

(Please watch out for wet paint.)

211
.l tt #,>>>>

a) ,,, yfrä,=ö

(ElÉÊË'îtÈ t.Ër'ffi ? L r ì.. 6 I : When you are bothered by some-

one's behavior and want to com-
ilrH : bØ i - Ta*ì¡Â,àr.^¿:)
$a 6 e c ë.rJr{¡,tþ'1'" plain about ig you can use expres-
sions such as l> i Þ L-(t.Èlì
#ã,1,(ürÉËtt* Ë/rh"" ùl*-t|.1,i., ò c å -'( ( þ*Èlu
f : b- tA**.Ëlv" ,r.Ë7)ìt* ( z¡'c"Cl- *:{. Ð", {¡ z å -.C ( lul¡ r- ?, etc.
znñ'àã.ãcW*12" 2:You can apologize by saying f
illEl: i.ôt- ( *áÆE\. L*1" 4 *, È À," c Iuà, È¡ fr"þ ) ì,, *, T
or Tð.*'tàÁ,.î ('-L*T, etc.

b) "'öP-TEâ >>>>>[âffir]

!rÆ.: 1z Y l' ð Â,. * r¿ËiÛr¡-¿a.

l) v t : -T rù¿,. EH* Lffi=#àrqë e, t¡ \ -c, Ê
t{i^*
tÈ l,'t l, *. -t I¿ $ oT T fi, ò
3
3 : - È¡ o)'Cf ¿. È (-
ð à)
'1,îtr.
" is used to give an excuse for your

ftÆ.: El , * l-l¿tt" ¿nñ'à ffË< /J å /JrrJ i

action.

f-U<<ÈðLrta4. 4: When you want to ask the other

Iiv| : Í*t,r. znÐ à-flã,?l-l *t 2" person to be caref,rl the next time
or not to make the same mistake
again, you can say I lr,È. â ù1,-
J. i i:l,t ( Èã t-ia, 47). à tÌfi
þ2tl'c,h, D +.âËùl-f ia,
etc.
1 ,,,E|-lbJV'l
¡.¡
- ,{zù:r¡ b_ *Ä¿tB+ä. ò i-^¿t,tr4 l. 7 r }. t)
-Ø*a&¡ A,^rÌ. t að !.o B
6¿, (

I:*ãJþÉU'* To 8#äl*. ¡¡]¡-Ëffi? tt,tI t¡ù,->T¿o)ù,_ ÌÃr¡')E ( ¡¡ ->l¿Z)tTk#,

WI-t¡ð r,." .âffi¿rKb: r¿ r,, (roles) þ^Wt-'c - ò t
'¡ÈHl-ÆffiH L /J ð !.o

f ,,,jV-rZ h,-l7¿r
e E#ffi0)ft,+.t¡ e,, EAffiøSä¿:ff L a E*/.,ÌÌxaþÊi f.L I ) tr."
lF-cî_ 74î ¡ 7 þfrLêr.. 4{Lþ' | 7 v Z"t_A_ .fhtr' 7t:##.Läð
"j:ì)v-/þ
r."
^
I * /¿ËËà Ëd-¿l¡ À"1 T ù. )
"

J "' E-wJVI
e LØ 2 î y 7 b 7 v 7" Lt¿ r,. ô\,- ôr¡XÊJþlÈ.-c-c. _ ft+.L++.Ø*#Z L t ð t..
.o):ôt
<ffi^*i-dâà"
++- Ð t ò -r 4*. ì¡¿," -ìEFå f 6 r,.Èi¿:Æl,ff? ôr,.{. 4 ttù.6ffiØÉEfåsHr,.
ò Ø{. 1à.6.
ftÆ. 4 i 11ù'" : Ø a.óæt.zJ. È'F,þ'c il{ ( /ìð r,."
++, ¿t r._ ft?r ùl * î"

4rrrdVz-,
e ,{7¿: tÃ->'C.. Ëlâ¿lBÄ^frct å:Jr-a77 4 þ L/¿r,.à. ¿" i ù.tr:-tr.(_ fH+Ø
L/¿ ( f {¡. L/¿ ( /¡ ( {ò. Ðt L-tl-I¿r,.Øå._ Eit-At-
^¿ffiLât./Jðù.o
/¿ ( /¡ r,. Øà. z - ffiHÃ L /J ùtfLll't. ùl * È.1,.

5 *'fF)t
e LØ 4(.'ffiLâ:/¡: å þÊ..>A- lf¡t*+ -¿^77 4 þt-T¿u-,/ L/¿ ( r¡1..1 å r,. iffi
-É'+ f 6 øíFXþË.þ ð r,.o
"c". t,. /J

213
 .l t t #>>>>>

e z-+ly0)^7 | 7 r i. t) -0)*ó1Ëô¿ *rËð À,ùrffiL(r,.*T. CD ?Hr.t_ *.

ØN¿ìE L ùtfL¿ÌO. FËË-] { t.ffL¿r^' x ?^frä ð !..

t like that l:
ù¡'À,t¡ Å ö> ø ¡ )l -Ø*aà.t1"(" thanks to -
!.' rJ
J==31â to smile Ét'ffiT to begin to talk [:Ët.lâÐ å]
tã ¡,
t-c, Ys'i s]¡u
$álllllftt. washing dishes +tì enough

n a) :ØJóîðrl,¿:¿1. z-+lvØ-Tâ: ¿åìó* bfr¿:T¡Èrt¡!.6 L!.o

n b) :-øit,ØÍffir¿È
z-i'Y¿1,. L't{¡:=:t L{!'å.
tr )c t*. ( táËð À,0)+E\ìþ1,Lt-â"
Êià"à À
n d) Z-+lvtrt7¿s- l.i:ftrr¡¿r,.åão-C.\,-â L!." 6
tr e)¿ø*aEè¿,ùt. j.
ãrj7)+ffiTîË¿:ö <XEþÊ ) à Ll."

214
 lvtU)r^ J=¿,cT
t,wä¿¿l
w
BA¿:E&YL{t. â7./,) rt )yää.t:- IBAùtÐi{"1à.J tFfl ( ¿. l#Lr,.
'c"T.l LÆì_å ØårffE/ì. Lå. L- lr,.f /¡ ¿ ¿ ¿i,/¡u''l,(.'TÈ.. {4{.' òffi L{
( /¿ðr'l ¿Ë, ¿. l,rér\ôt¡¿Lþffi\-'c.<{Lâ. -6u.f /J¿ ¿ù*. 9pg
uF,È,{Lâ. Lrì7c i /a'" FHù*. .ØCô7 / t) rt t* De). fl-El\¿¡îu.s
¡,& ( rÃ.o-C. Èlu. âØî-- Jrz I uF,e'fuâ a ¿ ¿t¿i ^kL À, /¡ ( /¡:l¡ùlfr.å'È¡.
¿*

HHJ:l,flr¿*. *t'îu.sÀ,)u 9rr-HÈ,{Lâ å L!.o

4ù: t't/¡ ¿ ¿ ÌÌ. ff 6 /J t'Äå. à- "May I taikto you in English?" å Ef,å.
il.â ¿ LIì 4 ) È. fS¿:. ,FÃf,sxËt"ËFf ,s zþ1#-c ( !. 6 ffi¡¡ Ð. . {Ltrt&
u't u'io 41)E^^r)lt€ffiØffiHþt-l¿u-a;Èô ) å t' i a L ùtâà.åÈì. *^
'Aë Z#þ L /¿ t,. ffif A þ îñÀ,1 t . å ffi ù:. a {Lk Ê b {L â L - lFIfì ù. u. {" /¡ -F,f*
Ë¿ìf 6 ¿l,.i" $t,6À,, 4A,/¡: ¿à.6- EA^ØË)€àr{"È âaL6bâa)
/a'Èì. ÉâårfuÆðùr'(u.6 j ] r¡f¡,f*Ètr;îâ å u. i 7./ y lt ),,ù*Þt¡ ( /Jr."
Eä#ø¡'r¡ þ -c* â7 ) t) h )x,t: L -c"c u.t/J: ¿ ¿*. El^^¿ìäà./¡È.Elä
#OæL{ ( {tr¡[. å !. i a LIì7c i È. fiJà¿x-'. /Êr¡ Ð'C". {tå.Ëu./¡!. è,H:
( BA#(.*Fû ¿ - 4 ØlÊHùr, Ë#Ø Þl-r' È å,Étr kRu-tffi.t,Eí1( : ¿ àr
et\-o :frrùÌ.0):ôÞ LJ ( ¡¡:(å{. HÄffi-c"æL'c <{LâEA/\årÈ¿,Ìa'
À,ÆLÍ È /¿ I i ("bâùt- * È* È. Ba#'Cä Lk ) å Lr¡ t-EÆLøfrn¡ss
l,.¿!.io
7c {17J" t.
BAffi("ä Zr. < {Lâtããt ð . Ëffiø H^^ØfËb /r r. k ) r¡, Æ.
¡¡BÄffit-Æi-t/"L6 a | $ee¡-4 )l¿" fitåùr-'. l=-v-y -:--L -y-r-
_y-f -7) å u. ) Å i r¡ffUfrþ ðfut b-f â ¿. È Lr."
^Eü:u.tt:ÌÃ,â

- {,'
Jo Ð v E'a to stare .,ìXË bus stop

¿l'i fu f -/3 ¡. almost rrever

 I

.l 1 1 ËF>>,>>

o E Al¿ t r õ v / 1) JJ L&#älr ë : etììÐr4 ¿ ¿ ä . w2 tJ 7 l-v v J l.fi¿ v\.

1.

2.

3.

4.
 ffil*,ã=dfrzâ
uÅluei )tf¿
V
v
v
v
v
V
V
V

. Ê-,!ç5ffiÞÞ-!ËSHefç&; """"""""">âËÉ 1

. -ËrË1 < 5 rrm¿' ajgJ_ë_$ll

.MaffiarÄ{ìËffi _u-)fr E-r_"

L¡(À<
..e_8Ð_4_Ë_?ÞÞ.Ë.Ë-&.¡
tt.. D
.ÊJ.çþg_çIru:r_.
ô 9E¡t¡ifi[r¿är&¡rffi<c"
 LT URB No o
a
O
a
o

Medical and Dental Care

n America, when you want to see a doctor or a dentist, you first call for on appoint-
J
I ment. ln Japan, too, it is getting to be that way, but there are still some doctors who do
not accept appointments. You just have to go to their office and waít for your turn. Pre-
scriptions are also becoming fairly common, but if you go to a neighborhood doctoç he/she
might still prefer dispensing drugs himself/herself.
Health insurance is virtually universal in Japan, and it covers dental care, as well. EYä,
too, should carry health insurance. lf you are covered by your parents' policy in the States,
however, that might cover only emergency cases in Japan. The wisest thing to do would be
to buy health insurance in Japan. Most of the time, premiums will be reasonable.
Before World War II, Japanese medical science was greatly influenced by Germany, but
since the end of the wal American medicine has become more and more influential. As a
result, you might not find much difference between medical practices in Japan and the U.S.
There are, however, small differences here and there, one being that, in Japan, one's
temperature is taken not in the mouth, but under the arm.
The Japanese, as a rule, do not take care of their teeth as well as Americans do. Preven-
tive dentistry is not as common, and orthodontics is not as advanced. As a result, you find
few youngsters wearing braces, and uneven front teeth are not unusual.
Doctors and dentists, like teachers, are always addressed ftfr. Don't make the error of
addressing them X ðfu !

Food for Sick People

hile chicken soup is probably the most common food for people with colds in the
U.5., in Japan sick people, especially those with digestive ailments, eat okayu (hot
rice porridge) with umeboshi(very sour and salty pickled plums). Okayu is easy to digest,
and umeboshi is believed to have all sorts of healing powers.

o
o
C
o
a
 >>>>> fiñl-tJ 2 rc 5

e Z-ü, . tJl.JfifräøtÉ#+ l¿ñâärE+ < fdã "

z-+lv : trH"
¡Jr ff : ti L* L/¿È". H&¿¡Hu..C"îÀ.
z-¿f v I u9 i,{å_ ( l:€i4 þ:_z_!._¿-g!'?-.-.,ä,¿:-nr#È åìH ( rÃ':I¿ À"eî.
12
zJr ff : ?lLt|u.ùl* ÈÀ,tJ" L ¡ o Lfl^Øffin?ØY 7 r-'ctßÀ'fu'/¿ å ¿ir"
Tà."
z-+fv: î^*ìù¿,.

o=+tì'É., Ë#r)Tffiþ : <. ftäfiiffi4EÉl-Ã: c ( õ'

zJr ff : ¿" i Þl,t*J ( ¡¡ b * Ll¿å."
-c'-Tà".

z-iìv ð : È [tt,.l¿ 6. Èu'ÀÀ ( /¡ b * Ll; ùl å. * Ètá/Jå'àìffiu"4,-c"T.

dr ffi: 4 )îîù." Dçð. tátrãð A'tt:-Ð'C. ð 6:Èäålu't.'TD+/Jì.'å'L 6"
$u,'C-h\ f à t. ØffifT ¿l Ð. Ëùt *'l-È."
z-¡lv f^ttaåHu'*1.
dr ff : (fútr?Ër,.tlEL/¡¿s6) : ¿ f-l-. Ëffi7r'ùTÍctá ( à. 6. Tt.3_ç;__6__&/+
3
e
rx=þ't tÌ "C tJ"
15
-!l-. D +,
z-c)ìv Ùtr.. ftä. Ði òó bÈr¿ i :'ð"t'* Lt.
zJr ff : L - !. å o +E *+îþ.a>ffi# :Ix a ø ù* ç
t t e) "c. + ( xn'!ft -> r ffi À'íc ( /¿ ð
L. dâo

7--t)Èv ü*!.. 4 i1â24)

zJr ff : D +. *af,S¿:.
7-ìv ft+LL*r.
 -llz#,,>..

Q !-1Y v, E.Ét¿fi<"
E ft: Ði L* L/¿å..
l-4lv b0) ). ìEFË (' à !.ÈiÈ. e'FJ ¿z¡ ( {AÈs/¿' âtt cl¿.ta"i-Ès. -. = FlÈi
ù.t- +Ê¿*Ø Ðàì[ffi ( /¡.c'C"
s E ft: 4 ) 1îù."
9-4/v +rJþÈf.l)L¿rffi/mu. lùî-1" 4{tt:- u9),{¿Ì#!ÈìrHr. Kî:,{¡ L* Ll¿.
E ft: r. ùl * È À,tJ" È&.1* z
ì¡.4fY b *. , b,
*.È À," 4 {ut:, ò
_l
ê*t
CT#ût".
E ft: Dç. L ¡o ¿ Ø ¿"þH'c.a*.1- Ì i. tÈ
( ErSFfitl-c < t"ð u.. ðð.
10 f: ùf b îu.À.i,fit.'cTd'e" È.Ìl{'T #kH L * Tìr'Èr. -ËFñßft
!"
A,1a"c ( Èð u."
ì¡.4YY - El-*E{'f ¿."
E fi: !'F. -E=81. '-æÈ¡þ.t:EftH LÍ ( /¡-ð t,..
9-4Yv /n\ÌJ,, * LÈ.
tr s: 4 {Llr. à. - B l:1n¡q¿.. j Èsu. þ Ua ( Èå t."
ì¡-4lY [ ) ¿ìr.j ->'ClaJ1cTù""
E ft: ##ø Í"T i .
gargle
Ð-4YY ê#¿* Ð i L/¿ È u.!.{" L !. ) ù'"
E ft: 7c )-r:1^tr" êâtð i-frþ¿l'. fFJk

ê^¡t È> !.!.¿,("Tåì. * ó-. =

Fl Ù1.ffi È' zJ't'-4VJlÌ tù tt: l- { *d ..'t
6 E i -c'Tà." ElA,,\¡¡ e, iazï.ùg__('_6_-u-_ù:1 â A,l¿ ùt Ð, táÈ.@ê-lt :
4
¿bb*Tà..
l-4/v l,.?å.. t6t¡.ù"?H ( L/¿ffi. ,$x l. 7 r i, -Ø*áËð À,zït(F-t ( ( frr*
t-T¿" 7 / y rt D+- à.tt'?Or.l;ÂùåJ ( 7+ y 7-/þffi.a*.Tùl ¿.
E fi: 4 {Lî ð !. l,.{"T }.
9-4lv f+I|ffiÀ"/¿-Ëà¡u. r. {" L } ) È.o

E S: 7c )11tr" * ó. ffiøø 6FËÌåÇ^o ( bff¿r_ù:_rul,_IC;- è tI Þ__b 8gi!

¿rdâ" ("ò. -. =B(.'T ('lå6 åEu-*TÌ.5
9-4)v 4 iîTþ'" D+. ¿"i È)ð bàlå I :'ð"u'* Lt"
E E: *at$¿: "

220
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e HåËÉCËf¿9 -4Y2. t äìþ):Eã UcUìõ"

*áËð/L: f )l,I¿o)"
ì-4)v âB ù*{dÈ¿.ffi¿r,É ( {"
*tËË.å, b tr&Æ' -t- Cffiträ ã A'tr:Tto /¿ Ì*. ) åìr'!' À o i t' ØffiWäð .å, ¿:Ë
ffiÈ. ùl "C 7) â¿. | " (*'Ëð.L. ËEãð l,¿:€#T å.)
Ê 8il6ffif+(*T"
tdËð.å, ó. ËH(":'ð"u. * Tàì.
Ê. ü* l,'o

Ìá&È ¿, Ft*. i Ë"c+-^7î 4 þ L{ì,- â7 )' ù /\ØE++åì. âÉAå,1:6

¿ìrffi ( r¡ b *.l-î "
É {t': ùt l..o

tdËå
'1,
æf,*t'T¿s. +n-Ðr u.tÈ bt| ù: fi,!'È./J ì.'{" L ! i ù'"
<

Ê ff: 7c i 1l tJ" ó. âB t!+tLfl,i- å ùå1/¡': /¡Ë,åð Â,r)r.

-^*e' {vt¡
( ¡¡ b * Ll¿à. 6_ =H*/¡ 64r,.{ì.. * Tùl ¿.
ls åáËð.1 (9-4yvt:) =H+Ds¿"i.
С.4/v /¿r.DÌ iÀf'T"
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:

É ff: i6ñffitJ?
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20 *, ff: I v ly v ë A,Tî*J" 4 {Lícttt- -ffiù: E^ ) 4--"
tdËð ¿, : ("ü*. ØLttt ¿*" (æffiþtlJ6")
ì-4)v ¿i ò bbùì- å ) ¿.ð.r,.* Ll¿"
*a&ð
'å,
: r,.[.åo .c"ò ] lt.oi¿tt. t, ¡i å*u.-C(. E[6ft+., -L+f'âf rË(
6. t..? ð [.n('. â Ø ! "
/¡ ¡.¿r
2s 9-4)v 4 i f-f ù'"
lá&ð ¿4, : I- 4yv ttt - I't À, Lùl)Eàìt'l,'u\da"

221
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¿ Ð dâffi(")e Ìå-'c^t- Ë¿¿

i F ;Y q F, Ã t Y
rÊ,ffi -â {"
A ri __. ñ,ü
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t' /=
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i
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L? å å H Ë å Hå ? ã ä ÉI- i
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ts*|iÏ?íå#$FðätriiEi
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r,gV 6+¿är¡
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ð
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,

Èìl-{L? +Èi I i
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t ;i * ,' î 4 ( * x
1Ê ù:-c r,-.ù.Þ'¿äË+?, 1¿tf y
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kAi;';å?,€gl ËL i.í'=
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þä i1f-?¡;Y,t:;gRgfiä
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tùAÀ"à U i) tr ,!'
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r^
z ¿ ò
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Ìb 9F--:- T t¡ â ¿å e' JiH +
t- ffiâ rr: tiFË ¿

222
 6¡5c¿i something affects one
ffi Ðt the condition of a negativeþJ [>>> JÕ'Êl- F 2]
disease or illness
f
-
jtl¿
Y7T- sofa
# L6 -.x.1,
to complain of ll'
È

t Ã,tl feeling
10 rL( to throw up
,'tLç
¡I¿u,a
3 ffiþ complexion
11
E# doctor; physician
-l

f26 to examine (a patient)

a 6'l ¡3-/¡¡- not much; not enough
[>>>*t*,/- l-'1] 14 ruEt map
T..u' u
Èl' because lused when 20 *aÅ=F¿: T. ']r.:e care!

t¡r¡a, ì ¡1 ¡i
3,fEI¿ä( somehow 13 nRH-l â to take (medicine)
t:#àÊftÛl
Èb.u' to feel tired; to feel
langvld rs i'¿r¡. gargling
I
o oit throat zr
çt¡
ffiÇ¡.¡, soft
o)t ¿
6ffi,aìLlî to swallow 22 tõ'lìtþ hot rice porridge
¡ttr u. -aI
æfrÈrî å to feel a chill za (-¿;¡¡[Ll¿¿å¿l/Jt.
u¡?¡ <
nothing canbe better
? È.ffi appetite
(than -) [>>>Eiâz- ¡s]
llrtt
STffi diarrltea t¡t¡u'
2s lÈ6 to getbetter; to recover
<1¡
rc# medicine from illness [¿i.]

-Tl L'2È lu
ËÈ 6 to get up D*m suddenly
-tr f
' cÈ
l,ì¡a) -cffi grimace ß E'ì-â lpolite verb meaning X6l
rt' ltrlu' +
ffi tooth Ëå patient
¡r-ËÈ L ¿' -f

6 E[6ffiÊt Ozaki Dental Clinic u +.( to become Yacant

 I

-112*>'>>'
22s
 -lni*>>>>>

CIOl\CO TAICO I

Japanese has arich system of sound symbolism. Roughly, they can be subdivided into two
categories: ffiËffi (phonomimes, onomatopoeia) and ffiffiffi (phenomimes, psychomimes).
ffiËffi represents words that imitate acfual sounds. English has some of those, too, such as
sounds that animals make. Compare the following:

bÀ,bÀ, Sound dogs make: bowwow tsÂ,.l¿Å, Sound of a gunshot: bong

¿:s-tó Sound cats make: meow l*-/¿ if /¡ Water dripping.' drip, drip

ü- Sound cows make: moo ÐL't- å'Èe H eavy obj ect falling : thud

ffiw I! /v,/T ¿ lv I{l¿Ilt¿ tUL,ttëc

ffiffiffi are words that express states, feelings, mannersof actions, etc., impressionistically.
English has some ffiRËfl"-like words, too, such as roly-poly and shilly-shal/y. In this lesson's ffi
a+n lFfl:#l,wehavequiteafewffiffi,ffi, suchas È b È b, L < L (, ¿f¿,¿flÀ",ìì4trî4,and
Øùb<Èr\.

There are three important differences between Engtsh and Japanese here. First, in English, if
one speaks with too many #EËffi or ffiffi,ffi, one may run the risk of sounding childish. In Japa-
nese, there is no fear of this unless one uses onomatopoeia specifrcally used in baby-talk, e.g.,
b À,b Â, for t. Second, English is actually filled with verbs and adjectives that originated as
ffiËffi or ffiffffi but are no longer regarded as such, e.g., slam, whack, flash, slick, smooth,
plump, glisten, etc. In Japanese, on the other hand, many ffiË# and ffitrffi are used adverbially,
often with the addition of å, as in the following examples:

åbåb(¿)tËtr to have a piercing pain

L( L( (¿)ffitr something (usually, stomach or teeth) hurts in a dull, persistent way

æÀ,ttrÀ,( ¿ )HFñT6 to ask questions in rapid succession, i.e., in machine gun fashion
tÌQtî4 ( ¿ )trT to talk in a subdued tone

Ø6b<àb(¿)trr to talk noncommittaþ/evasively

226
 >>>>> fift|-fd ? f¿ 5

t 1, * ú) (¿)tFt r< r< (¿)ffiri

Third (and this is related to the second point above), there are very often cases where, in English,
completeþ different verbs are used for related actions while, in Japanese, one and the same verb
will do with the addition of different ffiËtr or æffi#, as in the following examples:
tl Èrtl ÈrX,) to guffaw <'r <'rx, to giggle

t:*-> LK) to grin ¿:¿¿:t,æ, to smile

tl6Ll àt)
æffi <T <Tæ'

Í:f : ëtã r-2t-2ëÈ2

lLLlLLTt.,

227
 12ffi>>>>

I tt' 6(l¿-t¿Ll='not much; not enough' lã#l > t. ¿ >>> ã < t-ËrdD a tctùrrD]

This expression is always followed by a negative form of a predicate.

a ) ô < t=fut&L t¿v¡Øi:Xø¿fr' b Ê i Ø¿Ì816.

(Ifs not good to complain without studying much.)

b) ffifrøffiÙf. å ( l¿ê^råÈ¿/¿ut.
(When yoú are sick, you can hardly eat anything.)

/rr, ^,{t[r/t-'perhaps because -' lâ# I > ¿.¿ >>> ã < t-€t¿rûra/ettrrrtr]

i, -È. l.':r witlìout à.i.SrVe1 a reason or a cause,i-::,i.i '..,,

a) yä¿st È /Ju. Øttft+.o)ËLtlì ô i tt "
(Is it because of the teacher that students don't do well?)
l¡ l:¿'
b) ÉlâøFñËr,,þftL1)Ërrù:T â0)åJ ( /J!."
(It's not good to blame others for your own mistakes.)

c ) 4 {Lltfr,ØËütlìJ.
(It's just your imagination.)

d) ilffiÈsffiÈ.r/¿tf t,rá¡. ftfr,¿sl¡¡."

( [He] looks dispirited, perhaps because he did badly on the exam.)

e) ffi*ilffi¿rìEL.tlürár_ ifrô.ùt&u,"
(There ate marry absences, perhaps because the final exam is near.)

228
 >>>>> fiñltl4 p lc 5

(ð ãtuEêrr]
J >o' V<¿àLf¡{¡,r='1ry V-ing' lã#'l > t. I ¿ >>>lî:

This,is a polite,form oJV tAaJ.èt1,,Sìnce,1li,ð,lir,ìs,a,f.o.1m'¡ ,b¡-qo.rneo4øhigheiü,

status to give a command to someone lower in status, - ð å Àr¡ Ë r,. camot be used by a
pêiso+1õwer.in,si4tus.J ,i:z\tà:,.9,*iE, 1i!-:ì;å..ô.Ì]q tiô,Í.ê::iilf.ô,,,9¡ !*ú:rì{rt:=o,f},,:V,.4ra'à
å,/¡ ð 1., and is used, for example, by môthers in talking to children.

a) rlLI lùTîàlvt¿ðüt. È: å#¿:/¡ b *TÀ"

(Go and rest for a while. I'm sure you wili feel better.)

{,,, N <åtl lã#,z > t. z z >>> ör)ìro < 5tìl.lõ]

N'(',ì6 1., in this case, indicates that,N is thè ininimum fevel, degree, etõ¡ Gg.; eqs st,,lightest,
etc.) f åt. isoftenreplacedby ( ài-.
a) fá/J¿.ØtË!-F¿Ì- 7-7" (åurù: L/¡ãàìt.t'f.. L I ).
(When you have a stomachache, you should limit your diet to something light iike soup.)

b) -St'Ë= r¡Ë# f å ttãùt /J t,. å 6l b * T.

(You should be able to write at least the kanji you Tearned in the first year.)

5 rrt -liff l¿t¿ZëJ*ll¡lt='¡olhing can be better than -'

lã#z > t.zs >>>tt{ìtrtruËi aeao *u,r,]

',r,nii einte is mostftequèntry,$wittr the plarn, present t"4tëtfUfiíof;léîti$;

a) ffiftØFÌ*€ã Eru l,ftz ë.l*äür.

(When you ate sick, sleeping is the best thing to do.)

b) BA#Èrffi{ù â !, i r:ä b t¿tt'->l¿ Ù. Bä^ff < Eruuf¿z t ßr¿rr ¿,8i ùtþ¿.

* 17 t
ù ("Ë + À, Lfu1frl,îÌt, tft-> /¡Ëå1r.. !. ¿ ,E !. * T.
'
(If you want to become proficient in Japanese, the best thing is to go to Japan, but I think you should
first study properþ [i.¿., the basics] in 'A.merica.)

$ ttr E åååE='as one wishes' l#aryt > n a >>> B ã t ã f rEi*r)ìHãrì]

a) fts¿*/¡f./¡¿:, , ) ea lilÌÈ. Ð 6 r¡ l. ö ØÈ"

(Work generalþ does not get done as quickly as one wishes.)
ô t\.-Èlu
b) A : ffiX¿* å if.1å." låå.¿a-ct.*TÈ."
(How is the thesis coming along? Is it progressing well?)

B: äÈ.tJ7).F.ã .|ãfg¡1/¡ ( (Elc(1.*T.

(I am really troubled because I can't write it to my satisfaction.)
-lP#,,,,,

| ,r, ,vl¡{þ¡-'lstend to -; to be apt to *; to be prone to -'

l#æM > ¿. z o >>> /tu) 5 urlrtS tr]

a) BAffiàì,,Lffir( òffia#È ¿Ìâf f.'È /Ju. Lt- i Ø¿t. t{-El^ØEÈürt)tf bt.

¿ Ìì"
(It is not unusual that a foreigner who can speak Japanese a little can't read or write it at all.)

b) 7 ./ r, Í'.¿*ó * b ÌËËrîb t: L/¡ ¡-;þ-¿ì¡- ¡-o

(It is better not to be too modest in .A.merica.)

a) o," ffiträlfriñrâ >>>>>[Ê#t]

184. : 7 -+ vã A,, ¿^ ) U* L/¡à¡o æÉr)f#üì 1 : When you notice that someone is

not feeling well, you cansay W
Ttz'?-1" êÐmr-'cTÈr, ñfiÈr/Jð ¿ i
z-i'v : îT{x, Ð ¿ r.mr.¿,"cTr" erc.
ì,9 i ^ìå ( t:€äÈ.e /¿ìl¡.¿:. !fi7)t'ffiütr{,
Tr" z¿r#å¿ v*t2" 2 : Some of the useful expressions
for descúbing symptoms are:
ft\.: ffiùi ? -?,r4i.//,Êû (Ê, ø ¿, *r¡ ¿.,

z-+lv:mùl/J!.ÀiÍ'T" É, El, etc.)

-àrff6 (#, Èå, ( Lç4, ùlt¡
ftE. : Dr ó. âBl*+ \ XE'lñ->(fñÂ,ÈË¿ìt. îî,etc.) ,i

l.-ÕTdâ" -ù¡tâ(æfr,ftåfi,Ð*r.,
etc.)
tl\
z-qlv: ftL.. 4it-*.î. -þ:fâCFffi) L¡(r(
!., ê ffrrä t.,
ffiùtb 6,167)rlì6
ftÆ.: t¡*EFl: 3. fifËüz)sfft'
3 : To someone who is sick, you nor-
mally say lát$ù:.
 --tffiñ1.14?r'c5 |

| "' E-wJVI
e ,{ 7 ù: r¡ b - -Âùåg+ä.ò i -^¿È A*XøÈÆ¿: /¡ b /J ð !.o g+ät*å.Ìl'? ô
t.t- âEå¿: HâØffinþffiHà L-C !. * T" *ØH#þLfr,-c ( ò À r,.,

¿tt *-
E head Ø à'
trl f f
throat
a?a
<?o
# medicine u.S/J'ti È r)sfl 6 to have abad cough
r'
r¡f,'*,1,¿t
{älñ;J thermometer

f ,,,g-IVJVl
e ,{7ù:z¡ b- -Ä¿tB+ä. ò i-^t*È-À 714 Ø*d&ð À,tr:/¡ b /¡ð t." g+4.
àìÉEåå f :' /J !.Øt. *dËð Å,às#E^ÿ: È * 1" H++.tt. *á/Jå'àì/È < a+t+
nilrtrÌ/J!. å !. ) : L þ#HAL * 1" {> I !.o
^0)H#þ1fr,:{
rltb i ut r).
Tffiþt 6 to have diarrhea
i EtÈ Ã,lrtT 6 to feel like vomiting

J "' A-w7"V1
e ,{7t:¡¡ b- -Ä¿rHaffiØ{.'å å 7 t, h^++.. ò i-^rÌ 4Øtv-a./ 4 lØE
A,,\#ä¿: t¡\t¡ð!.. z ,, ù^àrÉEËå 6ù¿¡¡ ( r. BA^åì,ù,,mL{!.*T. ffi
ã¿i [¿.-rt'?Or.tl f' ò l*á/J¿.¿:-ffir,.J 'r..ò r,.r.å1. âffili ( /¡'ùl/¡ÉÊ{''L/Jð t..

4"rrl{V.|-?
e'<7 ì,=h\ù, lL- HtlØ+ffi1) a ô øffiÇ=øÆwût? !. {# Lâr. /J è Ì,.o

5'*fF*
e ãtì1)ÍffiØ. ôØ:ffirÃØÆWt:-tr.{. -É'+ f 6 r,. ø{Fy-þE* /J ð !.o

231
 -llz#>>>>>

e BA^Øx++.Xk_Lùs# L r !. * To cD ?Ëf,L. r. L ùt t?tr.O. FåË

-( t'*?,ll'x ?Ã.d'¿l¡ ð l,'. ^o)y-ùttr
=

órLr .àl
Eþffi â to break one's leg C J- C :e - [the sound of the howling
windl
à.'bt. di t: I feel sorry for you. ¿¡[:<
I sympathize. Éñ (r¡) ironic
¿ 'L¡ i
ffiFÊ-T A to break down

n a) aØ-^ù1. Èil:4¡r/; åfì/¡¡'o

$'r' ti
J.

tr b) HÍYÆ.t*, i' r,,\{..ó å. lüEl ¿

n ) zøEÍV4l*-
cØ-^ù*. -ffit:7+-t,-ft-> /c: ìrìbâ"
¿ å

n d) z +-þL{1. :-Æ.þift-r¿.
n e)'¡Ê.zJtÐþtft-cÈ Elt- Kt,. EÈa/;.
n f ) , 7 | It., zc0)E- -E+Ë tr¡zJ,->Ìc" (É.â: tobe fixed)

232
 >>>>> frñlrt4: /t 5

127fi w
',fr.W./\-7J
Ðt. U lriÈ. ù'
EEIå (ra0s-tstz) Ø a ô, 7 ./ t) ù Ødr#,xøi 7 ù 1 ¡ ù . ).¡-y
iÅÈ¡FlA^*l¿" ZrlJÐùåJt -f y z l. ¿ ¿1[g1t--C
(l,afcadioHearn) å r,.

!.tåì- th.r,:4grtffi.ì_â I ) ¿- /Ã.->r¿o HHt+{.æx+ (:4 +.'-') 7.x.

o).t"

+) þ#.ìLl¿ r. å b 6. ¿ Ø^¿* El^år^EÌ:ffiå (.. Eä/ .ØftI+.¿ ffiÍì5

È>

L/¿ll'å. b l"/J ( . Eä¿::r,.(Ì; < ã À,o)ZF.òÉr.l¿" 7 t y rt

Øñffik^Ã: { r. â )x.ttÞr¡t-n;_ '¡Ê.Ø&Èi¿* Bä("ütâ{" 6ã&"e^1,,¡-y
bâ" E
ÆþÊ.L/:,.- v d- RfTffi.L{ r./¡ffi¿: . lfrlvL{ Fla^ù: /¡ b _ åÈi ð
:('Tåf((,

, y - ð I ( ¡¡ ù.-tI¿Ølìåì. BäØX+t:ÐJÐf r,./;flElr\t*. a/J EA^

J b1: åHt'fÊÞf¿ð àr1ì6b. /\-v{:IEIDt':/¿" Laôlrr-'ñ.ØlÈ
tì+Ìt. HA^ù:/J â LAt:R( ÌÃot L*:/¡. Èåì- t;-vþtQØffi, lbb.
FIAÄ¿: /¡ È,Ì¡ ùtþ¿r-'l ù,cl¿l LÊo /;È. Ð i ù"tr*fjzl. å /J !.o

-l I
+f,.¡'cîìr' u q À
Ét a t¿l
to love älÉ^ # standard of living
* ¡¡1'
lñl?t â tobecome anataralized {Et. low [*É1.]
citizen åpri t ¡ i
fiâ Þt salary

O ;RØ9æ#,tue. iE U tl€ 0) lI O, FåË : C tt ã b 0) l- x Ë 2 trd ð Uì. f

n ) )\-
)\- v tt, æ#þffi.i- âI¿d;ù: Ef^.fa,
a ¡¿"

n ) ur-YÌ1,.
b Ø4ð BAu\È: Y Å,ù* /¿"

n ) 0). El^{. t t 7, ù"cl ff ì>{ta\,-6"

c y (

n d) ur-7ù1.
ô- 7c { Ìå.:t.
EÄØfl.8tr^W1fr0XÈfr+å ¿ ò

tr e) EA¿:cr.{-m Lù,ÆþEùr/¡7)r2/¿o
iEtoffiffiãiË^6

o ¿øFá. v /uhî)Ëfêh\

l,'ii
,.i'
1', '11
 URE No o
o
c
o
o

Errors and Laughter

ust as Japanese people make many errors when they speak English, non-Japanese
T
J naturally make lots of mistakes when they speak Japanese. Making errors and learning
from them is part of the learning process and should not be avoided. Japanese people
might laugh more than Americans would when they hear mistakes, but you should learn to
accept that because their laughter is well-meaning and good-natured.
trtråt,r ¿
Loanwords (or ft'lFH
>>>>>

r¡ oday's Japanese vocabulary consists of three categories of words: wago (l1"+o, i.e.,
I Jupun"re words), kango (Ê#, i.e., words that originated in Chinese or made-in-Japan
pseudo-Chinese words), and gairaigo (tl*F", i.e., words that have been borrowed from
languages other than Chinese). Most gairaigo come from English, and their number is
increasing rapidly. ln this lesson alone, we have seen several English-based loans: F4lt, <>
! =), Z/ (- l'., I t r-, etc. Loanwords are troublesome for English speakers because they
very often change their shapes. For example, many words are cut short. A good example
would be l'.1Þv l'. (from toilet) shortened to l-.1Þ. Loanwords frequently change their
meanings, too, as you have seen in the case of <2!
=7. Loanwords undergo significant
changes in pronunciation also. When you pronounce them, the best thing would be to
forget they were originally English. Pronounce them just like any other Japanese word. You
will then not only sound more authentic, but will be understood much better.

Japanese Attitude Toward Foreigners Speaking Japanese

efore World WarII, the only Caucasians who spoke Japanese were missionaries, and
even they were not all that good. Japanese people therefore developed a mistaken
notion that their language was simply too difficult for gaijín. Even today, when foreigners
who can speak Japanese are no longer oddities, many Japanese still hang on to this same
old myth. When a foreigner, especially a Caucasian, suddenly speaks to them in Japanese,
they sometimes just freeze, i.e., answer with a blank stare, unable to say anything. This
might be particularly true if you go shopping at a store where you are not a familiar figure,
or if you stop a stranger to ask directions. Don't be discouraged, however. At the university
where you are a&#Æ., you will definitely receive better responses!

6
ô
o
e
 ,,,,, E##Ëffi1

1e7-+Jt. tJtôñJtËë;ÉUculõ"
7-+lv Etßac¿ { ò tdù.t-l¡ : å trtb b * Lt.
dr ff : èÀ,/¡l à(.-Tå..
7-+)ìv Ëw¿: Efr/\ØE.r\à¡t' â À,f:Tùt. 4 ØLØ i È ^ -- = BffÕlì¿:fÍ:
/¡
À"îf "
di ffi:
7.-àìv 4o)i Ë¿:Ëu.f T C*óËð À,t,-ffi¡¿¡¿1"
4\ ffi: 4{11?
A-+lv *áËð.à È t. ôt- ôffiL( t. â ) ttt:- ì. 4 tr,-fÍå /¿ ( /¡ oI¿Ø'e - l*a
fÌfru.,^-fÎÈ t r.. À,"aî ù t ) o1Ê ->I¿ À,1T "
d\ ff : | | 4 v) À þ ltá+iftt..l o"c.ã ifrùt'c¡rþìnr/¡'È.Èo
7-ìv "Cð. Q )ÊoIcb- tóÐð À'7rt l4 i" Dr. HÃE4À'r¡t'f]å * L*
i ) o"CÊ ) lù1T !"
di ffi: L? Ð)t')btIù'Ut"
ts 7-qìv fÁù*¿{òWoLf :{- ll4 vîT" t y' v^f-rÈ/¿t,..TîTj
å ¿:¿. (
o"C_Hffi.ft.ã: È à _ {c . f/v\htol 6 È, Z-C. "
dr ff : ..,L?
7-+lv $áËð h!çh- fl'àì l*ó+^-liÈ/¡u'Â,1îùf ÐJ o'c.ão/¿ åH:r¿t'l-
I
[. Â,{''T"
20 dr ff : ôó. Fryfiù:ùå#)Et:{u.
iH&t¡+á+àrð âþ'È>"
z-qlv 4 ) t¡ À"1T "/¿"à. å -ft^ø I *a
+iftr,. j Ø#ËàrHù. = Ì¿ A,t _

Jó&ð Å, ù* lt"-r*j Ø ¿ ¿ /¿" ¿

,B:t À'Iì4 iî1"

di tfr,: bb, 4)f¿'tI¿Øo /t:-,:o

237
 .l t ¡ #>>>>>

r oâtlFo)î1 :t2 . r]t\-y. Effiú)Ëffiloar¿trucLìõ"

Etzl-Y :ØFË. 7-/ y rtØE)&ù.ù./-tvþ {¡ à=I¿À,ícîtrl ¿*"

É ffi:
trtì-Y flrår B4a" j : if' Ð#Z¡Ë È, l- þ L ( r,. â L E,-tÍ t.. å âl¡ r,. t¡ A"tT .
2
s ffi ffi: ^.i. Lliti L(("Ll i"
1'
rr;l- Y å!'
)lÈFfrkH"c. mansion t:{ÈÅ,r!. å /J à. T:"[.Ë e, Uþ t-'c.t- â (-E
t------
!. /J !. L4 ZI¿ Èt L l,. Å,{"T"
H ffi: ##ø mansion Í. HA#ø l< yy = y) L 4 lvt¡¿:Ë, À,"ATtt "
10 ¡r,rì-y i- à. ît.:¡Å,Ëu. * T" t€ffiØ mansion { !. j ø¿*. ,llUi- üx-.r. t) ù v f-
Øãñr¡EFEøltÂ,{. u. â t ) /¡. .1r ( tÈ ( rüimÌ¡x-e , ËßE¿s zo
ò 30ö bâØtrtÊE{.'Tda"
Ë ffi: D+ó. EÆø-zy! a y å t*. È LÈ"ù:Ër.*Tde.
Irtì-Y : ØfËò. 4 Ø :- ¿ {"*óà. L/¡ : ¿ Èìö cl¿À,'C'1
"
ls É ffi: Ði Ll¿lvtTù."
Irzl-Y zc,)Eùr^N/.: r¿À,1_ ,ER¿. åx*.c¡ 2 y_ù:*, r¿rvtT"
É ffi:
tr,lì-Y lABCl,s- l. Ø+ÈiØ 7 .,1- l' * ("ráÆHr- L * Tl : f rEffiS Eâ otc A,

1l tÌ Ð. ã¿:Ët'{F+ b !. i å Lt à. ¿ Ø)Effi+Èr.
ll¡ A,Iì" 7 ¡1-
þ D+ä ( (-"vy = YD+b, *tÂ,¿..1 o'CÊol¿A,"C- KoL ç!.*
LÈJ.
tɡ / t:"to

tn Frr

{l-l- I f-'r-l

t-T-l D
I
tr
\1âm
rT-I tr b
'il11,''

238
 ,",, Eô#6ffi1

Q !-1Y v. fi3-¿=ÉUcutõ"
Æ *: ) - 4 y v, a 0) c ôBä#¿¡T.r.À¿,Ì+ tt:/Ã.-:I¿tt"
!'-4 / v e)f{>/Jr,.ülå""
Æ -: 4 A,t¡ a LÉ-c'C tù À,4 À,î â L a ô 6 - ðTrìt - 4 / vIìtJ"
a----------
Ð-4Yv t ) n)/Ã"
Æ *: 7 y,{. BÄ#Øffi\frffiÐl¿ffi. {4àsffil,t.oI¿?
9-4/v '
nrte-1!¡fuþ_.. îu.Jì'tWl,¡'cI¿t¡,ã>" lf¡¿Xl ¿ lfÄ¿ìl Èì ¿" , Ër à./¡
À,1. ð-2ùf ,h'7r"ùtÃ,ù"-¡ÈÌ" Fùlâf ò j (âà.6/Ju..4,/ìùt¿dâ.
5

Æ -: B 4,,\ ¿: ö ffi L r. Â, D ç /¡ L. å" /J

" Ëû: ù*#,EEl(" È /J u. I "
l-4)v -c" ö El^^¿åil,EEr" È /¡ u.È ùt{". {É i Ø ùtI+/¿" ô i ?

Æ -: *,b4iÈùl¿""
9-4fv [#!¿ fuþ:4 Øtrff{".
5
#,nÆ¿* ¡r I rnr ôffiÀ'ÈtJ - ,û+ù:Éå trt( tf¿'
E^ þ

u. È Â,/¿'.

Æ -: Ai lù?
15 9¡.4/Y à. lÉD} i /¡fru.f¿sbbT å-6Å,{"El:/¿/¡.
4{Ltr.
Æ *: å"jr.1aL"
ì-4)v flJà¿*'. EAffi/ì¿ lfl'¿i+4("j-l ¿¿.. lË¿*+4r;'.1 å¿.- l*áttùl+
ä/¿È'j åÈ.- ç.!¡.ôbâIìôi? 9€ffi2¡È. I'mastudent. la'ütr"
iff{rø ¿:.
æ -: /¡ 6 ii Ðh"
9-4/v f ö . {4-cÊ o'c 6, -ææ*ffÈ E.l r¿Ø|ffifr#È: t /r.
å

æ -: trffiù*æòËs/¡Â,/ì" .0):ôøf,YLt¡44., bÀ,Ì¡4 i /ì ¿,E i Ì.

lr.lYv tflt:ft*.å;ÉTffi¿:¿x. lu.6: Lrl..*T¿.1 Lù. li6ffit',ù:/J b * L/¿
È"j ¿ ¿.Éb/J!. å. ftTL¿: r¡a!¿fuTÉbÌtr¿ù" 6. ,ù'EÉLÈ ç:È j"
2s æ -i 'c"ðde" 9€ffi¡;-: aFl-u. j" dø¿ ¿Ë )øt:. abook. books. the
book. the books !¡fuT- l,ì ó l.r ôÊt,frùtb â A,Iì7r.6- ë7¡,1,å.- {>
55
i /\+ò r€ffi+ o-c âØù-. FåË: { ùlå' b t' 6'lla'} "
l-4/v Dç_ ñHHø/¿Ðù:. Z{ttt,È,t",-t òt€#-C#t Iù,"
æ -: se)( ( þJ !
.l t ¡ #,.,.,

'&.J f Ë'c.,í#, ù: þ -t É
ùÌ i ò ¿ ffi i a #. ffii¡; U T¡,
!r rr a
; T¿
b r'tL
, L
Ø !r v É'= o
7 ¿ frL ù: ffi, -('L l* f+ i)ì |'t tt, L â

H; ('bàíh il'
¿
./ ¿Ìþ:ùÌ'i î" ÉË,Htl" â 'ìì'.(,
'i, å -iË!åEi¿ t; ói'+Æ 1Ê.

äiô A. F ? T î ff ) r\ '_õ 2 !r 5 : tL -{ì. ffi.

)
*')t-ðl*ù* I H'
ffiffi # Y 1Êrt f":'+';þt'Ã'ù
r/=H+^'i,jåi ;*';i 4i iìiH # ru
åiæE#[Ki3t äÉi fr,.ü\ +2.X
$-ffi+
,;ä
,J.
ð # ÀA K Ïb z'
-re
* fo i'/r Á +/¡ #^'
Ê'È Ë:"'t
¿Ì t-: H 'í + g: A t
ùFFUÉ't,?"¿*q'ØZ
ffi lå ,* {Ë t 'Z ù' .: ^È t ÈfiÃ
? t*i q ¿i*
7 , 'i ffij.
+: ñ
*ffii '.#I.HiÈryËL+?;+ i,íí.È, 1
ffi BrjB U o rt> H -{. rc o - , ffi. Ê
fEH
F î
öLHäþ.-)ØtÈ,U+HL'{âi.yR
¿ffi2 /:ffirfLþt+. t_.Ð'+
¿ !\ þ I¿ A ¿ì ü* I¿ U å
Ë+
!. +. i â F
L-+rJ
Lr þ
òifr,òlilB'ù*,+Øo)^r4Ètfr
4 7c o) fr /Ã 2
H FF b A ¿i H #. ¿Ì, ti,,
^
t'tù 'tfr U 7€ -t ¡\
ù* rlj {L ù* Iñ
r¡"b#àì7b
2 å ¿: /
,J':*
l¿ Èt [r Ll ,) +
o) Ð l¿.',rt h
{"1
b flH, þt B {.
âWHAðry
ottJ'=ñ'-c
1*\

"c¿"þËft
v {4 HÌl

aØË'#4
=*Få)¿*r
å r\ r:. t' ¿i a.
þf"L')
frËili¿ÌÀ"ù Ì
fr4 tþ # ¿" -\
T *tÈ.Ø þ:t. æ)
1
+. Éi. L /¿
S /¡
r¡
ù ÍF,t {& I þt 7c

Rx
ÉÅtt
?qi..i,
/;
ftk o) " *) o

Ii ¿*o)utù
^ E
"c¡ffi
frL+.þt
 ,",,, E**ffiffi1

15
 .l t ¡ #>>>>>

tf,'lt¿ 't С,

6ffi personal experience g *a$iJhr,. bathroom Llit., place to
¿J¿ wash one's handsl
)E*- past
Øt u t;tJ reason; explanation
Ð'¡a to state ot ur i rl¿ø1.
*"'¿J U ¡¡ funny -4ffi6
x-¡u¿i v
hard [as in "work harü']
,ì¡t o;
#yú+ lname of a templel
FÐ lname of a prefectureJ alcta¡,
mÊ pronunciation

¡'- ¿f ¡ consíderably; real7y; to a ¡t)ùyl^ Hollywood

great extent ¡r[.o i
11 EFæ. actorlactress
[>>>*]t-l- t'21 nl..
(' (-Ø)*Èi this side (of
Ë'Ètl- living;1ife style
t8
.F-
-)
tt¡"
l
(,-¿;)S¡. /¡ ¡- it mustbe (-) x, to laugh

[>>>git-z- ¡¡]

¡|¿" L.
4 lù'À,zc À,t â to be modest; to humble 21 lpl'CÉ.Î lr whatever eise might be
oneself said; after all
¡t( Ë.
ã'1¿sY-'4 '/ Y thafs worthy of &Æ(t¡) complex
you, Jason; thafs truly rtt. ¿.

like the great student ffiffi honorific language

that you are, Jason [if., respect languagel
r:5t t
l>>>x;Å,t-¡-q7 22 (-ùr) Ë+ (/J) not good/skilled
l:trL (at
EJJñ particle(s) -)
i
t{,+vs
r¡fttr' 23 ñ,FË practice
Ef,ü opposite
r¡tJ
ÉT to correct [uf.]

242
 v't si
o F^'Ìtv t'. +-'Y Donald Keene 72 ËlË selÊstudy
r[' u* ttv
r Éfr¿: formally ß F,merSJ l:ffit'Ì¡t^ /
unfamiliar
Èqri:(
+Effi
¿'
Chinese language F,/¡: åØär.l
'tr tç5 ¡, ¡!¡ u

: (-t:) *Ð å
â to decide (to -) [u.¿.]
14 tr#f+æ
F _l-
Chinese food
L-i v
5ffi in those days [: 4Ø¿ 4l 16 4 o)tA in those days
-cf t['u¡ <

3 mÐa. extremely [written

17 Ëê fixed-price htnclt/ dinner
expressionl ¡at'U. $'f,. at most [>>>*;Ê/-t'9]
r;t't¡¿
X+
. tr.,
most of 18 (-ù:) ù¡'bc ( to come by (a meal)
*5
4ffiL woman t:A{S. kØLl 19 (-t:)trñD å to agfee to; to accept
¿? t['¡-¿
s [H(r¡) free [time] ¿\ìdi
tr¡lE Taiwan
ì-
-L07l'
6 t-'ål¿: È) truiy l:Ft:l E EI¿: around (someone)
ïl'À,ô'b l-l¿
¡l.*¿
carefree; slow-moving L.iLi finaþ; at last

-x
^.r;r
one sentence
¿'!..¿
nÉ
II-

.{. êt
¿

broken le. g., J apanese)

z T*(r¡) not good; unskilled 24 ElJff summer cottage
;t( ¡{ri, *ta-
RdE blackboard 25 tE< to invite
8+t 1a
to copy [u.t.J 26 +¡l+'a to loaf on the job; to idle
ft' away one's time
 L/¿ significant; great
r¡[t '
t),+ tx
ÆÞ improvement; progress
2? m*.-l
*L
to encourage
_tr

#'Ð â to notice; to recognue ffiøa to urge (someone) to do

(something)
g
-l¡ØØ
r.t
although - [>>>*8,/- 1-6] i¿t¡
28 ffiJa) usual; that which was
¡rti
-fr-e on one ttand or on the mentioned before
other hand (depending artut:tJJf LU ti
on the context) EBÆ ffi anti-Japanese sentiment
rtt f
[>>>g,E/- t 7] zs ||[f']: I ¡. embarrassing
t'
zF
-f- [Chinese lamily name] but; although t:-ülÈ?, ¿'l
¿ti utÈ¡ -äåì ò
ro Hffift Tãng dynasty [618-907] [>>>*tå-l- l-. 10]
t

ñü poem;poetry Sr first of all

-ö rf¿¡¡a
12 bâE one day (r¡) average; ordinary; like
¿I, l¡,¡, ^ìû normal people
EXËÊH I1brary ¡t( rti
30 mÆ desire
.l 'l¡=#,,,,.
t tL¡ i
3t 7 ì y rtã
àr. L"-i: (

ftW United States of 47 &

È
,t' a little l:,Þ1,)
America t'i ¿ l¡,¡,
48 Ëffiffi view of moralit¡r
).- A )t v 1',1 Ì North Carolina J.-
;lçt- ùl much; considerably
l-c
33 ffiù: akeady l: {, ,l l:xÆl
rYsli-lu tt tli
ù'
RffifEI orchard (-å)7Ê-îâ "/u
to contradict (-)
r¡'¿tJ¡
ffia to snap 49 'lEÏffi {, many times more -
çl¡¡ ¡' ¡¡ã¿'l'
34 (-þ)ffi#-î to point (to -) 50 #ffið difficuþ to understand
u-t¿r'
¡.Þ r¡ b al|of a sudden É6 itself
;t(¡(
+l'27yrÈ cherry ÉEET 6 to master; to overcome
¡h¿ utru¡u.Àøl'
36 îúã,t a to commemorate 5?
-Ffmft' hard [:-ätrô]
u¿r5¡V.¿i ¡bt* i¡
40 ¡Jr ?& elementary school r#w. lfamily name]
å ¡ri ¿'rL ¡
ä f+É textbook rlr
J[¡\ [male given name]
Tf
4t i b well [used when making ¿ ù ¿ò together with; in
a modest or hesitant company with
statementl ¡î; ¡;
Bd again
- å L'C¿* for; considering ;t(+Èuri
Etffi-hlå with respect to
[>>>g;tz- ¡ll]
t'¡f a
nationality
+Ð content
¡lì-ct on the contrary
42 Q'{Lt: t i{, even so [>>>*;ã.2-¡tz]
- a.l
[>>>E;Ëz- ¡ r+]
¿? )7
43m
;.¿ r
age -tT'lÌ
t i
¿'Ìu
as far as - is concerned
(- å) ftt¡ a to be different (from -) ûff mountain cottage
t:Ë, I [written t:üØ.ElJ#l
expressionl n.L
-+. owner
44 HÆffi-ffi6
l: [¡¿ ; l< ¡r¿
Japanese reader È-
¿t( t¡.t
lþø other
4s -ffi,^ reader; reading book
5z b'* È, ù; â to give up
¿lå
as long âs - rIr¿
-[E b as far as -; Ãfr,wt a
<

to drop out
[>>>gitz- ¡ l¡] b
-r,,'

46
vsli v,\'
IøH motaT education
ss æffit â to understand
245
.l t ¡ #.,,..

1 ,r, Ntcà ,/ N z /c å lâ#t >¿. le >>>ôËÈÁ,rc5]

a) i LØEct¿à- yçEll'à. b É i Ø !"

(My mother complains ali the time land I feel frustratedl .)

b) ù¡o))yct¿b- a à"rÌ,: ¿Ë i Ø ¡."

(He said this. lCan you believe it?J )

2 rr, .l a ffë ='considerabty; really; to a great extent'

lã#,z > t.¿ >>> å : tãë#eE 5 uâ...]

J ,lÍ å" is a còttoquiat form of Ì ¿* ¿", which ..-'...,,.:r:.r..-::r,Ë:',,,-.,.'.

indicâtés that something is of a degree con-

..;¡ùaàùiV,@m*¡,uu1,,,.,'.:.r-:
a) ËìEø 7 r yr^tÌ. N+ØïE+.I*iff ¿Ëiå?)ìô 6 ¿,Hz(t'6 1 i /ì.
(Most,{mericans seem to think that university professors have a great deal of free time.)

b) trØêãllj pffE *1't' 6 Ll-.

(It seems that the dormitory food is really bad.)

3 t* ^,1!Ët rtC[l='it must be -' lã#,z > ¿.t >>>ËeLìÊI5 Lä uctìãt-Etìtðtì]

lPt_og.ó.r,v¡n9....1¡.,1¡,s.ta msofæ
a ) ó Â, 2¡^ È rÌ,X.t :IÈ.À"î u- â À,TÌ lt, t - t.'> tf à#r¡ 4åìÉ þ l' 1. lr 6 l;lËü r /J ü to
(Since he lives in a big house like that, he must be realþ well-off')

b) b4 aî*rÉ+ffi? LÍr'â0)ttt BA^Eætr/JLro

(The person who is bowing over there must be a Japanese.)
ù'L¿ < l:lv
c ) ffiEl¿: L'¡t BAffiùttð Lt"l;Ëür/JLt.
(Japanese mustbe easy for Koreans to learn.)

d) É,Ft ø/¡ t .äffi ùiõÆ[;SUtt¡ ¡t"

(It must be inconvenient to live without electricity.)
 ,,,,, EäÈf6sl

Qrrr, ËTår(fE) ='¡ndeed; as may be expected' lãfri > u >>> È3-rïv¡ I v >reaf

a) BA t: *ff ò {lÂ,t u. /c Ìi ùl ã> c t - ëf rî El4#àsI#/¿""

(Since he has lived in Japan for ten years, he speaks excellent Japanese indeed.)
lþ)
b) r6B+Øft8l¿ùl ó z f
V
. ð Trïl:f ÌÌ' å L t.?li.
(He is an excellent calligrapher, as may be expected of someone who teaches calligraphy.)

5 "' NtslvlÎ,lNtcrl? le#z > l.z >>> ÐJÐãÄtrì !. 1 2. 26 >>> #letvh\ !. 22 >>> ¿O)tâO)
*+*.fílv< 2.24 >>> *l||Ãréárålu< !-26 >>>the books Etu<]

Both /¡å,å. and l¡A,1 can follow a noun, wittr the meaqing of :things (or people) like-.'
Only t¡ ¿"'ç, however, can follow a sentence. Ì¡ À,'C, is a contraction of many forms such as
tj å'ÌÌ- /¡ à'I. tj å ¿ t. i o)lt. orthelike.
li:lirlr:::Ì lii: 1 li li:l:..:i ':. ,.: .::. :':::, :r::l:::: , l:.. .. --

a ) Þl;-¡ilr¿ (t¿ hfii ffi t. t ,Ba l¿. ¡7 ) t

(I thought things like particles were difficult.)

b) tfl'ùll ¿ rfÄÈìrÈìÐ)Biù't¿,1"( (=t¿EEtraAÉ)- ðz¿f bâà.ùtÃltoI¿.

(I didn't understand at ail things like how wøtashiwa anduatashi ga differ.)
ttr' í
c ) Wffiþæ.b/J !. å ft?L¿: Ì¡ â f¿ t, Êi>{vr¿z). 6.,ù'ÉÉL lvt (:t¿ ë) Ë ç = t¿.
(Since I was told that it would be impolite if I don't :use keigo,I was worried.)

$ >tt -*¿0)0)='although -' lffiævt > t.s >>>fle)5nãára/t€øo)l

a ) 1ãlffiøfùt¡frþ=+L /¿ úOO. É+#ä l-îffifÃþffi,tp ¿ ¿ ùÌ * l¿(" È /J t."

(Although I studied Japanese for three years, I still can't read newspapers without a dictionary.)
r¡r.l i À.,!d)r. ù, t ù,/!
b) BäflÉl+ølÛÃþW.b ),,fi.r¿$oo, fiffñÉlz¡ftrfÉffittÆ.L ¿ ¿* LrÌ,t¡.ct¿" Ii
(Although Japan adopted western culture, it would not change its traditional values.)
 .l t ¡ #>>>>>

| ,r, -fr( (f*) ='on one hand; on the other hand' læ¿¡ry¡>¿.gf

ÈEi
:aiïi.i,iÈ t"i'nse¿fi;4,Þn*.êlÊø;.r: *È:Jii'Hu*.êi.éi,j "r
it
often omitted.

a ) ø < q'ËuffT æ z.c !. 6 àì. -ä't'. É4r¡ ff x Ì. ¿: r r

r.' !. 6 4Ël*ido t,4/J r,.o
(The number of working women is increasing every year, but, on the other hand, woman who hold
important posts are quite few in number.)

b) H)KHffi¿Ì. -ÈV' rf Erå v.t)v0)9çlLä*ftàrffi1,/i¿ì. füÉ'?. ttRÐÆffitr¡tÈ r¡Fñ

ffi å r¡ ->'c.\. â o
(es for U.S.-Japan relations, while, on one hand, cultural exchange in the private domain is quite
popular, on the other 1nand, trade friction is a big probiem.)

8'* FFlD&äfi='almost every day' lffiarvÀ>!.91

It means that it appears like every day, although it is not actually every day. ¡.8:'cãh:ibè
replaced by ìEû, Fl, +, El, FFÉ|, etc.

a) *_vË Â,ù*. rfi#n+æ?ê-rr¡ e it¿"

'Ea&¡
(I hear Mr. Keene ate Chinese food almost every day.)

b) 86ffiø' I EËrdo&a t:ffiffi¿r6 6"

^-c'ù1,.
(In Japanese class, we have homework for almost every class period.)

9 *r.Ü[r{tüt='at most' lffiaNl > t.tz >>> titìËtìElr-Ëtlì-Ë]

It indicates a maximum limit, which is still a small amount.

u r, ) ix (* ti- -ffiHl ¿: tt ttt ür-. :Æ5 /¡ þtÌ'r' !.ä/¿'.

ü
", ^(In aTarge class, on a good day, you will be called on at most once or twice.)

b) EÆØt)-i y
-3vtå.- lfraþIfial¿ Ll,aLÙ- tft,rütrEf. ãElf Lr ,.
(Japanese white-collar workers, when they take vacations, take at most four, five days.)

1O * -l¡,lf b='although -' lffiaw > n s >>> EùËl¡' L r*bt 5 ]

a) Bäùr. d\ã r.ÉEl/Jáf åffiËtEil/¿"

(Although Japan is a small island country, it is an economic superpower.)

248
 ,,,,, Eä#ftffii

b) îåãt¿ år å. â El ¿r,fEl å * rÌ ô.
(I am sorr5r but I can't visit you today.)

c) B ä ¿: {Ì Â, -e r. /J ár å El äffi ,)ì-Ë ü ffi ì} /J r,. ø l* å,å# f¡"

(Ifs curious that a person who's been living in Japan can't speak a word of Japanese.)
t', 1¡ i ttÀù) t.
d) lJù'e, /Jù./Jrïà*äffiô CD ?Ef,t.( !./¿ à. /ì¿,ril,,Jltt,â J i ¿: rJ ? t È /¿.
(Although I didn't understand, I listened and listened to the CD, and then I st¿rted to comprehend
it.)

í f *" N ¿ LÍH ='îorì considering' lffiuW > ¿.¿ t >>>,1 \+ll-+¿+ e uzm]

a) ÈîH¡ ¿¿*. BA^¿ t?Í*t€ffir)r-h+f T"

(Maeda-san speaks good English for a Japanese.)

b) HHI*. tfltF¿ t,<ßïtr#trì¡!./¡¡..

(fokyo has few crimes for a big cify.)

12 *' Z*t'J¿[r?t ='even so' læaø>t.tzl

a ) F-ñI*Wlffitlffi r,. å,H

=
( (
t- /¡ Èì. Z tt t= L t, H r. Ø ù: tÌHt. l¿.
(I had expected that prices in Tokyo would be high, but even so, I was surprised how expensive
everything was.)

b) T t yrØHæ¿i. #Hffigtr*eiär.å ( I r. ¿,8, i ùì, ztrt=a,(t, ü i,,¿ffiffi

ð riÍ ü I' t.ØîÌtä t,Ìì ô ) tt,"
(I think it's great that American high school students can spend. lots of time on extra-curricular
activities, etc., but even so, wouldn't it be better if they made students study a little more?)
c ) EAØt+¿*. &âl:ffi âffi7)o) À,d b (--å å ffira'¿ Ëòl¿f u. â
" z nEUÍ t,. tr
Â,-c..ù$à. bt-âitùl¿: ù ¡.frl¡t./¿ó i.
(Japanese colieges are said to provide time for students to relax before they go orlt into the real
worid. Even so, I don't think they should just goof around.)

Í3 -" ^,FU ='as far as -; as long as -, lffiañt > t.ts >>>lÀo)flãßþl

It is used to set limits within which the fo[òwing statement trol¿S true. tt generAty follows
plain forms of verbs and r,.-adjectÌves. Nouns are in ÍJõ å-form (t.r., {+.X.cA a m I l,

,,'.r
id'..rarãdjeòti., either in t. ó a rorrn,a!,ø.¡jr.Þ,,rl .'(i.
.,)Èi.,::',.,r.,

a)'cå åw.q o)¿ ¿ ¿tT â)$ b î1"

(I intend to do whatever I can.)

b) ffifinr¡ t.FU. +&Hfñ* /¡ ¡.;þ¿r¡. ¡..

(As long as you are not sick, you should notbe absent from school.)
 I

"l
13 ëF>>>>>

c ) A | ,h+.- 'lEI¿.1' l'9€fi1É*41¡ /¡ u'(" l- ¡ ) ù'"

(Sensei, do you know of any good English-Japanese dictionary?)

B i Qt f"î{a" fl¡Øffic'(.t- 6FrJ t'¿*. BAÀørcoøfüälÌ'å' b (". 7, Y ù Lt:

ffit,-\àf !-Øùlt¡ u.Â,f.'f ùl Ð. trÀ b ¿¡r¡i€fllf*Fi È t. ) øÈ;ó b * TÈ.6- æ
.z'C.b.f¿ È ¿if'fÈ'"
(We11, as far as I know, all the dictionaries are for Japanese people and there is no good one for
Americans. However, there is one called Fûngana English-/apanese Dicttonary, so you might
want to try it.)

14*" IIã-CT--'on the contrary' l#aflø>¿.ss>>>zfilrrr5,ã.a(EÄFãEãt<ltÂD:lt*;rl

.;¡¡l* ...a¡çÈid,à poti (otconseeuence¡ii1l.0,nhä tL*,...-..h.'$1..i .'"',-,,:

a) fit.-L -r-VffiÆUfcÙ, frà"e(È/¿/J ( /¡cl¡.
dirtier than before.)
(I washed a white sweatèr, and now it looks
å
b) ')'!'
ffiffi,øffi.u,frþffifJ ¿- 7t'ZcTillt' å /¡ ( /¡ 7ã a Llrìbâ"
(When you read instructions for a machine, sometimes you get more confused.)

c ) ilffiØÈîØHfi t:fu,ffiLT å" â L -

h' ì-cT 6 c* ¡¡¡'ffiSl' þl :
6 ¿ rìð 6.
(If you study too much the night before an exarrr, sometimes you end up making silly mistakes.)
 "," Eä#Ëffi1

a)'-lf ë*,Uùöâffiãf â >>>>>[âËÉt]

1 : When you start telling a story, it

A-+lv: #tfrat: ¿ { öåá'1,,/¿Z¿tttürct¿IvTT is customary to preface your sto-
ry by saying cØfã-G6ù. 'tÃ,/
[t¿ 1" ffiÉi.) ¡' ¿ rsð c /¡Å,'cî ll å'

drfó: ^.i. À,t¡ ¿ å {"-l-à."

¿^
or a similar expression. When
tiùt o) you had abad experience, use ;
v I F-W0>FìÉøãt:Ë¿l t:Tt o{. *rË'ð ¿,ù: Øfdlô ¿'t- El ù: ù> -:lc À,ît (ll
^-ql E), ftEJrÆÌ¡El ù: * Ll¡,
ó r.
#Ë/ì'¿ d'¿t" or the like. In Japanese, having a
dr{ : Zt\T'?2 terrible experience is conceived
as "meeting a terrible eye."
7-+ìv: *óËð .t, ù: [*a+ifti. ^.fJ È l¿t- À,{"-1ùl
ÐJ :(Ezt¿à3- *óËð A"ùt l4i" tJ+, 2 : When you are listening to a story
it is good to give aizuchi, words
HÅEô.À,tÃ,îfrrÈ* t- ¡. i )-t'C.ã i A,f-f i." that the listener gives to indicate
that he/she is listening and to
rJrff : à-? ¿ Òvt) r.ltõ l, *. Ò 2. encowage the story teller to go
on with a story. Common aizuchi
includes 4lLt?, ? iîTtr,,
¿å r,., ¿ å, /¡ 6 li Ð, etc.

3 : In nanating a story, try to use

sentence connectives (4 l.î, 4
lLù, Ê¡, e Ìt t, erc.) and adverbial
clauses which indicate the se-
quential nature of occurrence of
two events (-l¿ ù, - å, etc.).

1 ," EI-IVJV'(
Ë r, t/,1
e â# t (p.237) þÆfr, (to recreate) t-t¡ ð r..o -i 7 tt:/¡. b.
-^¿là -+l'y- ü i -
Ì¡ b t¡ð r.. É#ùtâ ( IEI Df /J ( { ò I t.à1. /a'r. /¿ r. Øff¿ÌlEl D ù: T 6
^¿ìft4.¿:
¿ ¿ . âffiàì#$ir ¡ 6, iúHJ (roles) þFWt--t -
'r¿
ü t-Ëâffi?L/Jðt."

251
 13 #>>>>'

f ,,,iliOtv-J7-,
e E6^'ltolc ¿ å 0)ù)âLùt, 1<t=u.l¿ à - 4Ø)x.(f¿È)3F,ù'¿- V-c. ijl,Z"rr-l
þlF b. ElAt' ¿^ A,r¡EAffiøFåËt'- þ l-l¿ å.. Ef, È ä È L.o Ëf,ü. T¿#þ - l{f ,, 7
Ø),,fcYt:##.L/Jð !."

3 *' dV'1-2
e XrrfuHg€# (Bä(.'{F 6þ.t¿+¡ffiør i /rÈ#) ùÌ. AEØt€ffir'ùrlEI ¿ Ë t r' t- t i tt,"

"<7 1â z - ffiJo) J. i t¡àffiþffiH L /J ð r,."

a) r-7aY
b) Ìi'v , v zß v f"
c) :r?-Yr)vYvl
d) f-rr-3-^
tfit 1l lzrs- þ J

Yä e : 17 x- l. j c {'€ffi'c'Éà ¿x"{4t" l- !. i ù'"

.Æ^g : apartment 0) a L D + /¡ ì,.{' L J I à.o

++.A: bb_ 4 i-tîìt,"

lhtl2l I ,t -17 v l' l
e : I t - I z v ¡^l : {9€ffir'Ëà
YÆ. ¿i'{FJf" I, i. I ù""
Yäe : ðô. tlt¡b *.ÈÀ,trZ"
Y*^l: D+ó. ft+.EËf,t,.f &.*.1,¡)"

{,,,dVv-t
e,{7 ù- tÃ->f , âJ}ø L l¿,fEIà.*áå. L r¡ffiffit:o r,.fffi L.âr. lJ ð !'" {E* (partner)
Øffiþ H, À: -C. i6 t. (. få-c, i 7 Ø )',f¿ tt l:ft6¿L /J ð r,.
"

5 *' 4tTþ-J|-,
e 4¡ìy-7"t:rltìtLî. Ela#ø Ð: Èì-æffiLr,.à.?ffiL.âr./J ð t.o ffiLu.,fi?É
ì,.-c *; t,l. - 4þ.î, 7 7 Ø )yf¿L t:#*.L ä ð t,.o

252
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S "' fF*,
Ê Êâ¿: ¿ o-CEÆF*o) ¿'a àì-ËffiL (. ¿: àr-æffifrt.¿.þZì-. 4{tt-?r.{
IEAffi¿ fÅl ¿ r. iEf.:É+f òt-IxFx.þÉÈ /Jè t,'.

Ê lfiflj€#J ¿ r. i Ø¿r.fFl-c. t_ ¡i zJ'" co ø#,aÅ?Ëf,r.{. r,."

^.øHYãt:_ÆålJð
eã, È Èt ('

€fi,å#R electrical appliance

a) f[rut€ffi L u- i o) ¿Ì{trJ(.'îà."

b) 17y-r-J ¿r.iØlÌ. åiu.iËffi'c.ïÈ."

c) EA#ø I I v-f -) t t€ffiØ trainer iÌ. Ð I Ëu'* TÈ'"

d) 17y-+T4 1l ¿i. Ëffir",fEl¿Éirl,Jiù."

e) Electric outlet o) a L þ- EAffiî{4¿ÉL' *i-à..

f) fE#r€ffi¿å. 7 ./ y rt )',t:ùttìù'b tf t.f.Tà." ¿^ i L -c{" 1å."

 -l t ¡ #>>>>>

tH# w
vfrJ
) = - vîð ¿¿*. FHt¿bâ7 / y )t øãïtt:WÐ'c.t- â" EAffi¿Bil
/J r."cElÄ^*/;ør". RÉ¿:Ër,.rT C EÆ#þffiifr-r a ¿ ¿ ù: LÈ. Y&
nTr ( [HÌt/¡!.Øf.. lffi/\#.ffi.þrÊ.ry a: t ¿: L. H^^ØlÉffi¿: HAffiøft
+-þtr4 L( ð 6-cl¿" 7c Øjl,tllå u. i ftE.t*- 7./ t) rt Lþ#.ì-/;; å ùå/¡
l..Èì- BAF"+&{"ãS f å u.+El^fHffir 17 Ø)yr¿Ë ù: ElAffiþW.ì;-Î
u.å àËf,l,./¿" lE]ffir)ìË#'cjl,tlJra+¿fft'c <{L'c- ffixtÌE - zk.#.ø
W:, = -v Aã À,Øæ'a-ffiFËî:. 7c l-'C+*Xt¡-l¿t-EIãfH ¿ ltr* c È.
-EIH o)ffi#tt ¿ { òHÊà.: l;. ftrllftäùÌffi.ì-frrltL+1- ) = -v A
Ë.t ¿ifg#øwh b *r¿:. lE^#ùÌHÊr,.'cTl ¡¡ Ð å u. )ffi.H/¡x¿¡Ëà
â t ) ùJrÃ..t /¿. ffi#årf&b:-¡. y' = - yf.ð À"¡t. Ftfrù, È,*fr L r.ã+Hl
lLþfrUr, l¿ i òl ÈËu./¡n;t,ftE.ù:ÌÆT ¿. ftä¿tL ¡,c ¿ffir.t¿Ì j
t¡ffiþ L l;. lElffià. 6fg#Ëlùåã+Fl ¿ Ëf,r. r r. /¿ Ø{"- 7 L {itå¿ìffir. ¿"

I¿Øtt.- 9 = - v 1ð lvlt/ùtr. e, t¡, ù, = I¿ " L È. L- ä'fío- t t-cT,/JÐ'c.11ù,

->I¿o EA{"ùåft4ü:fq#f+þ+Li ffil: ¿*,. *a#þ 4 0)I¿ÐØ¡Jrð /¡#fffiù:Ã
d'r{iqð /Jùld'r¿Ì'r-ùlär.Øl¿. LFlffiùt#.¡--c ( {tI¿0)îbâ. , =-y A
ã À"ùr/(ØffiËÑØ El * {" i: 51ffi &Eã : { *' r. /¿ Ø Ìå- 6 t, ô À,Ø a L'c' b 6
"

t: u.tÈ¡.iup ÌÌttØ+îftk#ì-â. ¿l
IEL#.+9 individual instruction:
private lesson t:*^ envelope

A ;RØYE#,tu e. jE U U I t, ú) l- O. FdlË :( t t õ ü ú) lE x Ë 2 It fd Ë U l.

n ) )= - v1ð
a i\,|t, r, h'er)'t-EÄ#þffi,$frl-I¿"
y''
= 7

n b) - Àð A,ØàTI¿:¿*. vEA^òÐÐ{!.6o
ü ) ítwftÆ.øYiñ¿:¿*. J LØÈlftrJìes¡. t, l¡,"
c 7 y rt

n ) fgx¿*æ)Eü-øfb
d â.
n e) y'=-v1ðÀlÌ¿rã+FlUù.+Lr;'tÃù,->tØî- jllJJft+.ltô': ( bL
Í1,*.-cl¿"

254
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tì lJtu 0)
,:

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V
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v
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t.

r Flt JtËl ä ñta < ttrSì 5:,',Ë,.ll.t.li:t:ä,

=þfd
Ef f fcsrïffi #U¿¿l7v<utãþ-ti_914_t_l&E-Ë_Þ_):__.'...'...>â#1
.T lu7,ltTluåfil¡,',¡'l,,,".-,:;::.,
E ärt E äfi rr pn rÍÙrùìÉGU*ffi ua
"
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ô & < L < t r < Se fc, +A¡*t*Ël:t# "" " "'..'.. , ... ... "
::'
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¿rtùËLl
ã 0)t-tt.
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HtrEËttlfuo
ç e 6 qtvo
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,,ì:r.::i:,,,.:..11;r,.,,.r;ii¡:.Ì

_,'n

:ì'L.
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 LT URE No o
c
o
c
o

Man's World

Ithough Japan is changing from a man's society to one that is kinder to women, the
transformation is quite slow. Women are enteríng all phases of Japanese life, but still
many positions are closed to them. Female office workers, because they are not given
important jobs, have more free time than their male counterparts. They save money and
often spend it on traveling. Housewives have to spend much less time on household chores
than before thanks to modern conveniences. As Susan's host mother explains in âEÉ 1, they
have more freedom to engage in other activities. Men, on the other hand, especially if they
are corporate workers, have to spend too much time working in the office. They come
home late and exhausted and thus have very little time or energy left for their families. As
a result, mother-child relatíonships tend to become excessively dependent while husband-
wife relationships suffer.
ëlþ ¿a
3ñ
the lmperial Household has held in its possession the
ince Japan's mythological times,
Q
J so-called "Three Jingi," i.e., the Three Sacred Treasures: a mirror, a sword, and a
crescent-shaped jewel. A set of three to make up a meaningful whole has always fascinated
the Japanese. ln the 1960's, the new "three treasures" were a refrigeratoç a TV and a
washing machine. ln the 70's, "3C" (notice its singular form because of the lack of plurals in
Japanese grammar) represented a cal a color TV, and a cooler (r.e., air-conditioner). "äH"
íntroduced in âËÉ 2 is a term coined in the 80's and refers to three qualities young women
wanted to see in choosing husbands.

a
a
a
o
o
 >>>>> E60)Êl!Ë

e 7-+Jy, ffi ëÊFÊÊdr*Di5. fiZ 1..7 z ì U-ú)ôElêtu¿ff UcUìã"

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$á&Ë r{, 7c1t.o L.?l>4i{"Lt"
7-qìv Lì-- 4 i-AtII t^, t^ ) U{*rËð À"YÃ,t¡A.,:cTù."
jdEð /t, YF=c-c ?

7-qfv ¿ i
L'(.yãJþÊb /¡ u.îfÌ,lE Lr L. å : L+â lvîî ù'"
*á&å Å, ft{Ë L l. â rÃ, A.,'c. H'cÈ : å /J u. ùl Ð"
7-+lv L=? t"i L{f'1å..
jó&Ë À, trlå ¿,-ù:_l_È_*á1ð .å,-Ø_äÌÉrr F¿þ t,, îLt-Iifrl'ØälÉàró â À,1ìù'È, "
1

7-+lv (" . ò ¿r. ¿"T È" 6 ¿ ,8 t,. * T. E#ØæI+.ü*- ftSàìW*> -tA l>X-'lñ È, r¡
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( -C. fi¿ùffiþãþl¡¡.¿.6, HI.ÉÌ¿ËÈsffiSr¡ a Lþt--C â.4,Ds/¡r.
À,11þ."
$á&È Â, ã>t¡T¿t!7 i üt ¿. H^D s. lE.lHç*ôäð
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A,Lffi.rlt:',{-r ( Ø ö tt#øi Lr¡0: !" 4ltt:B^D+. *_Ù-{t/+ l-!;-älÉ
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vn -tfu,1frUf¿ b U'C- trI -c J- )#UÀ,1â¿.6. ffiLl../J À.,-CF"cI¿¿
å /J!. L.

z-¡fv 7 /, rtDp. #LtîØ¿tr.rö *rñ-ffifTtl åde"

*¿,&ð /t fÅ¿Ì. *á1ð .Tås B WE ù=XMeå {ú È â:
{ ( trLl"rtt'. Z fr,-C.-u. t. å ,B: 'C. â tù Ð "
7t t) lr tti7 , t) ùÃ,t:, EIAùå BA=l¿:
ffuùfr,. u.r4, D t /J !.å. L 6.
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 *114*,,,,.

r Ê Ëffi|@¿rb\ã+lØfrË.Øfr+D Z¿;Ëä Ucuìõ"

Et+ ra-ffi¡'t. IIJAð ¡'øtafrY-Ett È> È>cl¿?

Éffi [.Ì,.ào

Er+ î r ( *a!. L Z i r¡lfltffiåDF¿sÃ: 1 â 0) " :ÈÂåsff oI¿ À,1ì o-C. "

rffiffi -- i -. :'È^¿l ?
E+ i Â," úAð ¿ø ¿'È,,\üÌ)þ[ffi¿;¡#/¡À,1ìo-c" i trø ù*fú ò L /J ì..È. à.
i Èt** LL'o
Éffi !. L.("Tdâ å.
Er+ iiÂ, å ù:. . ØFå E Lù.î-ffiÀ,ÈÂ,/a'ùt Ð. ËrE¿t,. l+4Et{Ì¡f;',ftìt:k',W.
ù:ò{âÀ,1ìo'C."
Éffi --i-. 4 ) Ì¡À,1Tù."
Ertr -ËÈi¿*- A{ËØæîåØffiÍtrfH+¿Ì I 3 Hl ="c.Êb{vt È.1Èùl Èda"
Éffi I 3 Hl ->t - HF.. qX^. YÆ¿sHr,. fr'YEø ¿ ¿ (.î1 dâ.

El tr 4 )" 1{¡. â¿*. ,lätã:år} <r. ÍL+þt$¿: u'c. x+þTâÐwrJtg.

t5 * trtt â ô.1¿t-"
Hffi 4 i1î Ìh. + otrf,bXreþf\tllù:îâÂD+/rt.'å E b *'l- jdâ.
Er+ Hffi¡ À,6 4 i t'- i Lk+ ( F,->ülä ð r. Ì"
Hffi å À. {.'ò. : frtùå-'à. ¿) üÌffi("Tå. à """o

Flf;ÉgF^00)ô#ä
(5ÊFH:(ffi)E.WYIYTi--=L)
 ...., EäøÊË I

e 7-+J 7/lì, OL ø*FHH+ëFÉt,curã.

7-+):v #Bt¡.n. âTú-C" t^À,/¡: å 3f :{r. âÀ,'aîù."
# E: 4 )'eT tr. È¿: I -' x)J L ù.É=Æþ (F â ft$-eî tr"
7-ìv BAD+. OL årráä < r)þåÈ à {Lâ -t{Ef,r.t ül Ð_ ag("T¿'.
Æ fr: âl*¿: !.â LEi ùl ¿. f/,ØâTÌr"¿*Èu./;r.ffiLu- OLàìIFÉù:f '?r
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z-clv ¿ i t { {"TÈ." EW]i4'l+.t:t6#þ x{L'C btl 6 ¿ | r¡ fuþl¡ r.-.(_g!_;_.
Élâ¿:¿r^d,r{ö 6i t¡A,'cÆîî!."
3

# Er: 4 {Ltt Z ) I¿tl ¿^

"
z-cfv #Eð À,Øã+ft:_¿i4,[4ØffiFð ¿,r,. * Tå..
# Er : r.L.à_ kø)r.t¿È ù*tr,.{u.ffi4Fî â Lf.u] â2! q:i_ËÉl.ì. âTf¿s¿*
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z-iìv -ffiffi: ( ?

# Er: = Y" - ¿ b ¿ ¿.. 1-, xlJ L tr". HffiØl|g"

z-+ìv Eø)vf¿ Ë ù* ?
# Er : Hø )yt¿ Ë ¿å. -mN+þ fra â Lùt& < 'c _ +,lJп. à ffr\âffir"Tdâ.
z-clv ¡(t.')o)l,t?
# ffr: âÉå ¿.. 41t- iÉ4r¡ft$t"T"
z-clv D +. 4{4¿rt$z¡ftãkf¡lt:6 å ì}.( ù à à /J r..à{"-f å."

# E: . Ø c ô¿*. ffr\.âffi ØkI+ò È¿,/¿'1,,jË å ( È { l,. {. -fiqmå. 6 ffo\âffi ¿:

&a: ¿ Ùl" È 6 À iEr¡=(å{r.*1. 4{tt:_ *áa( aòÈÂ,/a'¿,ç
Ð t i: { !. iË¡tia>o'c. _ rtt¡o)âltt'{¡ ìEr,' i trt:t'ÆØffiffi,þ x{Lâ a
È ù: /¡ â t,l- !.f"10 L'i)'È. EäØâ+l i:Þu-roÆbc-c. È ( r,. â lUÌ¿

è, .8,u. * î üt å""

z-c)Èv: 4{L'e- #Hð A,EHì|. È ålt#þffitTâÀ,'CTìt."

# fff : ffl*. f/,Ìlâ$øf(t:ffiÍÉT6aLt¿rÌ.->{r.6È.å. Ði L !.)ttlt¡oî_
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260
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A,bòòft¿*ç+.*Ëâ.ðÈ+ ft i: + ^\
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jfìtL ù: Ë Ð þ H+
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kf¿" ti¿l ^À c, æ ìì ð
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tT,E'i kî ffi'fñtt¿*Fxð,HÈrHl' ùÈÈr
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ffi*lâÈØTk+T'cffir¡Í=') U ð " ( a b ¿" É
fÌù:' îi ¿1.':
r¿i7ffi Ë
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1
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b ó 4 i â r. X Ít Ë l. o)
È7crffiT^*å¿-+'C.7)ü:
-c0)+uâf0).Ìþâþ
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ffi (" | Ø !- È 'É=É þ'ì-ffif âffitj Èì
þ â 7 ri 4 ò É dâ Æ.
ìr #ùk - L.ùt LrLu Ë'c.ffi* ùS2
16 ¿ I Ø å /¡1
iE ü: Y Ø Ø {L ^È
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4 f: b ù: I k å "Ë b ø
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+ {i8^ t FÌ nÆ a + þ u
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4 {Li ftË 6 å t * â ¿* â " 't("
30 25 20
*114*,.,,,

r.tltrl
ËF, opinion Efñ da5rtime
^[, s
o *fr(¡¡) unperturbed; caTm )t'ra * -+-v, - akind of adult
school [it., culture
ro ¿1.'¿'l¡- unfair; cruel
centerl
tt *¡'L /¡ l,-t. quiet; submissive ¡tr¡ -
I
ù,rc
a ffLu' lonely
n ffifit¡ ¿ L þ-l â to have one's own ,f-

way; to do what one

*fñ husband and wife
2t ò'
pleases fúÈât to keep (someone)
company
rs within the domain of - tr ,,
-o1i'6
..* 22 7./ y ùfr,
LÉ
American st5r1e
# wife
N ä b l: in N's own way
[>>>g;tz- t'z]

+t¿¡ll' L'¡u¡, ¡i
1ft# one's senior (in job, HF, height
school, etc.) Lq)l:ry2
l: F¡¿' ry^ income
H+ lfamily name] ¿{<

+Æ
n*
level of education
DK lfamale given namel ¡Ju
+t*t¿
14 x# housework
, tllÆ lfamily name] o¡të
g{.{' to desire; to wish
tnÀ,
L i ¡,
t6frY lunchbox
lrrc + È.* ¿'
ffi fate;karma
4 F'Æ*tF thick omelet (in
Japanese style)
trl
7 ) e'S* Lu' to be envious
-ì
t0 616 to be popular (with)
tQi
,t
r TH*E ideal
¿tL¿ i
oË
J tËt 3 high's
 rrtrr Eätf,fcl

(,tt t r'1, tflL¡

#H lfamily nâme] 12 *ffim (
clerical position
t/¡ :
Ë7 lfamale given namel ,o L making copies; xeroxing
/gl J
r:qri, j (
='d-
zti¿7iv¡<
b

x)J input ,6 #ââ m rcgr7ar position

u¡%u' * 5'<
ãffi document 7s âÉ planning
l+ ¡ 51.
4 *6# < 7) serving tea 22 ffiffi, rrracf,tine
t: e'tutltu t v¡,
5 JIEÍ #¿: taking turns 25 HH self
cZ
( ''rl-¿:
7
- although; in spite of
[>>>*;â./- F3]
ffiri 6
r¡tçl
to continue
2Z 'IùíT.r to agonize

r*t;¡ E irtD ò ¡
o ffi( to work Htâ ratio; percentage
*t uB'
rË¡[ increase ñ3- to indicate
È tt¿ u+ bc
I WMã marriedperson t:ffi{Ë -F - rate
Lf r. ã^l uj'i j i
LEI
L

crytit-t, €¡,r{t1,+ _t tf to rise; to increase

I I Þ^Ìfi :7Inl'ffi,â a?¡,v+
D!)D' RM# unmarriedperson [:6
ffiü to do two things ÍF L t r,. r¡ u.,,\l
concurrently -a-

¿'t',' ? 9.À:â to suppori

#ffi problem s+1
l: conversely
zl¡È¡¡¡< rÜ
, frtw)J labor; work force
{¡,d¡" t¡
s )'ù.lJs Z â canbe observed
tt.l'
ffi+w comparcdwith the
ro ,!Ù:fÜ L
previous year in contrast; as opposed
to
t{¡,2
3Ëffi
<

continuously tt' ¿'

¿'i+t,ô) !)v¡i
11 [ÊTl â to decline lu.l.l
tr*.xffi'È Ministry of Health, t{¡,2¡, ¡,
2 WÊûh :?HþÉr-r+ffir)rH ( /r
Labor andWelfare
ðuC
r
*¿Ðå to put together (in a rl(
report); to summarize
ßÊn u
child-rearing
¿) Èì1,
tfcV ¡
*{Ë
I
current situation 35-39ffiE :35ffiå.È39ffi*('-Ø^
+-+
l¿ D
(status)
¡ 9r;
r¡t(
Ég
L¡
wltite paper
75 ËxT6 to st¿rt a business
*114n,,,,.

+.ti l.
16 Ëft generation zt -lJ ¿ Þ: l/a to manage to -
t,t" t o[.¿<
Ët) r - + lùr
-\t'bl*n)
2
ffiffi continuation
ut" ¿,. r¡[.cr ¡
t7 *ffi¿: actually Æ# to close one's business
¿l¡ ¡ r'tB Èr, È ¡.,
18 ltæ looking after one's aged r#Jdfi a 1itt1e over 10 percent
parent(s); care -f

v sri t¡ lu
+tf â to give - las a reason, as
*W.Q¡) flexible an example, etc.]

¡t¿ueti l.lt -¡l ìilùt¿

.EË. <

¿ã '.
triple afflictions 12
-ffiØ *
¿tù
some womerl

fl¿\Bl [family name] 13 JtÌÌ'/¡ à å husband and wife both

{t' ¿o working [:*fÉ'/)rÐÈ å
ìËffi [ma1e given name]
¡r rr¿å' {¡{Øl.rr.6: ¿l
ËØ+ society; world 14
a['rr ¡
fEÆ one's partner
_ F ,l
-¿ å üù: together with - 6tÐ

[>>>*;t,z- ¡s]
15 ÐØ*,b ØË# b carein one's home
life
4ax
Ètå'¡ i
industry; business
(-þ"'l:) *'¿.l}'a to enhust (some-
5 Ðb" * L,'u- spectacular; amazing thing) to (someone)
[>>>*;tz- t'o]
o L-C toward
-ù:i¿.!- Ùtru? ¡ i
^h,v¡,
*.HT â to change oneself [:
76 ## holding two jobs at the

5ìþA.Lâ)
P¡
same time l:*tØtt#
a- ?lEffi¿:f 6. Ll
<t6 I
T6D 6 to adapt te #L t) suffering
s Tô,Lâ to end; to finish [u.r.] /JU.
-F
a -daùl/¡ 6 have to [:-ä ülÈril
Ëü to give a birth /¡ 6 /¡ u.l
¿1g ' ¡otù t:
Êta to raise [u.r.] 19 Éffi burden
, ¿
9JE
¿o'. L

husband 20 (- å ) ÌÃ'Ë' A,1 side by side (with -)

f :- ¿ -ffit:1
å'þ u $a to rnanage all by oneself Ltl¿ õ

,o
r¿'¿g¡; ud
g#È4ñ J.
wife who devotes
2t Íffia holding a lower position
\ ì-ò)
, _

herself to housework Ért hardship; suffering

exclusively [:Èffi/¿'ll (-ù:)mf å 6
Èt'
(-)
to endure
Lf r. å^l t'¡'iv¡'t?
u (-¡-¡ìËIüT 6
{*r- ¡
to adapt (to
zz ËÄÉll: superhumanly
-)
22 ll'rl'T 6 to cover up; to make up sa f ,1-v?Z DINKs ldouble income
for no kidsl
(-t:) *ilz¡u. cornparable (to -); 3e Ëàù:
I

furthermore
equal (to -) llit., not to - Ç'¡
lose to -l Fffi family register
Qttutl t- o ?r.
Æölî â to respect Ãft.T 6 to reject
ftD¡( t:q5r¡È
'qt
)J effort 7tÆï â to have one's name
¡ã+¡ entered into the family
(-ù:) Hffi't a to agree (with -) register l:ffillâL-C.- F
È ¿'i Etu
2e Ë^Jìb being like a superman Æt-462VùLâ. Ll
Èti r¡,'
[:Ë,,\É'!r¡{ffi È ] 40 lEll* living together in a de
¡o facto relationship [:ffilF
-/¿ CJìl: every time - Lär.r'-ffi¿-.fÈtr: ¿l
[>>>*tÊl- F7]
¿5'q'
)J strength -m a groltp of people doing
the same thing
Èi¿ ¿. ) r
to fr,gltt È
tt¿
trt MfrÍ-T â tobreak:up
:z (-¿;¡6'bÈ 6 to adapt (to -) ?-L
tf Hþîâ to be to one's
rllá i to carry (something) on disadvantage
one's back u'
t àlÈ
¡ t¿ti
äÈË way of life; life style
õ^+
^r'
unfair ¿ty /,
,fE^ individual
33 â'e) ¿1,/¿ not acceptable [-- t.ç/¿'] v -g-i
ÉÉ freedom
34 ¿t-f'T to remove; to get rid of
å.SÈ. ( t,. ) to say this and that;
36 -fv â to throw (something) to meddle in (other's
away; to discard affairs)
* tt*
, ù>'øt'a to combine 48 ffi:t+t â to expect; to count on
sa ¡,'¡t$6 so-called
 *114u,,,,.

t.* z.Efå ¡.*fñ +.4f8 s.HE

O.IFÃ z.YÆ. s.'Effi s.*4 to.)*h
rr.#ffi rz.llF# ts.Ei M.-tfiÌ rs.âE
to.ffilT â tz.ffi ( ra.IËr[ tg.ffiM# zo. Éü
zt.frWh 22.HrJ'+ffi zs.Lfl z+.*MÊ zs.fET
zo.ÊF, zz.Iñ,â za.Ë ò zs.#W,t: so. =!ãË
¿
er. itØ F sz.Éls 33. /c s+.++lÌ'/¿ à È ss. Ëä
to.#h ztJt se.õr\F eq.ãË ¿0. Ë
+t.Æ,* E +2.âfr +2.ffi!É

r.ffiS 2.ffi L t,. z.5E# q.fr4 s.trffiÈÐF

o. H{r 2.ffi s.ñ'ââffi s.ffiffi, ro.'lü{r
IL.-llt{, rz. ÉFË r¡.Bffi M.EEfrlffi'È rs. Êë
ro.HJâ tz.frT rs.4 tg.Y.L â zo.ìÉ¿:
zt.EfrÊl\ zz.-E zs.Ë# zq.ll#. zs.*W
zø.Mffi, zz.ffi# za.äIf â zq.ìËtrfi so.fHffi
3r.ffi* gz.Éffi ss.Tffió. M.ñt L â ss.ËíÄ
eo.Hffi sz.Êñ, ss.F-ffi sq.lElËffi +0.Wfrft.

268
r This radical comes from the image of a house with a hanging roof and
was originally used for characters representing kinds, conditions, etc., of
roofs and buildings.
tËl tEl fHt rd¿
 >>>>> Eäú)g1!Ë

I t>> NEftNø ^.ltfútâ='N has its own -' lÈ#t >¿.g>>>ötËtut¿t*atr¡'øg¡Er:raaul

a) #I=I*#,OEiÊrrr ô â.
(Parents have their own lives [to live].)

b) f. {^ü f: fÍ:F l* O# ì-trr b 6 À,1ì ù, à * . fH tr,. S å ¿ ¿ì¿,Ftì" ;

(Children have their own ways of thinking, so we should first listen to them.)

2"u Nrf*Nr/¡Ul;V='lu., does things in its own way'

NrlÍNt/¿úJONz='lur has its owlr N2' lâffr >¿ rs>>>=t*Eaotr]

a) A: t) it"x->Lfulfrl-T¿È'?
(Why don't you study more?)

B : ¿ trtt {r. fÅfåÍ/¡/J U |Ëltt lv|{,cT t\6r {¡ b {*îùt ¿".

(I am doing mybest in my own way.)

b) vrrJfiEtr*vtufitåú|0)Jër)ìô b. EËEf*Eä/cú10)&ðÈìð âù,Ù. ¿Ë 6

|ì¡. ¡- å ò Ëà /¡ t..
(Both America and Japan have their respective good points, so we can't say one is better than the
other.)

J ot' ^,<{ff; lã'F: > ¿. z >>> öñä.r.n<õf tõ c cÊl'å'r*ur < Ëtc]

. ', :,,likó,Øù:,'gxþreçses-the i4q 'of,ja|thou-gh'.l.Ho.rv.gve.r," (,ì¡!: exp-rclse-s the spea$ú.,s,.,,

,,,':féi.ti¡È'of,displeasure, ¿isiguÈi óiicô-ntêiñii.irüsjþ-Íùäi-éi,ið.Ïlii*ç [N øl, [r*-adjective+.,r:ff,i.t

;;,;:",,.'t,,':'::',:.-,,. i+;rr.. ,{r,;,i,-+'-''.;t-tr1:t' :n-
;'ario,þran@¡r:t¡:;¿iæti+¿3"44'.'.
a) lHø < rf Etf-ftrüìl¡È¡å l¡r.ølÌ. Elð.
(It's troublesome when a child does not want to play outside.)

b) TSr¡< Ël:1 f S b /¿Ès6^¿Ìt.çÈ.

(A person who is poor at doing something but loves doing it is a big pain.)

c) *râü /Jr'( Ër,:-ãt-fØttÌ'È. bH i^l*Elb *T.

(It's too bad that *tere are people who have absolutely no money but keep buying expensive things.)

d) N->'c t.6 < ËI=ffi.L( ( È¿lJt..

( [He] does not tell me although [he] knows about it.)

269
 14gn>>>>

Qrrr, ^, ??ürä ,/ fJrröl$ÉT=,for such and such a reason'

fã#3 > t. t t >>> tbÐã : (LìãEÈe]

,;.,, ,t'
i, isa,eøflwra ¡o or' t¡',1),,Td this ptrase
{o11"*r " 9_q"j",,,,
r,,,ÞJui.ng ,,'*

a ) ùi.tt' Ø r - 7 ØfuifrtrtfltL t. L ut ã IErfi Tffiffiþ l- 1 ¿ rsr'+ä ò r. * î.

(There are students who don't do homework saying that they are too busy studying for other
courses.)

b ) B ä-c" ùt ffiÍF -f â ¿ ¡ t ) IE É ?
"
ç Ð 7a fll*tr'l & \.
".â11 for the reason of mariage.)
(Many Japanese women quit companies

c) BAr¿ÌA{&ÌÌffiiffLt+ Ð6cTtt) tEÉ?'É4/JftS¿*Ër}f ò à À/J1.o)Èrgffi

l¡ À"-C1"
(In Japanese companies, it is normal for women not to be given important positions for the losten-
siblel reason that they will soon quit to get marcied.)

$ ror ){¿¿,úEY læawz>1.7 >>>Htr¿å€tr*(E:<rr(l

.. ir' :
' : ': '

' canbe,a,nounloiaverb(plainfo{m), X L ¿ ö¿::'háir¡vôjÚà¡iórieänr4Èi:,,r,.j,,'':'.,,',,"':,,1,. ,

(1) N ¿ ¿ ö ¿::ttogetherwith; along with'

A) HtrùIâE¿ ¿ T EBAøÉU'trJacb â "

(Kyoto, together with Nara, is an old Japanese city.)

(2) N ¿ L t:7V
lplain, present) å & È¡ ¿:
l>
¡¡,¡ffis'tiìidicáte-s':,thatr:lAqjX:dápp.e ¡s,.grdoe¡.Y',It"often'indicàtes that ¡vo changes'p_roè.eæd-,

11P.4.!..9.9ouslY.

b) +þWâ¿¿i)r¿',er.. rrtÀ¿=iuÅ rù: r&âbt-u-"

(It seems that as one grows older, one begins to worry more about triviai things.)

c ) Ë*¿rffift¿ ¿ trYÆl\t 7a
"
(Langtage changes with time.)

$ "' XãYl¿ltärüã='to leave/entrust X to Y' lnawz > ¿.1 s >>>ffiãætr*t'taøe]

a) ffiiH¡¡ : ¿ lf. ffiffir *zt'tf ( {¡ t-!. å,8 i.

(I think we canhave machines do simple tasks.)

b) jrÐJt¡ ¿ ¿ fÍ. h,Ët¿,v\frùì¡- ¡.o

^E:f
(It's better not to leave imporiant things to others.)

c) *#þâffiu,$' y l. ¿: :f á,ü ã ffiftrr*

å tì ô ) tt,"
(I wonder if the day will come when [we] leave all the housework to robots.)
 ''''' EäøÊËI

l r> X/eüÍ:V
t
læa*¡z>1.30>>>Ë ,srãatá.lcrÍt f

.ii j.i,òi1ô*s'tnèþtàiti.lpr ,tè è'io r'òr'v-é fiar.néali-'1eîê$,4,ña.'*.,¡,

also happens.'

a ) â à /¡üEIEI Dff?EåÈ'ð È¿6 Øù* t'SÈ"

(I dont like to be told the same story every time I see lhiml .)

b) î v è-Vñ,â/¡Ot; r?- v r )vØ&\,ØtrJ i¿,ã" b T6.

(Every time I watch TV, I am disgusted by how many commercials there are.)

c ) B;6Äùtffeîrù:11< ÉL|t; 7c Øtfuî)*ôas tlþHi "

(Japanese peopie by souvenirs whenever and wherever they go on a trip.)

$ "' V?< ttt¿SEEtriFT='l wish someone would do something; I hope

someone does something.'
læa¡v¿z > !. 3 o >>> ttttht: < ( frlc 5 èEtrtr]

a) ffift¿:âÌr+îHØLtrt*.ttcT (ttt¿à ¿,8t,I:f f"

(I wish men would change with the times.)

b) {¡ c åX$r¡)nlgþ ð{f( (ttt¿å¿Bt,r:f l"

(I hope fthe company] lets me do more important work.)

c ) i trØ+ætt. ffi.'4,("¿å-'ù.1)!'6 À'lTlrt- {¡ càfrif;l.T (ttt¿å ¿Etr¡f f.

(My child is just having a good time. I wish he,/she would study more.)
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: ljçt¡¡.¿:¿Hì..*T or -.t D
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Kawaii (r}þtrtr)'Cute'

n Ëffi in Lesson 2, Sachiko used the word kawaiito describe a squirrel. The word kawaii
1
I was originally used to describe only babies, small animals, and dolls, but in recent years,
it has come to symbolize Japanese pop culture. Hello Kitty and Pokemon are no doubt the
most famous examples of this "cuteness" culture, but cute elements are found not only in
character goods but also in fashion, personal appearance, mannerisms, etc. You even see
these cute characters on the body of commercial airliners and many government offices
have cute mascots, so they are not just limited to children's goods. A young female office
worker might characterize her male superior's mannerism as "kawaii ." Once a seal
wandered into a river in Tokyo and became very popular because it was "kawaii." The word
"kawaii" has indeed become a handy word to express one's positive feeling.

Group Society

n Japanese society, the group you belong to is very important. So, when you meet
J
I someone for the first time, the first question you are asked might be which company
you work for or which university you are attending, rather than what type of work you do.
Within the group, maintaining group harmony is considered to be very important.
Conciliatory and cooperative attitudes are more valued than strong individualism. 50,
confrontation in public is avoided as much as possible. Japanese value unanimity in any
decision-making process, and so, consensus building is sought before any important
decision is made.

úòl¿<þ')¿Ò
trffi¡Eü (job hunting)

ffitÉÐ that is talked about inlñA*,)2specifically refers to somewhat systematized

Ëf
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after graduation. These are for jobs in well-established companies with good prospects and
higher job security, and usually, students start tfrHt)ÉÐ in their junior year. Once you missed
this chance, it used to be rather difficult to get a good job. Howevel these days, it seems
that there are more options available for people who seek jobs after graduation or for
people who want to change jobs.

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l.
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[name of a journal]
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d¿"¡r+
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context
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author
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plan) ' ti¡.i
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it" t,
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24 #,< to explain [u.f.]
reconcile x.rï, s
]
r¡[: ll
rc latffit¡( tJw fie1d
without much thought È ¡ti t:-¡ ¿(
{"t ËIAEI super power
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r (-¿;...?) IIJÈ¿{.0 to hammer ... .¡{¿+¡
into -'s head 25 tìffi analysis
b-zÌ"
26 Êgm theory
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È-Á, of Lu.t.l
zz $.¿:-1ùå/J u- not merely; not ttÀ,t,< r'
simply [>>>gtt/-t'6] æÆæ architect
2s
r{.t r'
,xl6
j' 't
medium r'+"¿
,=l gt u
r- fashion designer

*,û+ receiver 34 #,frË level of name recognition

Jø tr'
ffia liking; taste l:tl â to raise lu.r.l
¡, E ¡'¡, rttt, ã.
ftr{Éffi one's sense of value EÆ.ø current
.¡I¡l ulrtÈ¡i
w( deeply úrn condition; circumstance
'-lr :t(tD ¡ (
Ã.¿r'T to exert (influence) EI¡ nation's power
lu.t.l ¡:7o u È

u 5'< ffiffiT 6 to recognize

30 HH,T â to realize lu.t.l ÈprtLpi
36 w. w.T â to absorb
-ù:bl¿ b :_Ørå ¡ [¡;
r¡ãro(t¡ tåffi]- 6 to imitate
Hl ffi É!¿: strategically ^ãrtu'
o)a -
zÆIþt a to transform
3/ {FùÌ'r to cultivate; to develop ¿t tr- I
(one's skill, etc.) [2.¿.] W.b x{16 to adopt lu.t.l
¡: [¡¿+¡ ¿-f,'
33 BAry Japanese made; made :z {$ffi(r¡) to be good at
in Japan * tr¡
'el, u *t È
38 HlDf,l â to imitate
-f¿g
€+#ä# electronic instrument' ¿r r <

gadgets
3e ffitF Ë to be indifferent

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.,f-
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rt.rI¿tr.
,4 f
Thailand 6 IËEFJ complete opposite
*t¡-
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t0 ffilr.¡,:
Lp. L
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[>>>liåz- ¡e]
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¡¿[' ¡ ¿ à''-
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for; can't win ¡Ínt r tuir '
[>>>*;å.t - t"s]
31 ffigJþH,Z â to feel impressed
,4,,

(-ù:) ¡{¡'tl a concerning

37 õffi discontent
LpriLrì(à'2Èi :g -j- å l- :-ù: ( t. [>>>*8,/-l..to]
16 ffi ffi lÉÐf job hunting a-l

r¡-¡+'¿. for some reason

44 Êt',VJ 6 to declare; to say
v'ruz ã u +
definitely
ffi+â :##urcùf¿'b Ø^ qs
-lJ ¿ iìi, 6'r¡ ,.. not to be pafür;rt7ar
ui < a

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r¡5r [>>>*;t,z- ¡ t t]
t8 Eø l: somewhat long Lt ç
¿[.¿ < 46 ffi,w perspective
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r*?
(-à. à ) |lfua to be out of +Iffi?TT to make a judgment
,r,
ro)
i
úvv> EIÉË possibility
ffi.fr (t¡) excellent; talented u'ir-
uãEr. ffia to tie (someone) up
/\tã person oftalent r[.u¿rÈ
¡{< ut- ffiTFÉ!¿: psychologically
a
ffitr-t to believe firmly ¡
tç¡
;t u* #,+{à room; space
zr ffiffi(r¡) funny;comical ¿'t.¡¡ i
dt'tx¡ ffif&-r a to liberate
22 fÊÉ heating ¿'[.¿'¿
rut.rr i RÆ pleasant feeling
hÉ air conditioning (sensation)
rt.
B IHT to turn off lu.t.) ¡'tt
ffia -ÉÊ )
z¿ I¿'*. l: occasionally )t rf¿r almost
25 d+ a little ¡{. ¡ ¡ti
fá fl materials; ingredients
Ð
26 t)'Ètà. D beforehand; in advance û!i ù

võ ¡,vs
ffiæ cooking
,, Ê+-î 6 to observe (the rules) 56
t{.t
#æ
¡,
development
¡ttÈf tr- l. -
Hll,*r.. chilly 57 Ëffi consciousness;
za fiil ( to work effectively awareness
I
Ëåù: :òcå (-ù:) r¡'U.tr to get used to -
U'À,€ b Ll â tobe chi11y/cool 6t tJ6r.åf6 to get frustrated

2e ôÞ (one's) lap
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t.tffih 2.ffiã z.#.t> â ¿.ffiffiÉÍ s.ffi

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sr.ffiffi sz.N{L a ss.ðËË sa.WE zs.hE
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tq.Y# rs.FF
to.þX tz.lFÉb ra.tlpÈì ü rq.ä4 zo. ffiff
zr.ffi ( 22.ffiffi zz.Jlffi z¿.ffiFñfi.h zs.lÊffi
zø.W ( zz.B.lfT za.fFlx-'T zs.ffiW ¡o.ttlE
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s0.ffiffi¿: zz.#ffi se.hffi sg.@fr qo. )\M
¿r.ÌFffi ¿z.Hll,€t,. ¿g.fU ( 44.+-48 as.ffilÌ â
aø.M,W az.ffiâ qe.Rlà

This radical is based on the image of grass and is generally used for
characters representing kinds, conditions etc., of grass.

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a ) * Ø i Å 4 þ lF -z /¿ - ( Lr 5 *(F â Ø þ #ß -z /¿ /¡" Ùl /¡ Â,/ì ùÌ È".

(Yesterday, Imadeapie,orratherl helpedmake apie, and. ..)
ò¿
b)A D + fqfffiù:ffi -:l¿ À,1ì -t f¿ à,
*Æ å à.S ol¿ ?
you went to Aso, and did you do horseback riding?)
(So,

B *Æ: ? tr ã zt'-,8¿: ã b z l¿ /¿"ù1"

(It i¡¡asnt reaþ horseback riding - it was more like just touching a horse.)
È¡rti!'
c) A Èi¿: Jü#'c" BAffiRc f L. /¿+4.Èìt. /¿ t L ¡ i .
(At that time, there were brothers who took Japanese, weren't there.)

B n#T r\ã 7tr. À/c:'-6Tùl Ð"

(More preciseiy, they were twins rather than brothers.)

f ,,, E, c$/lt EÊö E =,rather (than) ; if anything' le#z>zzal

ll
' 'ðh'- tweerl.the'two alternatives,',,, .,

a) '&/dl*Ecbh,¿E) E&#,t:il;) (!'6"

(She looks more like her mother lthan her father].)

b) BA^fr ë, c bh'¿,É ) ¿Nfr-þffi * /J !'"

(The Japanese people, if anything, do not like confrontation.)

c ) fA¿*. Bäffi¿*. t, cbh'¿Ê) ¿ffiîfrùìî+ËÌì.

(If I have to choose one over the other, I am better at speaking Japanese (than reading it).)

J tto ^,*å/CãålTã='to have a feeling that to have the impression that;

it seems to me that' lã#,2 > t. zz >>> Ërìäìõ ã Ji ã f.f ñtÍ Lt3-]

a) BAæàì,r'LÏEL/¿i )t¿RtìL:f f.
(I feel my Japanese has improved a little.)

b) BAÄl* HJJ ø lv. (

l- å tv I -/
þ ÊÀ' D 6 J /J -ã"t$ l' * " i I
(It seems to me that the Japanese people value a group that they belong to.)

291
 .l t s #>>>>>

{,,, *ë,1î(Ëä) ='to (say) something like -' l*#l > t. t z >>> l¿nDþrìrìJ ¿ñ'l

a) +EÆffiØ+äàìtËå.f !- å ¿ 7t'HÈ * t/càr. ä5t. LÌ i È."

(I heard something like the number of students in Japanese Tangaage classes is increasing, but is it
true?)

b) f : È¿7)ri? tì lrj ¿ á'l ( Ëbd't,* L /c.

(They often said something like, "This is cute.")

5 ''' N (¿) |f,fiÞ='similarly; just like' l#uryn > ¿. zs >>> e ru e è E{Ël

læa*tz > z. oo >>> H ðÄr EËl
a) 7 z, ùl BA¿ IAT*- 7 )
Y rt f" ù 6.
^frÈrð
(Anime is popular in America just like in Japan.)
ù'L¿ <

b) ffiElffi¿: ö EA#H+*- öfffi¿ìö å.

(The Korean Tangtage has honorifics just like Japanese.)

l$ t>> !ËE-?t*/¡!t='¡o1 merely/simply -' l#atvl't > t. z t >>> ël¿vÀãñ z ?:ta ør t*aur]

a ) ElälÌ+EtÍF-livþffiffi,L Í t. â ØT' ttt¿L\"

(Japan is not merely imitating foreign cultures.)

b) & ( øLtt.- g'ì=r6+.þffif /¿p) ùI,1ffi¡.f r- 6 o)T,Itl/¿,Lrtìô i "

(Many people are probably not working merely to make money.)

7 ,r, N/Èåtf='full of -' læa¡ry¡z >t.( ¡- l! >>> lËt þI t'¿ 5 tto)]

èÌ,ô¡',+.Ud,r'ffi

a) 7 t y r"c"Ìlffi4^t¿à110)9-.,{ vþlt!.f !. â++.þHù'tr} â.

(In America, we sometimes see students weartng jeans full of holes.)

b) FËË u. r¿ à v øfFxþ ÉT ø ¿tffirñÈìÈ. å. 6 .

(It is time-consuming to correct compositions full of mistakes.)

8 *'ruøåfftf¡fJ[l='1¡1.re is no room for -' lmary¡z > !.13 >>>F:ffia*üeaurl

Èàii I Ë
a) *tfro)*lüÐr¿tt"
(There is no room for compromise.)

292
 't
I
I

tf àì5.ElfcEä. y l'.r)tSElcEä
I

>>>>> I

b) fH+¿rff?Hr.( ( Èrljt.^ti ¿. -#ffio)Êtür$/Jr,r.

(When the other party does not listen to what [I] have to say, there is no room for discussion.)

$ "' Nt! (l*) åtl¡ä/¡(rt='to be no match for -; can't win -'

læarytz > !.1 4 >>> ¿o)=^æct*i5,aar*ur]

a ) EA,t¡ù:fr5/JffiÉ ð : ØÉ#Ef*rt'lc t)/Jr,r.

(Even the most legitimate reason can't prevail over this word.)

b) *Ä¿*r.- ( 6 àìÂ,1Ì..2 1l>/p l;l*á¡ t¿þï¿çt"

(An amateur, no matter how hard he/sbe tries, is no match for a professionai.)

f O *' V (stem) Cåür='difficult to v' læa¡v¡z >z.-ls >>>="Rt J5ur]

a) Ø ÐàìlË1. ¿. 5Ø¿sf;de àt"tlìôi "

(When one has a sore throat, it mustbe difficult to eat.)

b) âtìo)XW.Ilfü,,\¿: ¿ÌËÉ Li å tr.

(I find it difficult to talk about my own failures.)

11 *' NE¿/iþã ,/¿t¿þå/¡¡,r='1¡tot) to be particular abouü (not) to be

picky' lma*tz>¿.4s>>>-20)ã;år¿út-¿tËþDrdrì]

a) 7 r+ v l. ù: zt¿rJ.:?t,r6 ¿. Bäffiþ#TØtÌ*ÉL!-å.ö Lù¿lJt..

(tf you pay too much attention to accent, it might be dìfficult to speak Japanese.)

b) äffit--z t¿þ å /c tt ft rt. æ < XtrtHL 6 "

(Ifyou are not picky about the location, you can buy a house inexpensively.)

12u NE*Jül?='aû in' Læamz > ¿. s 6 >>> t 1 t¿aurct*]

a) ËfiÉrcrcr*tt,(4tf Èìg Yt ØåfÆÞL : /ic /¡.

a r- ¿
(In the Meiji period, it was very unusual for awornan to study abroad.)

b) ffi-F,ø* t) v ë v 2 tt+ì | / r titst'rHË¡ ù¿r¿"

(The first Ol¡rmpic Games were held in Greece.)

293
 .l 'l s #.,,.,

a) ttt lrtë,2-ålâ
1 : You can start interviewing some-
ffi+: FFE*+øI¡Ë¿ ¡fr L :f; 11. +Et* I ù I one by fust introducing yourself.

¿. àF,/¿ FläJ ¿ rrã 7-vt. BAØlÌâ 2: First, let the interviewee know
à à.8ä¿:rì,.f B råÆ D{ L. ù -c I,+ what the topic of your project is
and then ask if it is all right to
â .- L ts, E ã, vtôrrå+JH:Iã L Êrr¿,Etür question him/her on this subject.

*f2 ør'. eôU < *rffirr L:f f3" 3:Conclude your introductory re-
Et;ì- Y ¿ËÈaQi.ôU<J6ffit.L*T" markby saying I ó L ( ÌáÆt. L
x 9.
ffi# llzì-Yð.1,¿lù ,F+EA¿:{È¿,f.. L. È c
L + å.t-cTÈs. Bäf"G{l,r â Øtrt-æffi|- 4 : It's important that you preprre a
number of questions ahead of
ù.-tf¿ a ¿ lffif f U t )lta" time. Your questions can be
*** framed in such expressions as
¡
ùl,lEüf L i Ð. and
-
-t:zr-.r
Ð
w+ D + ó. èø#ãl=cü\( ft ¿ a tr# x-Tf i *"'4LîTù..
ñtno 5 : When you did not understand
**t what the interviewee said or
when you need more explana-
ffi# T e*.ì¡¿,. ú ã-ËfrEtr L *T5. tion, you can say, for example,
ð i-Ë*dÆL. L*.1, l) i,tl.
*** #t ( ffLrr.t;È¿t*+¿,à.
w+ âE Htr,ft Ltr ¿ z ô ãL\ ât r 6 ¿ 2 E t, t) or - å t,. i d)ll ¿' i t. i ; ¿'C
f Ð'.
hì¿5 ¿'ë-'tr:f l.,t¿" **.ffitf,ElJ t)*1.,t¿6"
6: You can end your interview by
thanking him/her. ftÆfúffit-- t¡
b * L l¡ means that you learned
a lot from the interview.

294
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t >'> E-rvJVl
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4vl)YlþLrlJðt.o

f,,, jV-27 h-ì7,i

e ËâØEù:ÈÅ,Í.'r,. å BA¿: 4 v, c:- - þî â /¡r)ù:. )x.î'tøìy-7"þff->-C.,
=
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J>,, 12rv,z-
e *ffi¿: EAz\¿: 4 v I c-z - þ l,'C. 7>*. l- !. i" 2 -aâ i/cHFü?fÉt,. /J ð r,.o

Qr,,,[tlllr-ï2-,
e Eãrfto /¿: å 0)b â.L ?F,ù,i: L{. ¡Jr ìv-lþlF b /J ð !.o 4 0)/\t:- _ Bä^
¿ÌËi ¡¡ å,H ->T:lt' ¿ i È"- E A,r¡,f;¿ìË ) È,H: /¿È.HÈ /J ð !.o 4 {L4 {LØ ì ¡v-
7" tttþîæ Zþ 2 i 7 ù-#*L /J ð !..

$orr 4V.1-,
e atøhÏÊ¿óåò 0;î, à.:'r,-L.t,Hiò o)ùtt)t*Tù'o el,LrÌ,fElf L¡ jà., E
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-sz1:.ffiL.âr./Jê !.o 7cØ1þ.r 7 7tË##|,_ ,, Ã'cËÉL.âr,./Jð !.o

$"' jv-rT h-177

e BA¿. e'ù>ljfcØÃù:),,->{È{r.å òØ¿å. EA,/¡ òØ{" îà." ã>/¡I¿ØElå. à BAr:
|9 Lq,
ffiH (to expori) L{ !' â t, ØÌ1. {FJ{' t- t i tJ'" t) 7 | þ(F'>A, ?r^1##.L/Jðr..
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l rrrfFl
e
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b) +jW,ø4 vr' c-- þUr¿ÐãI*, 4o)4 vy' è- --þ*. Lø...(FXt:t,/¡. ð ìu.o

e EÄØâlf"r"ffilé ftr^rn¡ng) k Lr!. â7./yhLTvl-vvùs, -fAøfi¡(n¿ffu

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¿'t.tt¿
81ffi1.1 a selÊservice sqyle z"ç¡ ¡.^ avocado
sushi restaurant
økE *'c a t1'l.na
IE fat
vTi i r" tuna salad
äÈ TL rolled sushi

n a) Effiî.uØT LùÌ. ä(t*aù.Lr,.àLr,."

n b) 7./) h Øllv7 | i v0)æå, ltL A,¿Ea^6 L!."
y

n ) rr^ùt. TL¿Ì{4û:1.1. t,Hz-cì,.å J iÈ"

c 7

n d) 7,ìrt Þ"?Ê:/¿TLtl. H+Ø'î LËù:ùi,/Jì,."

tr e) E#Øî
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296
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oâËfl
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y

Affif BAØñãË0)r-7þW-> {t,. å. RH{"ùÌ,$z | 7 r ì y - þHltù â

Ø¿r*É L ( . 7.,*- Ì. ù:{l¿,(.r. 6. 7 Å- l. ù:ft¿Ar. å ¿. t.?(" ò ffiå r¡

ffiù:rs-14 -lrt'e * â0)1". u{-7 ¿ -Ø*Tå/¡v 4 rIt_ } ( r{-7 ¡ -þ

lâ" xÈ ( f tà.* Lr.,{- 14 _ :c¿i,/J ( (. +Ë Ut,EtÉþlrJ à.ry.4,1..
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Wl:lÈ.À,ît.å BA^Øx++. l¿ t'l þ. !.:{¡4s: å l: L(l,.å" le pJ

tjôL
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ØHA^Ì b ¿l:È b Etìl)ffi,RþÊiø'e , Tt y rtLØ?4, ü:¿åâå.bç
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âffi¿r. < 4 2ØBAffiËr#W, ffiË*e¿. zØr, t y ù ltw+
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z lt v y' a Ylt,ffit,.-c t. å Øùr. ¿ rr ålüi L À, [^{;4ð Ëi?/¡ ( /¡ o-c. t- *..>T¿Ø
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T J, ù LIìtl ø#Lâr, t¿-_rÃ,-t{ L * :tu. B l1 lå /¡ tl'É, ù: ffiå. ¿: /Ì.. "C. l.
*.cI¿o>Iì ô i ù."

o ;^Øgla#,tu e. -lFiE u uì ¿,8þ T1. 6 þ Ø t¿ oã? tt ä ê u r.

n ) a ¿ tr ¿t ¿'-vþffi61*'t.,lEI{>â¿. È't¡ ( Ì¡.t l-* :Ì¿ Ølì ô ) "

n b) ¿ rlll. ffiEftÆ.øa-l-Cmr.,Hu ð à:/¿¿ å¿só âØ1- 4ùT¿.t-ù.->
l¿ØIì ô i "
! c ) u p ¿r. ÊiElftä LB#+.rcLùtð.À,tÃHffit.ffiL{!. âØùt, !.+¿: t¡cT¿
øtìô)"
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t.t. å ãà à i'r. +åll b *., Ê,H?Êi>t¡u-0)Iì ô ) "

(/lt, Good fortune

&#ØXì*.) - | ØÉE ?l+ÉnF¿:iú-ì. -# ¿ fl* Lå.-t*L¡ L.2-6
)-lØ&EvmLÈ" 9- L.5-7

(tc¡4¡"u 1.2-10
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ù>ø 1.1-2 T'> L.4-13

Ënrc 1.6-i 0 Èvrå¡ L.12-2

Þ]*ø,/vly!ùc lÌvrËlrr 1.1 3-9

Ð.-L L.4-15 làcå.( L.5-2

ùrro)* ÌCår 1.4-B Èe)r (-Ë) 1.9-4

--Ëî(B) L.13-7 ?iÌ¡,ë.Êoî L.5-4

Òt>lc t.11-2 4tt'lz 1.2-3

,8.ì À ì ùc L.12-6ZILEU<4> L.13-12

-w leLl¡,
1.5-9 L.4-3

ÌttÈ-->î L.13-14 Ìclà

(,ù.FüLl¡) t.6-7 L.7-2
-È.-zl.è -t¿->ùJ,tïèoIT
(å ¡*) [Eà r*v¡ -Ì¿î 1.11-11
(lc) FEà rev' 1.9-i 0
-/¿ô'Ìc L.14-7

1.13-i3 t¿d> (ù=) (because) L.8-7

-pn9
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L.1-12 tcÈ> (when) 0

-fr1*'tcl 1.1 -1

ásË L.12-7 t¿È>,/ .>t¿È> 1.1 3-1

Ì¿.t* L.4-2 rèòû L.15-7

,È.9. L {,
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(lc¡ç¿t'-2ç 1.5-i ?ùr 1.1 1 -5

(å¡)filcr*a 1.1 1 -3
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L 1.6-1

Qc)ñâ'tùTâ L 11-6
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('tflc t.14-3 -tl,A L.2-7

4 6¡r (xtiy( àv¡îT) 1.8-1

-Càv¡ 1.1 5-1 0

ç 5¡r (X(. y( àu¡/È) 1.1 1 -9 (.ùrì,rîT/ùI->ê jlT 1.6-3

("àt,' t.12-4 (o)(L¡ìz). 1.1 5-1

7.2 L.9-7 < r /¿/¿ ùt fs ì,r f L X ) Ì¡,

r, L.3-2

(rc) ¿ t¿b â,/ ë. Ìèþ È> teut 1.1 5-1 1

-Ê9 L.7-9

¿¿ùcT6 1.1 -9 L\@ 1.4-10

êëùCfe.><\tâ,/te.>tc 1.1 -6 l1tttcò ¿,g.v.if f 1.1 4-B

¿ ¿ ür (-åÐ L.6-2 It) 1.5-6

(<) ðàÀræëv' L.12-3 (Questionword +)($ 1.7-6

äÈ. L.4-7 åÉz(È¡ 1.9-8

Ë à-ùf 1.8-3 ¿'i L(ð L.11-4

ðTzls(¿c) L.13-4 (¿)Ftffi 1.1 5-5

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å({¡-t¡t,¡ 1.1 -1 1 @Ho)Xa r- 1.1 3-8
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m âffi d"Lt.. ¿ < 1.1 5- R 38 æi ëz-) 1.7- R 1

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rË fÉLâ ,5" L6 1.5-Ri9 É4

m ffiË ht l¡.' L < L.7-R14
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ffi ffiE /¡Ur' å 1.3-R22 H ËFl È /r,'Èt,' L.|4-R3l

ffi Mffi It' l¿À. L.14-n40 ffi ffiÐqJ, L.Ð.È . b 1.3- R 7

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ffi IH\ å.( 'E8s Ë €^ ë).t:wi 1.12-Fì15

ffiffi"=¿ã uÀ,.al-. å . t) t.A-w37 Ë Ëi'L 6zñr - {L 1.8- R 15

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ffi ffiæ tf¿ i] . 1.10-R7 Ër ffiH ltL. Tt À, t.6-R22
ffi GÆ
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ffi AfEæ $áid.f.úà L.7-R27 ffi ffi á¡ti L.2-R20
ffi ffi)rW ¿t.bx(.få 1.1 0- R 32 æffi à. ?5rå' 1.11-R9
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ffi F tl ¿Ò 1.2- R 5 tr fAEI ð.¿( 1.8- R 17

ffi E-rft b'ôlù 1.15-W26 Fd ffiffi l.wi.1,*,( 1.5-R 18

H Ë¿R
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ffi ffifîiffi ¿l..ar.å 1.1-R i3 ffi mffi ù.. ¿) 1.1- R 5

ffi Ëffi /¡å.. ff L 1.6- R 3 tr ÊÉLt- üdá'. Lt,. L.2-W12

R @ffi ëx).a 1.1-R8 ffiûÉ t¿ lv. l{ L.8-R24

üf RËfEX ù'. Uto. iÀ, 1.13-Fr18 ffi ffiil tÍÁ,.f ( 1.8- Fì 5

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ffi+ tr\þ. : 1.6-W5 frt ãffiìæã I- *. âtr.ìl/,. ¿ i 1.3-R18
€
îq ffiffiÉ! {fp.å¡ (.(È 1.11-R15
TffiA I,T¿. Ò . 4 1.1 4- R 33 @*-*'
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$á . 1.1-W5

w Ê t>f¿ls 1.2- R 3 fr
rg! fflffiËË È.tå.ü:,i.À 1.1-Ri2
rË Ëò (' at'Èr 1.11-R23

ffi ffiâ l,tt' â

<'

L.15-R47
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ffi ffiEÉt: ûr{,' ùf.t,' ù: 1.15-R 12 ffi -åffirt r,.r. L ¡i.lllu.Ðt. 1.13-R2
* * <T tl 1.12-W8 # íì#],L -ìr4,. ¿'. L L.4-R4
*r nF{-t ÊØ.{r 1.3-W l ffi Effi : (.rf Ë t.13-R27
Bfi W ët¿U 1.1-R9
@***'
@**-' ffi EF
IÉPË à.:. f ( L.7-R20
ffi wffiffi ó ( 'D ryÀ"Itlv 1.9- R i4 ffi ffiæE u.6i.ì-À, 1.9- R 3

ffi ffifår: tflù'à' ( ' ü: L.i5-R36

ffi ffiæ ¿ä.å" 1.5- R 31 @*=*'
ffi Bf,t,' Al:<.t. 1.10- R 26 R ffi( fr¿ã. ( 1.8- R 22
s4
ffi Flffi Èr..råå 1.3- R 20

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B æft tþÒ'Èlù 1.3- R 23

316
ã#ØHæ t) 7 | t:ô 6 4#þn+É¡ltF¿:lû,sl¡o fTJ ùl ù>Tì¡'6 [ffi¿.ã]
t 4 | ¡v.<-ì. lâl ¿l lâtrJ. lffil å1ffi4+n-lÆ)ti to keep (something) for (someone) 1.10-â1
IìEÆffiHI. IEf,I ¿I IEf,åM D ffiËI. IËJ ¿I |trffi] ?TT" ùr?é Ì- lFfËf;ü] Mt. ^aso 1.10-#
ð?.5ì tË"lll to play 1.1-â2
@o**' ã>fcà-âl+Zâl to give 1.5-T
öìrrä? greeting L.2-T ù>Ì¿tcìt Ut [Ez].v.]
ö\\lâl*Tâl tolove 1.1 2-Ë pleasantly warm fwith reference to weather] L.4-ã

ôt,¡/¿ùC [f€ù:] ù>tcteì¡,1 tñ¿.< I warmly 1.8-ffi

while; during the time when 1.1-â3 ù>t¿*.1úl head 1.2-â1;1.12-E
ðì,¡( [ffi+] ð /¿ * årU ¡ /c u I [fr ÈìtËùr]
addressee; the person you are talking to L.2-#, to have a headache [i¿., the head is hurtingJ 1.3-Ê4

ù>vtîêTâlffi+ëTâl lìLt¡l viciníry

ù>t¿g 1.6-â3
to keep company with; to be a companion to 1.8-Ê2 bìcâl?lc)5t¿âl to correspond (to -) L.2-ñ
747 Ainu 1.10-ñ ðz¡r ¡g¡.1 hot [with reference to weather]
ðlr¡lCi liB#l one's partner L.14-ffi,2 $'t *, 6 t* È ð I to gather [u i. ] L.7-ffi
ð$+Ë tËül lfamilynameJ 1.1-ffi $'td> 6 lRù âl to gather [u.É.J L./---"ñ.

t>û'lfrl red 1.9-â1 öz&Ê/c*ðlFÆËfi1

bìJtâ l1.ùrâl torise [ui.l L./---Dñ thick omelet (in Japanese styie) L.14-+2
&>/¡t6Ut [Frlåù.] cheertul 1.1 1-ffi ð<ä Ë lùr<ft1 address to send mail to 1.3-Ê2
trä [female given namel 1.1-â3 ùrrc lnl (one's own) older brother 1.4-â1
ûr?l?k] fal] L.4-^2 7 =t cartoon Uit., anima(tion)l 1.7-Ë
ðåttlÈà t?I#Æl lplacenamel L.7-^2 72{- l. $flþ apartmenthunting 1.1-ffi
ùrZ ÈrlÊÅl [ma1e givenname] L.12-ffi ùr(ìÈâ [ÌâürÈã]
ã>3 È>Ìt'Ic. [qàå.13] clearþ 1.9-ffi to shower (someone) with (something) L.12-:úr

ûrä Èru>6 to give up L.1 3-ffi ô"1ìà tffil fat 1.1 s-t€
ô å ä lAåå äl to getbored 1.15-â3 7,Èl¡ Ìr avocado 1.1 5-FÉ

ãr8 tLâ tobe dumb-founded L.1s-#,2 ãr* <Tâ tË< 9-äl tobe lenient L. I I -ãrÌ
ô < t4 < ] to become vacant L.12-^3 7 J r) l¡ blc!¡ tmenca,for instance 1.1o-ffi
t>1Dø lrÌtrÀ,|#ffiffi1 vicious circle 1.9-ffi T)t)ìtìtr-> Loi ð 1lr¡,trtÈF'øl
bùTâ lffiùJâl to open [ut.] 1.9-â1 United Stâtes of America 1.13-ñ

&rùTâl+ùâl 7 , h Ll7 t t ù*l American history L.4-ã1

t)
to give
- las a reason, as an example, etc.] L.14-:úÌ,1 7 tt) ìt L8 17 t, ìttl,A,mericanstyle L14-A1
bùTâl-Lùf âl to raise [¿t.] 1.1 s-ffi 1 7 t t) tt 0 wi lT r t rtffil Americanway 1.1 1-ffi
b ¿ùrtulffirLl- longing; yearning L,
'J-
Eî õ+*,â to apoTogþe 1.1 -T 1

ðË I#l morning t.2-+1 btra lllÊt) towash 1.3-Ë;1.10-â3

ùrLlEl leg; foot 1.11-â3 bÈ>ì¡tT.d> beforehand; in advance L.15-ñ2
t>LlclüHl tomorrow 1.7-ê3 ùrtrbtL6lfr,tLâl appeat, aníve 1.7-Ë; 1.8-ffi
trLê tð â lËtÍfr âl to break one's ieg L. i 2-FË (-I?)bq2< to comeby (ameal) L. I 5-õr¿

ùrâ < lË<l to walk 1.1-ffi

ãr6UlùrâHl one day L.1 3-ñ ì,¡Ë9 þ i0)l-ffiØl first-rate L.f,-ilù

bfvz \\trbi l'Êßl

luttered when something unexpected happensJ 1.10-Ê3 [ma1e given name; often given to the oldest son] 1.2-â3
bbtâ'[(-lc)â¿rta] to adapt (to -) L:4-ffi2 tr¡,a à.V¡ [-E] per occasion L.4-#,
bbÈâ'z to combine L.14-#,2 V \ 2 - r [u c - årâf r ] t¡ l
ìJ\t) ÌJ\ ò 14 ¡ r t¡ r

ù>hfeutT6 t*Ê9-äl dont know when - 1.2-+3

to show someone around 1.2-Ë;1.7-Ë U\Oëb[t,ra$] aroundwhen L.12-ffi,

bLtaà,5 likethât 1.11-F€ tr¡"¡ L¡ [-ffi] together L.7-E^1

Ur [H] stomach t.12-fr, L¡? L å a l-+l throughout (one's) life 1.8-ffi

ì/¡ì/rË å ¡Ét,.flål u¡., LÀ iùTl'ù>u' t-afmôl
to declare; to say deûnitely L.1s-ffi2 very hard 1.5-ffi;1.13-Ê1
t,¡L¡/¿l [ãv.ilT] tobegin to talk 1.1 1-F€ ì/r, L Å ùT l"d>U> t..Ffffiôl hard 1.1 3-#
trrV¡ * t2 L [Ér,.El L] expression 1.1 5-ñ 1 t,¡a?( [-E] apairoffoorwear 1.4-Ë
¡rfr¡r [Þl,l]J other than 1.3-ffi v\?0)È 13¿ì before I knew it L.4---oñ

ù¡åììr¡lc [Ë+lc] unexpectedly L- b- õr1 t,¡atJ( [-ÌË]

ùr¿ìù3ð truly 1.13-ffi one nighfs stay; overnight stay 1.10-â2
u¡Ë (t¡) [R(re)] stylish; chic 1.1 5-ffi 1 ì,¡-> lJÀL¡ < t*ffiel clericalposition L.14-^3
t¡É å./c t!ÈåËl way of life; life styie L.T4-=,tN2 ù¡a ÌJÀ( É ù3 [*ttÊffilc] generaþ L.¿--ñ
tr¡Ë/Á9 allofasudden L. I 5-81 t ¡ -¡ lf i î t-Ë?l on one hand or on the other hand
L.14-ñ,1 (dependíng on the context) 3-;ñ
U¡< D[ËrE] child-rearing 1.1

¡r(zfr afew L.7-^2 ì.ì?þ [ìEÊt] anecdote 1.10-Ë

U¡ùl/¿[iUEl] lfamily nameJ 1.1-â2 l.¡Ø* /¡ [ä[Ë] lfamily nameJ 1.1 3-ffi
urùtÀ[H_R] opinion L.14-r t,¡.1ìÀz). [84,ft] different culture L.l1-#,
ì/rd[Þlæ] after L.B-â1 t ¡ * v¡ [â#] lfamily nameJ L.6-+2
!r ð¿ Ëåtì/¡ì/ì [Æi/ù,пrì/rì/¡] to be comfortable 1.15-â2 ì,rA [Ë4] meaning 1.2-Ê i
ùrEå.+ [EiÉE] Japanese style pub L.s-â3 r,¡öi ¿äÌ"lffië/"1
(someone else's) younger sister 1.4-+1
L¡ LË lËæl consciousness; awareness 1.15-ffi2
V¡L/¿[ÉE] lfamilynameJ 1.8-â1 t¡ r.p /a.¡| ! flar þ [rrr& reÈ å årH 6 ]
Vr L{, [Eä] doctor; physician L.12-^1 to have a bad cough 1.12-Ë

vìL+* [ãü] lfamilynameJ 1.1-â1 L¡ à ur àlä to get frustrated 1.15-ffi2

vr LÞ < ,.ä tæffiÈ61 (-f ) U¡ à -> l-+ â [honorific form of TT] 1.1-â 1

to be dispirited; to feel intimidated 1.12-:út (-rr) U¡ä to need -; - is necessary L.b-ãñ

ù¡? C [,ä<] to hurry; tobe in a hurry t.2-ã2 u\It"ù\ à-â ll.tl,æ à-âl to change L.1s-â3
ì'¡/È< lfr<] tohold [ut.] lwrittenexpression] 1.8-ffi U\blþl color 1.9-â1
t,¡Ë ¿'[-Æ] once t.1-+2 U\bU\b (rß) lêÀ (rÂ)l va¡ious 1.1 1-ffi
ì,ìËùfÀ[-æ] most L-5-fl U\þW6 so-called L.14-:û,2
t \b àì0) tô Ìrfâ ?ffiØ*l some women L.|4-ffi,2 U\hl. Xi tm*l impression L.15-:n2
U¡Ë,1ìÀ [-A] one sentence L. 5-E1t I u\hv x jùc0¡¿âlñ*8ffiâ7
t \b t. 1,, à- /-ë 2 l-E H+Ll 10,000 yen bill L. 0-â 1 1 - left an impression on (me) [u.i.] L.1s-â3
,ì VT'r 7/ Atnencanlndian 1.8-ñ àË tml frain station 1.4-â3
t \l"N iTâ LíIHTâl to quote 1.6-T È.Ëì'rÀ[Htr] railroadstationempioyee 1.10-â1

-ì àt¿*is [--Lrtt] å.L+ ( T6làffitâ)

as far as -
concerned L. I 5-õtr to greet by bowing slightþ 1.2-Ê 1

) /ì¡r gargling L.12-^2 ;LXJL7 [SF] science fiction 1.7-E

t lÍ ( à-ëirl-lÌfFËl
a ù,lJti [lEli ] lhumble form of and X6] 1.3-â1 Edo Bay 1.8-ffi

i å.Èìi ' [mi] ZTFT '¡ V* fried shrimp burger 1.6-â3

lhumble form of Ëõ ( (to ask)l 1.5-â 1
È. à.-ìì tË"ììl to choose 1.3-ffi
j ùtzïtà-â can be observed L.14-ffi,1 à-â læâl to gain; to learn 1.1 1-ffi
i ùTeIl l9ttl receptionist 1.8-â1 à-l-l#l fate;karma L.14-*2
iù<l*t¡+l receiver 1.1 5-# 1
à-l'ÈutTâ IËffiÈãl
i ùtå t(tmä) *etðl to take (an exam) 1.3-â1 to visit a far-away place to compete in sports L.t-fr,

iÛal*ryal toreceive 1.1o-ffi àl'b xÌÈrLD¡ i iÉËffi-Ll extension 1.15-ffi 1

i ¿"< tø< I to move [ui.] 1.7-Ë à-l'0 xr¡( [ËR¡¡(]

i VI4l cow L- I U-õî without hesitation [li¿, unreservedly] 1.9-â1

i là <" tf$å Cl to fade; to decrease 1.1 i-ffi *iL¡t)ù\ [Èj#lù.] cetebration L.7-^1
(-Ø) ib within the domain of - 1.14-â1 tå i à- I'T 6 tI6#9- ä I to cheer for t./-="ñ

Ò'llfi'>l to t5rye (messages) L.4-:út tôì D6 '[(-t3)¡6Dð]

i z ( LV. [*Lr.] beautitul 1.1-ffi to agree to; to accept 1.1 3-ffi

i2Tl+Tl to copy [ur.] 1.1 3-ffi þi D6't¡ü D6l to adapt L.14-#.,2

Ò L#Zâl
->l¿à-6 to complain of 1.12-r ¿5¡.rvr IBXJ
West Ui¡., Europe and Á.merical l
i2âl(-1.)1*61 to move (to -) [r.i.] 1.5-â2 L- --erÌ

a EL [type of noodle] 1.6-â1 Ì5àâ to end; to finish [u.r.] L.14-:n2

*
i [Xg] horse 1.10-ffi *i*iðÐ lltñl downpour; heavy rain L.2-^2

,*tuâLeO+.ãILâl ISJSI¡¡ [åt ¡] there is/are a lot 1.1-â1

to be born Gn/ at -) lu.i.l 1.1-â3 *j*jù\ùC l/çlìlc] much; considerably L. I J-Ëñ

i ûtaåtrl tolay (egg); to givebirthto [u.r.] 1.6-Ê1 t-r)VlOLl

tË¿tl female office worker(s) [i¡., ofÊce lady]
i Û to give abirth L.14-ffi,2 L.õ-E¿

i à+È Lì/\ tobe envious L.14-^2 *i *iùt /ù ùÍ*i *i t \ lt, ë lÐùT rLdt Lr lÍ ål
ì âlæ,â1 to sell [zr.] 1.6-â3 the more (students) Ihete ate, the more - 1.3-ffi

ì Àå¡tr.trr [B¿ìVrLr] lucky L.12-^3 *s*sëå.[iffi] lplacename] 1.10-ffi

i hbl-lÆÊJ (passenger) fare 1.10-â1 *i*içÛ i ltfH#l the professional sumo 1.7-ñ
ÒL(/'LW tëffi+l driver (byoccupation) 1.6-ffi *i*i$if [tül lfamiþnameJ 1.6-â3
àL¡åì[4É] movie 1.7-â3 tôIð Xb¿ ö'tJtgûl $eatioy 1.3-Ë
å1.å¡aLF¡s] influence *SÈ.å L t*JìELl reciprocal gift
Luro)TlI lX¿Wl fmale givennameJ (-ø) lezl.ùT(f) thanks to - 1.11-tË

àà-¿ *sÈ¡ Lv¡ strange; odd; funny

Well. lused when looking for a right expressionJ 1.5-+3 rt;frþt6 tunny 1.13-â1
àlJttõlfiffil smile (on one's face) 1.1 1-ffi ft;frlþ hot rice porridge L.12-*2
 *i¿s*, [/¡,11] lfamily namel L.11-^2 *i¿ tËl sound L.7-à2
tiå ä tËå äl to set up L.12-â3 *i¿i ¿ tffil youngerbrother
*o' < t4l the back 1.7-Ë ti¿ ¿lO tFBl men's section ofabathhouse L.1O-â3
*; 1 u) l¡à:f- tË ì89-l ro send
12 back 1.8-ffi *5¿ L/¿* t+J+:Ël NewYear's gìft of cash 1.9-ffi
1.9-T J5 è t¿ LV¡ quiet; submissive L.14-È1
tËðl to send
*i < ä 1.3-â2 to'¿å < lR < I to be surprised

#<tLâlÆÌLâl tobelate L.¿-^¿ ÈifiDtlElDl same 1.1-ñ

iS¿feì 11Íìl to carryout; to conduct lusuallyused J5l3r,¡ðÀ [*iEëÀ,]
languagel
in written 1.3-ffi (someone else's) older brother 1.4-Ê1
*i¿ ã to scold angrily 1.11-â3 *jlaå¡V¡ [*sffiv.] request 1.3-Ê 1

*iëå totreat (someone) to (something lusuallyfood Jsla¡à¡v¡L:lT [lsÆu. LËT] please. L.1-+2
or drinkl ) L.6-È2 tili L t*iäl chopsticks 1.9-FÉ

*sså Lå.18ffiËñ*l ozakiDent¿lclinic 1.12-â3 *iÀå t*rE[E] bath 1.10-â3

*jðe)å lwÒ:á1 t5.tÀ¿ i t*.-f$l tunchbox L.14-*2
to put away (to include) [u¿] L.1s-ffi1
*ilfàå l*Hzâ)
*ið à tÈrml plate 1.9-Ë to learn; to commit to memory; to remember L.2-#û,

*Së àôàr,¡ [*j¡Ûrht.] washing dishes 1.11-FË ti e) ùa å.¿¡ 6 [*¡ H ù:z].å.6 l

tòLà-âl#Z6l toteach 1.1-â1 to meet lhumble îorm of à i I lu.i.l L.B-â1
J5 DS ¡o'" 1.2-â 1 È6 (¡¡) t+(/d)l main L.5-õ'¡
*5L¡ i åÐ [{¡iËIl] NewYear 1.9-ffi *.;ûL¡È9-[,Bv.HT] to recall L.ö-il

È LA ti.'#l castle 1.1o-ffi *S6 LåU¡ [mîÉr'] interesting L.4-*úÌ

i5"ûV¡lf [+sffiË] end-oÊthe-year gift 1.9-ffi Jsða(þþtrrlfi2ffþ¡rl
¡t b E re â lt.Ëãfr heavy; dull; leaden L.12-:ú¿
*; ù: rs ã ]
to be indebted to someone [ui.] 1.9-ffi *ið ù3 i!ãffi1 burden L.|4-#2
t:tåù¡ [ìEùr] to be late L.i i-â1 tõ$l-l)6let)Ê.Ì"Dâl
*ô?þ â l(,.-â)A,bâl to learn L.1s-â2 to value -; to give importance to ,- 1.15-â2
*i/¿ trJ.El lfamily namel 1.15-+3 tó+ t#l parent 1.6-+ 1

¿5/Êù¡ Dlc [*¡ÌlFl:] rbke care! L.12-^1 *j t lfï [Ã'lffl [¿¡.] L.1 5-ffi
to exert linfluence] 1

*j/¿z)¡U¡ [*sE^v.] each other 1.1-ffi tåì2 l"t¿l:,4-ltrvY^l Dutch (person) 1.8-ffi
*sË+ t*s#l (seen) tea 1.6-â2 tô ì, ì"t¿È Ì'lrf , v Yffil Dutch ship L.at-8,Ì

*SË+ ( Atl$X<ttl servingtea 1.14-â3 *i9*iÀSttttvÆl

*¡b w j IT Ì-låð+ñl mid-year gift 1.9-ffi lname of a movie theater] 1.7-â3
*iËä t(ilBl!)Wbâl tofail (anexam)
[u.i.] 1.5-ffi tô9 6leë)w9 âl
jo=¡ å [*] husband L.14-ffi2 -; to get out of(a vehicle)
to get off L.O-8 1

*¿'l 9 change;balance of money returned to the 15â Lffi6l to snap 1.1 3-ffi
purchaser 1.10-â1 *¡þtr¡ [*¡&] gift of appreciation 1.9-â3
Js(ðàv¡ [*¡?tftv'] $bâl$bâl be finished; be over [ui.] L.2-È2
bathroom llit.,pTace to wash one's handsl L.i3-â1 *jÀÈr< tË$l music L. J- õrÍ

*ô<à tt'+l Buddhisttemple 1.1o-ffi *i¿iùÀ,tññl hotspring 1.10-ffi

 ,,,,,ë#*Etl

tS Ìtte@ lkÐl women's section of abatlhouse 1.1 0-â3 å.llî[Hf] behindsomeone'sback L. I l-õî
å'ùlÈrL+ tËrfi#l [amoviename] 1.7-â3
@tt-*' ìJ.lI6lWTâl to put - on L.1s-ffi2

-å¡- x or Y z).ð [lË*] past 1.1 3-T

¿¡ì/¡år¡r [iEtI] abtoad 1.15-Ê3 ¡ä.SÀ[/<ù] volcano 1.10-ffi

¿.ìrrå.À [t*ffi] pleasant feeling (sensation) 1.15-ffi2 ñ.D [ã:F] housework L.l4-*2
¡þ.v¡ð[/r#] å. L è complimentary close used by women 1.9-Ë
looking after one's aged parent(s); care L.14-ffi1 å.DoÈ.À[$Ëffil] orchatd 1.1 3-ffi

¡à.v¡ð ( lffiEl] È.T tËfl to lend 1.3-+3

to open up the country (to foreigners) 1.8-ffi å.9" tryl number L.5-ffi

å¡V¡ð ( [!tþl] foreign country; abroad 1.6-â3 ¡ä.tlåtI( [ÃtrËA< ] to catchacold 1.1 1-ffi
È.ìrr? < l*Ë] super express train or bus L.7-+2 Ì¡? 1 l*ffi] family 1.1-â2
lt ut:CÀ,TL tElffiTLl å./êU¡ [#Æ] problem L.l4-ffi1
a selÊservice style sushi restaurant 1.15-FÉ å./¿ð å [hÉ] broken [e.9., Japanesel L. I J-fl

¿rì/rùÍ i I â 1ffiffiÈ6.1 to liberate L.15-ffi,2 âl

ù\l¿ÒùI â lfrttlT to clean; to tidy up lu.t.l L.6-ffi
ùÙVr- counter L.6-+2 Ìt>fcâl#âl :#T L.15-:úr,2

Ì¡.à->î on the contrary 1.13-# l¡rbñrlrlÌfrfiÊffi1 one's sense of value 1.1 5-ffi 1

l¡ràÈ>T UfrerTl lwritten form of Æà r¡r,'t] 1.5-ffi l¡rbâ DW /|füfÈ#$] standardofvalue 1.15-ffi 1

ù,à-âlWâl togohome 1.1-â3 z).Ë ¡ ì t#El section chief L.7-^2

ì¡ràâ Liliâl (something) returns [ui.] 1.1 1-ffi Ìt¡->ì¡'0Tâ tobe disappointed 1.8-tr; 1.11-â1
È.tS lffi] face L-Z-ãn 7D\'2 å llÉfi] vigor; liveliness; vitaliry; energy 1.1O-ffi

È¡JSU¡å [trê] complexion L.12-^1 ìr,o<râ,¿¿tTâ [Hf*r¡ð ¿è'f â]

to have one's own way; to do what one pleases L.14-^1
ùrìrru) 0)$0)ltr.Øãl
person who handles a particular business matter 1.8-â 1
ùr.> ltT 6 tffiËTðl to stride; to swagger about L. 1 5-ffi 1

lltllrâ å.c&( TâlfrffiTâl

it takes lwith respect to time or moneyJ [ui.l L. I -8,I to play an active paft in L.7-fr,

(-lz¡¡,¡'Y6 concerning 1.15-ñ2 å.(t,¡ [*Ë] home; family 1.3-ffi

È.Sàl t(-Ì:)Eàfl notiimited to 1.9-ffi ¿.¿ i tfiffil lfamily nameJ t.1-È2
å. I à t¡ V. [ (- å lÌ) F à /¡t.] -ùr/e
not necessarily - 1.6-â3 I wonder fgeneraþ used by male speakersl L.4-*,2

û.Ë'9 l-ffi I 12 as far as -; as long as - L. t5-ú¡ àìta LL¡ [7ËLt,.] sad 1.2-Ë

t(-)Ê.å l(-¿c)mãl ñ.fÁåTt [¿.9'] withoutfail 1.3-Ê

would have to be the best choice 1.1 0-Ëñ fJ,fsòf, lù,ll surety 1.8-Ê2

¿t( vrÀ[-ëH1 å.fa à 9- L ö - f4ì/\ l¿.9- L ð -rÁùrl

school loften used for names of schools] 1.8-â1 not necessarily 1.3-ffi

ù' 1 Ll,T 6 LWEf 6l to believe frrmly 1.15-ffi2 ì¡rte\ fairly L. / --oÎt

zl. ( Ë [åtü] various parts of the country 1.10-ffi (-tc¡f) l¡teþt¿t¿t

åì< .,ìì t+fl] college, undergraduate L.l-^¿ to be no match for; can't win L.15-ffi,2

¿ì< /L* t+Æl level of education L.14-à2 È.Øi tEIËEl possibility L.15-ffi2

321
 ù,0)D¡læf.1 she 1.1 ù{À'll,â to do one's best; to ry hard

lt)v?Vv.7tr\î7ltyl- ù trt Ì¡,À,tÞì lÐffil

[name of the author] L.15-:n2 inviting someone to join (a club) 1.5-â3
Ìt ts-ç U to cover up; to make up for L.14-ffi,2 Ë z).V¡ [#St*] machine 1.14-â3
à.*ù¡ËÈÂ, it'sallright; onedoesn'tmind 1.4-â3 fffiffif[] mechanization
S frt,r7)r L.J-rX
å.* < à ùC9 lffiÈW) Kamakura-sryle carrring 1.9-FË Ëåìàã lÊæì-âl
ùì*,LTâ t*EÈ61 to endure; to putup with L.i 1-â3 to change (one's) clothes 1.10-â3
á.4r lffi] paper; sheet L.3-^2 å å.( [âú] planning 1.14-â3
â'à /è [ff] body; health L.4-ffi, äì¡,TâlñlYTâl
to become a nafinalizedcitaen 1.12-Ë
â.à/¿ä+Te>â l#ëþfe>âl
to rest [lif. to rest one's bodyJ 1.10-â2 ã¿ùt'ä le|i r¡)fiÈìl6l to feet as if - L.Õ-att
ìt,9 â lffiu¡ a1 to borrow 1.4-Ê3 Êå¡"r( [(-?c)fi¿Ð<]
,, )Vît*! av 7 culture shock 1.1-ffi to notice (something) 1.5-Ê 1

ìr )vîr'tY , - Zf¡hbùÞi t(--)Hrðtr1

a kind of adult school Ul¿., culture centerl 1.14-â1 during the period (when -) 1.1 0-ffi
ùrfLlÉl lthird-person pronoun for a male] L.B-ffi ÊË¡ì tâ#l industry; business L.14-#,2
å\þìlìì/¡ cute; lovely 1.2-Ë;1.4-â1 È S¡ ilâlæ#fâT tostartabusiness L.14-ffi,1

ìJ'b\\Ziùc Ë < tftl < I to work effectively L.15-#,2

i feel sorry for you. I sympathize. 1.12-FÆ
å < ¿È0 tfim9l consideration (for,-) 1.15-â2
ìt t>â l*bal to change [ui.J 1.4-õñ Ê¿<TätÀ+Er9-ål
to return to one's home country
/¡,*>61?ë)l\b6l L.J-õ'T

to replace someone [¿i.] 1.8-â1 É ðÀL+ tB[ffiã] marriedperson L.1A-ffi1

fjtfufis lf¿tf¿lë àfr1 way of thinking L. I -õn SD¡oz l*æl technology 1.15-â3
å.ÀÌt!r [Hffi] relationship 1.9-Ê; 1.11-â2 3Èa ¡49P1 season L.9-#
È.Àùlt,¡ñ.t,¡ teüâl welcome parrSr 1.5-â3 Ë'ÈÀ¿L<t#*¿L(l boldly;firmly L.12-ffi
ìt,1,ë j l) X ¿ a 1ffifrffitr1 sightseeing frip 1.9-ñ Ë/¿ [Jt] north L.1 o-ffi
å.À D tË+l Chinese eharactet L.4-# Ë/ctr¡Tð tHffif ål to expect; to count on L.14-iñ,2
ùrÀ,1,T [(-l:) ffi Lf] concerning L.f-E,T $ /¿14¡r[¡5¡r¡ dirty 1.15-ffi2
z).ÀDç [,8ä] patient L.12-ã3 Ë Cå. ì lftìg i I to be concerned about L. 1 1 -ffi
ñ,L1.â [(-¿)ffi Då] to feel that - L.O-=fl å"rã(À[4trÆ] coffeeshop 1.11-â1
l¡, L L l,Þ ù>.tB) ã [Bð,ù. äJ€Ð å ] â oîl9lîl posrage stamp L.5-T /
to gain interest t.7-ffi, åa è for sure; surely L.7-à3
ìtrlr? ) lffiÆ,1 one's thoughts/impressions 1.11-ñ å c,à [S16] ticker 1.10-T
ù'À,tcLte) [ffiS(¡¡)] simpte; easy L. O- ãr¡
Ë Ù3ì,¡6 [(-Èr)fiÌ3^ä]
to like -; to be fond (of -)
lt,l'EìTâ\ffiüTâl 1.1-â3
to be moved; to be impressed 1.8-ffi
å ¿cå.¿.å [(-Èr) fil:r].¿.ãl
(something) bothers
someone; (something) makes someone uneasy L.11-ffi
ù' L ë ì t iô E à- â lffiüã.È, z al
to feei impressed L.15-:n2
â ùcfa 6 [ (-tr) fi ùc r¡ ð ]
something bothers one; to
¿.À¿ < tffiËl movie director 1.7-â3 be concerned (about -); to worry (about 1.1 1-â-) 1
 I
I

I
I

tttt'ÊËã*El I

8tJì"Tâ tBBâTål to commemorate 1.13-ffi *bv>< tüù)<l

Ë..ììÂ, tfiä'l feeling 1.1 2-â 1
extremely fwritten expression] 1.1 3-#
Ë Ìf i i#gl wish;hope L.J-õn !è.>l¡'j tfrä-tri I to worry about 1.9-â1
å Ìf ì L+ tñS#l one who wishes to do - 1.3-ffi âtoÙaleÊ)frt2ùIâl
to pqy attention to; to take care 1.4-ffi; 1.11-â1
t*.cLùTl'lÐl*ilffi1
final exam [l¿f., semester-end exam] 1.3-â 1
ä /-tJl-lìE+l in recent years L. / --in

å * I rules L.15-:úN2 <'ðì.¡ [Râ] condition L.12-ffi

Ê* I {rÀ< tÌ*Ë9I@l setphrase L-¿-ãn <i¿it4Ël airport L.1 -;ñ
å * ä ti*Ë äl to be set/fixed [ui.] L.z-fr, Cì{ùÀtlB*l bvchance 1.4-â3

I 7|lH you [Itis generallyusedbymale speakers <lD t*l medicine L.12-È2;L]2-E

toward someone equal or lower in status.l L.1'^2 ( È¿C although; in spite of t.14-+3
3Ðâl#'e>âl to decide [¿¡.] 1.9-ffi < /¿6o) t+ryrl ÍÌuit
åÐä i(-13)i*Ðål to decide (to-) [r.r.] 1.13-ffi ( Ë t [n] job opening üit., mouthl 1.8-â3
Ë öË tfr#Ël feeling 1.10-â3 ( Ë'[n] mouth 1.11-â3

Ë {¡Ët,¡t,¡ [fi#Ët,.¡.1 < Ë+?).* Lì/¡ [E[ÊLù¡] critical L.11-ffi

comforlable; pleasant; to feei good L.10-â3 < ËäÌf ËÈl [BälåðÈr] tobuttin 1.11-â3
Z$o)lÉWJl kimono 1.10-â3 -{At-ffi1
Ë+( t#l suest a group ofpeople doing the same thing
L.¿-úÌ L.14-ffi,2

Ë"+ < ùc [üÌ3] conversely L.14-ffi1 1,7¡t¿Tâ lffiåürå]

to assemble; to put together L.7-ã.2
Ë ¡Þ i å. ttf[E] vacation 1.1-â3

Ëp ì LP i Ur'llll lthe name of one of the four < +û t{E+bl to regret L. I l-dtt
major islands of JapanJ 1.8-ffi < àìrr/¿ -
such that; to the extentthat L. I t-#r

å ro ì L¡e ilâlWMf âl to absorb 1.15-ffi1 < à L IæàLl living; life styie t.13-+2
3wÒ0 ¡i tffifll salary 1.1 2-Ê < ÈrTlæòTl tolive 1.1 1-ffi

Ê ¡i t(1#J)ffi1 alittleover- L.|4-#1 ( à'r<[(-¿)E l<] comparedwith L.O-En

å¡ìUt< täËl education 1.10-ffi V t) 71* 7 Ch¡istian 1.9-ñ

å À i ¿.ì'. [äâ] church 1.9-ffi < 6L7rl#Lbl suffering L.14-#,2

É ¡ iå.L¡ täñlêl textbook 1.1 3-ffi < ôa l#Xl hardship; suffering L.14-:il,2

É ¡ ì LtäÊnl teacher 1.8-â1 < å ä *, tRiÃl lfamüy name] 1.7-Ê3

Ë ¡ ì Lz [äË] classroom L.J-ÃJ ( þ Lr,. [# Lv.] detailed 1.8-â1
å ¡ ì Dre iä#l professor 1.7-Ë < ì"1-Å1 [a form attachecl to a name in addressing
å ¡ i ¿1. tRPËl interest L.1-È2 someone] L.l-È2
8 xjV t.<lâlWTâl tocooperate 1.15-â1 {/-ù,1-lÊffi1 warship 1.8-ffi

Ë ¡ å. lffi¡I] permission L.4-r llVrlfÀ[#Bl experience L.4-ñ

3 StJÌ'l*+l lastyear L- I -È1 lÌt,¡ ð [HT] [female given name] 1.14-â3

å I Ë I (ffib) to have a piercing pain [esp. in ù]t,rð[tr#l

reference to a stomachache/headachel L.12-#, honorific language llit., respect languagel 1.13-â3

t âlÊâl to wear 1.9-â1 lvtè) [üiÉJ tendency L.)-õn

Z 6lqâl tohangup (aphone) [l¿t.,to cut] 1.12-â3 lTt,¡8Lr [#Ë] economics 1.3-ffi

323
 ùlu\ë lwTâ13ÍHTâl to calculate L.þ-Ërr ùlÀSuro) l&EØl curent 1.1 s-ffi 1

lll¡ DùË¿1, [fi]¡¡fEl bulletinboard L 8-â2 t'I/-Zl-Tâ

ùlì.ìDÌgt[ä'dj] art 1.1o-ffi to be modest; to humble oneself 1.13-Ê3
llVr?( [#ffi] continuation L.14-#,1 ùfÀÈV¡ [ÆE] original title 1.15-ñ1
lltrt/¡trttÀt¡ t#ffi€ffi1 cell phone L.4-ffi llÅ,/êl¡ L t${t_Él contemporary history 1.5-â2
r$ut\lvè, i lf < {fÀ t.R¿e¡fit*fiJ ùlÀl¿ì,r ð ø) l#¿ß,Wl contemporary drama 1.7-Ë
lname of a train line] L.7-^2 lT /.b <¿.tig$*l archirect 1.1 5-ffi 1

ùtìrr¡ i lâlMæTâl to express figuratively 1.1 1-ffi

Ùl'àt"tTâleâ)ngf â)
¡-ðfulKffil rlnn 1.10-â2 to see sights (of
-) L. i 0-â3
f-YI ce1l phone 1.2-â3 ¿ì,¡CJt¿ [Æ^] lover; sweetheart 1.9-ffi
ùlð tâ#l this morning L.2-+1 ¿ i ì.r i Àì ùc this way; in this manner 1.2-â1
ùlLå tFêl scenery 1.1 0-# ¿ jù,l"T6L*Wf â1 to exchange 1.9-ffi
ùlT tlHTl to turn off [ur.] L.1s-#,2 iìl¡'LTsT,
!1.¡¡ä.lffiR] resutt 1.11--ffi exchange program ^lÞ&ïv/,al L-5---on

lla Ë ¡ < t#El finaþ; in the end L. I-E d ¿i St;Ë#l lecture L. l- õn

ùla ë i [ffiffi] fairþ; pretfy; quite L.5-^2 ¿ì Oi tË#l highclass; first-rate

Ë L.O-úù

ùI->è j tTtffiffifr-l fine;good a ì ¿ i DÈu¡ [Ë&Ë{t] hish school years 1.2-â3

ùI.>èLUba à/-l#MßeE.) ¿i LàÀ|IF+EI]
wedding reception L.9-^2 [name of a baseball stadium] L./---"ñ,

trI o L( - fe U¡ [i* L(-14 t¡¡] -dì Lzt-ËËl Room- L.s-â 1

1-ñ
by no means; never 1.1
-ëì L+ t-å#l number - car L.i0-â1
II "> L /'T â t (- ¿ ) i*,ù'Èãl ðÌ L¡ i tæÈFl' nesotiation L.ð-õr¡
to be determine¿ ¡o -; to resolve to - 1.8-ffi ði L¡ aïó-lf'iúf â1 tonegotiate L.J-ñ
ùf oTv\T6 [(-ù3)i*ËTã] to decide 1.8-# ¿ i.tlurã ì E) l- ¡ i lEÆfrMÊl
Ì19 tTffil diarrhea L.12-È2 Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare L.i4-ffi1
t'T l) êl â lf ffitT âl to have dianhea 1.12-E ¿ i'rtilFl lplace nameJ 1.1 0-ffi
Ì-lRl prefecture
ùI ¿ i À i iil#l fall colors (of leaves) L.4-ffi
ùTl-läl sphere 1.1 1-ffi ¿ ì I + < tæffi1 the iatter part omitted 1.11-ffi
ùT Ì"1ül decrease L.14-#,1 ¿ à tËl voice t.2-*2
llÀt,¡Ë lB-l lmale given name] 1.6-â3 ðâl< tffi+l language srudy 1.8-ffi
IT l"z1'1 lc lffitttlc] strictly 1.15-ffi2 (-Ìc) ¿ 82ù16 to manase to - L.14-ffi1
ùl kìJrÌ'| l9'Ð) front hailway 1.4-tr ¿å ¡ i o)t.iple$ØWl hometown 1.8-Ë
ùT/.ù,lu'z lË,ffil ð< tffiAl words and phrases 1.1 5-ffi 1

entrance (to a house or a building) L.f,-Ã I

¿ < årU¡ [Elrl.] overseas; abroad 1.8-ffi
IIl'8 w , l-o lffinÉl (professor's) offrce 1.3-â 1
¿ < Ë ì,r70r< ,ìì lElH+*ül
ùlÀS¡ i t*#l International Division L.J-ãñ
holding two jobs at the same time L.14-:úÌ,2 è ( ä v¡( å ùa [ElHÉllc] internationalþ 1.1o-ffi
lll'Z Llnel cash 1.9-ffi ¿ < rlÊ D¡ i lå lElffi.l]
ùlÀðu¡ t4&l now L.12-ffi with respect to nationality L. I J-Ër¡

324
 rrttrH#i*El

è ( /at,¡ [Eñ] domestic 1.1O-ffi ë,ÈìË /cTä to neglect to write for a long time; not to
¿ < lfÀ ljRæl blackboard L. I5--E I correspond for some time L.4-ffi

¿ < À< TâIfrEETâ] ¿ if 6 [(-Ìc) Eã] to have difficulty (with -) L2-ffi

to master; to overcome 1.1 3-ffi ¿ tr lìðbl to be crowded L.6-^2
¿( I ¡< tEltll nation'spov/er 1.1 5-ffi 1 3lî 1 - comedy 1.7-E

è L/¿è è låt*u¡ [(-13)üL/¿¿ å!Ìler¡] ðù)À sony. linformal] 1.2-â3

nothing can be better (than -) L.12-à2 ¿û>Ì"f¿ not acceptable L.14-ffi,2

ðD¡Þ i ¡¿¡t fnfftl in one's fifties 1.6-â2 ð&* [rJ.¡l¡] lfamilynameJ L.1s-â1
è LÌ i TâleWTâl tobreak down 1.12-FÉ ¿ À tffil navy blue L.9-^2
ê Lâlt ùI â lFtìr,tI â) :r.îr,Æå 1.6-â2 ë lvì¡r.> å tâ+Hl this semester L-4--ñ

¿ DÀ, IIE^I intlividuat L.14-#,2 ë1"3'> L/¿ [ùE*ËL/c] crowded 1.1 0-#
è DÀ,å À i Dlo l'lE^ä#l ¿ À ¿'tâËl one of these days L.1-^2
individual instruction; private iesson 1.1 3-Ë il'teà,ì ù3 [¿Ài4Ãù:] inthisway 1.15-ffii
¿Dl"V v 77 llÛ)t v v zv) private tutor 1.8-â2 aì"Ê,/,'l+WJ tonight 1.1-ñ
¿rlÊ tF#l famiþregister L.14-ffi2
¿Z ¿4 ¿ in whispers; secretly L.i 1-ffi @t=--'
(-lc) ¿È*¡àr*u¡ qf- / tVù,2ëa l+T-, )v#ü)
not to be particular; not to be picky 1.15--ñ2 extracurricular activities L,5-õ,¡

¿b?iEfeâ tobe treatedby someone L.6-^2 f-+j--,ìì9 t+Ì-ll-Krl pouringrain L.2-^2

è 'r llt,r (¡¡) [iÊffi (r¡) ] tunny; comical L.15-ffi,2 ü-È)(q À i lÌ-È;aHl $atuity L. O- Erù

(-Ø) a¿ it's about - 1.3-â1 - ë l¡ [-ffi] - years old 1.7-â1

-¿ ¿àrîË ä - can 1.3-ffi ðV¡åÂ,[ËlÊ] recentþ 1.5-Ëñ

ëë,fe6 [(-è)Rreð] ðì,¡ðùc lËælcl atthe end 1.1 1-ffi

to be different (from -) lwritten expression] L- I J-õn ä V¡ L ¡ [ËäJ] beginning; first L. I ¿-úÌ

-¿¿IcTâ to decide to - 1.1-ffi ä t,¡/ÈV¡ [Ët] iargest L.1 o-ffi

L,I?tsot¿ ðu¡À[Fåõ] wallet 1.4-â1

-E
it
has been decided/ ananged that - 1.1-# SV.9 ¡ i tf¡fl] materials; ingredients L. l)-ôta¿
*ll u silo L.1 0-ffi
-Zë,1=f¿,.aa66
it has been arranged that 1.1-â3 ð ìr¡t2ì/¡ [+L¡] fortunately; luckily 1.8-ffi
¿¿ lf tÉ#l word(s); expression(s) L.2-f Ëå even L.4-ffi,
ë è lfC¡ä.t ¡ [ã#ø*.r,.¡ choice of words L.12-ñ, ðårît#Tl tolookfor 1.8-T

¿ ¿"ð t+Bl child L.¿---on ðå.Ð ¿ trEäl [famiþ namel 1.9-â3

:tÀ connection(s) 1.8-â2 êl¡,1, (fe)
lÆl,1e)l thriving L.7-:út

¿Ø&lff arl fiking; taste L.1s-ñ,1 ðåù3ltElc] ahead (ofsomeone) L-¿-E¿

¿ 0)Û t*fðl to like; to prefer 1.15-â2 ã ålÍ¿'trElräl awhile ago t. I ¿-út

¿ ÌË+ L t{'ffi1 lfamily name] L.7-Ê1 ð < à D* teÊl Mt. saturajima L.1 0-ñ
d¡fÀtðtr1 cookedrice 1.6-â 1 ù2a7zf cherry L- I J-õn

:1 U- ¿ !) maklngcopies; xeroxing 1.14-â3 ð Ìlä tTllðl to lower [¿t.] L-2-È1

ð ¿ < t#Ell national isoiation L.ö-E ¡
 ððà6lf.Z6l tosupport L.14-ffi,1 y-r-T U- lcNPl gross national product L

ä9-å¡ as I expected 1.13-â3 ! z1 7-lVlJN Japan Railways L.t-^2

Srùå tÆffi] seat 1.10-âi Ð t'l 14 -È- [mB] JapanTbavelBureau 1.10-â2
äZì L#il to invite (someone to do somethingwith Lâ.-t*tr¡ only; no more than L.2-ffi,
tlrespeaker) L.7-T D¡ã.( Tå tÊHTãl torealize lu.t.l 1.1 5-ffi 1

3.¡ L [*ËÉS] magazine L-Õ- E 5 þfr þ however; but 1.3-ffi

ëo11-TâL+fr-Tâl Ll¡rt¿lltÈl way (of doing something) 1.1-ffi
to lose no time in -ing 1.8-â3
Lår/càìlÀ ì/ r [ (- ] ! ) {f tr/sra¿rl
ä a ùf I -/At¡¡ not at all 1.9-â2 to have no choice but to - 1.9-â2

ä< well; now [used when switching to a new, usually Lz)./¿t¡V¡ l{fËr¡u.l rt can,tbe helped. 1.3-Ê1
more important, topicl L.12-ffi Lìttd> ->'z Lå.r)cffi] grimace
È> [ 1.12-â3
Ë¿ i t{Ëffi1 lfamily namel L.s-â2 Låt{¡ moreover;besides L.2-^2
ä tìLV¡ [trLu.] tonely 1.14-â1 Ll¡tâ to scold 1.11-â3
s,lì¿À [m..¡r¿¿,] l)ìtrl"lt¡t¿'t lffiFf,ÐtÈa] time passes 1.1 1-â 1

a small cushion for sitling on 1.7-Ë LÊ tfrl ceremony 1.9-Ë

üTJä L < Ig < I to 1ay flat (to sit on) L. / -lx
to loaf on the job; to idle away one's time 1.13-ffi
L<L< (ffiür) to have a dul1, persistent pain lused in
ë å t [&] fpolite from of ð.t J 1.6-Ê2 reference to atoothache/stomachachel L.12-fr
ä * ' [#] stâte; way (a person does something) 1.1 1 -ffi L¿ < [EEI]
ð Ë l¿ùl tlá¡ll obstacle 1.1 1-ffi lsmallest of the four main islands] 1.1o-ffi
ð ¿Jì/¡ [æì1r] cold [with reference to weather] L.2-ffi D¿< AÀ ì tffiå'Jæl (train) schedule 1.10-â1
Ë bùlå$f å tæfi¿$d'äl to feel a chi11 L.12-^2 Dð L¡ i rä.V¡ [Êa#t/t] self-introduction L.t-fr
ð Èr à tr¡ h$l samurai L.7-+3 Däfit[ffiËfit] jetlag L. t-úi
Ëàùcr furthermore L.l4-ffi2 DLro ì tHËl selÊstudy L.1 3-#
äàlc':u'¿ t.15-ffi2 DL¡ ttrål dictionary 1.1 5-ffi 1

ð t, <' tffi <"1 to make a lot of noise 1.7-rÉ èl-l-l9Ðl self L.l4-^3
Ëþbà tlX+fl ffamilyname] L.7-ffi, LTå. (re) [ËSr. (rÁ)] quiet 1.10-â2
é/'ù'lâleÒ*ffiTâ) D/¿1,ì[H#] itseif L. 5-õn I

to particþate (in -) I t-úr

L. D/¿Lr [ffi{t] age; period L.s-ffi
äÀ¿i t3Ël 3high's L.14-^2 D/Èv¡ ü ø tffiftørl period drama 1.7-Ë
ðÀDoi < i=!ãËl tripleafflictions L.14-ffi2 l.t¿'Je¡tTË41 holdingalowerposition L.14-ffi2
é À'l.l-l=ffi1 strike-out L.7-ffi Lbùcl-ØëTtàì,r [t^øffi]
[a movie name] L.7-ã3
äÀ.tlu¡Tå [(-lc)ËÆTã]
to agree (with
-) L.14-:û,2 Dz [*Hùc] actuaþ
Ë v¡¿c L.14-#1
é l-Z i lú#l mount¿in cottage L. I 5-úr Dz D ¡ i t*'lf5l cunent situation (status) L.14-ffi1
*lV t rú-7 SantaClaus 1.8-â3 Dtùc [*ù:] realiy; truly 1.1 5-ffi 1

3 Ì,t¿1, (re) \fr,ã tòl regrettable t.7-È1 D?lù [*et] actually; in fact 1.1-â2
L ttrl poem; poetry 1.1 3-ffi Lplfu¡Tä IXWTâl
LðLr lilâ] same L.7-È1 to be unsuccessful; to fail 1.1 1-#

326
 I
I

ttrtt
I

!Ë Ei * El I

D?.1ì? l*Ðrl actual thins 1.6-â1 t:wiTi D¿.Àtfryffirf,l

Lz*¡À tHF¡ll question L-Z-fr ten plus a few hours 1.1-ffi

L2 tL\ \ 1T ìrr [* it ?l,rr] Dwitc( DD¡ i tÈ+SrÊrl

Excuse me (, but ...) 1.1-+1 housing conditions L.J- út

Lrl,rÈÉ rlÀ,lhâÊffi#l ì è trllill state capital

LO L.4-^2
resewed-seat ticket 1.10-â1 Dø i Ìe l' (re) tæ$i (r¡)l flexibie L.14-:ffi1
U<Al6 t##tïðl to pointout 1.15-ffii Lwìùcwi tn^l income L.14-^2
ùïl"L+tÊffilfl bicycle 1.4-â3 DP ì 'à¡Àt+âl enough 1.1 1 -FË

D¿'i Lå tHÐ*l automatic Dp ì'l¡Àøv\bl+ftØ'l one tenth 1.10-ffi

D¿"i <Ë 13 lÉtÉ9lcl automaticaily 1.4-Ë L¡O i ìtr? tìE*l weekend 1.9-â3
Lt¡ [ffi] merchandise 1.9-FÉ Dpi ÀÌ (r¡) l¡ã}e(re)l imporränt L.s-ñ
(
Lùf,å ,àì I for the nrst time in a long time 1.2-ffi DroS¡ i t##l ciass 1.2-ã2
LÌJð lffiãl to tie (someone) up L.15-ñ,2 D¡oS¡ jU ¡ j t#*Hl tuirion L.5 - Ãtt

DÀÀtËâl oneself 1.1-ñ Dp ( t4l after-school school 1.5-ffi

L* tEl island 1.5-â3 LrO ( /Èl¡ [ßE] homework 1.1-â1
LÈL¡ the end 1.1 1-ffi L¡e(li( I ¡i tffiiÉHl hotelcharges 1.6-ffi
Dûv¡À [$#F] office clerk L.s-â 1 Uwfz x aTâ l*iÉTâl to assert; to insist 1.12-ffi
Lù3 9 lffie>Ðt)l deadtine 1.3-â2 l-w.tl)¡,iTâ\frâT6l
Le>TlñTl to indicate L.14-#,1 to parlicipate in (an event); to compete in L./--ú.
L+ tægfl perspective L.15-:úi,2 l-w2Ll'lfrhl one's home 1.7-ffi
,+,¡7yy Giants lname of abaseball team] L.7-^1 l-w ->b À i tHtEl business trip L. i 0-â2
t+fâ+l sociology
L+å.r,¡z)¡( L.s-â2 L¡e åtË^tr] capital L.1s-ffi,2
L.çå.Lrååiù.< tifâäËl l-wl=Ìtl*El a person in charge 1.8-â1
social education 1.2-fr, L¡PÀ tlñl housewife 1.8-â2
L+å.r,¡ l)l,l&àLl L¡¡4 tðuñl hobby L.i-â2
a working, fuli-fledged member of society L.1s-Ê2 Dwl"LWTâ iË+fäl toobserve (theruies) 1.15-ñ2
l-+LLl$Hl picture; photograph 1.2-È; 1.4-â1 Dw I'If,l'ùc lilH#lc] taking turns 1.14-â3
L+'\å to chatter 1.8-Ê2 LÌ i tæÆl use L.1i-ffi
DùÞi tÉÈl freedom 1.14-ffi2 - D ¡ ì t--tl for reasons of 1.1 1-ffi
i ìr¡Ìc [Hml:] around (someone)
LrÞ L. lJ-õrÌ L¡ i r\lrr [#11'] introduction
-Lw ìå.À [-t!t|ül] - week(s) 1.1-â3 L¡ Ì z)¡( Ë Â, tæ+êl scholarship 1.3-+2
Løìì¿,À,lBßl custom 1.4-Ë;1.6-ffi L¡ iå¡aèì lrJ.Ë&l elementaryschooi 1.13-ffi
LoìåÀitñäl religion 1.3-ffi L¡ ì S¡ i tË#l commerce 1.1o-ffi
DrE ì L ¡ tËFfl address; place of residence L.1O-È.2 D¡ ì å ¡ i tfiWl condition; circlrmstânce L.t5-ffi1
Løì l- ¡ ( å.2âì ttretrtl D¡ i L[-hEr] one'ssuperior 1.9-ffi
job hunting L.15-ffi,z
l- X ì l.ì¿rL,Þf./iþl decrease in the number of
LwìLx<3-å|ffim9-ål chüdren due to lowbirthrate 1.5-ffi
to get job le.g., aI a frrml
a L.l-#
D¡ ì LË tË#l commonsense L.15-ffi,2
Lø j Ll'lWhl moral education L. tJ-# Ù xj l'+lïl"t*if#l passengerticket L.1O-â1
 L¡ìL¡ìI+*1 LÀ{àå t#Hl relative(s) 1.9-ffi
a (time)
little; short lformal lor Þl,l 1.8-â 1
LÌ"?c L+ t#Säl :+XL/¿tdn.b Ø^ L.1s-ñ2
L¡ ì D¡ i t#tßl symptom L. I l-ûf; Ll,b xa lhÊl height L.14-È2
D ¡ ì L ¡ i tlFl to dse; to increase L.14-ffi1 Ll'Icw ì Ètr. [m¡+] new student L.f-d5

D¡ ì T(¡¡) [(-¿Ðl*(¡¡)] sood (at-) 1.1-â2 Ll'o)lêØl true 1.1 1-ñ

Lx)Ìcu¡T6t#lffiTål toinvite 1.7-tr;1.9-ffi LlvIJt \l â t,ù.mïãl to worry L.O-8,¡

l|x)lèl'lnf*l joke 1.10-â3 LÀùJùìÈ [,ù,mÈ] tobe wo¡ried L.s-â2

D¡ilf ì t##l information LÀùå?ùfùì ttr*Ël
D¡iÈ( t**Tl treaty 1.8-ffi new producl on the market L.1s-â3

L À i à ù¡ [F¡f] in the tuture L.s-ffi LÀ.,lrttrñl bride

Lx i 9 < lã [(-ù:) -hE"ETð] V/.àìl-á D ttrHÉ¿:fl newspaper articie L.4-ãñ

to land (on -) 1.8-ffi V l-lï lìÉBJ improvement; progress 1.13-ffi

L¡ ( DtÈ+Fl meal L¿-úT L /, âUt lffiffil retative(s) 1.8-â2

L¡ ( Dä/êllâ¡fÈHfl to offerameal L.2-ffi, L/-6a l#Bß1 sroom 1.9-ffi

L¡ ( å"Ì tÈËl diningroom fvrÈÀD ¡ i tffiËfi1

L¡ ( ¿ca( [F*lczq ] :mm¡'¿ L.1s-#2 letter of recommendation 1.3-â2

LÀ<À< tÈml appetite L.12-^2 fVt,lìÀ quite a 1ot

D ¡ ¡llv [üÉ] advice 1.1 1-ffi T j D'>t. ålc [trHtrlc] several days ago
D¡ LtÐãÐl particle(s) 1.13-â3 7-Y suit
D ¡ D ¡ 13 [æ¿ Ìc] gradualþ 1.1 5-# Ti l!/-lff.^l severalpeople
1

D¡.ùV¡ [AÌ*] woman 1.1-â3 Tà-lx1 end

!ay7 shock L.4-ffi -l Ê t-if å I fond of -
L ¡ ã V¡ [êäi] document 1.14-â3 -T8 6 to do something too much; too -
L¡ävr.ìlÀ¿i täffiìæ#l ?- < tffi < I to llke [urJ
screening by application forms; selection by T( /et¿¡ [,]/¡v.l few; 1ow in number
examining one's papers 1.3-#
lðL¡ creat!
LbÈâleY'&)fròÈâl T¿< (to rain) hard; terríbly; tremendously L.2-^2
to inform (someone of something) 1.11-Ê2
9-ðltþCTl to spend (time)
Là.Èå [ffi^'ð] to check; to look up L.i0-â2 x:r y l. rvFl:l-17:v l.7vFÀl scot
,)v Jill 1.1 1-ffi
TD plotofafilm
l'ôi ¿l#Ll Tayman L.12-#
TLÈTCä6ITLëEâ]
l.ô < Vt, ùÞ i lEt^*Ftrl ail the time 1.12-=,^, to make sushi by hand 1.6-â2
,úrú716 lTavu967 to st¿re 1.1 1-E
T9-b tìËtrl to advance 1.3-Ë
Ll"ù,ìuÈ/,t#S+ffi1 butiet train 1.10-â1
TTùâIWùâ]
DÀ¿ i t^tll population L.4-+2 to urge (someone) to do (something) 1.13-#
DÀSt t [Àfå] person of talent L.15-#,2
-f-t - each L-4-õn
l-l'ë"llþ#l examination of a patient L.12-ffi
f "> t. far -etby fat
DÀDç tfr+fl Shinto shrine 1.1 0-ffi
Tfùc [trf:] alreadv
Ll,Èvrll,ltræñl newproduct L.1s-â3
Tt6 to throw (something) away; to discard

328
 l
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I

j-lf à Lt,. wonderful; terrific .ttÀå*¡

L.4-â2 ì L¡eÀte+Ìffi1 wife who devotes
l.l( ¿l L.iO-ffi herself to housework exclusively 1.14-ñ2
TÈ¡tËÈri :wr'â 1.4-Ë "èlvùT2lftnl lastmonth 1.1-â3
(-lc¡¡6 to decide (on -); to haveltake (-) 1.4-â3 rlÀ¿ ì D l#YÊ+l [name of a templel 1.13-â1
lþ6 l(-lc) Æ61 to sit (in,/on -) 1.1-â3 È/.¿iTâleë)ëürâl
rà tËl one's height 1.4-Ê1 to major (in -) 1.1-â2
.Ètr¡ because lused when something affects one .üÂ,¿ < t+Ell the entire nation L.7-ffi,
negativelyJ 1.12-â1 Èl-LT â lWfrT âl to die inbattle L./--ñ
.ÈU¡å. ( [1frÊ] character, personaliry L.3--õñ qèl'l)2lft,Hl the other day L.2-ffi
qÌU¡å¡1t [!ËÉ] life L-4-õn .tlÀL¡o tË*l
.f ¡rfr2f ¡r D ro À ttåtÉ¡lr#l
player seiected fot a team lusually athletic] L.7-ffi
standard of living 1.12-Ë
Èl"Dwa 7,À,1ft,t+æ1
Èùrå ùoì L¡ tãÈ:FÊl bill;invoice 1.6-â2 people native to the land 1.1o-ffi
'tlt,¡ð ì [Æt]l success 1.12-ffi ËlrÈlr-f*Ur fffg-la¡rl not at all L.4-+2
qùì,¡ D [4]å] politics 1.3-ffi ÈÀl¿( tiftml laundry 1.1 1-ffi
Èì,r LË lc [iEfrùc] formally L. I 5-õ,B Èl'b x i tËtæl captain of a ship L.B-ffi
ÈV¡ LÀ( å ùC [#5TfrÉ9fc] psychologically L.15-ffi2 È/-<ë421ft+èfi21
.Èlz¡'ülr¡ at most 1.13-ffi to make a move before the other person does it
(in anticipation of his/her move) 1.1 -ffi
'Èf,¡'ÈË [E#î] grade; academic record L,5-ür
1

'tfL¡/¿ ( (rr) [HlX (¡¡)] È /"A l"l

â lÈEf âl to advertise L.b-Eî
extr av agant; luxurious 1.9-ffi þ2 l- 7lV. r) - I CenttalLeagae L./---øn

qtV¡ å [!åft] student; pupil 1.5-ffi 'È¿'ltì'ì [rEË]

one's senior (injob, school, etc.) L.14-^2
Èv¡ è ì (ra) tiËg (r¡)l
proper; reasonable; just L.15-#.,2 'ÈÀlåÀtffi+l fißthalf L- l --oti

.lÌù¡ùtÀ/¿r¿¡ t¡EEfül comptete opposite L.15-#,2 ìÌÀ,,1ì tâtr] all L,5-õn

'ÙJ5 i to carry (something) on one's bacl< L.14-fr,2 Èl'9 +( (Ë¿C[ffiffiÊ9lc] stratesically 1.15-ffi1
.tàâ.v¡
lttjt] world 1.10-# Zì lÉl demographic L.14-:úx1

È* iffil seat 1.7-â i ¿) Vr IÌHìSJ difference 1.1 1-ñ

.rÌËù:z< iffir3Ë<l Zì fJiùc l?tùtfl¡ü]:l initsownway 1.15-ffi1
to seat oneself (at a t¿ble) L.O- ã 5 êilt,lBlnl increase L.14-#1

fl/¿ì,¡ [ü{t] generation 1.14-ffi,1 i

Z ìt, ë u t.> î lZ ì /¿, ëâ -> îl
but; and yet L.s-â2
.tl-2 ¿. ( with much trouble L.s-â2
"Èa Ë ¡ < (Ë ¿c [Ël&É9lc] actively 1.1 1-ffi ?i ¿i L ¡ ( i#âffi1 regular position 1.14-â3
ClzÐU¡ [il98] explanation L-Z-ffi ?iT¿À.Tâ Iffi#Tå]
to consult (someone) about (something) L.s-â2
Èô by all means L.1-Å2
{¿ ì a group ofstudents that meets regularþ with a
êì ¿i aÀ tffiäñl :Mr+rr 1.9.FÉ

designated professor to study specific topics 1.7-Ë ZÈlr'1Ðft1 ancestor(s) 1.8-ffi

Èe)<ù¡Ë ¿lÈÐ<-Ël atleast once 1.9-â3 ?l¿2L(-?)È21 togrowup (in-) t¿i.l 1.1-â3
ÈÂ,V¡À[ñÈF] crewmember 1.8-ffi Zt¿<â [Ë<6] toraise [u.t.] L.l4-ffi2
 Z2€ xaT6let)+#TâT /ct,¡ Llcð è t*tr¡ [tL/¡ð è/*ù¡]
to graduate (from -) 1.1-â3 not too good; not great L.7-^2

Z¿1911 outside L.2-^.2 (-l:) /¿t,r ¿'¿' ,o*u.u L.14-:n2

ZØi b before long; one of these days L. I-EÌ /Èu¡Dl3Tð [7tSÌcTå]

?Øìbo) amongthem L.12-# -
to take a good care of 1.15-â3

?Ølt't¡\lcl?Øß,bt)t.l inplace of that L.2-ñ /cìr¡ Lrp i tt*l the general public L. I )-ãrd I

?o)¿lzØæl lct,¡ Dtp i t#Él ftody) weight L.4-ffi

since I saw you last; since that time L.4--õîi /cì,¡ L ¡ i tfü*l target; object of L.B-â1

Zo) ¿ ô lZØEl in those days L. I 5-õ,l Èì,¡Då)Àì allright 1.3-â 1

Zo)TcL?ØMl and others L. / -Eñ l¿\tT6 l(-Ìc)lüTãl toward - L.B-ffi

?o¡È,ù>ut lZØEÈl in that case L.5 - õr1 /cL¡lÈ? (¡¡) lÌfl (r¡)] import¿nt 1.5-61

?Øtrtlt' besides; in addition 1.3-ffi Èù¡lc¡¡

approximately; in most cases; in general
?üËç i?l{El noodle shop 1.6-â1 L.3-F,ñ,

t7 T- sofa 1.12-â1 /¿u¡è[trÆ] anitude L.J-ñ

?ttl¡È> and then; after that 1.1-ffi /ÈU ¡ è L ttämñl very big city; metropolis 1.1 0-#
?tLÙ? -: *ürFttr]
morcover; besides L.2-È2 È u ¡ 13 D.Èå.ì, r l¡ ¡ rÈ'1" fffi
Z|Lù3V<6 even so 1.13-ffi WWII 1.1 0-#

? lrtlst¿V t L< Lz tLI.î{ l-<l /cU¡lùÀ[i#] mostof 1.1 3-ffi

in response to that L.¿'ùi lÈU¡,1ì fairly well; to a large extent; pretty much 1.4-ffi
?l'IIutT6 tëüTål to respect L.14-ñ2 /iu¡,ììP [;t{À] big statue of Buddha 1.10-ffi

Zl-ëTâ\ffiëTâl ¡¿¡r.r.U r À a È 1"" i iz\+lËtr{þl

to be to one's disadvantage L.14-#2 Paciîc War t./--ñ
/cL¡rÀ/ê [t4È] oh, no! L-L'^¿

@,=*"' /¿Vr9 ( [lÞE] continent

t,l Thailand L.15-ffi2 l¿L ¡ I z [lüü] opposition; confrontation 1.1 5-â 2

-/¿ì,¡L¡Ë l-ffi-) - flrst L. )-dD t¿U\blllâÉl rbiwan 1.13-ffi

/¿t,¡J5ÀùlU¡ t#ffiãfl tlermometer 1.12-E t¿ZTlffiàtl constantly 1.10-ffi
/Cì/¡rÞrì¿¡ [tâ] (big) tournament l.l-:úr Ì¿à-âleÒßì-6.1 to endure (-) L.|4-ffi2
/ÈV¡å¡( U¡Â, [/t+Ë] graduate school t.1-^2 /¿å.Ê" tË*l lfamiþnameJ 1.15-â2

/Èr. ¡ås (
V r Â,.tàì, ¡ ti+H¿f l /¿å.liL[Ëffi] [familyname] 1.6-â1
graduate student L.1-^2 t¿Ìt *.6 tÉË61 toincrease [u.i.] L.7-ffi
lcytùI l"l#ffi1 personal experience 1.1 3-T ÈÊ ¡ ì 16l*ffiTâl to compromise 1.15-â2

/cr.r L [(-]c)ff Ll I¿ùìL fmale given namel t.1-+2

in conÍast; as opposed to L.14-ffi,1 l¡ Lå. if t remember correctþ L.4-^2
/Èt,. D (/e) [f,S (¡¡)] important L-Z-f, t¿Llt l?. [ffiø.1:1 certainly L.f-ilù

/Èv¡L€À[tÉf*l tcLxi l*Þl alittle 1.1 3-ffi

Mother Nature [Zif., mighty nature] L'1o-ffi ftTñ'ã.lwÌ¿'âl
/¿ù¡ Llc [tL/¿] significant; great L. I 5-ó't tobe saved; (something) helps [u.i.] L.4-#,

t¿TùIt> j lÐù¡6i1 to help each other 1.9-ffi

330
t¿TùT6 lWrùJ âl to help [ur.] /êäV¡ to feel tired; to feel languid L.12-*2
tcTtaâ tÊüte6l to visit 1.9-ffi /cÀ,1¡ [lF{ü] credit (for a course)
tcTkâ [ãteã] to inquire 1.1 1-ffi lê¿4,'Ètr¡ [4T*] man; mate 1.1-ffi
/clê just; only 1.9-ffi ÈÌ"f¿/-¿ gradualþ 1.1 1-ffi
/c/¿å.Ì [tri ] to flght; to compete L.7-ffi, 1 lt /eì/ r l$lc -<¡ tr l
tc Ì'IC. - tù ù r

t¿t¿l¡,i to frght L.14-ffi,2 not merely; not simply 1.1 s-# 1

/¿/c Ë ë, üt [ (-lc'..ä) W å ìÄÈl] t¿l-lgi lF,æl heating 1.15-#2

to hammer... into -'s head s-ffi
L.1 1
ËV¡Ë [tüÐ] region L./--ñ
t¿lÈLt.tsl [ma1e given name] L. I 5-ú¿ 1-^ team 1.7-^1
/c/ê Lrr¡ [¡E Lv.] correct Ë àrìr¡ tßtr¡ [ (-lc) ìgÌrtsv¡] it must be (-) L. I 3_â2
Icl¿7¡.l$l matfot a Japanese-style room 1.4-tr Ëåìi tËi I to differ; to be different
1.1-ffi
-/cË t-i*l plural form L.1s-ffi1 Ëå.( IijE( ] nearby; inthe neighborhood 1.1-ffi
fcbttz instantþ L./---on Ëå.C( [(-Ìc)ìEc< ] to approach (-) tur.l 1.8-ffi
tc'21 (time) passes 1.4-*út tcì¡'È> l1¡l strength L.14-ffi2
t¿'t' lÈ'zl to stand; to be built [¿i.] 1.10-ñ Ë D tm¡fl governor L.4-*2
tèoÈl'T6 tffi#f,9-ãl Ë LË tfrffil knowiedge L.l-^2
to derail; to digress; to ramble t.12-ffi, bDÌ-tNLl acquaintance 1.1-ffi
Èa( [Æ/ëc<] I, aiso 1.7-â3 At-tüEl map t.12-*1
lc->î,V> 6 lÉc(r,rål tobe standing 1.2-Ë b'zl)x1ffitr} order 1.1 0-ffi
tè'tb l1ã-LMWTâI to drop out L. I J-õÎ lvT ¡p 1.6-ffi
tcîÈ>o)lÊWl building 1.5-Ê 1
-t>+ j lcont¡actionof f L* i] L.2-ã^2
/cå åùf [fr]àlf] for example L.z-ffi, Ë+ ( I-Ël [counter for suits] 1.9-â2
/c/eà. lEtr] lfamily nameJ L.14-â.2 t>+/,þ.L<U\â
t¿0)lÌüøl other L.1 3-ffi to be proper; to be solid; to be in good shape 1.5-â2

lcØLf¡I! L(t,¡ * T [ (-ä) * LïrÌ. L<r,ì t T] -bwi l--+1

to be looking fo¡ward (to -) L.7-^2 in the middle of doing something L.s-â3
t¿o)Lt: t+Ltjl to enjoy 1.9-ffi bwiu\Tâ [ÈËTå] to caution; to remind; to
/cØÛ¡ [#lb] to request 1.3-T advise
warn; to 1.4-*; 1.7-Ë; 1.11-;ñ
-/cô'ÙC whenever -; everytime - L.S-Ë; 1]4-ffi2 bw i lsi ¿¡t ¡ëa ('Ë []F4ülfLtrl
Ì¿àil"l*ft1 probably L.Z-ãJt central ticket gate L.t-^2
/¿Ë ðtúFl ess 1.6-â1 bw j *; j ¿i dl" ttr*â#l
/¿ìnù: occasionaliy L.15-:û2 lname of a journalJ L.1s-ffi1

I¿1,â to accumulate [¿i.] L.15-^2 Ë i ås( ttrSl junior high school

re L.1-^2
È¡à (¡¡) not good; must not do 1.11-+3 bw jì¡,0 À i I ttr#H4l chinese food 1.13-ffi
l¿dtÙ= inorderto L-l-# tcwj¿i.ttur[trË!È]
junior and senior high school students
ï¿d> È> ) to be hesitant L.12-#, 1.8-â1

-tcb when - 1.1-ffi Ë ro ì ð( ðttrEl#l Chinese language 1.13-ffi

-t¿òtT tul1or- L.15-#,2 bwil'x < tEßl lunch 1.6-â2

t¿9 â IEU âl to be sufficient L.4-ñ bw j l-l"l+'ùl center 1.1o-ffi
 t>ø j t¿l'14+l middle-aged 1.1-ffi îôi t(-l:)Hâil toruninto (someone) 1.2-â3
t> w Ò +¡ /'T â lÈff âl to order (something) L.6-T <\\blvTâ tæ*9-ål
tcWjU t,< t+ffi] themiddlepartomitted 1.11-ffi to suggest; to propose (a plan) 1.1 s-ffi 1

ä¡ ì ð tffiäl suwey; investigation L.5-úÌ (lrr i år or rather L.1s-â2

Ë¡i Ltffi+l condition; state L.s-^2 <v\ù\T6 tüT9-ål to decline [¿i.j L.l4-#1
tt x ) Dl'<ä lC [ü^trlc] superhumanly L:4-#2 <V¡L¡ < tËêl fixed-pricelunch/dinner 1.13-ffi
bx)Dl'à:9 tffi^-lìDl <ùriaì.¡ (ra) polite L- I -dr:

being iike a superrnan L.l4-ffi2 T,l V ,7 DINIß ldouble income no kids] L.14-ffi2

Ë ¡ ì ÈV¡ [colloquial form of ( Èð Ir; most often <åsA [+ffi] letier 1.11-â2
by chüdren or womenl 1.11-â1
used
<å*ji9-å [(-t:)üËfå]
Ë¡ ì/cV¡ð < tËtþ¡l superpower 1.1 5-# 1
to adapt (to -) L.|4-ñ2
ËÀì å" exactly 1.9-ffi < Ë ¿ i (¡¡) [ü5 (¡e) ] âppropriate; suitable L.1-ffi
6 ¡ ì ¡f tffi4l cooking L.15-ñ2 îCË tHEl exit L.7-*2
laaV'h chocolate 1.9-ffi <¿6 affordable 1.9-FÉ

ä ¡ L+ [tr#] author L.1 s-ñ 1 7ìf l f - fashiondesigner L.1s-ffi1

b t2 L [a kind of sushi; a box of sushi rice covered with (DrOÂ,[?ffi] procedure L.12-ffi
small slices of fishl 1.6-â2 <-)< t) l+fÊ91 handmade 1.8-B
?i+< tìüãXl interpreter 1.8-ffi <?¿.i tg^ìËl railway L.1 0-ffi
?årì/¡&ì [Ær.¡i] :&r,'ä L.1s-ffi1 î">ë0 ¿È+Lr [+,ÐtD+vr]
clt lt,â l#tLâl to become tired 1.10-â3 quick and simple 1.8-â2

cåôr¿¡ [f.f åê'v.] (?ç [ffiæ] staying up all night 1.7-â3

socialization; friendship; association 1.5-ffi îtettt¿[*H{trl¿] familiar;welþracticed L.12-ffi

e8&ri tfüåâil <ùCu\ÌLâ l+E^lLâl to obtain L.7-+2

to keep (someone) company L.14-ã1 (.,5ì9 t+üF9l (hand) gesture 1.1 1-#
2€o)¿l-l/.Ø+l the following year L.s-ffi <Ë à t(-ø)+ffi1 this side (of -) 1.13-â2
?< [(-13)Ë< ] to arrive (at-) 1.1-ffi (9Såvy, )t-rÌ- teriyakiMcBurger 1.6-â3
?< àttll desk L.i0-â1 ar5 ( ùrltì t¿ttâ1frâtfr,ttllÌ¿ttâl
?ðj fr¡t¡r [äüâårù¡ì/r] be convenient 1.1 s-â 1
Stand out from the crowd and youjust invite trouble for
yourself. 1.15-â2
-tõùTâlffiITâl to continue 1.14-â3
t?ü lf,Èr] to wrap 1.9-FÆ
<À, tÆ] mark; score; grade; point L.s-ffi
< /.'U> ÌtlÊHl clerk; shop-employee 1.6-â 1
2¿Òâleì.)wÈ>âl
to work (for -); to be employed (at -) 1.1-â3 îÀ,å ñ¡V¡ t€fiHl electronic store district L.7-â2

Yft, f tnasaTaà 1,15-FÆ

îÀ tEfi#Rl electrical appliance L.
Ë å <' 1 3- H

?leù3 [Hù:] always hvritten expressionl 1.1 1 -ñ îÀå¿iår< [Eñr+]

electrical engineering 1.1-â2
?* t*l wife 1.14-â1
(Â,Ë t,¡ [1T] genius L.Õ- Eî
2t,l) namely; in other words; in short L. ¿- atl

[ffiì/¡] strong
v2 À ì/r L-l-õn 1/-Lâ Ë tE+æå*l
eleclronic instnrment; gadgets 1.1 5-ffi
-Cþtrr :-t: ( t'
1
L.1s-ffi,2
2tL<\\( [iÉfu<v.< ] tot¿kesomeoneto 1.1-ffi îÀL+ t€¡Fl rrain L.4- õn

332
 I
I

I
I
I

r""+æ*El I

îÀ.1à? [Eil] legend L. õ- Èrr

¿ùt¿ù[Ëllì¿¿r]
îl-¿a <Ê (ra) tEffiffi(/¡)l traditional L.7-ffi to melt into; become a part of 1.1 i-EÊ

î1"¿.i ( Ë ù: lËffiÉ9¿:l traditionaliy 1.9-ffi - ùtlf lcontraction of -.rà-¿ltf]

¿ 1.7-â3
Cl-bll,l,'¿i tfËtræål ¿ ¿Ø* [rFØfñ] alcove 1.7-È
telephone number 1.1-â3 ¿ ¿+ trFÆl barber shop
l. 1V bathroom; toilei 1.10-â2 ¿¿ô1ilr| ptace 1.1-â3
È"i å ¡O i.Èì,. [E#ä] classmate 1.2-â3 -¿¿bQÐ tobe-ins L. i -Ê3

èi å ¡ ìËç( t¡fixËl arrivingrbkyo 1.10-â1 (-/¿) å ë, ä/ê have just done something 1.4-Ê3
¿ i D tgffil in those days 1.13-ffi ¿¿ôî bytheway L.l-*2
å i D/Èt,¡ tþffiftl rhns dynasfy L. tJ-il ¿L tffil ase 1.1 3-ffi
¿'i L? tlãfËl same room L.2-^2 ¿Li à-l+f] older L. I -õr
¿i L< ö no matter how hard (one) rries L. i 1-â 1
-å L( as- t.7-^2
åì D¡ ïTâIET.)HETâ] - ¿ L< ùt for; considering L.i 3-ñ
to appear (on TV, etc.) [ui.] 5-ffi
1.1 1
è L ¡ å¡À [EtËÊË] library 1.1 3-ñ
¿i'tàì'¡ [FlË] ëttØë ?"à¡\-tl*Wø*Wl local product 1.9-ffi
living together in a de facto relationship L.l4-:n2
åzËpiITl,,lWR#l
¿i ¿a ûnaily; atlast 1.13-ffi special express fare ticket 1.10-Ê1
¿"i ¿ < å.À tìËffiffi] view of moratiry 1.1 3-# ë.2ÈÌvl*Fål suddenly L.12-â3
å"Ì ùC O i tË^l infroduction L. I ¿--srÌ
å.2Ëz).èt,¡ì è [è"2Ëå.èËì è]
ë j ì'¡'tlffiVtl animaT 1.9-â1 ifl have to choose one over the other L.1s-â2
¿'i {, ¿<{, very (much) 1.1-â3
try å(
somehow; no matter how hard one may L. l-õ7i
*¡
-/ætr¡ -
can't possibly L.i-ffi
¿"i À i t(-¿)mël justtike - 1.1 s-ffi 1 ¿ 6 lE'ùÌ âl to deliver [¿r.]
ë*t'T L.e-ffi
à"Ì I ¡i tlÉûfttl colleague;co-worker 1.6-â1 è fe I [ts[] next door; next to L. i -â2
è ieUr [Ëv.] far 1.4-â3 Ìrt/¡, F' +- Y Donald Keene L.1 3-ffi
Ì. -r-l 7 Ì. tournament L. / ---oit èõl¡z( lftcla1] tojumpat L.1s-â3
¿ *"' I l-lÊ I I jort
"r -
L. I )-ãn I å * ã [ÌÉ* ð] to stay (over night) lui.l 1.1-Ê3
¿ < t#< I to explain [u.r.l 1.1 5-ñ 1 ¿ * ð [(-13) lå* ä] to stay (at -) t¿¿.1 L.O-il
å ( v¡ (rr) [€,Ë (re)] to be good ar L.1s-ffi1 ¿v>ä-1üB>âl
¿ < S tffi#l special t¿lent; skill 1.8-â3 to have - stay (over night) [u i.J 1.1-ffi
å ( L ¡g i tffiÆl special issue L.1s-ffi1 ¿ {r/¿Ë lÂël friend 1.1-â2
è ( Ë¡ i tffiætl characteristics 1.10-ffi èÛ together with; in company with
å {¡ 1.13-ñ
¿ < ùC [f+fc] particularþ L.5-õ,I (-¿) ¿ Ûù3 togetherwith - L.14-ffi2
å (.sç [f+FJ] special 1.4-Ë àðüf/¿àÉ [Jtlf/¡àå]
¿< It,/-!ffi7rl rcader; reading book 1.13-# husband and wife both working L.14-#2
ë 1 0't Ll¿[T4üL/¿] independent 1.11-â2 å&¡ä.( t¡ì
è'( I ç.rlr,' Ll" tätsü#5#l to say this and that; to meddie in (other's atrâtus) 1.14-ffi 2
spirit ofindependence 1.1 1-ffi Ì¡7:f 7X Dragons lname of abaseballteam] 1.7-â1
è ùltr¡ lFãfl clock; watch L.2-^2 ¿ I t,Rl chicken tltf.,birdl 1.6-â1
 ¿ u) u\tLâ IWV to adopt [u.t.J 1.1 5-# 1 telxùTre ( ü-¡ûfi¡e( l
¿ tq
Vä â to ^tLâl
manage all by oneself L.14-:n2 without much thought 1.1 5-ffi 1

è'9¡(tgrnl effort L]4-ffi,2 rÁA tül

(sushi serving of) medium quality/price L.6-^2
¿:a-lEn6l totake L. l-ãJ

¿l.j, )l pork cutlet 1.6-â1 r¡ 7¡.1èâ te ù*l' tiE å ùã9.l

to weep; to shed tears I t-úr
¿Ìtël- quickly and steadily; atarapidpace 1.11-â i L.

EÌ"à\!) ÛØ [+üØ] f*Èð [{Èb] to agonlze 1.14-â3

lname of dish; bowl of rice topped with things like fried rtà [fr.Ë] lplace nameJ 1.10-ffi
pork cutlet or fried shrimp, etc.J 1.6-â1
te È> u t t¿î, ol lË ù. lc øl f
thing which one hasjust learned L- I t-#
@r=**' /eà,ìi [lE'l¡] to stand in line [u.i.] L-l-^5

- /a t, r tT Èr [- rd ù. tlË b] (-¿) f*È> I'f síde by side (with -) L.14-ffi,2

to get by without -ing; to come offwithout - L.4-út
fe I lc lfrm] Narita (Internationat Airport) 1.1-#
fa*á9- tËTl to cor¡ect [ut ] 1.13-â3
-fa\ì:. in-'sownway 1.14-âi
/e*åâLtââl b6lÊâl to ring [u.i.] L.2-^2
to get better; to recover from illness [¿i.] L.12-^2
/eär\( ifpossible; as - as possibie L.5-E ¡
faÈìì/¡[jêù¡] long L.4--ñ.
/a ã lÍ è' I see. 1.6-â1
r¡ålL¡ [ã(tf] [famiþ nameJ L.12-#, tefu6l?lc)Htuâl tobe accustomed (to
-) L.4-ñ
fiålë å t€ffi1 lname of a ciw] L-ð-lr
-tgfufi>:t¡¿ L. / -ÃJ

/s/¡t/¿d¿9Tâ U+ÊÞTâl leÀà.¡¡Ë tffiHËl difficultytounderstand 1.13-ffi

to make it up with; to reconcile 1.15-ffi1
t* lutèÌt, l$tèl¡,] somehow 1.1 1 -â2
t¿y'¿tfg/¿t- fg¡r¡ not easily L.2-È2 l¡À( thingslike 1.4-â3
/*à¡Ø [FÐ] [name of a prefectureJ 1.1 3-â 1
fe luî,U ¡ o î, 4> [f¡û<É o < {¡ ]
bÌ¡f¡.1*Ðl content 1.13-ffi whatever else might be said; after ali 1.13-â3
/aã¡Ð [HtÐ] view 1.10-â2
fe h ëU t o T 4> [{-qt è É a ù ] r
/aȡtDlc [˿lc] somewhationg L.15-ffi,2 undeniably; no doubt; by any account [it., no matter what
but; although 1.1 J.ËR others may sayJ L.7-È2
-teù¡È>
lafisfuc < [(-lc)ffiþË< ] to drift ashore 1.8-ffi leltë,t¡t somehow L.12-#,

-/e + lcontraction of -¡¡ þll"]

Ë Ùl 1.9-â3 leÌ"ë-(4¡ tl-ùÆ-<ül
no matter how many times - L. I -út
-ta! ç/aþlaùr
have to - lcontraction of -â llþlÌA å ä ù'] L.7-^3 /el'EL.ta< tl¡¡g¿a < I manytimes 1.1 1-ffi

bÛâl#tiâl topitch L. I - -otù teìub.te( [fif è¡* ( ] somehow L.12-^2

t*ðSlùz IåËE#l leavingNagoya 1.10-â1 t¡ÀÌf!¡{¡ t.ltffiðl manytimes more - 1.13-ffi
(-l:¡ fa Db to get used to L.15-ffi2 f¿Ì'IfTâ t#&f äl tobe shipwrecked 1.8-ffi
/ttf¡à. ør some reason L.1s-ffi2 fefuI!1.13 [ffiJtùc] from north to south 1.10-ffi
fe'tlâl summer L.4-#" l.ùra l0lãtl
to suit; (something) becomes (a person) L. I t-Er
te->ë.1Tâlffi#Tâl
to understand; to be convinced L.i 1-ffi
ùcår< (rs) [ (-¡ÞÐ Ë? (¡e) ]
not good/skilled lat -J 1.13-â3

334
 ,,,,,H**Erl

-ùC
( l¡ hard to -; difficuit to - 1.1-ffi tabã IÉEål to sleep L. I -ú¿

::t:lTä to smile 1.1 1-FÉ t¿â lBâl to sleep; to go to bed L.2-+2

lC L À< ?Ë [:êff å] with two meals 1.10-â2 -laÀÈv¡ t-+ftl the -s L.l -ãn

ÙCËD¡ iZJ'V'*IIHËâãfr] t¿Ì't¿l'l+.+ I every year L.s-ffi

everyday conversation 1.1 s-ffi
-t¿Ì-t Èà.å [-SËå.à]
1

ù3Ë.\ùr IH?ß] Japan and the U.S. L.2-:út since - years ago 1.1-â1
ùcz Ê [Hlü] diary L- l--fl t¿l'*,21+*1 end of the year L.e-ffi
ùC(ì/¡å [(-lc){X<v.a] to resemble (-) 1.4-â1 o>) € xi të#l agriculture 1.1 0-ñ
_lc.ëoî fel _; fe _ L.7-Ê2 ) -)l v I. uncut L. / -EJ

Ùclt Ì-e)Ia [-æ H ¿c (Jtå v.) ] ) - \rt ú, ,¡ I North Carolina L. I 5-ãtù

second (largest) L.4-^2 0)¿6\ffiâl to remain [¿i.] 1.1o-ffi
ùclt,Ì"ù'TâlqãlbTâl o).?tJ t$Èßl to desire; to wish t.14-^2
to Japanize; to become Japanese 1.6-â3 ØËfÍ ¿' later [formal expression] L.12-*3
I=El-â Àå¡v¡ [HäiEiE] Øå' throat 1.12-â2;1.12-E
Japanese waters; offthe coast ofJapan 1.8-ffi
0)¿J9-ltFrfi]
ù31ÍÂ,ð¿ < ¿tÀ,tBä##äl
to cultivate; to develop (one's ski11, etc.) lu.t.l 1.1 5-ffi 1

Japanese reader 1.1 3-ffi Ø.1ä [ìü.1ã] to state 1.1 3-T

ù3ùÉ¡,'ìlLì lH4ryl ØZ^af¡ ltraìÀðl to swaliow L.12-*2

Japanese rnade; made in Japan 1.15-ffi1
ØÈr0 < Èr9 @)
lCö?|ffiøl luggage; baggage 1.6-ffi noncommittally; evasively; in a roundabout way L.12-ffi
ùC rp ì à¡( [.tS] admission to schooi 1.3-ffi Ø6l -rÒ*âl
to ride (inlon to take (a taxi,
-); a bus, etc.) L.4-:út
ùcroìå¡( Lùt¿,t^+fiHl
enffance examination 1.5-ffi 0)Ìv(ì9 Lte carefree; slow-moving L. l5-õr¡
lC ¡P i ë < t^Ell to enter a country L.ö-ffi

lc ro ì qtËTå lL#Tâl to have one's name @tt*-'

entered into the family register L.14-#,2 ¿ù tffil tooth 1.12-â3
t¿3.þì v) À < t^Jfl input L.14-+3 tf*þ.7 l- percent 1.5-ãñ
ìc 1"3 ùrbâ l^fi,'råãl popular L.7-ffi llv¡ S Ì i tÆ*l to close one'sbusiness L]4-#]
I!.1-Û l" L^lÃl person; human being L.l1-^2 lfl¡/¿t,¡ [Hff] medium 1.1 5-ffi 1

rc. Ll'ZT â lAffiT âl to recognize 1.1 5-ffi 1 /ì¿ h :7.¡vìy' | 1.8-â3

ù!.Ì"blâ l#NTâl to acknowledge 1.1 5-ffi 1 Itt,¡lÞÌ [ãFÆ] actorlacûess 1.7-E; L.i3-â2
IC Ì"t, E læHÉl level of name recognition 5- ffi i L. 1 (-f¿) lf¡ä.9 have just done - 1.1-â1
ÈLtÌl owner L, I J-ú¿ ùÈÉùtå¡f6 tüåfi?tsfãl
iaÈ Hey! [a way of getting someone's attention] 1.5-â3 to feel like vomiting L.1 2-E
*ac t*l fever 1.3-â4 ùt< te<l tothrowup L]2-È1
taoLl"Ùc[*,ul:1 intently; eagerly L.4-ñ. lÌ( L¡ tÉål whitepaper L.14-#,1

-*aÌIteÈ>fe\¡ have to L.14-:û,2 lå < D¿, tÉ^l Caucasian 1.8-ffi

teÌïi T â lF.þÈT âl to oversleep 1.1 -â3 1 ¿f < À t#ffi] the Shogunate L. Õ- E'T

ìJtt?i (¡¡) [ffi?Ì (¡e)] iooking sleepy L.2-â,2 ÌÈùÌtl Im*Tl to encourase L. I 5-En

335
 ùt ¿ ta tffiæl [place name] 1.10-â2 tìt)ùy F Hollwood 1.13-â2
ll¿'lì[ì9..!ì] tocarry 1.6-ffi ùù 0 åra m9ffil
,fy7 1 y I . r) -/- Pacifr,cLeagae L./---on paper posted (on a board, a wali, etc.) 1.5-Ê 1

¿å DÐ t(-ä)rÊÐl ùåð t#l spring t.4-Ê2

starting with
-; - including L,
'
-ùü 2{!- power 1.1 5-# 1

lÈDÐ< lþlÐ<l forthe firsttime 1.1 -T tl/a2 Bangkok L.1s-#,2

-I*.1)ù â l-MÐâ) to begin v-ing 1.7-ñ ùf,ÀðtùÂ,trfr¿tr1

t lthnÍ)
Ê.1. place 1.5-â 1
drner llít., evening meall 1.11-â1

ltLâlfr,âl to run L.1 0-ãñ ùÈÀSL¡ [àE#] crime 1.10-ffi

2lZ bath 1.10-â2 tfÀËÅ,å,irfiÈ{El
)\7 pass 1.10-ffi
:+&þÉ{r@ffi7)sÉ( äå ¿ t L.1A-ffi,1

låfÈ. Ltr¡ [Íùfà.Lv.] embarrassing 1.13-ffi ùtÀl¿¡¡ [trf,{] opposite L. i 3-â3

Ìùlt- to remove; to get rid of L.14-ffi2 Itl-t¿LT â lfltrTãl to judge 1.15-ffi1
/r7Tâ to pass (an exam) L. l-út tt/-t¿tua < t¿ltflJträTll
,¡ìX<U¡ [r\XF] bus stop 1.1 1-É to make ajudgment L. tJ-û¿¿

Ill*Lâ l?ù,e>) F*tt'âl to be out of L.1s-ffi,2 It /-E bl¡ lv l> ¡ i [E H ffilÉ]

tÌ/¿SÈJ.uì [Ðt*r.] chil1y L.1s-#,2 anti-Japanese sentiment 1.1 3-ffi

Itt¿òIÌt ITâ løå¿.ùlål l¿tÀ,b/r,l[ffi] objection; counterargument 1.1 5-ffi2

to approach (someone) 1.15-â2 ôtffi+Itl comparedwiththepreviousvear L.14-ffi1
ùå/cà( t@(l towork L.14-:úÌ,1 E,rEl- hero t. / ---"ri

IttcÌ'T 6 tü#Tål to break up L.14-:úr,2 ôårì,¡ [&#] damage 1.1o-ffi

ùtË D ¡ ì t¡fål eight-mat room 112'x12'l 1.7-Ë UÌJtV lname of abu]lettrainl 1.10-â1
It2tål-lftÊJ pronunciation 1.1 3-â 1 $( Lrffilvr] low 1.7-Ë;1.12-Ë
It-> ä l) T â to become clear L. J- õr¡ 0'¿iËtftfiffil aþlane 1.1-â3
t\v þ- batter L.7-:úÌ, ôS (one's) lap L.15-ã2
lf¡>t¿V (to meet) by chance 1.11-â1 ôË L,ìì9 t4L.lì¡rl
lÈ'r(Àt#El development 1.15-ffi2 for the frrst time in a iong time 1.4-â3
2ty l!-aY F happy end(ing) L./-re ADÀi ùC [tFH¿c] extremeþ; very L.2-#,
ùåcö¡ aT6l*æTâ1 to announce 1.5-â 1 U-> 19Tâ tobe surprised 1.1-ffi
Ilt"cl¡t¡¡ 6 l#Ll),ùÌ âl to talk to 1.1-â3 ôcthÀè i.û¿" tHf'f4E#l
International Date Line t-#
BrsL¿¿rl#L¿bl L.

to become absorbed in talking L'11-â1 ôpðTtãraüll

Ìtlt¿l.ãl,r [tFËu.] wide 1.15-ffi1 to move to a new piace ofresidence L. I -8,Ì

ùttrì/r [#ùr] fast; quick 1.4-ffi ¿1.?D[+] sheep 1.10-ffi

It + â lffi1î âl to be popular [u.i. ] L.1s-â3 U o LI? I'X'fti'cl desperately 1.1 5-ffi i
ÈÈr a l*Li I to pay 1.3-ffi U->lcV Qe) perfect fit 1.8-â3
llà (¿r)^å ¡61¿r¡^.ãl ë.vft* pitcher L.7-^1
to be hungry lused by menJ 1.6-Ê3 O'2 N i t3t¡r [,l.Eft¡r] not necessary L.O-út

ItÈ>êt¿î â lffiêtcî âl to set ansry L.12-:úÈ õÌ.(t,¡Tã lãÊT âl to reject L.14-:fi,2

336
 ,,,,,+#*5rl

tlÐù¡1 terrible; awful 1.4-Ëñ À( So(re) [Ë#(¡e)]

ö å"tr¡ 2 unfair; cruel 1.14-â1 complicated; complex 1.4-Ë;1.13-â3
tl'¿ ¿ ¿ t-Ël one word 1.1z-ffi À< *trå [(-ù3)ât116]
to be included (in .âtr]
Utte&.(r¡) [Àüa*(¡¡)] -) [passive form of L.O-8'i)

average; ordinary; like normal people 1.13-ffi À< ¡iTá.lEeHTâl totake (medicine) L.12-â2
¿1.¿lf¿,t*41 onenight 1.1-â3 Àëi.lv¡lõâ+l unfair L.14-ffi2
f)¿t) ùrâ Ê t¿l.¿ 9lFål walking alone 1.10-# ÀSùlôi tÀSttâil tokideachother L.i1-ffi
tlùc( (¡e) [ÆH(re)] ironic 1.1 2-FÉ ÀLStT,B*l mystery 1.3-Ë
Llt¿tlwTâ t#flTäl to criticize 1.1 0-ffi ÀDÀtffi^l woman 1.13-ffi
ôô[H.+] days 1.1 1-ffi Àl¿lcö[Fîús] again L. I 5-õrX

ô* (rÀ) [üH(¡¡)] ftee ltime] 1.1 3-# àIc'zd>¡-zEJ second L.7-^2

È;r.- È:r- lthe sound of the howling windJ 1.12-FÆ Àzi lÈrÊl common; usual 1.2-ffi; L3-ffi
Os¡ i LrÀ t*äffi] beaury salon L. O- õr¡ ,ììcå.[4äftr] (commodity) prices L.b-ffi
¿¡'¡ìÊttrfi] sickness t.2-ffi ,lìaå¡alIL#) Buddhism L.4-ffi
ö ¡ i ðùl'L IEHRI Hyogo Prefecture L./---on À¿1.Àtflffi] parts L.7-^2
U xì l-Tâ\ffifrTâl to die from an illness 1.8-ffi ,àì"ììÀ, t*ilâl part L.12-fr,
tl.'¡iD¡itffittl À.\À (ra) tTæ(/Á)l inconvenient L.Õ-m
the condition of a disease or illness L.12-r À*ÀtTi#l discontent 1.15-ffi2
U x,i 9 ro ì L+ lHffiäl Àtþ tel w'inter L.4-È2
a person who goes adrift on the ocean L.B-ffi 7, z l. V- ! a 7 frustration 1.15-â2
öäif lEfðl da¡ime 1.14-Ê1 77V l:v¿i 172 71,'ËÊl Íü.,brand-oriented,
6ôÌJrâ [ËÈrå] to spread out [u.i.] L.15-ffi2 i.a.,llking for namebrand goodsl 1.8-Ë
OZVltLl fmaie given namel 1.1-ffi Tt)?7^¿a Lîr)?7Êl [nameofashipJ 1.8-ñ
A Ìrl¡rl, es) tff¿ffi (rd)l sensitive; susceptible 1.1 5-â3 à,6 lÞäl to fal7le.g., rain, snow, etc.l L.2-+2
Lf Ì'IË.kùi [trX¿c] Íiequently; often 1.1 5-ffi 1 7tr+å rÐ i l7'trFff] professionalbaseball L]-ñ
û l"+ u) ¿T â to be chilly/cool L. I J-út¿ TVVV 'l 7 frontier 1.1 0-;ñ

-,ìì t-#l club 1.5-â3 ÀÀV¡å læffifr1 atmosphere 1.12-ffi

77-7.1.i.-À firstname L. I -õ1 [tlL] culture
-lì1"å¡ L.1-â2
ltrF]
ÀV¡¿1, member of a club 1.5-â3 'lìÀål< tÏ+l literature L. J- ilt
Ài¿it#ffi1 envelope 1.13-Ë ìÅ/tl-W a lf,€l collection of essays 1.1 1-ffi
Ài À t*ffi] husband and wife L- l4-^ I
"lìÀÈÊ tã'tr] analysis L. I )-ilr I

È,j L on,really.; Really? L-l-E j ,lìÂ,lfi tÏËl sramma: 1.1 -;fi

.å'àä t(-rÞÐJËàäl to increase [ui.] L.5-Eî .lìrLåç < tfffil context 1.15-ñ1
7È-Ì..9s-Ì Fortceorge 1.8-ñ .,1ìÀ+târy1 field 1.15-ffi1
À¡Þ.( [fi€( ] deeply 1.1 s-ffi 1
':t,¡Ê (/a) [*fi(re)] unperrurbed; calm 1.14-Ê1
,lìå.c å'ì tfliÊel club activities lin the sense of .\ì/ ¡ ìlì/ ¡ ¿rÀ h /- l+ Ê,ft,+l
'extracurricular activities'l 1.5-õñ first year of Heisei h9891 L. I t-È1
,lìËð¡ù3 [Tfi4ù:] weird; eery 1.9-ffi -:|. Really?; Gee!; You're kidding. L.4-*2
.\É (È) should L.5-iin

337
 -./c [T* (¡¡)] not good; unskilled
(tæ) 1.13-ffi It,l"Lø i t+ttll lmain island of JapanJ L.1o-ffi
.rz?ì [FJ#] summer cottage 1.1 3-# E./-¿.413 [+Elc] rea1ly; truly L.4-+3
¡\? ù3 -t¡Lì lflJlC -fa¡.1 not parlicularly 1.4-â1 ItÀ'lg/-(Ê, ) (to speak) withoutreserve or ln
machine gun fashion
^ç [#E]
room L.2-^2 L. I ¿-ûr,

^i'747 fluently 1.1-ffi ¿tÀ+ < tffiã[] translation 1.8-â2

¿{, - Commodore Perry L-õ-õn It, l' ò\\Ø l#*øl original 1.9-ffi

^å [Hð]
to decrease [ui.] L-l-õn

".r.Â,(/r) l*Qe)l stranse L.2-ã.1 @t=--'

.:lult Tâ l(.*ff)*l[lâl to change 1 1O-ffi f ù, well lused when making a modest or hesitant
.\lvùTt/\'l â INMT â1 to transform 1.1 5-# 1
statementl 1.13-ffi
.ìÂ,¿'Lt##:Ll iawyer 1.4-â1 [-&] lcounter
- * lr¡ for thin, flat oþects such as
.\/wLwi ttriJfil editins 1.8-Ê3 sheets ofpaperl 1.3-Ê1
.\/-L/-Tâ l*Ðf âl to change oneself L.14-ffi2 *.vâl8âl [humble form of 11 < /Xâl 1.6-â2
,: lu te ù, tô ê T 6 l*te ffiþ T â l *à/ÈttrEl lfamiþnamel 1.1-â3
to look annoyed; toTookprzzTed L, ¿- õrÌ
(-ä"'lc) *z).'ltã
.ì¿,9 (rÁ) [ÆfU(re)] convenient L.5-õn to entrust (something) to (someone) L.14-ñ2
Iti Zu\TblffiW"f âl totelevise L.7-ffi, å Ëf LtËå9-Ll rolled sushi 1.1 s-Fd

ùË i ål [-o)Ëår"'] - is more ... than L.2-ffi, ãß\â runa 1.1 5-FÉ

It i À (¡¡) iËË (ra) I bountitul; pienty L.l-*2 (-lc) * ¡treu. comparable (to -); equal (to -) [ltf.,
¡ti lt i tfì*l method L.B-ffi not to iose to -l L.l4-ffi,2

Ita ùl.lfrffi1 direction; area 1.8-ffi i.l|âlAtTâl tolose (agame) [ui.l L.7-ffi,
Iti t¿ /-l â tÊüHlTãl to visit L. / - -oJî
ìIf firstofall L, J-ËÎ I

fi*4 porter L.O-M ?73 t h mascot 1.9-+ 1

,tr- 77 1 ð å [,+-Àxr,f rE] *9-*9- increasingly L.9-#,

:g+4'7)ì'h-À
^ 7 î 4 þ l-1 t' 68 L.4-+1 */¿ also L,f,-úr
(-ø) ùÍÈ. besides - L./-iñ. ìt/cô å f [È/¡&î] See you later. L.2-^2
rr< lÆl Ë /¿ ìf /êfT (I am) not good yel L.1-+2
I [It is the most neutra] form for male speakers.l L.1-*2 * Ë tFJl town; city L. -õ1 I

lÈllurÈÀtffiffiñÊl whaiingvessel L.Õ-út *,ËùrÈ:ÈlrcizÈi;,È) to anange to meet L.7-à2

lf,þìrtfffiþtr] towant L.7-+2 t!ùtà-âlfåËÈ.ål tomakeamisrake L.4-*.2
tï?ùfä¿ (#9.) ifËîtËîl intown 1.1 1-â 1

(to speak) in a subdued tone L.12-ffi ìfz/ê [fÄet] [family namel L.14-#,2

lÍ"rå.r,¡âÌ tJtùEËl t a/c ( -tar¡r [g( -r¡¡r] not at all 1.1 1-ffi
[the biggest island in the north ofJapan] 1.8-# tcð è tfÄ*l lfamilyname] 1.1 1-ffi
lÍå¡1,å" almost L./--ñ ìf ¿'CË t,$El (ticket) window 1.10-â1
ItÈÀå"-tet ¡ hardly; aimostnever 1.3-ffi; 1.11-Ë *,¿Ò6
lfù* almost L.15-ffi2 to put together (in a report); to summarize Lj4-ffi1
,+ 7 -Ì.ùrÈl[,ir7-48[] hor¡or film 1.7.8 Ë /eÀ [S,ì¡] to learn; to study 1.8-ffi
,ß, Yî ,I 7 vohtnteer 1.8-â1 *ia< I#<l toinvite 1.1 3-ffi

338
 *.teT 6 lÊ"MTâl to imitâte L.1s-#1 7tl'LW < tEßl private house providing lodging and
Ë A lÊ+l lfemale given name] 1.11-+3 tourists
meals to 1.1 O-â3
it ð tA ( not much iater; soon Èr.z)ri [(-/\) ¡¡È\i ] to head toward - [u.i.] 1.8-ffi
ìf ð ã t+äl to obsewe; to keep (rules) L.15-ffi,2 ð¡à.åä [ì4àã] toweicome; to meet; to greet L.i-ffi
*,W7, lfemale given namel 1.1-â2 ðrà.L tËl the past; the old days L.7-*2
* I ¿ t* D +l ffemale given name] 1.15-â3 f]Û hÙa[trmlc] withoutlimit 1.1 1-ffi
*.þ9 lBîl around (someone) 1.15-â3 tsl)w/,T6le¿)frÊ'f âl
7¡ ù>u t trT -> ð À [F,åv.ffiffi ] to contradict (-) L. I5-E¡
anangedmatrtage 1.9-* bLb rather 1.6-ffi
7ràâlnà.âl lpoliteverbmeanins*6] 1.12-â3 ür9.¡ä. LU¡ [tr Lt.] difficult t.2-^2
7¡ättt¿Vtl.EflÌur¡t.] can'tsee them all 1.1O-ffi bTe) tffil daughter 1.1-ffi
7¡.2 I'L+ t*ffi#l unmarried person L.14-ffi,1 f3l¿ (rá) l^trffi (/r)] wastetul L.11-ffi,
A Då\ìr¡ lÆùìl short 1.1 1-ffi {¡Ë+ (¡¡) [*#(¡e)] unreasonable 1.12-#,
á^l-òùàl.Etràf¡] unfamiliar 1.13-ffi f: ë ktz + < t^trüÈl to be indifferent L.I 5-ffi 1

TrTi arlffil lake L.4-+2 {rà lffl village L. U-il I

AÈ tËl shop; store 1.6-Ê1 Ðt,r [Æ] niece 1.8-ñ

AIZU6lar?#l misosoup L.1 1-:út Ðt,¡L[å*û] (name) card;businesscard 1.1-â3
4¡-[--EJ [famiynameJ L.i-â1 ¿)t,¡A (/¡) [åä(¡¡)] honorabte L./--ñ
AËÈ tËtEl fmaie given name] 1.14-ffi2 e)i å tH-hl
fìbùcã. Ì i [ìËù:ìËi ] to set iost 1.7-Ë person ofhigher statlls; one's senior L.2-ffi
b.'zltrâ ln2ù\âl - is found [¿i.] 1.1-ffi ) - l, - manufacturer; maker L.I-E¿
7¡'tII â ln?Û âl to frnd -[¿¡.] 1.1-ffi ) - )V e-mat7 L.Z-85
âa å {¡ l*tr¡ indecent; unsightþ 1.11-*3 ÐSìt Ltr¡ spectacular; amazing 1.14-fr,2
h¿ùâ tile)ål Ðsìf L¿"ùlv¡ [HË* LF*t] alarmclock t.2-^2
to tecognue; to approve; to notíce 1.3-ffi;1.13-ffi
e>VöÌrtâIAUl,ùrâl
ZrëE [female given name] L. I t-úr lhonorific form of ê-¡ a /fr{l] 1.6-Ê2
Z¡teä À' LËë Ì"1 all of you L.4-+2 r)9-à LV. lVàVu,l tate 1.4-Ê1
Z¡te7¡lñl south 1.10-ffi dlotcÙC-teu¡ rarely L. / -ÃJ
AIC < ì/r IHLr] usly L.io-ffi e>rcùr*.âIH¿RâI
erØ L b q ØÈ b lÐ Ø *. t, g o)þ#l to be too much (to tole¡ate) 1.11-ffi
care in one's home life L.14-*û,2 lå¡-- menu 1.6-â1
7rà\l) lÐWV J gest"e 1.1 1-ffi ÐääËTlHäË*Èl towakeup L.2-È2
7r4ù3Tâlnrcg61 :rd( L.1s-ñ1 ù>Ì"1úl aspect L.1s-â2
A+¿ lìil] city; capital 1.10-ffi ùlwÈ2lffiWl interview L.5-úd
7¡.0 x1(Ë (r¡) tAüÈffi(r¡)l attractive L.1o-ffi ù/-ëi (r¡) lEîf;û(¡¡)] troubresome L.O-ãr
Atâ l#âl to examine (a patient) L.12-+1 6 i ùr, ùf [{, i -lF]to need just a linle more
7¡è4>oîlhëÞr<l improvement [lif,, just one more stepJ 1.5-â2
personaliy [l#., wittÌ one's own bodyl 1-ñ
1.1
ð ì L¿A [+U¿a] tequest; apptication 1.10-â1
ð i L¿¿' t+ LìÀðl to appty 1.3-â2
ð iTtFTl lhumble formofË i] 1.1-â1 +if ø<ÈÀlù+Hl lname of atrainline] L.7-^2
ðiÀt+fr] bia¡ket L.15-ñ2 +ìf {, ¿ tllËl lfamily nameJ t.14-+2
ð < <Ë tHffil purpose 1.3-ffi +пËËT lcontractionoffÐ{Jôå*f] L.6-*.2
fJbT/" ofcourse L-l-õ1 +Ò6 to refrain from -ing [¿¿] L-O-EZ

{¡ a è {¡ [Ëð] : t'Ë tfÅ, L.14-#,1 È& alittle L.15-ffi2

ù<ùå+l topraise;tomakemuchof [ut.] 1.15-ffi1 &i¡àà.U¡ [Éiàå.t.] soft L.12-^2
Ü < ä to be popular (with) L.14-^2 W jttrlclgfrl
€f.¡1, fashion model 1.8-â2 late afternoon, usuallyjustbefore dinnertime 1.10-Ê3

ir ¿Ðâ [:&Ðä] to request; to ask for 1.4-â3 lÞi ¿ tffi+l [female given name] 1.1 5-ffi 1

ð ¿*ð tFål to return [u.i.] 1.8-ffi Wa¿jLãrXl valid 1.1o-ffi

4ro)lãl person 1.3-ffi WiLWì (¡e) [ÆÊ(¡e)] excellent; t¿lented L.15-#,2

ðØlð< tremendously t.s-+2 ÙÞìL¡ i tÆtr] championship L.7-ffi,

-öú)È usedto (do something) 1.1 1-ffi Wjl.x < ttÊl dinner [lit.,eveningmeal] 1.4-â3

-410)0) although - 1.1 3-ffi Wi l>l-lh,Ll friend L.¿- -otl

4>Ei I A lffiMT âl to imitate 1.1 5-ffi 1

WiÈl-TâlWftTal
5-# to give priority; to prefer L.J-ãñ
4>v>â to have a dispute [quarrelJ with 1.1 1

ð I /¿ t#El lfamilY namel 1.14-â3 ¡þì Ðr,. (ra) [ã^å(¡e)] famous L.4-ã2
ð I +Ë [*ilJ] lfamilY namel 1.8-ffi ¡Þ¡ä.1¿ [lãã] informal cotton kimono L.i0-â3
ð¿,< tÏãl complaint 1.1 1 -T Wo 19 leisurely 1.10-ffi
EVJ)V Mongolia L.7-=,î, WØblñØlrl tea cup (for green tea) 1.9-â3
Èr¿,/¿l,r [Flff] problem 1.1 1 -T lÞö'ðl t(-ä)fË#Tl to point (to -) 1.1 3-ffi
lþAì lfemale given nameJ 1.6-â 1

@t=--' tÞð ¿ tË+l lplace nameJ 1.10-â2

&¡Þì( before long; soon 1.8-ffi Wt0 lfemale given nameJ L.2-*2
&å.* Lv¡t tobe fussy; tobe overþ criticai 1.11-â3 W6Tl#Tl toallow 1.8-;ñ

&å.È Lv¡2 noisy 1.15-ffi2 Àìr¡:t,.t. L,L'ùú

&Ë ro ì tÐnel baseball 1.7-â 1 À i ðtÆ#l terms L.2-ffi

&Ë¡oì D¡ì t4f$#l baseballstadium l. / --ãñ ¡i LtHffil form L.3-+2
+ < t*ttl approximateþ 1.1 1-ffi À i D tÆ$l errand; things to do L.7-^2
+ < ð tån#l Japanese equivalent 1.10-Ë XiTëfìâ [Ë+å.8ã] to see howitgoes 1.5-â2
+ < I hEÈl to translate L. Z- ãrÌ (-o)) x ì ùc tiLe - L.4-ffi,

S ( Èz l&t'>1 tobe usetul; tobe helptu1 1.8-ffi -xircTa

.? ( lCl¿z [&lcU.r¡ to be usetul L.¿+-8,Ìto try to -;
to make an effort to - t.7-^2
+ð Llr. kind; sweet 1.1 1-ffi À i lù tg¿Ìl in a word; in short 1.1 s-ffi 1

*/cå (lC) excessiveþ; indiscriminately L.1s-#,1 ¡ i if t#fðl western-sgrle room 1.4-Ë

Èc[fl] achap;agay 1.1 5-ffi 1 À < tgl thenext (day/yeat/etc.) 1.8-ffi

&u è at last L.12-#, À ( Dz tSHl the next day 1.7-Ë

+¿tæl inn; lodging 1.10-â2 À< lf i tfrgl desire 1.1 3-ñ

+¿i tErl tohire 1.8-â3 À¿ tËl side L.i1-â3

 À ¿ U ìf tËFl [place nameJ 1.10-ñ 9 ù'vtT â tI[Ê4Tã] to understand 1.1 3-ñ
t ¿+* tËtlJl ffamilyname] 1.8-â1 93Llh*] sumo wrestler L.7-ffi
Ar:ËHø=v)i--¿ 1.2-Ê3 9<ËtEül land 1.8-ffi
Ì L/¿ tãEl lfamily nameJ 1.2-â3 r) 7 squirrel 1.2-E
À Lrg i t}Ël preparation (for class) L.s-â2 VZi t#.fl ideai L.14-^2
À Ë [-øâüårret.1 there is no room for - L.15-ffi,2
-9?t-¡Fl -rate L.14-ffi,1
(-l:¡ ¡ oa't depending on - L.¿- -orÌ
0eë ( å À [üElffi] ttreory of nation building 1.1 5-ffi 1

(-l:¡ ¡ -tî2 by golg¿ci*mtffi

ÀzlSè' I !Þi t4Èl reason L.s-#
considerably; realþ; to a greât extent 1.13-â2
0roìå¡(Ëåtg+rEl
tËøtr1
J,0)Ì*,1¿, sociery; world L.14-fr,2 lschool where a foreign student stuclies] 1.5-â1
À ¿F'¿ i tfffiæl school designed to prepare students 9 øi/¡¡11âlË+Tâl tostudyabroad 1.1-â1
for college entrânce exams
9 w j Ìt¡ ( $¡r7)rfr | lg+aËffi] lperson who deals
L.f-õ,l

À ô ¿ ù) å [nf A'nÐ ä ] to flag down L.O-8,l with matters pertaining to foreign studentsl 1.8-â3
À,5ìl(-ä"'î) F.tll to call - by 1.1-ffi ..
I ro i ås ( .rlu¡.ì'a å¡ [B+!ËHtf+]
Ìe<lå ll*fTål tomakeareservation L.1O-T special division for foreign students L.5- úù

À l&i tâäl room; space L.15-=,n2 0 x)lRl dormitory L.2-^2

X â læâl to stop by 1.3-â4 I ¡ì-trû-l borh- L./-="tn
X.âlel at night 1.10-ffi 0¡ìËÀtH*l fee;fare 1.10-â1
X6¿ accordingto - L.f,- E'T 9 x ) l.Ì"lñffi1 parents [lir.,bothparents] 1.1-â3
À å ¿À tË..ììl V Èilâ tî|JÆTðl to make use of L.J- EÎ
to show joy; to be pleased; to rejoice 1.2-*; 1.9-Ê 1
I ¡ì I tflgl cooking;cuisine L.4-ãñ
ÀãðÀf lËÀtl gladiy; withpleasu¡e 1.7-â1 9 xì 9'tlñül
X.bl.< t¡'ttcà- ( ÈË t ¡ l(.-Ò x,7, L< *iGà < ti to do two things concurrently L.14-ñ1
ð lrl Say hello (to -) for me. L.4-fr,
9 xiqei#4El
x b l. < *jiaå¡u¡ Lt T lx aL ( ÈÆr¡ L*Tl high class Japanese sqde restaurant L.b-ffi
[morepolitewayofsaying EiëtôL<] 1.1-â1 9 xùrl'ltftffil Japanese inn L. O- õt¡

9 x ¿ì L+ [üft1Íl*] travel agency L. I U-õ'T

@u-*' 9 x¿ jT6lffiftfâl totravel L. O- õr¿

à ( (¡e) [#(r¡)] 9 6À,1Æffi1 theory 1.1 s-ffi 1

easy; comfortable; leading an easy iife L.5-Eñ fLì,¡ [fif] example t.2-I
- à LV¡ it seems that; evidentþ 1.1-ffi þv¡ è ( (re) [¡*ffi(¡a)] cruet; hearttess L.15-#"2
tzL x j ðÀ|ffi¿fFTl [amoviename] 1.7-â3 tLl"\o)lwØl
9y!t-TV- rushhour 1.10-ffi usual; that whích was mentioned before 1.13-ffi
,l)Vl:.?, I:+)V ls RanaldMcDonald L.Õ- E ¡ þv¡lf i [;âF] air conditioning 1.15-ffi2
b /-1fl,1 [a movie name] þË LtÆÈl history
I t+l lchinese family name] L. t5-úù V ,'t) t-, a 7 recreation L.7-1
- I
r) Teague t. /---"ñ, lz.\Ìz leve1 1.5-â2
th ffemale given name] L.14-*2 lr,Ë- l- rcportjpapei

34'l
 tLlvbU\ùI 2 ¿ /- lÆ*:ffiffi1 iove marriage 1.9-Ë *tùI rcason;explanation 1.1 3-â 1

tul'LW i tffigl practice 1.13-â3 t¡ùltù*/et ¡ ifs not the case that L.3-ñ,

tLl-ê < LÆffi1 continuously L.14-ffi1 *rS*rS

to go out of one's way to do something 1.9-â1
fLl-Èr<äËtËffittl
place where one can be reached 1.10-â2
4:'V?lffiäl a tatami room; Japanese-st¡rle room

ã ì å. [ÆT] hallway; corridor 1.4-B 1.7-Ë;1.10-â2

ô i ëi E È < lfrøz-l labor; work force L.14-ffi] bTfLTìa [ËÌtTùc] :Ëi¿/¡ r.''c 1.3-Ë

ba l! LhELI unemployed samurai; a high school bT*LâlË,tLâl to forget 1.3-â 1

graduate who is spending a year studying for a college z.:'fcTlËTl to hand (somethins) to [¿t.] 1.6-ffi
entrance examination L.f-8,Ì
irlcr¡.r[iËË] lfamiþ nameJ 1.1 5-ffi 1

b 1ìC-teLt not much; not enough L.12-^1 (-ùt) t>t¿v) :-o)lã 1.1 5-ffi 1

b /-àìÌ"lffiXl article; essay; thesis L. / -rË

b t, ì l$rl to laugh; to smile 1.3-Ë;1.13-â2
*r 9 ôlr¡ [flà] ratio; percentåge L.14-#,1
@t=*-' L.5-út
þårtlr [Ë!¡] young 1.1-ffi
þ ä ìrrùl ¿. [#ùrùl ä] r am sorr5r, but ... 1.3-â4
bìJ\â l(-'àr).ftÌ)\âl to undersr¿nd - 1.2-Ê 1
*>â1bâut) t*EäÉil
*>l¿'ltâ l(-¿)flltLâl to speak ill of (someone) 1.1 1-ffi
to part (from -); to say farewell (to
-) L.Z-ffi

342