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M1 Sets PDF
M1 Sets PDF
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At the end of this lecture, a student must be able to:
Listing/Roster Method:
Rule Method:
Listing/Roster Method:
Rule Method:
Definition
1 A is a subset of B, written A ⊆ B, if and only if
every element of A is an element of B. If set A is not
contained in set B, we write A 6⊆ B.
Definition
1 A is a subset of B, written A ⊆ B, if and only if
every element of A is an element of B. If set A is not
contained in set B, we write A 6⊆ B.
2 A is a proper subset of B, written A ⊂ B, if and only
if A is a subset of B and there exists an element of B
which is not in A.
A, B, C ⊆ U
A, B, C ⊆ U
A⊆B
A, B, C ⊆ U
A⊆B
C 6⊆ B
A, B, C ⊆ U A⊂B
A⊆B
C 6⊆ B
A, B, C ⊆ U A⊂B
A⊆B
C 6⊆ B A, B, C ⊂ U
Reflexivity A ⊆ A
Reflexivity A ⊆ A
Transitivity if A ⊆ B and B ⊆ C,
Reflexivity A ⊆ A
Example: Let
U = {x | x is a letter in the word “escape”}
A = {c, a, p, e} B = {p, a, c, e}
C = {a, p, e, s} D = {a, c, e}
Example: Let
U = {x | x is a letter in the word “escape”}
A = {c, a, p, e} B = {p, a, c, e}
C = {a, p, e, s} D = {a, c, e}
Then
A=B
Example: Let
U = {x | x is a letter in the word “escape”}
A = {c, a, p, e} B = {p, a, c, e}
C = {a, p, e, s} D = {a, c, e}
Then
A=B
B 6= C, A 6= C, A 6= D
Example: Let
U = {x | x is a letter in the word “escape”}
A = {c, a, p, e} B = {p, a, c, e}
C = {a, p, e, s} D = {a, c, e}
Then
A=B
B 6= C, A 6= C, A 6= D
A ∼ B, B ∼ C, A ∼ C
Math 17 (UP-IMath) Sets and The Set of Real Numbers Lec 1 9 / 25
Let A, B, C be sets. We have
Reflexivity A = A
Symmetry If A = B, then B = A.
Transitivity If A = B and B = C, then A = C.
Reflexivity A = A
Symmetry If A = B, then B = A.
Transitivity If A = B and B = C, then A = C.
Definition
Two sets A and B are said to be in one-to-one
correspondence if to each element of A there corresponds
an unique element of B and vice-versa.
Definition
Two sets A and B are said to be in one-to-one
correspondence if to each element of A there corresponds
an unique element of B and vice-versa.
Illustration:
A = {c, a, p, e}
Definition
Two sets A and B are said to be in one-to-one
correspondence if to each element of A there corresponds
an unique element of B and vice-versa.
Illustration:
A = {c, a, p, e}
B = {a, p, e, s}
Definition
Two sets A and B are said to be in one-to-one
correspondence if to each element of A there corresponds
an unique element of B and vice-versa.
Illustration:
A = {c, a, p, e}
l l l l
B = {a, p, e, s}
U - universal set; a
rectangular region
U - universal set; a
rectangular region
A - a set; any closed
region, usually circular
U - universal set; a
rectangular region
A - a set; any closed
region, usually circular
x or y - elements; dots
U - universal set; a
rectangular region
A - a set; any closed
region, usually circular
x or y - elements; dots
x ∈ A, y ∈
/A
Definition
The union of two sets A
and B is the set of elements
that belong to A or B or
both.
Definition
The union of two sets A
and B is the set of elements
that belong to A or B or
both.
A∪B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Definition
The intersection of two sets
A and B is the set of
elements that belong to A
and B.
Definition
The intersection of two sets
A and B is the set of
elements that belong to A
and B.
A∩B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Definition
The difference of two sets A
and B is the set of elements
in A which are not in B.
Definition
The difference of two sets A
and B is the set of elements
in A which are not in B.
A−B or A\B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈
/ B}
Definition
The difference of two sets A
and B is the set of elements
in A which are not in B.
A−B or A\B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈
/ B}
Definition
The difference of two sets A
and B is the set of elements
in A which are not in B.
A−B or A\B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈
/ B}
A − B = {1, 3}
Math 17 (UP-IMath) Sets and The Set of Real Numbers Lec 1 19 / 25
Set Operation: Difference
Definition
The difference of two sets A
and B is the set of elements
in A which are not in B.
A−B or A\B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈
/ B}
Example: Let
U = {x|x is a counting number less than 10} and
A = {3, 5, 2, 8, 9}
then
Math 17 (UP-IMath) Sets and The Set of Real Numbers Lec 1 20 / 25
Set Operation: Complement
Definition
Let A ⊆ U . The
complement of A is the set
of all elements of U which
are not in A.
A0 or Ac = {x ∈ U | x ∈
/ A}
Example: Let
U = {x|x is a counting number less than 10} and
A = {3, 5, 2, 8, 9}
then Ac = {1, 4, 6, 7}.
Math 17 (UP-IMath) Sets and The Set of Real Numbers Lec 1 20 / 25
Set Operation: Cartesian Product
Definition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b
denoted by (a, b).
Definition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b
denoted by (a, b).
Definition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b
denoted by (a, b).
The Cartesian product A × B of sets A and B is the set
of ordered pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B.
Definition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b
denoted by (a, b).
The Cartesian product A × B of sets A and B is the set
of ordered pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B.
Definition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b
denoted by (a, b).
The Cartesian product A × B of sets A and B is the set
of ordered pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B.
A × B = {(7, 1), (8, 1), (9, 1), (7, 2), (8, 2), (9, 2)}
Definition
An ordered pair is a sequence of two numbers a and b
denoted by (a, b).
The Cartesian product A × B of sets A and B is the set
of ordered pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A and b ∈ B.
A × B = {(7, 1), (8, 1), (9, 1), (7, 2), (8, 2), (9, 2)}
B × A = {(1, 7), (1, 8), (1, 9), (2, 7), (2, 8), (2, 9)}
Find:
2 TRUE or FALSE.
1 If A ∩ B = A, then B = A.
2 Given 3 non-empty sets A, B and C, if A 6= B and B 6= C, then
A 6= C.
3 For any two sets X and Y , if x ∈ / Y and y ∈ / X, then X and Y are
disjoint.
4 If A and B are sets, then n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) − n(A ∩ B).
5 The set {∅} is the null set.
6 If A ⊆ B and A ⊆ C, then B ∩ C 6= A.
7 If A is a finite set and B is an infinite set, then A × B is a finite set.
Math 17 (UP-IMath) Sets and The Set of Real Numbers Lec 1 25 / 25